Compounds > glycine
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

glycine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Occurs in Manufacturing Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID750
CHEMBL ID773
CHEBI ID15428
MeSH IDM0009451

Synonyms (196)

Synonym
gtpl727
glyzin
CHEBI:15428 ,
glykokoll
hgly
leimzucker
aminoessigsaeure
h2n-ch2-cooh
acetic acid, amino-
aciport
glycine, non-medical
glicoamin
padil
NSC25936 ,
wln: z1vq
nsc-25936
amitone
glycocoll
aminoethanoic acid
glycosthene
glycolixir
AB-131/40217813 ,
glycine (jp17/usp)
D00011
acido aminoacetico [inn-spanish]
nsc 25936
glycine 1.5% in plastic container
acide aminoacetique [inn-french]
glicina [inn-spanish]
acidum aminoaceticum [inn-latin]
einecs 200-272-2
corilin
glycinum [inn-latin]
aminoacetic acid 1.5% in plastic container
glycine [inn]
NCGC00024503-01
tocris-0219
BIOMOL-NT_000195
inchi=1/c2h5no2/c3-1-2(4)5/h1,3h2,(h,4,5
ai3-04085
sucre de gelatine
hampshire glycine
gly (iupac abbrev)
gyn-hydralin
fema no. 3287
hsdb 495
ccris 5915
aminoazijnzuur
l-glycine
glycine ,
GLY ,
aminoacetic acid
56-40-6
C00037
2-aminoacetic acid
glycine, 99%, fcc
glycine, from non-animal source, meets ep, jp, usp testing specifications, suitable for cell culture, >=98.5%
glycine, reagentplus(r), >=99% (hplc)
glycine, for electrophoresis, >=99%
glycine, bioxtra, >=99% (titration)
DB00145
BPBIO1_001222
glycine, acs reagent, >=98.5%
NCGC00024503-02
glycine, bioultra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (nt)
glycine, meets analytical specification of ph. eur., bp, usp, 99-101% (based on anhydrous substance)
B72BA06C-60E9-4A83-A24A-A2D7F465BB65
h-gly-oh
G0317
CHEMBL773 ,
L001246
BMSE000089
glycine iron sulphate (1:1)
FT-0669038
G0099
2-aminoacetate
25718-94-9
AKOS000119626
A20662
unii-te7660xo1c
glycinum
acide aminoacetique
acidum aminoaceticum
glicina
ec 200-272-2
glycine [usp:inn]
acido aminoacetico
te7660xo1c ,
cas-56-40-6
tox21_113575
dtxcid90667
dtxsid9020667 ,
18875-39-3
glycine, labeled with carbon-14
pharmakon1600-01300021
BMSE000977
nsc-760120
nsc760120
M03001
glycine (h-gly-oh)
FT-0600491
glycine [ii]
glycine [usp-rs]
glycine [vandf]
glycine [usp monograph]
glycine [fcc]
glycine [green book]
glycine [orange book]
glycine [who-dd]
serine impurity b [ep impurity]
glycine [mi]
glycine [fhfi]
glycine [jan]
glycine [inci]
glycine [ep monograph]
glycine [hsdb]
glycine [mart.]
S4821
gtpl4084
[3h]glycine
gtpl4635
[14c]-glycine
BP-31024
AM81781
[14c]glycine
bdbm18133
NCGC00024503-03
tox21_113575_1
amino-acetic acid
h-gly
gly-co
l-gly
gly-oh
Q-201300
nh2ch2cooh
corilin (salt/mix)
glycine, 99%, natural, fcc, fg
glycine-2-13c-15n
HB0299
glycine;
glycine, electrophoresis grade
F2191-0197
glycine, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
glycine, analytical standard, for nitrogen determination according to kjeldahl method
mfcd00008131
sr-01000597729
SR-01000597729-1
glycine, >=99.0% (nt)
glycine, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
glycine, purum, >=98.5% (nt)
glycine, bioultra, >=99.0% (nt)
glycine, tested according to ph.eur.
glycine, saj special grade, >=99.0%
glycine, >=99%
glycine, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
D70890
glycine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 98%
glycine, 98.5-101.5%
glycine, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
Z955123660
amino-acetate
aminoethanoate
HY-Y0966
CS-B1641
2-aminoacetic acid;aminoacetic acid
BCP25965
Q620730
glycine-1-13c-15n
l-glycine,(s)
Q27115084
EN300-19731
STL194276
azd4282
CCG-266010
gly-253
glycine usp grade
glycine 1000 microg/ml in water
glycine (ep monograph)
caredo repair cracked teeth toothpastes
aminoessigsaure
glycine (usp:inn)
acidum aminoaceticum (inn-latin)
acide aminoacetique (inn-french)
treating gingivitis toothpaste
caredo repair cracked teeth toothpastes100g
caredo treating gingivitis toothpastes
glycine (usp-rs)
glicina (inn-spanish)
glycinum (inn-latin)
glycine (ii)
repair cracked teeth toothpaste
acido aminoacetico (inn-spanish)
glycine (usp monograph)
glycine (mart.)
caredo treating gingivitis toothpastes100g
glycine - absolute carbon isotope ratio

Research Excerpts

Overview

Glycine is an essential one-carbon (C1) metabolite nested in a complex network of cellular metabolism. Aza-glycine has proven to be a valuable tool in the design of triple-helix-forming collagen peptides. Glycine oxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the primary and secondary amines of various chemicals.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Glycine is a small neutral amino acid exhibiting weak anticonvulsant activities in vivo. "( N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
Geurts, M; Lambert, DM; Poupaert, JH; Scriba, GK, 1998)		2.06
"Glycine is an important biomarker in clinical analysis due to its involvement in multiple physiological processes. "( High-Throughput Strategy for Glycine Oxidase Biosensor Development Reveals Glycine Release from Cultured Cells.
Chitsaz, D; Kennedy, TE; Mauzeroll, J; Moussa, S; Pollegioni, L; Rosini, E, 2021)		2.36
"Glycine is an important neurotransmitter in vertebrates, performing both excitatory and inhibitory actions. "( Functional Conservation and Genetic Divergence of Chordate Glycinergic Neurotransmission: Insights from Amphioxus Glycine Transporters.
Bachetti, T; Bozzo, M; Candiani, S; Costa, S; Marcenaro, E; Obino, V; Pestarino, M; Schubert, M, 2021)		2.31
"Glycine is a proteogenic amino acid that is required for numerous metabolic pathways, including purine, creatine, heme, and glutathione biosynthesis. "( Genetic variants in ALDH1L1 and GLDC influence the serine-to-glycine ratio in Hispanic children.
Butte, NF; Cole, SA; Comuzzie, AG; Haack, K; Hou, R; Krupenko, SA; Laston, S; Mehta, NR; Voruganti, VS, 2022)		2.41
"Glycine is a major neurotransmitter involved in several fundamental neuronal processes. "( Orphan receptor GPR158 serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor: mGlyR.
Forli, S; Garza, C; Holcomb, M; Laboute, T; Martemyanov, KA; Patil, DN; Roy, RN; Wheatley, BA; Zucca, S, 2023)		2.61
"Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. "( Glycine: The Smallest Anti-Inflammatory Micronutrient.
Acevedo-Villavicencio, LN; Aguayo-Cerón, KA; Flores-Zarate, AV; Giacoman-Martinez, A; Gutierrez-Rojas, RA; Huang, F; Romero-Nava, R; Sánchez-Muñoz, F; Villafaña, S, 2023)		3.8
"Glycine is a conditionally essential amino acid for this fish."( Dietary glycine supplementation enhances the growth performance of hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis ♀× Morone chrysops ♂) fed soybean meal-based diets.
He, W; Li, X; Wu, G, 2023)		2.07
"Glycine is an essential one-carbon (C1) metabolite nested in a complex network of cellular metabolism. "( Quantitative analysis of glycine related metabolic pathways for one-carbon synthetic biology.
Hong, Y; Ren, J; Wang, W; Zeng, AP; Zhang, X, 2020)		2.3
"Aza-glycine has proven to be a valuable tool in the design of triple-helix-forming collagen peptides."( Incorporation of Aza-Glycine into Collagen Peptides.
Chenoweth, DM; Melton, SD; Smith, MS, 2020)		1.36
"Glycine oxidase (GO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of the primary and secondary amines of various chemicals, including glycine, and the enzyme has been applied in a variety of fields, such as biosensor and genetically modified glyphosate resistance plants. "( Structural basis for stereospecificity to d-amino acid of glycine oxidase from Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579.
Kim, IK; Kim, KJ; Kim, YJ; Seok, J, 2020)		2.25
"Glycine is an important amino acid in the central nervous system. "( Mass spectrometry imaging reveals glycine distribution in the developing and adult mouse brain.
Eto, F; Sato, K; Sato, S; Setou, M; Yao, I, 2020)		2.28
"glycines (Xag) is a hazardous pathogen able to cause bacterial pustule disease in soybean, reducing crop yield and quality."( Antibacterial mechanism of Biochanin A and its efficacy for the control of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines in soybean.
Hu, KX; Laborda, P; Liu, FQ; Shi, XC; Wang, SY; Wu, GC; Xu, D, 2021)		1.56
"Glycine is a well-known free radical scavenger in the cellular antioxidant system that prevents oxidative damage and apoptosis. "( Glycine alleviates fluoride-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and senescence in a porcine testicular Sertoli cell line.
Bai, C; Li, J; Liang, S; Liu, Y; Qi, J; Sun, B; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2021)		3.51
"Glycine is an amino acid with unique properties because its side chain is composed of a single hydrogen atom. "( The Complex and Critical Role of Glycine 12 (G12) in Beta-Connexins of Human Skin.
Bailey, RA; Beahm, DL; Skerrett, IM, 2021)		2.35
"Glycine is an amino acid with a diverse array of health benefits regarding metabolism, immunity, and development. "( Glycine regulates mucosal immunity and the intestinal microbial composition in weaned piglets.
Dai, Z; Fan, X; Ji, Y; Li, J; Wu, Z; Zhang, Y, 2022)		3.61
"The glycine riboswitch is a known regulatory element that is unique in having two aptamers that are joined by a linker region. "( Regulation of Glycine Cleavage and Detoxification by a Highly Conserved Glycine Riboswitch in Burkholderia spp.
Alipiah, NM; Appasamy, SD; Damiri, N; Emrizal, R; Firdaus-Raih, M; Munyati-Othman, N; Ramlan, EI, 2021)		1.54
"Glycine is a major quantitative component of collagen."( Insulin resistance and glycine metabolism in humans.
Adeva-Andany, M; Ameneiros-Rodríguez, E; Domínguez-Montero, A; Donapetry-García, C; Fernández-Fernández, C; Souto-Adeva, G, 2018)		1.51
"Glycine is a fast inhibitory transmitter like γ-aminobutyric acid in the mammalian spinal cord and brainstem, and it is involved in motor reflex, nociception, and neuronal development. "( Effects of triphenyltin on glycinergic transmission on rat spinal neurons.
Akaike, H; Akaike, N; Katsuki, H; Kurauchi, Y; Noma, K; Oyama, Y, 2018)		2.22
"Glycine is an important chemical mediator of nervous system that plays a vital role in memory and other neurological functions. "( Effect of glycine: Studying memory and behavioral changes in mice.
Ayaz, M; Ikram, H; Imtiaz, S; Muhammad, SA; Qadir, MI, 2018)		2.33
"Glycine is an important amino acid in the central nervous system. "( Why does a steep caudal-rostral gradient exist in glycine content in the brain?
Sato, K, 2018)		2.18
"Glycine is a primary inhibitory transmitter in the ventral medullary respiratory network, but the functional role of glycinergic neurons for breathing remains a matter of debate. "( Probing the function of glycinergic neurons in the mouse respiratory network using optogenetics.
Fortuna, MG; Hülsmann, S; Kügler, S, 2019)		2.26
"Glycine is a simple nonessential amino acid known to have neuroprotective properties. "( Glycine Exhibits Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Stroke in Rats through the Inhibition of M1 Microglial Polarization via the NF-κB p65/Hif-1α Signaling Pathway.
Bu, LH; Chen, SF; Liao, XY; Liu, R; Lu, LJ; Lu, PX; Pan, MX; Qin, XP; Tang, JC; Wan, Q; Zhang, Y; Zou, YY, 2019)		3.4
"Glycine is a proteinogenic amino acid that serves as a precursor for several proteins. "( Protective effect of glycine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract through aldose reductase inhibitory activity.
Li, W; Shao, N; Zhang, Y, 2019)		2.28
"Glycine is an agonist for the neuronal glycine receptor, which acts as a ligand-gated chloride channel."( Diverse small molecules prevent macrophage lysis during pyroptosis.
Cookson, BT; den Hartigh, AB; Fink, SL; Loomis, WP, 2019)		1.24
"Glycine is an amino acid that has already been detected in space. "( Compaction and Destruction Cross-Sections for α-Glycine from Radiolysis Process via 1.0 keV Electron Beam as a Function of Temperature.
da Costa, CAP; da Silveira, EF; Souza-Corrêa, JA, 2019)		2.21
"Glycine acts as a neuromodulator to regions rich in glutamatergic synapses, such as the forebrain. "( Vesicular storage of glycine in glutamatergic terminals in mouse hippocampus.
Bakkar, W; Bergeron, R; Legendre, P; Martina, M; Muller, E; Sokolovski, A; Wong, AY, 2013)		2.15
"Glycine is an excipient of remifentanil and may induce side effects. "( Ammonia plasma concentration and prolonged infusion of remifentanil in patients with acute kidney injury.
Asehnoune, K; Cinotti, R; Constantin, JM; Gratas, C; Lejus, C; Loutrel, O; Minet-Quinard, R; Perbet, S; Roquilly, A; Rozec, B; Sebille, V; Simonneau, F; Volteau, C, 2013)		1.83
"Glycine is a major amino acid in mammals and other animals. "( Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health.
Dai, Z; Wang, J; Wang, W; Wu, G; Wu, Z; Yang, Y, 2013)		3.28
"Glycine is an important amino acid for building up protein synthesis. "( The molecular structure, geometry, stability, thermal and fundamental modes of vibration of glycine dimer by DFT methods.
Anand, G; Gunasekaran, S; Kishor Kumar, J; Kumaresan, S; Loganathan, S, 2013)		2.05
"Glycine is a nonessential amino acid that is reversibly converted from serine intracellularly by serine hydroxymethyltransferase. "( Glyphosate and AMPA inhibit cancer cell growth through inhibiting intracellular glycine synthesis.
Ge, D; Lambrechts, MJ; Li, Q; Liu, S; Xi, M; Yin, R; You, Z; Zhang, Q, 2013)		2.06
"Glycine is an important amino acid neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and a useful biomarker to indicate biological activity of drugs such as glycine reuptake inhibitors (GRI) in the brain. "( A novel liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of glycine as biomarker in brain microdialysis and cerebrospinal fluid samples within 5min.
Ferger, B; Fuertig, R; Voehringer, P, 2013)		2.05
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. "( Identification of initially appearing glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain.
Hatta, K; Ikenaga, T; Islam, AF; Kamihagi, C; Moly, PK, 2014)		2.12
"Glycine is a simple non-essential amino acid with potential antiangiogenic effects."( Glycine inhibits angiogenic signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Al Saeedi, M; Ambrazevičius, M; Bruns, H; Lin, S; Petrulionis, M; Schemmer, P; Schultze, D; Strupas, K; Yamanaka, K, 2014)		2.57
"The glycine receptor is an inhibitory ligand-gated ion channel involved in fast synaptic transmission in spinal cord."( Resveratrol inhibits glycine receptor-mediated ion currents.
Choi, SH; Hwang, SH; Jung, SW; Kim, HC; Kim, HJ; Kim, HS; Lee, BH; Lee, JH; Nah, SY; Rhim, H, 2014)		1.2
"Glycine is an important ammoniagenic amino acid, which is increased in acute liver failure (ALF). "( L-Ornithine phenylacetate reduces ammonia in pigs with acute liver failure through phenylacetylglycine formation: a novel ammonia-lowering pathway.
Fuskevåg, OM; Jalan, R; Kristiansen, RG; Mæhre, H; Revhaug, A; Rose, CF; Ytrebø, LM, 2014)		2.06
"Glycine is an amino acid found mainly in protein-rich food such as meat, fish, dairy products, cheese and vegetables."( Resveratrol, tryptophanum, glycine and vitamin E: a nutraceutical approach to sleep disturbance and irritability in peri- and post-menopause.
Parazzini, F, 2015)		1.44
"Glycine is a relatively simple organic N compound; chitosan is more complex."( Quantum Dots Reveal Shifts in Organic Nitrogen Uptake by Fungi Exposed to Long-Term Nitrogen Enrichment.
Allison, SD; Hynson, NA; Treseder, KK, 2015)		1.14
"Glycine is an amino acid involved in antioxidative reactions, purine synthesis, and collagen formation. "( Plasma Glycine and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Suspected Stable Angina Pectoris.
Ding, Y; Gregory, JF; Nygård, OK; Pedersen, ER; Svingen, GF; Tell, GS; Ueland, PM, 2015)		2.31
"Glycine is a strychnine-sensitive inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina. "( GlyT1 Inhibitor NFPS Exerts Neuroprotection via GlyR Alpha1 Subunit in the Rat Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischaemia and Reperfusion.
Chen, G; Chen, Z; Huang, B; Li, L; Li, S; Lu, X; Qian, T; Wang, T; Xie, Q; Xu, X; Yu, W; Zhu, R, 2016)		1.88
"Glycine is a component of glutathione, which is conjugated with busulfan via glutathione transferase enzymes."( Pharmacometabonomic Prediction of Busulfan Clearance in Hematopoetic Cell Transplant Recipients.
McCune, JS; Navarro, SL; Raftery, D; Randolph, TW; Shireman, LM, 2016)		1.16
"Glycine is a non-toxic amino acid with suspected anti-angiogenic effects."( Glycine inhibits angiogenesis in colorectal cancer: role of endothelial cells.
Bruns, H; Kazanavicius, D; Saeedi, MA; Schemmer, P; Schultze, D; Strupas, K; Yamanaka, K, 2016)		2.6
"Glycine betaine is an important quaternary ammonium compound that is produced in response to several abiotic stresses in many organisms. "( Cloning and characterization of a novel betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene from Suaeda corniculata.
Chen, H; Chen, XF; Dong, YY; Guo, C; Li, HY; Li, XW; Wang, FW; Wang, ML; Wang, N; Wang, ZM, 2016)		1.88
"Glycine is a major neurotransmitter that activates inhibitory glycine receptors and is a co-agonist for excitatory glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. "( Loss of Glycine Transporter 1 Causes a Subtype of Glycine Encephalopathy with Arthrogryposis and Mildly Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Glycine.
Armbruster, A; Baris, HN; Ekhilevitch, N; Eulenburg, V; Hannappel, E; Hauf, K; Hershkovitz, D; Hershkovitz, T; Ilivitzki, A; Kurolap, A; Mahajnah, M; Mandel, H; Mory, A; Nijem, Y; Paperna, T; Sella, E; Tal, G, 2016)		2.31
"The glycine receptor is a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel that is involved in fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. "( Interactions between Zinc and Allosteric Modulators of the Glycine Receptor.
Cornelison, GL; Daszkowski, AW; Mihic, SJ; Pflanz, NC, 2017)		1.26
"Glycine is an amino acid present in mammalian brain, where it acts as an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter. "( In vivo 1H NMR measurement of glycine in rat brain at 9.4 T at short echo time.
Gambarota, G; Gruetter, R; Kohler, I; Mlynárik, V; Perazzolo, C; Xin, L, 2008)		2.08
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is mainly active in the caudal areas of the CNS. "( Glycine transporters and synaptic function.
Giménez, C; Zafra, F, 2008)		3.23
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter activating a chloride conductance in the mammalian CNS. "( Glycine-mediated changes of onset reliability at a mammalian central synapse.
Dehmel, S; Dietz, B; Kopp-Scheinpflug, C; Milenkovic, I; Rübsamen, R; Tolnai, S, 2008)		3.23
"Glycine is a precursor of purines, protein, glutathione, and 1-carbon units as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. "( Moderate dietary vitamin B-6 restriction raises plasma glycine and cystathionine concentrations while minimally affecting the rates of glycine turnover and glycine cleavage in healthy men and women.
Fredriksen, A; Gilbert, LR; Gregory, JF; Keeling, C; Lamers, Y; Meyer, K; Newgard, CB; Quinlivan, EP; Ralat, M; Stacpoole, PW; Stevens, RD; Ueland, PM; Williamson, J, 2009)		2.04
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain stem and spinal cord, and it also plays a critical role as a modulator of NMDA receptors."( Effects of glycine on electrical and histological properties of a rat peripheral nerve injury model.
Alfaro-Rodriguez, A; Baltazar-Rendon, B; Gonzalez-Maciel, A; Hernandez-Romero, A; Nuno-Licona, A; Padilla-Martin, K; Ramos, A; Uribe-Escamilla, R, 2009)		1.46
"Glycine is a amino acid frequently found in peptides. "( Silver-catalyzed azaGly ligation. Application to the synthesis of azapeptides and of lipid-peptide conjugates.
Besret, S; Blanpain, A; Melnyk, O; Ollivier, N, 2009)		1.8
"Glycine is an effective anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective agent and is reported to have a beneficial effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury in various organs."( Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats is attenuated by a synthetic glycine derivative.
Baudy-Floc'h, M; Bi, L; Bi, W; Bi, Y; Gao, X; Li, M; Liu, S; Ngerebara, N; Robinson, SC; Wang, F; Wang, T; Wang, Z; Xue, P; Zhang, Y, 2009)		1.31
"Glycine is an amino acid that has several applications in the pharmaceutical industry. "( Molecular dynamics simulations of glycine crystal-solution interface.
Banerjee, S; Briesen, H, 2009)		2.07
"Glycine acts as an endogenous selective co-agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor. "( Glycine serum level in schizophrenia: relation to negative symptoms.
Cermakova, E; Doubek, P; Hons, J; Libiger, J; Ulrychova, M; Zirko, R, 2010)		3.25
"Glycine is a classical inhibitory neurotransmitter however presynaptic glycine receptors have rather depolarizing action. "( Presynaptic glycine receptors influence plasma membrane potential and glutamate release.
Fedorovich, SV; Waseem, TV, 2010)		2.18
"Glycine is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. "( Glycine and glycine receptor signaling in hippocampal neurons: diversity, function and regulation.
Gong, N; Xu, TL, 2010)		3.25
"Glycine is a natural coagonist of the NMDA receptor and according to the hypoNMDA hypothesis treatment with its high doses (max."( [Could we use a serum level of glycine as a prognostic factor of its efficacy in schizophrenic patients?].
Rabe-Jabłońska, J; Strzelecki, D, )		1.14
"As glycine is an obligatory co-agonist at the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor, blockade of glycine uptake at the glycine transporter type-1 (GlyT1) can enhance low glutamatergic tone."( Pharmacological evaluation of a novel assay for detecting glycine transporter 1 inhibitors and their antipsychotic potential.
Alberati, D; Moreau, JL; Mory, R; Pinard, E; Wettstein, JG, 2010)		1.12
"Acylglycines are an important class of metabolites that have been used in the diagnosis of several inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). "( A method for comprehensive analysis of urinary acylglycines by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry.
Lewis-Stanislaus, AE; Li, L, 2010)		1.17
"Glycine is a key metabolic intermediate required for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules, and its detection in cancer could, therefore, provide biologically relevant information about the growth of the tumor. "( Measurement of glycine in the human brain in vivo by 1H-MRS at 3 T: application in brain tumors.
Bachoo, R; Choi, C; DeBerardinis, RJ; Dimitrov, IE; Ganji, SK; Maher, EA; Malloy, CR; Mickey, BE; Pascual, JM, 2011)		2.16
"Glycine is a well-documented cytoprotective agent and protects mammalian intestine against ischemia-reperfusion injury, irradiation and experimentally induced colitis. "( The glycine transporter GLYT1 in human intestine: expression and function.
Hirst, BH; Howard, A, 2011)		2.37
"Glycine, which is a natural full agonist that acts at the glycine site, enhanced the seizure threshold-increasing effect of D-cycloserine."( Differential effects of glycine on the anticonvulsant activity of D-cycloserine and L-701,324 in mice.
Poleszak, E; Wlaź, P, 2011)		1.4
"Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that has indispensable roles in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission via N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptors and glycine receptors, respectively. "( New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: glycine improves the quality of sleep.
Bannai, M; Kawai, N, 2012)		2.07
"Glycine is a mandatory positive allosteric modulator of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type ionotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. "( Interactions between glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT-1) and some inhibitor molecules - glycine transporter type 1 and its inhibitors (review).
Gyarmati, Z; Harsing, LG; Marko, B; Matyus, P; Nagy, KM; Timar, J; Zsilla, G, 2012)		2.14
"Glycine serves as a neurotransmitter in spinal cord and brain stem, where it activates inhibitory glycine receptors. "( Transport activities and expression patterns of glycine transporters 1 and 2 in the developing murine brain stem and spinal cord.
Armbruster, A; Betz, H; Eulenburg, V; Lall, D; Ruffert, K, 2012)		2.08
"This glycine is known to be a myristoylation site during viral capsid protein maturation in infected cells."( Role of the myristoylation site in expressing exogenous functional proteins in coxsackieviral vector.
Gil, CO; Jeon, ES; Ju, ES; Kim, DK; Lim, BK; Yun, SH, 2012)		0.83
"Glycine is a cytoprotector to protect cells against ischemic damage by counteracting neuronal depolarization. "( Glycine attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in mice.
Bai, H; Ben, J; Chen, Q; Li, K; Li, X; Lu, Y; Ma, B; Yang, Q; Zhang, J; Zhu, X, 2012)		3.26
"Glycine is a non-essential amino acid having multiple roles in many reactions."( Glycine alleviates liver injury induced by deficiency in methionine and or choline in rats.
Barakat, HA; Hamza, AH, 2012)		2.54
"Glycine acts as a co-agonist for the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) by binding to glycine sites, thus potentiating glutamate-elicited responses and inhibiting NMDAR desensitization in a dose-dependent manner. "( Novel glycine-dependent inactivation of NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Jiang, ZL; Ke, KF; Li, X; Peng, LL; Wang, GH; Zhang, YF, 2012)		2.3
"Glycine is an amino acid neurotransmitter that is involved in both inhibitory and excitatory neurochemical transmission in the central nervous system. "( Mechanisms of glycine release, which build up synaptic and extrasynaptic glycine levels: the role of synaptic and non-synaptic glycine transporters.
Harsing, LG; Matyus, P, 2013)		2.19
"Glycine is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. "( Glycine receptors and transporters on bullfrog retinal Müller cells.
Du, JL; Xu, LY; Yang, XL, 2002)		3.2
"Glycine is an excitatory amino acid, a neurotransmitter for the brain. "( The glycine peak in brain diseases.
Sener, RN, )		2.13
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. "( Activation of presynaptic glycine receptors facilitates glycine release from presynaptic terminals synapsing onto rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus neurons.
Akaike, N; Jang, IS; Jeong, HJ; Moorhouse, AJ, 2003)		2.06
"Glycine is an essential co-agonist of the excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. "( Expression of a soluble glycine binding domain of the NMDA receptor in Escherichia coli.
Betz, H; Kuhse, J; Neugebauer, R, 2003)		2.07
"Glycine acts as a necessary coagonist for glutamate at the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) complex by binding to the strychnine-insensitive glycine-B binding site on the NR1 subunit. "( The glycine transporter type 1 inhibitor N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl]sarcosine potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated responses in vivo and produces an antipsychotic profile in rodent behavior.
Burno, M; Conn, PJ; Figueroa, DJ; Kinney, GG; Lemaire, W; Mallorga, PJ; Sur, C; Williams, JB; Wittmann, M, 2003)		2.32
"The glycine receptor is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the brainstem and spinal cord. "( Role of charged residues in coupling ligand binding and channel activation in the extracellular domain of the glycine receptor.
Absalom, NL; Kaplan, W; Lewis, TM; Pierce, KD; Schofield, PR, 2003)		1.09
"Glycine is an essential component of important biological molecules, a key substance in many metabolic reactions, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem, and has anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and immunomodulatory qualities."( [Glycine].
Dreiem, A; Fonnum, F; Gundersen, Y; Vaagenes, P, 2004)		2.68
"Glycine is a simple, easily available and inexpensive substance with few and innocuous side effects. "( [Glycine].
Dreiem, A; Fonnum, F; Gundersen, Y; Vaagenes, P, 2004)		2.68
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is critical for NMDA receptor activation. "( Bergmann glial GlyT1 mediates glycine uptake and release in mouse cerebellar slices.
Barakat, L; Bordey, A; Huang, H; Wang, D, 2004)		2.05
"Glycine is a coagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. "( Dynamics of forward and reverse transport by the glial glycine transporter, glyt1b.
Aubrey, KR; Clements, JD; Vandenberg, RJ, 2005)		2.02
"Glycine is a simple, easily available, and inexpensive substance with few and innocuous side-effects. "( Glycine--an important neurotransmitter and cytoprotective agent.
Breivik, T; Fonnum, F; Gundersen, RY; Opstad, PK; Vaagenes, P, 2005)		3.21
"The glycine index is a stable, individually specific parameter in patients with NKH."( Benzoate treatment and the glycine index in nonketotic hyperglycinaemia.
De Becker, M; Declercq, P; Hennermann, JB; Jaeken, J; Kishnani, PS; Mahieu, V; Mertens, S; Van Hove, JL; Vande Kerckhove, K, 2005)		1.11
"Glycine 93 is a conserved residue at position i + 3 of a tight turn and has been found to be a mutational hot spot in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS)."( Calorimetric analysis of thermodynamic stability and aggregation for apo and holo amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated Gly-93 mutants of superoxide dismutase.
Karbassi, F; Lepock, JR; Meiering, EM; Rumfeldt, JA; Siddall, CA; Stathopulos, PB, 2006)		1.06
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS (central nervous system). "( Glycine transporters: essential regulators of synaptic transmission.
Armsen, W; Betz, H; Eulenburg, V; Gomeza, J; Scholze, P, 2006)		3.22
"Glycine is an important precursor of cyanogen chloride (CNCl)--a disinfection byproduct (DBP) found in chlorinated drinking water. "( Mechanism and kinetics of cyanogen chloride formation from the chlorination of glycine.
Na, C; Olson, TM, 2006)		2
"Glycine is an amino acid tasting sweet to humans. "( Is glycine "sweet" to mice? Mouse strain differences in perception of glycine taste.
Bachmanov, AA; Beauchamp, GK; Inoue, M; Li, X; Manita, S, 2006)		2.4
"Glycine is a non-essential amino acid which is cheap, easily available and relatively non-toxic. "( The role of glycine in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Davidson, BR; Habib, MM; Hodgson, HJ, 2006)		2.16
"Glycine (GLY), which acts as an obligatory co-agonist at the NMDAR-GLY site, induces PPI deficits in rats although, consistent with the hypo-NMDAR hypothesis, improves negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia patients."( High glycine levels are associated with prepulse inhibition deficits in chronic schizophrenia patients.
Bar, G; Ebstein, RP; Ermilov, M; Heresco-Levy, U; Javitt, DC; Levin, R, 2007)		1.57
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem, where it acts on strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, and is also an excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the brain and spinal cord, where it acts on the N-methyl-d-aspartate family of receptors. "( Molecular basis for substrate discrimination by glycine transporters.
Ju, P; Shaddick, K; Vandenberg, RJ, 2007)		2.04
"The glycine receptor is a member of the Cys-loop, ligand-gated ion channel family and is responsible for inhibition in the CNS. "( Cross-linking of sites involved with alcohol action between transmembrane segments 1 and 3 of the glycine receptor following activation.
Harris, RA; Lobo, IA; Trudell, JR, 2008)		1.12
"Glycine is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, but it also acts as a coagonist at the glycine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to potentiate nociceptive transmission. "( Increased C-fiber nociceptive input potentiates inhibitory glycinergic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn.
Chen, SR; Pan, HL; Zhang, HM; Zhou, HY, 2008)		2.03
"Glycine acts as a co-agonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamatergic receptors (NMDARs)."( Sustained saturating level of glycine induces changes in NR2B-containing-NMDA receptor localization in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.
Bergeron, R; Imamura, Y; Ma, CL; Pabba, M, 2008)		1.36
"Glycine was found to be a less-efficient eluent than beef extract in the recovery of naturally occurring viruses."( Comparison of microporous filters for concentration of viruses from wastewater.
Gerba, CP; Kelley, LM; Rose, JB; Singh, SN, 1984)		0.99
"All glycine tRNAs share a common ancestor."( Convergence and minimal mutation criteria for evaluating early events in tRNA evolution.
Cedergren, RJ; Grosjean, H; Lapalme, G; LaRue, B; Sankoff, D, 1980)		0.74
"Glycine is likely to be a transmitter in the ventral tegmentum and to have a role regulating the activity of somatodendritic regions of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurones."( Neurochemical studies of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway: glycinergic mechanisms and glycinergic-dopaminergic interactions in the rat ventral tegmentum.
Beart, PM; Gundlach, AL, 1982)		1.23
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, but has also modulating effects at one of the glutamate receptors, the N-methyl-D-aspartate-(NMDA) receptor."( Ketamine and strychnine treatment of an infant with nonketotic hyperglycinaemia.
Adams, HA; Günther, M; Heinemann, U; Roth, B; Sticht, G; Tegtmeyer-Metzdorf, H; Theisohn, M, 1995)		1.01
"Glycine was shown to be a competitive inhibitor."( Characterization of sodium-independent beta-alanine binding to cerebral cortical membranes from 7-day-old and adult mice.
Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 1994)		1.01
"Glycine is a likely mediator of the inhibition at the spinal site."( Mediation of baroreceptor inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity via both a brainstem and spinal site in rats.
Coote, JH; Lewis, DI, 1994)		1.01
"1. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. "( Glycine stimulates striatal dopamine release in conscious rats.
Goldstein, DS; Golomb, E; Harvey-White, JD; Kopin, IJ; Lieberman, DM; Pacak, K; Yadid, G, 1993)		2.35
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, whereas glyoxylic acid and glycolic acid are considered as to be neurotoxic."( [Neurotoxic role of glycocolle and derivatives in transurethral resection of the prostate].
Auboyer, C; Dumont, A; Gilloz, A; Jospé, R; Levigne, F; Mahul, P; Molliex, S, 1993)		1.01
"Glycine is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina. "( Light-evoked changes of glycine-like immunoreactivity in the rat retina.
Ishiguro, S; Nishikawa, S; Tamai, M, 1996)		2.04
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and a glutamate cofactor for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the central nervous system. "( Immunocytochemical localization of glycine in a subset of cartwheel cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rats.
Gates, TS; Pongstaporn, T; Ryugo, DK; Weedman, DL, 1996)		2.01
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that functions postsynaptically and also modulates the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor."( Neurotransmission by neurons that use serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the normal and injured spinal cord.
Shapiro, S, 1997)		1.25
"Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and also acts as a permissive cofactor required for activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. "( Glycine causes increased excitability and neurotoxicity by activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus.
Barth, A; Malouf, AT; Newell, DW; Ricciardi, TN, 1997)		3.18
"Glycine conjugation is an important route of metabolism and detoxication of carboxylic acids in the liver. "( Cutaneous xenobiotic metabolism: glycine conjugation in human and rat keratinocytes.
Caldwell, J; Hotchkiss, SA; Nasseri-Sina, P, )		1.86
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem of vertebrates. "( Molecular biology of glycinergic neurotransmission.
Aragón, C; Giménez, C; Zafra, F, 1997)		2.06
"Hyperglycinemia is a non rarely observed biochemical finding which can be caused by a primary defect of the glycine cleavage system (nonketotic hyperglycinemia) or by an enzymatic block due to toxic metabolites (ketotic hyperglycinemia in organic acidurias) or to specific drugs (such as sodium valproate). "( [Hyperglycinemia in clinical-laboratory practice].
Ciani, F; Ciardetti, A; Donati, MA; Pasquini, E; Zammarchi, E, )		1.13
"Glycine is a very effective protective agent against hypoxia-induced cell injury in this model."( Glycine protection against hypoxic injury in isolated rat proximal tubules: the role of proteases.
Bindels, RJ; Peters, SM; Tijsen, MJ; van Os, CH; Wetzels, JF, 1997)		2.46
"Glycine is an essential co-agonist of the excitatory N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family. "( Expression and initial characterization of a soluble glycine binding domain of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunit.
Ivanovic, A; Kuhse, J; Laube, B; Reiländer, H, 1998)		1.99
"Glycine is a co-agonist at NMDA receptors and it's presence is a prerequisite for channel activation by glutamate or NMDA. "( Modulation of NMDA receptors by glycine--introduction to some basic aspects and recent developments.
Danysz, W; Hartmann, S; Hesselink, M; Lorenz, B; Parsons, CG; Quack, G; Wollenburg, C, 1998)		2.03
"Glycine is an intrinsically destabilizing residue in beta sheets. "( Aromatic rescue of glycine in beta sheets.
Merkel, JS; Regan, L, 1998)		2.07
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter and recent reports have shown that certain lipophilic derivatives of glycine demonstrate anticonvulsant activity in intact animals. "( The structural requirements for the design of antiepileptic-glycine derivatives.
Bialer, M; Blotnik, S; Dagan, A; Sussan, S, 1999)		1.99
"Glycine is a candidate nociception inhibitory transmitter in specific brain regions, like for example the spinal cord, the thalamic nuclei and the periaqueductal gray matter. "( Effects of persistent nociception on periaqueductal gray glycine release.
Berrino, L; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Palazzo, E; Rossi, F; Trabace, L, 2000)		1.99
"Glycine is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter and is found in a large number of the retinal neurons."( Development of glycine-accumulating neurons in retinal transplants.
Sharma, RK, 2000)		1.38
"Glycine betaine is a compatible solute, which is able to restore and maintain osmotic balance of living cells. "( Extreme halophiles synthesize betaine from glycine by methylation.
Kaukinen, P; Kerovuo, J; Nyyssola, A; Reinikainen, T; von Weymarn, N, 2000)		2.01
"Glycine (GLY) is a neutral amino acid that has been shown to be cytoprotective in the kidneys of dogs and rabbits undergoing ischemia-reperfusion injury. "( Glycine preserves function and decreases necrosis in skeletal muscle undergoing ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Ascher, E; Cheng, W; Hanson, JN; Hingorani, A; Scheinman, M, 2001)		3.2
"Glycine is an agonist at brain N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and crosses the blood-brain barrier following high-dose oral administration. "( Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Bark, N; Cienfuegos, A; Javitt, DC; Lindenmayer, JP; Park, M; Shelley, AM; Silipo, G; Suckow, R; Zukin, SR, 2001)		2.07
"Glycine acts as an inhibitory transmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord of vertebrate species, while very few data are yet available to support a similar role in invertebrate nervous systems. "( Putative glycine receptors in Hydra: a biochemical and behavioural study.
Biggio, G; Concas, A; Marino, G; Minei, R; Pierobon, P; Porcu, P; Sogliano, C; Tino, A, 2001)		2.17
"Vinylglycine is a substrate both for alpha-ketobutyrate formation (the normal product from gamma elimination with OSHS) and for cystathionine formation (the normal gamma-replacement product with OSHS) in the presence of cysteine."( Mechanistic studies with vinylglycine and beta-haloaminobutyrates as substrates for cystathionine gamma-synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium.
Donovan, J; Johnston, M; Marcotte, P; Walsh, C, 1979)		1
"Glycine was found to be a competitive inhibitor of valine uptake, with a Ki of 4.9 mM."( Studies on the valine sensitivity in non-ketotic hyperglycinemia.
de Groot, CJ; Hommes, FA; van den Berg, H, 1975)		1.22
"Glycine is a reliable GH stimulating agent, which may be tentatively used for detection of hyposomatotropism in children."( Growth hormone release by glycine injected intravenously in 22 healthy sexually immature children.
Florea, I; Popa, M, 1975)		1.28
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem. "( [Expression and function of glycine-gated Cl- channels].
Akagi, H, 1992)		2.02
"Glycine is thought to be a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. "( Glycine-like immunoreactivity in synaptic boutons of identified inhibitory interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord.
Fyffe, RE, 1991)		3.17
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, and glycinergic transmission is important for the control of both motor and sensory functions in the spinal cord."( Disorder of the inhibitory glycine receptor: inherited myoclonus in Poll Hereford calves.
Gundlach, AL, 1990)		1.3
"Glycine is an important inhibitory transmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord. "( Modulation of glycine receptor chloride channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in spinal trigeminal neurons.
Huang, LY; Song, YM, 1990)		2.08
"Glycine is thought to be an inhibitory retinal transmitter."( Glycine inhibition of pupillary responses to pulses of light in conscious sheep.
Seggie, J; Wright, N, 1989)		2.44
"Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. "( The vertebrate glycine receptor protein.
Becker, CM; Betz, H; Grenningloh, G; Rienitz, A; Schmitt, B, 1986)		2.07
"Allylglycine is a potent inhibitor of the synthetic enzyme for GABA, glutamic acid decarboxylase, only after in vivo biotransformation into its active form, 2-keto-4-pentenoic acid, through a stereospecific amino acid oxidase."( Injection of L-allylglycine into the posterior hypothalamus in rats causes decreases in local GABA which correlate with increases in heart rate.
Abshire, VM; DiMicco, JA; Hankins, KD; Roehr, KE, 1988)		1.05
"3H-glycine was found not to be a product of the ATCH metabolism."( [Transport and metabolism of a membrane-active complexon in the mouse body].
Golovenko, NIa; Luk'ianenko, NG; Plotnikova, EK; Zhuk, OV; Zin'kovskiĭ, VG, )		0.65

Effects

Glycine also has a minor role in PNS inhibition of the nociceptive bladder reflex. The glycine zipper has a significant structural impact, engendering a strong driving force for right-handed packing against a neighboring helix.

Glycine has been shown to participate in protection from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. The glycine riboswitch has a tandem dual aptamer configuration, where each aptamer is a separate ligand-binding domain, but the aptamers function together to bind glycine cooperatively.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Glycine apparently has a paradoxical negative effect on desensitization, as the increase in ambient glycine in concentrations required for channel activation would increase sustained NMDA receptor currents."( Desensitization of NMDA channels requires ligand binding to both GluN1 and GluN2 subunits to constrict the pore beside the activation gate.
Chen, YS; Kuo, CC; Lai, YC; Liu, E; Tu, YC; Yang, YC, 2020)		1.28
"Glycine also has a minor role in PNS inhibition of the nociceptive bladder reflex."( Role of glycine in nociceptive and non-nociceptive bladder reflexes and pudendal afferent inhibition of these reflexes in cats.
de Groat, WC; Lee, A; Reese, JN; Rogers, MJ; Roppolo, JR; Shen, B; Tai, C; Wang, J; Xiao, Z, 2016)		1.59
"Glycine has an estrogen-like osteoprotective effect in menopause models."( Estrogen-like osteoprotective effects of glycine in in vitro and in vivo models of menopause.
Jeong, HJ; Kim, HM; Kim, MH, 2016)		1.42
"The glycine riboswitch has a tandem dual aptamer configuration, where each aptamer is a separate ligand-binding domain, but the aptamers function together to bind glycine cooperatively. "( Identification of a tertiary interaction important for cooperative ligand binding by the glycine riboswitch.
Erion, TV; Strobel, SA, 2011)		1.15
"Glycine has a protective effect in renal and skeletal muscle ischemia. "( Protective effect of glycine in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model.
Ascher, E; Gade, P; Hingorani, A; Jacob, T; Kallakuri, S; Mehraein, K; Pagala, M; Scheinman, M, 2003)		2.08
"The glycine zipper has a significant structural impact, engendering a strong driving force for right-handed packing against a neighboring helix."( Transmembrane glycine zippers: physiological and pathological roles in membrane proteins.
Bowie, JU; Jeon, TJ; Kim, S; Oberai, A; Schmidt, JJ; Yang, D, 2005)		1.17
"Glycine has a protective effect against inflammatory reactions, and reduces hepatocellular injury induced by hepatic warm I-R in rats."( Glycine reduces hepatic warm ischaemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammatory reactions in rats.
Eguchi, S; Kamohara, Y; Kanematsu, T; Okudaira, S; Tajima, Y; Yamanouchi, K; Yanaga, K, 2007)		3.23
"Glycine, which has an important function in the embryo, has an inefficient transport system compared with methionine."( Interactions in glycine and methionine uptake, conversion and incorporation into proteins in the preimplantation mouse embryo.
Guillaud, J; Khatchadourian, C; Menezo, Y, 1994)		1.36
"Glycine, which has a strong influence on protein structure, tended to be more frequent at the most conserved (least polymorphic) sites."( Phylogeny of 33 ribosomal and six other proteins encoded in an ancient gene cluster that is conserved across prokaryotic genomes: influence of excluding poorly alignable sites from analysis.
Hansmann, S; Martin, W, 2000)		1.03
"[7-Glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency (O) of 93 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency (A) of 0.0056 +/- 0.0003 units/mg."( Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin), and [7-Glycine]oxytocin, peptides with high oxytocic-antidiuretic
Haldar, J; Lowbridge, J; Manning, M; Sawyer, WH, 1977)		1.01
"Aza-glycine has proven to be a valuable tool in the design of triple-helix-forming collagen peptides."( Incorporation of Aza-Glycine into Collagen Peptides.
Chenoweth, DM; Melton, SD; Smith, MS, 2020)		1.36
"Glycine apparently has a paradoxical negative effect on desensitization, as the increase in ambient glycine in concentrations required for channel activation would increase sustained NMDA receptor currents."( Desensitization of NMDA channels requires ligand binding to both GluN1 and GluN2 subunits to constrict the pore beside the activation gate.
Chen, YS; Kuo, CC; Lai, YC; Liu, E; Tu, YC; Yang, YC, 2020)		1.28
"Glycine (Gly) has been reported to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects and to regulate apoptosis in various models."( Glycine Attenuates LPS-Induced Apoptosis and Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in Mouse Liver.
Chen, J; Dai, Z; Jia, H; Jin, Y; Liu, N; Wang, C; Wu, G; Wu, Z; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2020)		2.72
"Glycine has been shown to protect livers from CTx-induced injury and oxidative stress, and it reduces platelet aggregation and improves microperfusion."( Dietary Glycine Prevents FOLFOX Chemotherapy-Induced Heart Injury: A Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Treatment Model in Rats.
Bausys, A; Feldbacher, N; Hoefler, G; Kolb-Lenz, D; Leber, B; Maneikyte, J; Schemmer, P; Stiegler, P; Strupas, K, 2020)		1.71
"Glycine (Gly) has been reported to enhance the expression of tight-junction proteins in porcine enterocytes."( Dietary Supplementation with Glycine Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Integrity and Ameliorates Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity.
Chen, J; Dai, Z; Kim, IH; Wu, G; Wu, Z; Yang, Y, 2021)		1.63
"Glycine also has the property to enhance the quality of sleep and neurological functions."( Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review.
Begum, PS; Rajagopal, S; Razak, MA; Viswanath, B, 2017)		1.42
"Glycine (Gly) has been implicated in several neurological disorders, including malignant brain tumors. "( Measurement of glycine in healthy and tumorous brain by triple-refocusing MRS at 3 T in vivo.
An, Z; Baxter, J; Choi, C; Ganji, SK; Maher, EA; Mickey, BE; Pan, E; Patel, TR; Pinho, MC; Tiwari, V, 2017)		2.25
"Glycine has been shown to protect against ischemic stroke through various mechanisms. "( Glycine confers neuroprotection through PTEN/AKT signal pathway in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.
Chen, J; Chen, Y; Feng, YG; Lei, Y; Liao, HB; Liu, R; Pan, MX; Qin, XP; Tang, JC; Wan, Q; Wang, S; Zhang, Y; Zhang, ZF; Zhao, D; Zhuang, Y, 2018)		3.37
"Glycine has been shown to ameliorate IRI in various animal models."( Glycine Protects the Liver from Reperfusion Injury following Pneumoperitoneum.
Al-Saeedi, M; Flechtenmacher, C; Gutt, CN; Liang, R; Nickkholgh, A; Schemmer, P; Schultze, D; Zorn, M, 2018)		2.64
"Glycine has dual roles as a neurotransmitter, one is the agonist for inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs), and the other is a co-agonist for excitatory NMDA receptors (NMDARs)."( Why does a steep caudal-rostral gradient exist in glycine content in the brain?
Sato, K, 2018)		1.46
"The glycine has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective actions, being a potential therapeutic in mucositis."( Effects of Glycine on Collagen, PDGF, and EGF Expression in Model of Oral Mucositis.
Alves, MTS; Caran, EMM; Lopes, NNF; Sá, OMS, 2018)		1.35
"Glycine 1.5% has long maintained a dominating role as an irrigating solution for monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), as well as for certain other transurethral procedures."( Glycine 1.5% for irrigation should be abandoned.
Hahn, RG, 2013)		3.28
"Glycine conjugation has generally been assumed to be a detoxification mechanism, increasing the water solubility of organic acids in order to facilitate urinary excretion."( A new perspective on the importance of glycine conjugation in the metabolism of aromatic acids.
Badenhorst, CP; Erasmus, E; Nortje, C; van der Sluis, R; van Dijk, AA, 2014)		1.39
"Glycine has recently been classified as a nutritionally essential amino acid for maximal growth in young pigs. "( Glycine stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits oxidative stress in pig small intestinal epithelial cells.
Dai, Z; Hu, S; Lin, G; Wang, B; Wang, W; Wu, G; Wu, Z, 2014)		3.29
"Glycine has broad biological effects, acting as a modulator of the inflammatory cascade, and is the predominant amino acid in collagen."( Glycine improves biochemical and biomechanical properties following inflammation of the achilles tendon.
Da Ré Guerra, F; De Oliveira, LP; Dos Santos De Almeida, M; Marcondes, MC; Pimentel, ER; Vieira, CP, 2015)		2.58
"Glycine has been used to reduce oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators in some metabolic disorders; however, its effect on the vasculature has been poorly studied. "( Vascular endothelial function is improved by oral glycine treatment in aged rats.
Cruz, M; García-Macedo, R; Gómez-Zamudio, JH; Ibarra-Barajas, M; Kumate, J; Lázaro-Suárez, M, 2015)		2.11
"Glycine also has a minor role in PNS inhibition of the nociceptive bladder reflex."( Role of glycine in nociceptive and non-nociceptive bladder reflexes and pudendal afferent inhibition of these reflexes in cats.
de Groat, WC; Lee, A; Reese, JN; Rogers, MJ; Roppolo, JR; Shen, B; Tai, C; Wang, J; Xiao, Z, 2016)		1.59
"Glycine has an estrogen-like osteoprotective effect in menopause models."( Estrogen-like osteoprotective effects of glycine in in vitro and in vivo models of menopause.
Jeong, HJ; Kim, HM; Kim, MH, 2016)		1.42
"High glycine (GLY) levels have been suggested to induce neurotoxic effects in the central nervous system of patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). "( Glycine Administration Alters MAPK Signaling Pathways and Causes Neuronal Damage in Rat Brain: Putative Mechanisms Involved in the Neurological Dysfunction in Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia.
Fernandez Cardoso, GM; Gasparotto, J; Gelain, DP; Grings, M; Leipnitz, G; Moreira, JCF; Moura, AP; Parmeggiani, B; Seminotti, B; Wajner, M, 2018)		2.44
"Glycine has been shown to possess important functions as a bidirectional neurotransmitter. "( The regulation of glycine transporter GLYT1 is mainly mediated by protein kinase Calpha in C6 glioma cells.
Abdin, JM; Dohi, T; Kitayama, T; Morioka, N; Morita, K; Nakata, Y, 2008)		2.12
"Aza-glycine has been incorporated into peptide mimics as a tool for studying the active conformation and characterizing structure-function relationships for activity. "( Benzophenone semicarbazone protection strategy for synthesis of aza-glycine containing aza-peptides.
Bourguet, CB; Lubell, WD; Sabatino, D, 2008)		1.14
"The glycine riboswitch has a tandem dual aptamer configuration, where each aptamer is a separate ligand-binding domain, but the aptamers function together to bind glycine cooperatively. "( Identification of a tertiary interaction important for cooperative ligand binding by the glycine riboswitch.
Erion, TV; Strobel, SA, 2011)		1.15
"Glycine has been shown to participate in protection from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. "( Effects of glycine supplementation on myocardial damage and cardiac function after severe burn.
Liang, GP; Lv, SJ; Peng, X; Wan, QX; Wang, L; Yan, H; Zhang, Y, 2013)		2.22
"Glycine has a protective effect in renal and skeletal muscle ischemia. "( Protective effect of glycine in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion injury in a rat model.
Ascher, E; Gade, P; Hingorani, A; Jacob, T; Kallakuri, S; Mehraein, K; Pagala, M; Scheinman, M, 2003)		2.08
"Glycine has important neurotransmitter functions at inhibitory and excitatory synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system. "( Glycine transporters: essential regulators of neurotransmission.
Armsen, W; Betz, H; Eulenburg, V; Gomeza, J, 2005)		3.21
"The glycine zipper has a significant structural impact, engendering a strong driving force for right-handed packing against a neighboring helix."( Transmembrane glycine zippers: physiological and pathological roles in membrane proteins.
Bowie, JU; Jeon, TJ; Kim, S; Oberai, A; Schmidt, JJ; Yang, D, 2005)		1.17
"Glycine has multiple neurotransmitter functions in the central nervous system (CNS). "( Lessons from the knocked-out glycine transporters.
Armsen, W; Betz, H; Eulenburg, V; Gomeza, J, 2006)		2.07
"Glycine has broad spectrum anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties whose therapeutic role has largely been un-investigated."( The role of glycine in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Davidson, BR; Habib, MM; Hodgson, HJ, 2006)		1.43
"Glycine has been successfully used in diabetic patients to competitively reduce hemoglobin glycation."( Effect of glycine on the immune response of the experimentally diabetic rats.
Carvajal Sandoval, G; Estrada Parra, S; Gutiérrez de la Cadena, M; Lezcano Meza, D; Terán Escandón, D; Terán Ortiz, L, )		1.26
"Glycinergic synapses have been well described in amphibian retinas."( Differential distribution of glycine transporters in Müller cells and neurons in amphibian retinas.
Jiang, Z; Jursky, F; Li, B; Shen, W, )		1.14
"Glycine has a protective effect against inflammatory reactions, and reduces hepatocellular injury induced by hepatic warm I-R in rats."( Glycine reduces hepatic warm ischaemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammatory reactions in rats.
Eguchi, S; Kamohara, Y; Kanematsu, T; Okudaira, S; Tajima, Y; Yamanouchi, K; Yanaga, K, 2007)		3.23
"Glycine release has been rarely studied. "( Mechanisms of [(3)H]glycine release from mouse spinal cord synaptosomes selectively labeled through GLYT2 transporters.
Luccini, E; Raiteri, L, 2007)		2.11
"[3H]Glycine uptake has two interaction sites based on relative Km measurements."( Uptake and receptor sites for glycine in isolated bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin cells.
Yadid, G; Youdim, MB; Zinder, O, 1993)		1.06
"Glycine has been shown to decrease membrane injury in isolated cells due to hypoxia or cold ischemia. "( Effect of glycine on isolated, perfused rabbit livers following 48-hour preservation in University of Wisconsin solution without glutathione.
Belzer, FO; den Butter, G; Lindell, SL; Marsh, DC; Southard, JH, 1994)		2.13
"Glycine has been shown to protect renal tubule cells and hepatocytes from ischemia, ATP depletion, and cold storage injury. "( Effect of glycine in dog and rat liver transplantation.
Belzer, FO; den Butter, G; Lindell, SL; Schilling, MK; Southard, JH; Sumimoto, R, 1993)		2.13
"Glycine has been shown to suppress reperfusion injury in rabbit renal tubules and rat hepatocytes."( Cytoprotective effect of glycine in cold stored canine renal tubules.
Ametani, MS; Belzer, FO; Saunder, A; Southard, JH, 1993)		1.31
"Glycine, which has an important function in the embryo, has an inefficient transport system compared with methionine."( Interactions in glycine and methionine uptake, conversion and incorporation into proteins in the preimplantation mouse embryo.
Guillaud, J; Khatchadourian, C; Menezo, Y, 1994)		1.36
"Glycine substitutions have been the most common types of mutation."( Phenotypic expressions of a Gly 154Arg mutation in type II collagen in two unrelated patients with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD).
Ala-Kokko, L; Kaitila, I; Körkkö, J; Marttinen, E, 1996)		1.02
"Glycine has been shown to protect against cisplatin (CP) nephrotoxicity in rats and to enhance the in vitro expression of heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 in renal epithelial cells following sublethal heat shock. "( Effect of glycine on cisplatin nephrotoxicity and heat-shock protein 70 expression in the rat kidney.
Bohen, EM; Carome, MA; Musio, F; Sabnis, S; Yuan, CM, 1997)		2.14
"Glycine uptake has been used as the experimental approach because it was shown previously that it is effected by different carriers, namely the Na+-dependent ASC and Gly systems, as well as the Na+-independent asc and L systems."( Influence of hypo-osmolality on the activity of short-chain neutral amino acid carriers in trout (Salmo trutta) red blood cells.
Albi, JL; Gallardo, MA; Sánchez, J, 1997)		1.02
"Glycine has been shown to prevent hepatocyte death induced by anoxia and by several toxic agents. "( Glycine protects against hepatocyte killing by KCN or hypoxia by preventing intracellular Na+ overload in the rat.
Albano, E; Bellomo, G; Carini, R; Grazia De Cesaris, M, 1997)		3.18
"Glycine has just been viewed as a convenient source of nitrogen to add to solutions of nutrients."( Glycine.
Hall, JC, )		2.3
"Glycine, which has weak anticonvulsant properties, has been shown to potentiate the activity of several antiepileptic drugs but not phenytoin. "( Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-amino acid prodrugs of phenytoin.
Lambert, DM; Scriba, GK, 1999)		1.75
"Glycine has long been shown to exert strong protective effects against hypoxic injury of hepatocytes. "( Protection by glycine against hypoxic injury of rat hepatocytes: inhibition of ion fluxes through nonspecific leaks.
de Groot, H; Frank, A; Rauen, U, 2000)		2.11
"Glycine has been used extensively in bacterial cell surface research. "( Glycine prevents the phenotypic expression of streptococcal glucan-binding lectin.
Doyle, RJ; Luengpailin, J, 2000)		3.19
"Glycine, which has a strong influence on protein structure, tended to be more frequent at the most conserved (least polymorphic) sites."( Phylogeny of 33 ribosomal and six other proteins encoded in an ancient gene cluster that is conserved across prokaryotic genomes: influence of excluding poorly alignable sites from analysis.
Hansmann, S; Martin, W, 2000)		1.03
"Glycine has been shown to diminish ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver and improve graft survival in the rat liver transplantation model."( Glycine prevents apoptosis of rat sinusoidal endothelial cells caused by deprivation of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Honda, H; Ikejima, K; Kitamura, T; Sato, N; Takei, Y; Zhang, Y, 2000)		2.47
"Glycine has been well characterized in spinal cord as an inhibitory neurotransmitter which activates a glycine-gated chloride channel (GlyR) expressed in postsynaptic membranes."( Glycine: a new anti-inflammatory immunonutrient.
Bradford, B; Enomoto, N; Ikejema, K; Rose, ML; Rusyn, I; Schemmer, P; Seabra, V; Stacklewitz, RF; Thurman, RG; Wheeler, MD; Yin, M; Zhong, Z, 1999)		2.47
"[7-Glycine]oxytocin has an oxytocic potency (O) of 93 +/- 4 units/mg and an antidiuretic potency (A) of 0.0056 +/- 0.0003 units/mg."( Synthesis and some pharmacological properties of [4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin, [1-(L-2-hydroxy-3-mercaptopropanoic acid), 4-threonine, 7-glycine]oxytocin (hydroxy[Thr4, Gly7]oxytocin), and [7-Glycine]oxytocin, peptides with high oxytocic-antidiuretic
Haldar, J; Lowbridge, J; Manning, M; Sawyer, WH, 1977)		1.01
"Glycinebetaine has previously been shown to be effective at reducing leakage from liposomes which are frozen then thawed. "( A comparison of glycine, sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine, glycinebetaine and N-modified betaines as liposome cryoprotectants.
Baker, JA; Lloyd, AW; Olliff, CJ; Rutt, KJ; Smith, G, 1992)		2.07
"The glycine receptor also has fetal (alpha 2) and adult (alpha 1) isoforms."( Functional correlation of fetal and adult forms of glycine receptors with developmental changes in inhibitory synaptic receptor channels.
Akagi, H; Hirai, K; Hishinuma, F; Momiyama, A; Takahashi, T, 1992)		1.02
"Glycine has been regarded as a poor source of nitrogen for total parenteral nutrition. "( Glycine nitrogen in total parenteral nutrition: two prospective clinical trials comparing the efficacy of high and low glycine containing amino acid solutions.
Frost, PG; Grimble, GK; Halliday, D; Payne James, JJ; Rees, RG; Silk, DB, 1992)		3.17
"Glycine has also been shown to facilitate the excitatory actions of glutamate at the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subtype."( Strychnine-sensitive, glycine-induced release of [3H]norepinephrine from rat hippocampal slices.
Schmidt, CJ; Taylor, VL, 1990)		1.32
"Glycine has been reported to potentiate NMDA responses in neurons and in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain messenger RNA."( Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Dingledine, R; Kleckner, NW, 1988)		1.34

Actions

Glycine and D-serine increase the affinity of glutamate binding without changing the density of binding sites. The glycinergic system plays an important inhibitory role in the mouse central nervous system. glycine controls the excitability of spinal itch- and pain-mediating neurons. Glycine plays a key role in rapidly proliferating cancer cells such as A549 cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The glycinergic system plays an important inhibitory role in the mouse central nervous system, where glycine controls the excitability of spinal itch- and pain-mediating neurons. "( The glycine receptor alpha 3 subunit mRNA expression shows sex-dependent differences in the adult mouse brain.
Ceder, MM; Henriksson, K; Johansson, E; Lagerström, MC; Magnusson, KA; Roman, E; Weman, HM, 2023)		2.03
"Glycine plays a key role in rapidly proliferating cancer cells such as A549 cells. "( Glycine metabolomic changes induced by anticancer agents in A549 cells.
Cao, Y; Chen, K; Ding, R; Fang, M; Guo, K; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Qiu, Y; Wu, Z; Zhou, X, 2020)		3.44
"Glycine plays two roles in neurotransmission. "( Glycine Transporters and Its Coupling with NMDA Receptors.
Arribas-Blázquez, M; Bartolomé-Martín, D; Giménez, C; Ibáñez, I; Piniella, D; Zafra, F, 2017)		3.34
"Glycine plays an important role in regulating hippocampal inhibitory/ excitatory neurotransmission through activating glycine receptors (GlyRs) and acting as a co-agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate-type glutamate receptors. "( Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Activation-Induced Increase in Glycine-Activated Current in Mouse Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons.
Chen, L; Du, Y; Huang, S; Men, C; Qi, M; Wang, Z; Wu, C; Zhou, L, 2018)		2.16
"The glycine-dependent increase in MCV was suppressed by the partial sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) antagonist MeAIB and augmented by the Cl- current blocker DCPIB."( Glycine Induces Migration of Microglial BV-2 Cells via SNAT-Mediated Cell Swelling.
Beyreis, M; Dobias, H; Gaisberger, M; Jakab, M; Kerschbaum, HH; Kiesslich, T; Kittl, M; Mayr, C; Ritter, M, 2018)		2.4
"Glycine plays an important role in metabolic regulation, anti-oxidative reactions, and neurological function."( Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: implications for nutrition and health.
Dai, Z; Wang, J; Wang, W; Wu, G; Wu, Z; Yang, Y, 2013)		2.55
"Glycine plays an important role in balancing the redox reactions in the human body, thus protecting against oxidative damage in MetS patients."( Oral supplementation with glycine reduces oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome, improving their systolic blood pressure.
Baiza-Gutman, LA; Cruz, M; Díaz-Flores, M; Duran-Reyes, G; Gaja-Rodriguez, O; Hernández-Saavedra, D; Kumate, J; Loza-Rodríguez, H; Munguia-Miranda, C; Pulido-Casas, E; Torres-Ramírez, N, 2013)		1.41
"Glycine-dependent increase in phagocytosis was suppressed by the SNAT inhibitor α-(methylamino)isobutyric acid (MeAIB), by replacing extracellular Na(+) with choline, and under hypertonic conditions, but not by the GlyR antagonist strychnine or the GlyR agonist taurine."( Glycine modulates membrane potential, cell volume, and phagocytosis in murine microglia.
Beyreis, M; Jakab, M; Kerschbaum, HH; Kittl, M; Komm, B; Ritter, M, 2014)		2.57
"Glycine can inhibit apoptosis in cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia and hypoxia,and the effect may be attributable to changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, lessening opening of mPTP, alleviation of calcium overload , and decrease in activity of caspase-3."( [Effects of glycine on apoptosis in murine cardiomyocyte suffering from ischemia and hypoxia].
Dang, YM; Huang, YS; Song, HP; Zhang, DX; Zhang, Q; Zhou, JL, 2008)		2.17
"Glycine promotes three-dimensional formations of mSGP cells, which are negative for immature markers and positive for differentiation markers."( Glycine regulates proliferation and differentiation of salivary-gland-derived progenitor cells.
Endo, F; Matsumoto, S; Mochida, T; Nakamura, K; Nakamura, Y; Takehana, K, 2009)		2.52
"Glycine at the lower concentrations (< or = 50 mM) suppressed the pH decrease normally observed during freezing in 10 and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, possibly by reducing the nucleation rate of salt and thereby decreasing the extent of buffer salt crystallization."( Effect of glycine on pH changes and protein stability during freeze-thawing in phosphate buffer systems.
Anchordoquy, TJ; Carpenter, JF; Cleland, JL; Pikal-Cleland, KA, 2002)		1.44
"Glycine plays several roles in human metabolism, e.g. "( Glycine turnover and decarboxylation rate quantified in healthy men and women using primed, constant infusions of [1,2-(13)C2]glycine and [(2)H3]leucine.
Gilbert, LR; Gregory, JF; Lamers, Y; Stacpoole, PW; Williamson, J, 2007)		3.23
"The glycine-induced increase in filtration rate in virgin Dahl S rats (27 +/- 4%) was less (P < or = .01) than pregnant Dahl S (60 +/- 4%) and either group of Dahl R (virgin, 43 +/- 3%; pregnant, 45 +/- 5%) rats."( Pregnancy restores the renal vasodilator response to glycine in Dahl salt-sensitive rats.
Heesch, CM; Whitescarver, SA, 1993)		1.02
"With glycine, there was an increase in the proportion of diaminopimelic-diaminopimelic cross-links."( Peptidoglycan tripeptide content and cross-linking are altered in Enterobacter cloacae induced to produce AmpC beta-lactamase by glycine and D-amino acids.
Caparrós, M; de Pedro, MA; Ottolenghi, AC, 1993)		0.95
"Glycine plays an important role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the ventral cochlear nucleus. "( Kinetic analysis of glycine receptor currents in ventral cochlear nucleus.
Harty, TP; Manis, PB, 1998)		2.07
"Glycine may activate NMDA receptors."( Glycine induced calcium concentration changes in vestibular type I sensory cells.
Devau, G, 2000)		2.47
"Glycine blunted this increase dose dependently."( Endothelial cells contain a glycine-gated chloride channel.
Cox, AD; Konno, A; Rusyn, EV; Rusyn, I; Thurman, RG; Wheeler, MD; Yamashina, S, 2001)		1.33
"Glycine, which plays an inhibitory role, especially in the spinal cord, reacted with 6 per cent decrease, whereas GABA which is also considered as an inhibitory neurotransmitter showed a change of + 11 per cent on the potentiated side as compared to the unpotentiated side."( Neurochemical aspects of post-tetanic potentiation of monosynaptic reflexes in the cat spinal cord. I. Analysis of amino acids at maximum of potentiation.
Behbehani, AW; Neuhoff, V; Quentin, CD, 1975)		0.98
"Glycine, known to inhibit the synthesis of a peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall, was effective in eliminating drug resistance of Escherichia coli K12 JE2100 strain harboring theR100-1 factor although in lower frequencies than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). "( Eliminatory action of glycine on drug resistance of Escherichia coli K12 harboring an R factor.
Hayashi, M; Inuzuka, M; Tomoeda, M, 1976)		2.01
"4. Glycine analogues of lower affinity produced desensitization with faster kinetics."( A kinetic analysis of the modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors by glycine in mouse cultured hippocampal neurones.
Benveniste, M; Clements, J; Mayer, ML; Vyklický, L, 1990)		1.02
"Glycine failed to enhance [3H]TCP binding in the presence of 10 microM 2-APV."( Differential modulation of [3H]TCP binding to the NMDA receptor by L-glutamate and glycine.
Bénavidès, J; Carter, C; Rivy, JP; Scatton, B, 1988)		1.22
"Glycine and D-serine increase the affinity of glutamate binding without changing the density of binding sites."( Glycine and D-serine increase the affinity of N-methyl-D-aspartate sensitive glutamate binding sites in rat brain synaptic membranes.
Costa, E; Danysz, W; Fadda, E; Wroblewski, JT, 1988)		2.44

Treatment

Glycine treatment attenuated fibrotic deposition in the diaphragm by 28% after 10 weeks in mdx mice and by 22% after 14 weeks in dko mice. Glycine also suppressed SAH-induced M1 microglial polarization and thereby inflammation. The glycine treatment group had greater levels of expression of an antiapoptotic gene (Bcl2) in mature oocytes and cumulus cells.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Glycine treatment attenuated fibrotic deposition in the diaphragm by 28% (P < 0.05) after 10 weeks in mdx mice and by 22% (P < 0.02) after 14 weeks in dko mice."( Glycine administration attenuates progression of dystrophic pathology in prednisolone-treated dystrophin/utrophin null mice.
Alves, FM; Caldow, MK; Chee, A; Gardner, A; Ham, DJ; Kennedy, TL; Koopman, R; Lynch, GS; Naim, T; Trieu, J, 2019)		2.68
"Glycine treatment also suppressed SAH-induced M1 microglial polarization and thereby inflammation."( MicroRNA-26b/PTEN Signaling Pathway Mediates Glycine-Induced Neuroprotection in SAH Injury.
Akter, F; Cheng, N; Liao, X; Liu, R; Qin, L; Qin, X; Shao, L; Wan, Q; Wu, S; Wu, X; Xie, Q; Xiong, X, 2019)		1.49
"Glycine treatment decreases the levels of oxidative stress markers in liver from SF rats and increases the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and"( Glycine Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Glutathione Biosynthesis and Protects against Oxidative Stress in a Model of Sucrose-Induced Insulin Resistance.
Acosta, OL; Cardoso-Saldaña, G; El-Hafidi, M; Flores, JAP; Franco, M; Ramírez, AR; Salgado, MC; Sosa, JS, 2018)		2.64
"The glycine treatment group had greater levels of expression of an antiapoptotic gene (Bcl2) in mature oocytes and cumulus cells and lesser levels of expression of a proapoptotic gene (Bax) in PA blastocysts (P < 0.05)."( Glycine treatment enhances developmental potential of porcine oocytes and early embryos by inhibiting apoptosis.
Guo, Q; Kang, JD; Li, S; Li, ZY; Wang, YM; Yin, XJ; Zheng, X, 2018)		2.4
"Glycine treatment increased body weight gain, reduced blood glucose, and increased plasma insulin levels compared to diabetic control rats, and also increased GSH content and decreased mRNA and protein levels of aldose reductase compared to their respective controls."( Protective effect of glycine in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract through aldose reductase inhibitory activity.
Li, W; Shao, N; Zhang, Y, 2019)		1.55
"Glycine treatment increased ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI."( Glycine aggravates ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury through N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor activation in rats.
Arora, S; Kaur, A; Kaur, T; Singh, AP, 2014)		2.57
"Glycine treatment improved this modulator effect and increased relaxation to acetylcholine."( Vascular endothelial function is improved by oral glycine treatment in aged rats.
Cruz, M; García-Macedo, R; Gómez-Zamudio, JH; Ibarra-Barajas, M; Kumate, J; Lázaro-Suárez, M, 2015)		1.39
"Glycine treatment led to increased DNA replication (by 70-80%) while enhancing mTORC1 activation by upregulating Akt and inhibiting AMPK signaling (P < 0.05)."( Glycine Regulates Protein Turnover by Activating Protein Kinase B/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and by Inhibiting MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 Gene Expression in C2C12 Myoblasts.
Ji, Y; Sun, K; Wu, G; Wu, Z, 2016)		2.6
"The glycine-treated plants also maintained high contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, and proline as well as enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities to protect themselves against chilling injury."( Glycine increases cold tolerance in rice via the regulation of N uptake, physiological characteristics, and photosynthesis.
Chu, Z; Hussain, S; Junhua, Z; Lianfeng, Z; Lianghuan, W; Qianyu, J; Xiaochuang, C, 2017)		2.38
"Glycine pretreatment markedly decreased transaminase release (AST, 12 hr: glycine 1292 +/- 192 U/L, control 2311 +/- 556 U/L, p < .05; ALT, 12 hr: glycine 1013 +/- 278 U/L, control 2038 +/- 500 U/L, p < .05), serum ALP activity and serum bilirubin levels (p < .05). "( Glycine pretreatment ameliorates liver injury after partial hepatectomy in the rat.
Baba, HA; Benko, T; Best, J; de Groot, H; Fandrey, J; Frede, S; Gu, Y; Rauen, U; Schlaak, JF, 2010)		3.25
"Glycine treatment during tachykinin- and acetylcholine-induced contractions significantly decreased the maintenance of muscle force compared to control."( Novel expression of a functional glycine receptor chloride channel that attenuates contraction in airway smooth muscle.
Emala, CW; Gallos, G; Xu, D; Yim, PD; Zhang, Y, 2011)		1.37
"Glycine treatment suppressed these apoptotic events, signifying its protective role in Hg-induced hepatocyte apoptosis as referred by reduction of p38, JNK and ERK MAPK signaling pathways."( Modulation of mercury-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by glycine in hepatocytes.
Das, J; Pal, PB; Pal, S; Sil, PC, 2012)		1.34
"In glycine-treated animals, the middle and distal segments of the small intestine were well- preserved and showed better histologic grade and morphometric parameters as compared with saline controls (P<.05) in a dose-independent manner. "( Glycine prevents the induction of apoptosis attributed to mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model.
Ascher, E; Hingorani, A; Jacob, T; Kallakuri, S, 2003)		2.38
"Glycine treatment was well tolerated and resulted in a significant (p <.0001) 23% +/- 8% reduction in negative symptoms. "( High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Bar, G; Ermilov, M; Heresco-Levy, U; Javitt, DC; Lichtenberg, P, 2004)		2.17
"Glycine pretreatment can improve the viability of the liver of the brain-death donor rat."( Protective effects of glycine pretreatment on brain-death donor liver.
Chen, S; Shi, JH; Tang, Z; Wu, Y; Zhang, SJ, 2005)		2.09
"Glycine-treated diabetic rats showed an important diminution in the percentage of animals with opacity in lens and microaneurysms in the eyes."( Oral glycine administration attenuates diabetic complications in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Alvarado-Vásquez, N; Carvajal-Sandoval, G; Cerón, E; Guevara, J; Lascurain, R; Montaño, LF; Tapia, A; Vanda, B; Zenteno, E, 2006)		1.57
"Glycine treatment is reported to protect against the nephrotoxicity of cadmium (Cd) in rats. "( Protection of renal tubular cells against the cytotoxicity of cadmium by glycine.
Shaikh, ZA; Tang, W; Xie, J, 2006)		2.01
"Glycine treatment also induced a 11% increase of hepatocyte volume and transient ATP release."( Role of p38 map kinase in glycine-induced hepatocyte resistance to hypoxic injury.
Albano, E; Alchera, E; Baldanzi, G; Caraceni, P; Carini, R; Grazia De Cesaris, M; Graziani, A; Piranda, D; Splendore, R, 2007)		1.36
"Also glycine-treated grafts exhibited significantly less infiltration with ED-1-positive macrophages and MPO-positive neutrophils as well as reduced apoptosis."( Perioperative glycine treatment attenuates ischemia/reperfusion injury and ameliorates smooth muscle dysfunction in intestinal transplantation.
Abu-Elmagd, KM; Hirner, A; Kalff, JC; Overhaus, M; Schaefer, N; Schmidt, J; Schuchtrup, S; Tahara, K; Türler, A; Websky, MV; Wirz, S, 2008)		1.16
"Glycine treatment did not cause any of these changes in rats."( Ethanol- and threonine-induced hypertension in rats: a common mechanism.
Ford, CA; Longerich, L; Parai, S; Prabhakaran, V; Vasdev, S; Whalen, M, 1995)		1.01
"Glycine treatment did not attenuate the decrease of renal function in the 45-minute and 60-minute models, with serum creatinine averaging 2.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dl and 3.4 +/- 0.5 mg/dl, respectively."( Infusion of glycine does not attenuate in vivo ischemic acute renal failure in the rat.
Burke, TJ; Schrier, RW; Shanley, PF; Wetzels, JF; Yu, L, 1993)		1.39
"Glycine-treatment showed no improvement in liver energetics (ATP, ADP, AMP) and lactate accumulation; this solution had the lowest buffering capacity of the four tested (approximately 30% of the University of Wisconsin solution). "( Protective properties of amino acids in liver preservation: effects of glycine and a combination of amino acids on anaerobic metabolism and energetics.
Churchill, TA; Fuller, BJ; Green, CJ, 1995)		1.97
"Glycine-treated, hypoxic, proximal tubules developed a progressive energetic defect that resulted in failure to restore ATP levels to greater than 10 to 20% of control values during reoxygenation after 60 minutes of hypoxia despite continued cytoprotection by glycine. "( Glycine-protected, hypoxic, proximal tubules develop severely compromised energetic function.
Davis, JA; Roeser, NF; Venkatachalam, MA; Weinberg, JM, 1997)		3.18
"Glycine treatment produced a significant increase in AMPA receptor function after potentiation that correlated with the degree of potentiation."( Glycine-induced long-term potentiation is associated with structural and functional modifications of alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors.
Baudry, M; Bi, X; Musleh, W; Tocco, G; Yaghoubi, S, 1997)		2.46
"Glycine treatment was well tolerated and induced increased glycine (P=.001) and serine (P=.001) serum levels. "( Efficacy of high-dose glycine in the treatment of enduring negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Ermilov, M; Heresco-Levy, U; Javitt, DC; Lichtenstein, M; Mordel, C; Silipo, G, 1999)		2.06
"In glycine-treated preparations, the molar ratio of diaminopimelic acid:muramic acid, the marker compounds of tetrapeptides and glycan strands respectively, was about 60% lower than in the control."( The effect of cell wall components on glycine-enhanced sterol side chain degradation to androstene derivatives by mycobacteria.
Długoński, J; Korycka, M; Lisowska, K; Rumijowska, A; Sedlaczek, L; Ziółkowski, A, 1999)		1.09
"The glycine treatment at the dose of 1.0-2.0 g/day was accompanied by a tendency to a decreased 30-day mortality (5.9% in 1."( Neuroprotective effects of glycine for therapy of acute ischaemic stroke.
Alekseev, AA; Bashkatova, VG; Dambinova, SA; Gusev, EI; Kovalenko, AV; Kudrin, VS; Raevskiy, KS; Skvortsova, VI; Yakovleva, EV, )		0.91
"Glycine treatment was associated with an 8-fold increase in serum glycine levels, similar to that observed previously."( Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Bark, N; Cienfuegos, A; Javitt, DC; Lindenmayer, JP; Park, M; Shelley, AM; Silipo, G; Suckow, R; Zukin, SR, 2001)		1.35
"Pretreatment with glycine attenuated both, the ketamine-induced alterations of the aeGBR amplitude and the increased PANSS negative scores in glycine-responders, classified based on relative aeGBR increase."( Glycine attenuates impairments of stimulus-evoked gamma oscillations in the ketamine model of schizophrenia.
Curic, S; Haaf, M; Leicht, G; Mulert, C; Rauh, J; Steinmann, S, 2022)		2.49
"Treatment with glycine results in reduced infarct volume of the brain, neurologic function scores, and neuronal and microglial death in ischemic stroke injury."( Glycine Exhibits Neuroprotective Effects in Ischemic Stroke in Rats through the Inhibition of M1 Microglial Polarization via the NF-κB p65/Hif-1α Signaling Pathway.
Bu, LH; Chen, SF; Liao, XY; Liu, R; Lu, LJ; Lu, PX; Pan, MX; Qin, XP; Tang, JC; Wan, Q; Zhang, Y; Zou, YY, 2019)		2.3
"Pre-treatment with glycine significantly attenuated murine cardiac hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction or by administration of angiotensin II (Ang II)."( Glycine prevents pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy mediated by glycine receptor.
Bai, H; Ben, J; Chen, Q; Fang, R; Li, J; Li, K; Li, X; Lu, Y; Wang, Z; Yang, Q; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhu, X, 2017)		2.22
"Treatment with glycine is likely to have a beneficial effect on innate and adaptive immune responses and may help prevent tissue damage caused by chronic inflammation in patients with Type 2 diabetes."( Glycine treatment decreases proinflammatory cytokines and increases interferon-gamma in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Carvajal-Sandoval, G; Cruz, M; Kumate, J; Maldonado-Bernal, C; Mondragón-Gonzalez, R; Sanchez-Barrera, R; Wacher, NH, 2008)		2.14
"Treatment with glycine, an NMDAR coagonist, over 5 years led to robust reduction of OCD/BDD signs and symptoms except for partial relapses during treatment cessation."( High-dose glycine treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a 5-year period.
Challop, RS; Cleveland, WL; DeLaPaz, RL; Fawwaz, RA, 2009)		1.1
"Pre-treatment with glycine or ethanolamine allows "poor" batches of PAS or PGS to be used in sensitive IAA assays, improving both consistency and performance."( Non-specific binding to protein A Sepharose and protein G Sepharose in insulin autoantibody assays may be reduced by pre-treatment with glycine or ethanolamine.
Bingley, PJ; Chandler, KA; Norcross, AJ; Williams, AJ, 2006)		0.86
"Treatment with glycine alone was found to significantly increase hepatic levels of uridine, UDP-glucose, and UDP-galactose, and in view of the known effects of galactosamine, this suggests that the protective role of glycine against galN toxicity might be mediated by changes in the uridine nucleotide pool rather than by preventing Kupffer cell activation."( The mechanism of galactosamine toxicity revisited; a metabonomic study.
Clayton, TA; Coen, M; Holmes, E; Hong, YS; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Pearce, JT; Reily, MD; Robertson, DG; Rohde, CM, 2007)		0.68
"Pretreatment with glycine also significantly reduced hepatic necrosis and the number of neutrophils at 24 h after reperfusion."( Glycine reduces hepatic warm ischaemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammatory reactions in rats.
Eguchi, S; Kamohara, Y; Kanematsu, T; Okudaira, S; Tajima, Y; Yamanouchi, K; Yanaga, K, 2007)		2.11
"Treatment with glycine (1-16 mM) for 72 h inhibited alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in a concentration-dependent manner without any effects on cell proliferation in B16F0 melanoma cells."( Glycine inhibits melanogenesis in vitro and causes hypopigmentation in vivo.
Ishii, F; Ishikawa, M; Kawase, I, 2007)		2.12
"Pretreatment with glycine, an agonist to the glycine/NMDA receptors, shifted the dose-response effect of felbamate to the right (ED50 = 56.8 against tonus and 94.8 mg/kg versus clonus)."( Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission through both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors is involved in the anticonvulsant activity of felbamate in DBA/2 mice.
Aguglia, U; Bertorelli, R; De Sarro, A; De Sarro, G; Ongini, E, 1994)		0.61
"Treatment with glycine and CP attenuated this response, with no significant decline seen in creatinine clearance at day 5 compared to baseline (2.25 +/- 0.31 mL/min vs."( Effect of glycine on cisplatin nephrotoxicity and heat-shock protein 70 expression in the rat kidney.
Bohen, EM; Carome, MA; Musio, F; Sabnis, S; Yuan, CM, 1997)		1.04
"Pretreatment with glycine significantly protected animals against stress-, indomethacin- and necrotizing agents induced gastric lesions."( Studies on the antisecretory, gastric anti-ulcer and cytoprotective properties of glycine.
Al Moutaery, AR; Tariq, M, 1997)		0.85

Toxicity

Alkalinization of airway lining fluid is accomplished with inhalation of alkaline glycine buffer and causes no adverse effects on pulmonary function or vital signs. These observations suggest a complex mechanism of toxicity, with glycine maintaining its toxic activity even when covalently bound on silica surface.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" MTX, a non-mutagen, which induced SCE only at toxic levels, could be considered a false positive because this positivity may reflect an enhancement of incorporation of 5-BrdUrd into DNA."( Relationship between cytotoxicity and induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in mouse foetal cells exposed to several doses of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals.
Faggin, P; Maconi, A; Parodi, S; Raffetto, G, 1979)		0.26
" These results suggest that the toxic effect of the osmotic solutes on proliferation of the mesothelial cells depends not only on the hyperosmolality but also on some metabolic effect(s)."( Toxicity of osmotic solutes on human mesothelial cells in vitro.
Breborowicz, A; Oreopoulos, DG; Rodela, H, 1992)		0.28
"2-Methoxyethanol (2-ME) is an industrial solvent which is toxic to both male and female reproductive systems of laboratory animals."( Attenuation of 2-methoxyethanol-induced testicular toxicity in the rat by simple physiological compounds.
Mebus, CA; Welsch, F; Working, PK, 1989)		0.28
" Supplementation of the ethionine-containing diet with either choline or betaine ameliorated the growth depression, although neither compound was able to completely overcome the toxic effects of ethionine."( Amelioration of ethionine toxicity in the chick.
Baker, DH; Lowry, KR, 1987)		0.27
" No adverse effects were noted and all the patients recovered uneventfully."( Safety and efficacy of a 1,5% glycine solution as an irrigation medium in prostatic surgery.
Gascoigne, H; Gecelter, LG, 1984)		0.56
" 7 These data show that five of the most commonly used artificial buffers, to study muscles in vitro, exert adverse effects on contractility of arterial and venous smooth muscle."( Adverse effects of artificial buffers on contractile responses of arterial and venous smooth muscle.
Altura, BM; Altura, BT; Carella, A; Turlapaty, PD, 1980)		0.26
" Acivicin was also shown to be more toxic (as indicated by LD50) to female than to male mice of the B6D2F1 and CD2F1 strains, in agreement with previous studies in ICR mice."( Sex- and age-related mouse toxicity and disposition of the amino acid antitumor agent, acivicin.
Chan, PJ; McGovren, JP; Neil, GL; Stewart, JC, 1981)		0.26
" MK-801 (a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors; 100 nM) completely inhibited the toxic and trophic actions of glutamate and NMDA, as well as the 45Ca2+ influx induced by NMDA, but only 80% of the 45Ca2+ influx induced by glutamate."( Ethanol inhibits NMDA-induced toxicity and trophism in cultured cerebellar granule cells.
Korpi, ER; Wegelius, K, 1995)		0.29
" No adverse events were noted."( Safety and optimum concentration of a manganese chloride-based oral MR contrast agent.
Bernardino, ME; Mitchell, DG; Morris, M; Small, WC; Weinreb, JC, )		0.13
" Valproate caused a dose-dependent increase in leakage of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), and glycine prevented this toxic response."( Effect of glycine on valproate toxicity in rat hepatocytes.
Gray, PD; Tolman, KG; Vance, MA, )		0.75
" For toxic doses (5 microM), the loss of GSH preceded the onset of toxicity by six hr."( The role of glutathione in the toxicity of a novel cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes.
Ge, JL; Kong, SM; Lu, SC; Runnegar, MT; Zhong, YZ, 1994)		0.29
"Rats were fed toxic levels of methionine with or without simultaneous dietary supplements of glycine and serine."( Methionine toxicity in the rat in relation to hepatic accumulation of S-adenosylmethionine: prevention by dietary stimulation of the hepatic transsulfuration pathway.
Alakuijala, L; Eloranta, TO; Korhonen, VP; Regina, M; Smith, TK, 1993)		0.51
" However, the LD50 decreased 90-fold when the highest modification was achieved."( Reduction of ricin toxicity without impairing the saccharide-binding properties by chemical modification of the carboxyl groups.
Díaz-Mauriño, T; Solís, D; Vallejo, M, 1993)		0.29
" Persisting stimulation of mGluRs after the toxic exposure did not improve the survival of pyramidal or granular cells."( Activation of multiple metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes prevents NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampal slices.
Consolandi, O; Memo, M; Pizzi, M; Spano, PF, 1996)		0.29
" The use of protein-free medium considerably increased the sensitivity of sperm cells from rabbit and human to the toxic effects of the pesticide."( A sensitive sperm-motility test for the assessment of cytotoxic effect of pesticides.
Bertheussen, K; Helmi, S; Ibrahim, HZ; Salem, MH; Seehy, MA; Yousef, MI, 1996)		0.29
" Also IC50 values of these pesticides were compared with LD50 values obtained from the literature."( A new sensitive cell culture test for the assessment of pesticide toxicity.
Bertheussen, K; Figenschau, Y; Yousef, MI, 1997)		0.3
" Activation of the coagulation system and adverse effects of homocysteine on the endothelium and vessel wall are believed to underlie disease pathogenesis."( Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
Arnelle, DR; Choi, YB; D'Emilia, DM; Kim, WK; Kumar, S; Lipton, SA; Rayudu, PV; Stamler, JS, 1997)		0.3
"Dietary glycine is a safe and effective treatment to reduce the nephrotoxicity of cyclosporine."( Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with dietary glycine.
Bunzendahl, H; Stachlewitz, RF; Thurman, RG; von Frankenberg, M; Zhong, Z, 1997)		0.97
" However, it is considered that these findings could be attributed to the long-term repeated dosing procedure, and were not toxic changes."( [Toxicity study of sodium N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetate tetrahydrate (ONO-5046.Na) (5). 6-month repeated dose intravenous toxicity study in dogs with 1-month recovery test].
Fujita, T; Ide, M; Ishii, T; Katsumata, T; Numata, H; Okamoto, M; Suzuki, H; Tamura, K, 1998)		0.3
" No adverse effects on dams were observed in clinical signs, body weight change, food consumption, pregnant, delivery or lactating performances."( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity study of sodium N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetate tetrahydrate (ONO-5046.Na) (2). Study for effects on pre- and postnatal development in rats, including maternal function
Aze, Y; Chihara, N; Fujita, T; Ikeda, Y; Nakagawa, Y; Nishimura, T; Ozeki, Y; Sakamoto, T; Shinomiya, K; Shirakawa, R; Sugai, S, 1998)		0.3
" moorei was slightly less toxic than Roundup(R) with 48-h LC50 values ranging between 27."( The toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern Australian frogs.
Bidwell, JR; Mann, RM, 1999)		0.3
" These data indicate that NO ameliorates the potential, adverse properties of HC via S-nitrosylation in the pathogenesis of hyperhomocysteinemia."( S-nitrosation ameliorates homocysteine-induced neurotoxicity and calcium responses in primary culture of rat cortical neurons.
Kim, WK, 1999)		0.3
"There were no adverse effects attributable to the use of the irrigant."( Sorbitol-mannitol solution for urological electrosurgical resection-- a safer fluid than glycine 1.5%.
Dawkins, GP; Miller, RA, 1999)		0.53
" The acute oral LD50 for male and female Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats is 2800 mg/kg body weight (560 mg/kg body weight iron [confidence limit (CL) 399-786] as the active ingredient)."( Safety evaluation of ferrous bisglycinate chelate.
Borzelleca, JF; Jeppsen, RB, 1999)		0.3
" We report that, at high concentrations (300 microM-30 mM), a folic acid hexaglutamate analog is dose-dependently toxic to dissociated rat cortical cultures and that this toxicity is reversed by 2-PMPA, a potent and selective NAALADase inhibitor."( Toxicity induced by a polyglutamated folate analog is attenuated by NAALADase inhibition.
Olkowski, JL; Slusher, BS; Thomas, AG; Vornov, JJ, 1999)		0.3
" Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies."( Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans.
Kroes, R; Munro, IC; Williams, GM, 2000)		0.31
" In mixed cultures of cortical cells, the selective mGlu1/5 agonist, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), amplified neurodegeneration induced by a toxic pulse of NMDA."( An activity-dependent switch from facilitation to inhibition in the control of excitotoxicity by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Battaglia, G; Bruno, V; Ceña, V; Cespédes, VM; Copani, A; Flor, PJ; Galindo, MF; Gasparini, F; Kuhn, R; Nicoletti, F; Sánchez-Prieto, J, 2001)		0.53
" An adverse effect of high-dose serine therapy on head growth and on the transport of neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier should be considered and requires adjustment of treatment."( Phenotypic heterogeneity and adverse effects of serine treatment in 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency: report on two siblings.
Häusler, MG; Jaeken, J; Mönch, E; Ramaekers, VT, 2001)		0.31
" All patients were asked to keep a daily diary to evaluate gastric tolerability, whereas overall tolerability was evaluated by recording adverse effects and determining the common laboratory parameters."( [Efficacy and safety of amtolmetin guacyl in the treatment of acute osteoarthritis].
Biasi, G; Marcolongo, R, 2001)		0.31
"The analysis of vital parameters, laboratory parameters and adverse effects confirmed the good tolerability of the product."( [Efficacy and safety of amtolmetin guacyl in the treatment of acute osteoarthritis].
Biasi, G; Marcolongo, R, 2001)		0.31
" Ferrochel has been demonstrated to have a No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of at least 500 mg per kg rat body weight, the highest dose tested."( Toxicology and safety of Ferrochel and other iron amino acid chelates.
Jeppsen, RB, 2001)		0.31
" Moreover, we show that the toxic and protective CuBD phenotypes are associated with differences in Cu binding and reduction."( Contrasting, species-dependent modulation of copper-mediated neurotoxicity by the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein.
Beyreuther, K; Cappai, R; Galatis, D; Masters, CL; McKinstry, WJ; Multhaup, G; Parker, MW; Pipkorn, R; White, AR, 2002)		0.31
" The results of the studies demonstrate that Roundup Ready soybeans are as safe as traditional soybeans with respect to food and feed safety."( Current methods for assessing safety of genetically modified crops as exemplified by data on Roundup Ready soybeans.
Fuchs, RL; Nair, RS; Schuette, SA, )		0.13
" The rapid death of DC during the early stages of shigellosis is likely to have adverse consequences for generation of adaptive immunity."( Cytotoxicity and interleukin-1beta processing following Shigella flexneri infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
Edgeworth, JD; Griffin, GE; Phalipon, A; Sansonetti, PJ; Spencer, J, 2002)		0.31
"5% and expose patients to adverse events in relation with the absorption of that irrigating fluid, summarized as "transurethral resection reactions" (TURP syndrome)."( [An adverse effect of glycine irrigation solution: absorption syndrome].
Tauzin-Fin, P, )		0.45
" Safety and tolerability evaluation included adverse events, physical examination, vital functions, electrocardiogram, laboratory tests, and 24-hour Holter (100-mg and 450-mg dose panels)."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of CHF 3381, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, after single oral doses in healthy subjects.
Dostert, P; Fabbri, L; Guillevic, Y; Imbimbo, BP; Mariotti, F; Rondelli, I; Tarral, A, 2003)		0.32
" This study complements extensive agronomic, compositional and farm animal feeding studies with Roundup Ready corn grain, confirming it is as safe and nutritious as existing commercial corn hybrids."( Results of a 13 week safety assurance study with rats fed grain from glyphosate tolerant corn.
Dudek, R; Hammond, B; Lemen, J; Nemeth, M, 2004)		0.32
" From the porewater toxicity tests, Roundup Biactive (340 mg kg(-1)) and Roundup (244 mg kg(-1)) were similarly toxic in the sediment tests at 0% organic carbon, indicating that the surfactants in Roundup were considerably more adsorptive than those in Roundup Biactive to the sediment of the same organic carbon."( Comparative toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides: aqueous and sediment porewater exposures.
Chu, LM; Tsui, MT, 2004)		0.32
" Agonists of the glycine recognition site of NMDA receptors (D-serine and D-alanine) did not have any toxic effect in hippocampal cultures, whereas competitive blockade of the glycine site by 7-chlorokynurenic acid was neuroprotective."( Glycine-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.
Barth, A; Barth, L; Newell, DW; Nguyen, LB, 2005)		2.11
"05) reductions in algal growth compared to the controls, although the 30-microg/L clopyralid or 10-microg/L glyphosate treatments did not exhibit any toxic effects."( Toxicity of herbicides in highway runoff.
Deanovic, L; Fong, S; Huang, X; Young, TM, 2005)		0.33
" The safety evaluation considered physical examinations, clinical laboratory tests, vital signs, adverse events, and concomitant medications."( Safety of zinc gluconate glycine (Cold-Eeze) in a geriatric population: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
LeFante, C; Silk, R, )		0.43
" Assessment of safety was performed by upper GI endoscopy, gastrointestinal symptoms evaluation, electrocardiography, blood and urine laboratory tests, adverse events recording."( Gastrointestinal safety of amtolmetin guacyl in comparison with celecoxib in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Dankó, K; Jajić, Z; Koó, E; Kovacs, M; Malaise, M; Nekam, K; Scarpignato, C, )		0.13
"Although many animal studies have reported that dietary excess of methionine causes toxic changes including growth suppression and hemolytic anemia, the biochemical mechanism and biomarkers for methionine toxicity have not been well elucidated."( Screening of toxicity biomarkers for methionine excess in rats.
Amao, M; Kawamata, Y; Kimura, T; Kodama, R; Sakai, R; Toue, S, 2006)		0.33
" At follow-up, there was no significant difference in side effects and in major adverse cardiac events (MACE) between both groups."( Oral administration of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. A double blind placebo controlled randomized feasibility trial evaluating safety and efficacy of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.
Khan, M; Kiemeneij, F; Laarman, GJ; Riezebos, RK; Ron Van Der Wieken, L; Slagboom, T; Tijssen, JG, 2006)		0.64
"Chronic oral administration of glycine was safe and feasible and had similar side effects compared to placebo."( Oral administration of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. A double blind placebo controlled randomized feasibility trial evaluating safety and efficacy of glycine in the prevention of restenosis after angioplasty.
Khan, M; Kiemeneij, F; Laarman, GJ; Riezebos, RK; Ron Van Der Wieken, L; Slagboom, T; Tijssen, JG, 2006)		0.93
" The possible toxic factor(s) and the exact mode of action (e."( Protective effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibition on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-cerebrospinal fluid toxicity in vitro.
Anneser, JM; Borasio, GD; Chahli, C, 2006)		0.33
"Mefloquine, a drug used for treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, is known for its neuropsychiatric adverse effects."( MDR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine.
Aarnoudse, AL; Dieleman, J; Ligthelm, RJ; Molokhia, M; Overbosch, D; Stricker, BH; van der Heiden, IP; van Riemsdijk, MM; van Schaik, RH, 2006)		0.33
"The association between MDR1 C1236T, G2677T, and C3435T single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the occurrence of neuropsychiatric adverse effects was examined in a prospective cohort study of 89 healthy white travelers taking mefloquine."( MDR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine.
Aarnoudse, AL; Dieleman, J; Ligthelm, RJ; Molokhia, M; Overbosch, D; Stricker, BH; van der Heiden, IP; van Riemsdijk, MM; van Schaik, RH, 2006)		0.33
"Of the subjects, 27 (28%) reported neuropsychiatric adverse effects, women significantly more frequently than men."( MDR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine.
Aarnoudse, AL; Dieleman, J; Ligthelm, RJ; Molokhia, M; Overbosch, D; Stricker, BH; van der Heiden, IP; van Riemsdijk, MM; van Schaik, RH, 2006)		0.33
"In this study the MDR1 1236TT, 2677TT, and 3435TT genotypes, along with the 1236-2677-3435 TTT haplotype, were associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine in women."( MDR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine.
Aarnoudse, AL; Dieleman, J; Ligthelm, RJ; Molokhia, M; Overbosch, D; Stricker, BH; van der Heiden, IP; van Riemsdijk, MM; van Schaik, RH, 2006)		0.33
" Carelessness in handling glyphosate or failure to follow label directions may produce adverse effects."( Toxicity of glyphosate as Glypro and LI700 to red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) embryos and early hatchlings.
Bickham, J; Doelling-Brown, P; Matson, C; Sparling, DW, 2006)		0.33
" These novel data highlight the applicability of NMR-based metabonomics in elucidating multicompartmental metabolic consequences of toxicity and toxic salvage."( The mechanism of galactosamine toxicity revisited; a metabonomic study.
Clayton, TA; Coen, M; Holmes, E; Hong, YS; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Pearce, JT; Reily, MD; Robertson, DG; Rohde, CM, 2007)		0.34
" The results showed that glyphosate-Roundup did not induce maternal toxicity but induced adverse reproductive effects on male offspring rats: a decrease in sperm number per epididymis tail and in daily sperm production during adulthood, an increase in the percentage of abnormal sperms and a dose-related decrease in the serum testosterone level at puberty, and signs of individual spermatid degeneration during both periods."( Pre- and postnatal toxicity of the commercial glyphosate formulation in Wistar rats.
Andrade, AJ; Dallegrave, E; Dalsenter, PR; Langeloh, A; Mantese, FD; Oliveira, RT, 2007)		0.34
" Overall, there were no nonclinical findings that precluded the safe administration of muraglitazar to humans."( Nonclinical safety evaluation of muraglitazar, a novel PPARalpha/gamma agonist.
Dominick, MA; Sanderson, TP; Schilling, BE; Waites, CR, 2007)		0.34
" Activation of mGlu5 receptors by CHPG (1 mM) and 3HPG (50 microM) abolished the toxic effect produced by 3 microM MPP(+)."( Activation of NF-kappaB p65/c-Rel dimer is associated with neuroprotection elicited by mGlu5 receptor agonists against MPP(+) toxicity in SK-N-SH cells.
Battistin, L; Benarese, M; Boroni, F; Lanzillotta, A; Pizzi, M; Sarnico, I; Sigala, S; Spano, P, 2008)		0.35
" Studies evaluating glyphosate toxicity in animals and environment show that commercial formulations of glyphosate are more toxic than the active component itself."( [Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells].
Martínez, A; Reyes, I; Reyes, N, 2007)		0.34
"Both technical grade glyphosate and Roundup formulation were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells."( [Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells].
Martínez, A; Reyes, I; Reyes, N, 2007)		0.34
"This in vitro study confirmed the toxic effects on human cells by glyphosate and its commercial preparations."( [Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells].
Martínez, A; Reyes, I; Reyes, N, 2007)		0.34
" In fact, although pesticides were not detected in elutriates, high levels of un-ionized ammonia were recorded, which is considered highly toxic to aquatic life."( A whole sample toxicity assessment to evaluate the sub-lethal toxicity of water and sediment elutriates from a lake exposed to diffuse pollution.
Abrantes, N; de Figueiredo, DR; Gonçalves, F; Marques, CR; Pereira, MJ; Pereira, R, 2009)		0.35
" Analysis of morphological, hematological, biochemical parameters and system (sensitive) biomarkers has not confirmed any toxic effect of maize event MON 88017."( [Medical and biological safety assessment of genetically modified maize event MON 88017. Report 1. Toxicologo-hygienic examinations].
Aksiuk, IN; Avren'eva, LI; Chernysheva, ON; Gapparov, MM; Guseva, GV; kravchenko, LV; L'vova, LS; Saprykin, VP; Tutel'ian, VA; Tyshko, NV, 2008)		0.35
" Both herbicides were innocuous to all test organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations, except for Stam and Propanil (highly toxic for Pseudokirchneriella; moderately toxic to Daphnia)."( Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient.
Antunes, SC; Castro, BB; Gonçalves, AM; Gonçalves, F; Marques, CR; Pereira, JL; Pereira, R, 2009)		0.35
" The 2mEPSPS enzyme does not possess any of the properties associated with known toxins or allergens, including a lack of amino acid sequence similarity to known toxins and allergens, a rapid degradation in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, and no adverse effects in mice after intravenous or oral administration (at 10 or 2000 mg/kg body weight, respectively)."( Safety evaluation of the double mutant 5-enol pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (2mEPSPS) from maize that confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicide in transgenic plants.
Bates, EE; Currier, T; Ferullo, JM; Freyssinet, M; Hendrickx, K; Herouet-Guicheney, C; Martone, A; Rouan, D; Rouquié, D; Zhou, J, 2009)		0.35
" However, direct adverse effects of pesticides on embryos and free-living stages of trematodes have not been thoroughly explored, despite the potential for these effects to reduce amphibian trematode infections."( Lack of pesticide toxicity to Echinostoma trivolvis eggs and miracidia.
Raffel, TR; Rohr, JR; Sheingold, JL, 2009)		0.35
" Thus, Lpsm-Flln and Lpsm may not give any significant biological toxic effects, such as photocytotoxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity."( Biological safety of liposome-fullerene consisting of hydrogenated lecithin, glycine soja sterols, and fullerene-C60 upon photocytotoxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity.
Aoshima, H; Kato, S; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y, 2009)		0.58
" Importantly, the oligomers of G33 variants were much less toxic than Abeta(42) wild type (WT), in vitro and in vivo."( Role of amyloid-beta glycine 33 in oligomerization, toxicity, and neuronal plasticity.
Beyermann, M; Georgiev, O; Harmeier, A; Hildebrand, PW; Hua, H; Multhaup, G; Munter, LM; Rost, BR; Schaffner, W; Schmitz, D; Weise, C; Wozny, C, 2009)		0.67
" In porcine NHBD-LTx, we previously reported a 50% risk of PNF and toxic bile formation in grafts exposed to > or =30' warm ischemia (WI)."( Multifactorial biological modulation of warm ischemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation from non-heart-beating donors eliminates primary nonfunction and reduces bile salt toxicity.
Balligand, E; Buurman, W; Deckx, H; Derveaux, K; Heedfeld, V; Hoekstra, H; Libbrecht, L; Liu, Q; Monbaliu, D; Parkkinen, J; Pirenne, J; Porte, RJ; Vaahtera, L; van Pelt, J; Vekemans, K; Wylin, T; Zeegers, M, 2009)		0.35
" This has been exemplified in studies of galactosamine toxicity in the rat where co-administration of glycine ameliorates the toxic response."( Chemical shift calibration of 1H MAS NMR liver tissue spectra exemplified using a study of glycine protection of galactosamine toxicity.
Coen, M; Holmes, E; Hong, YS; Lindon, JC; Nicholson, JK; Reily, MD; Rhode, CM; Robertson, DG, 2009)		0.79
" Notably, in all the cases except for Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau, isopropylamine alone was indicated as more toxic than glyphosate."( The toxicity of Roundup® 360 SL formulation and its main constituents: glyphosate and isopropylamine towards non-target water photoautotrophs.
Gruyaert, S; Lipok, J; Studnik, H, 2010)		0.36
" Most frequently observed drug-related adverse events were alopecia, fatigue (95% each), peripheral sensory neuropathy (59%), paclitaxel hypersensitivity (59%) and rash (55%)."( A Phase Ib dose-escalation study to evaluate safety and tolerability of the addition of the aminopeptidase inhibitor tosedostat (CHR-2797) to paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Bone, EA; de Jonge, M; Desar, I; Eskens, FA; Hooftman, L; Timmer-Bonte, JN; van Herpen, CM; Verweij, J, 2010)		0.36
" The adverse effects of CGs have been attributed to excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca(2+) resulting from inhibition of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase ion transport activity."( Arrhythmogenic adverse effects of cardiac glycosides are mediated by redox modification of ryanodine receptors.
Carnes, CA; Györke, S; Ho, HT; Stevens, SC; Terentyev, D; Terentyeva, R, 2011)		0.37
" There were no adverse events related to full-mouth GPAP."( Randomized controlled trial assessing efficacy and safety of glycine powder air polishing in moderate-to-deep periodontal pockets.
Arushanov, D; Daubert, D; Flemmig, TF; Leroux, BG; Mueller, G; Rothen, M, 2012)		0.62
"Glyphosate, one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, has been considered as minimally toxic to humans."( Surfactant volume is an essential element in human toxicity in acute glyphosate herbicide intoxication.
Gil, HW; Hong, JR; Hong, SY; Lee, EY; Park, JS; Seok, SJ; Song, HY; Yang, JO, 2011)		0.37
"Using glyphosate agrochemical components, we investigated their acute toxicity to juvenile Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as well as their toxic impact at gene expression level on the liver tissues of adult medaka using DNA microarray."( Toxicity evaluation of glyphosate agrochemical components using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and DNA microarray gene expression analysis.
Arizono, K; Goto, Y; Kagami, Y; Kusano, T; Matsusaki, H; Nakamura, H; Tachikawa, K; Takumi, S; Uchida, M; Yamauchi, R, 2012)		0.38
" Permeates of solutions with concentrations five times above the lethal doses (48 mg/l) did not present toxicity, pointing that all toxic compounds were removed at the same time."( Drinking water obtaining by nanofiltration from waters contaminated with glyphosate formulations: process evaluation by means of toxicity tests and studies on operating parameters.
Giannini, F; Padilla, AP; Saitúa, H, 2012)		0.38
" Here we demonstrate that all formulations are more toxic than glyphosate, and we separated experimentally three groups of formulations differentially toxic according to their concentrations in ethoxylated adjuvants."( Ethoxylated adjuvants of glyphosate-based herbicides are active principles of human cell toxicity.
Bernay, B; Mesnage, R; Séralini, GE, 2013)		0.39
" GM NK603 and R cannot be regarded as safe to date."( Answers to critics: Why there is a long term toxicity due to a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize and to a Roundup herbicide.
Clair, E; de Vendômois, JS; Defarge, N; Gress, S; Hennequin, D; Malatesta, M; Mesnage, R; Séralini, GE, 2013)		0.39
" Glyphosate herbicides such as brands of Roundup, are known to be toxic to daphnids."( Clone- and age-dependent toxicity of a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient in Daphnia magna.
Bøhn, T; Cuhra, M; Traavik, T, 2013)		0.39
" We hypothesized that the inhalation of alkalinized glycine buffer would measurably alkalinize the airways without compromising lung function or causing adverse events."( Safety of an alkalinizing buffer designed for inhaled medications in humans.
Combs, C; Davis, MD; Dwyer, ST; Hunt, JF; Paget-Brown, A; Pajewski, T; Vehse, N; Walsh, BK, 2013)		0.64
"Alkaline glycine inhalation was tolerated by all subjects in both studies, with no adverse effects on spirometric parameters or vital signs."( Safety of an alkalinizing buffer designed for inhaled medications in humans.
Combs, C; Davis, MD; Dwyer, ST; Hunt, JF; Paget-Brown, A; Pajewski, T; Vehse, N; Walsh, BK, 2013)		0.81
"Alkalinization of airway lining fluid is accomplished with inhalation of alkaline glycine buffer and causes no adverse effects on pulmonary function or vital signs."( Safety of an alkalinizing buffer designed for inhaled medications in humans.
Combs, C; Davis, MD; Dwyer, ST; Hunt, JF; Paget-Brown, A; Pajewski, T; Vehse, N; Walsh, BK, 2013)		0.62
" The present study evaluated the effects of orally administered GAA on serum and urinary GAA, creatine and creatinine concentration, and on the occurrence of adverse events in healthy humans."( Creatine metabolism and safety profiles after six-week oral guanidinoacetic acid administration in healthy humans.
Niess, B; Obrenovic, M; Ostojic, SM; Stojanovic, M, 2013)		0.39
"5-fold more toxic than glyphosate-B."( Comparative toxicity of two glyphosate-based formulations to Eisenia andrei under laboratory conditions.
Basack, S; Casabé, N; Fuchs, J; Kesten, E; Oneto, ML; Piola, L, 2013)		0.39
"Glyphosate, a post emergent herbicide, has become the backbone of no-till agriculture and is considered safe for animals."( Toxic and genotoxic effects of Roundup on tadpoles of the Indian skittering frog (Euflictis cyanophlyctis) in the presence and absence of predator stress.
Boro, F; Giri, A; Giri, S; Singha, U; Yadav, SS, 2013)		0.39
" Reports of positive results for DNA damage endpoints indicate that glyphosate and GBFs tend to elicit DNA damage effects at high or toxic dose levels, but the data suggest that this is due to cytotoxicity rather than DNA interaction with GBF activity perhaps associated with the surfactants present in many GBFs."( Review of genotoxicity studies of glyphosate and glyphosate-based formulations.
Kier, LD; Kirkland, DJ, 2013)		0.39
" Daily oral administration of glutamate (150-180 mg), glycine (12 mg) and methionine (50mg) in combination rendered all of the formaldehyde's toxic effects reduced."( Attenuation of subchronic formaldehyde inhalation toxicity with oral administration of glutamate, glycine and methionine.
Beresneva, OY; Degtyareva, TD; Katsnelson, BA; Minigaliyeva, IA; Privalova, LI; Ryzhov, VV; Slyshkina, TV, 2013)		0.86
" In this study, the toxic effects of glyphosate and methidathion were evaluated comparatively on early developmental stages of 3 anurans-2 natural (Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis) and 1 laboratory species (Xenopus laevis)."( Comparative toxicity of methidathion and glyphosate on early life stages of three amphibian species: Pelophylax ridibundus, Pseudepidalea viridis, and Xenopus laevis.
Güngördü, A, 2013)		0.39
" Our results show that G formulation had toxic effects while no effects were found with acid glyphosate and AMPA treatments."( Glyphosate commercial formulation causes cytotoxicity, oxidative effects, and apoptosis on human cells: differences with its active ingredient.
Chaufan, G; Coalova, I; Ríos de Molina, Mdel C, )		0.13
" In this context the purpose of this study was to compare the genotoxicity of the active ingredient glyphosate with the formulated product RT in order to clarify whether the active ingredient and the surfactant of the RT formula may exert toxic effects on the DNA molecule in juveniles of fish Prochilodus lineatus."( Genotoxic effects of the herbicide Roundup Transorb and its active ingredient glyphosate on the fish Prochilodus lineatus.
Martinez, CB; Moreno, NC; Sofia, SH, 2014)		0.4
" Presenting adverse effects of glyphosate and its formulations we focused on the role of glyphosate formulations in hormonal disorders by impeding the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the inhibition of aromatase activity."( [Glyphosate and its formulations--toxicity, occupational and environmental exposure].
Bukowska, B; Kwiatkowska, M; Paweł, J, 2013)		0.39
"SNMC plus other therapy is more effective than other therapy alone in improving the hepatic function and hepatic fibrosis and increasing hepatic seroconversion rate in patients with chronic hepatitis B without causing serious adverse events."( [Efficacy and safety of Stronger Neo-Minophagen C for treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials].
Chen, J; Huang, Y; Li, J; Qin, T; Wang, J, 2014)		0.4
" Were examined Roundup toxic effects on Ruppia maritima specimens collected from Jansen Lagoon (São Luís, MA, Brazil) and acclimatized under laboratory conditions."( Using a toxicity test with Ruppia maritima (Linnaeus) to assess the effects of Roundup.
Castro, Ade J; Colares, IG; Cutrim, MV; Franco, TC; Luvizotto-Santos, R, 2015)		0.42
" Four dose-limiting toxic events were noted in phase 1: one at a dose of ixazomib of 2·97 mg/m(2) and three at 3·95 mg/m(2)."( Safety and tolerability of ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: an open-label phase 1/2 study.
Berdeja, JG; Berg, D; Di Bacco, A; Estevam, J; Gupta, N; Hamadani, M; Hari, P; Hui, AM; Kaufman, JL; Kumar, SK; Laubach, JP; Liao, E; Lonial, S; Niesvizky, R; Rajkumar, V; Richardson, PG; Roy, V; Stewart, AK; Vescio, R, 2014)		0.4
" These results indicate that dietary supplementation with L-arginine (up to 630 mg/kg body weight/day) is safe in pigs for at least 91 days."( Safety of long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine in pigs.
Hu, S; Li, X; McNeal, CJ; Meininger, CJ; Rezaei, R; Wu, G, 2015)		0.42
" However, Cúspide 480SL contains an alkyl polyglycoside surfactant rather than the polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) surfactant used in other formulations and known to be more toxic to nonprimary producing aquatic organisms than glyphosate itself."( Toxicity of Cúspide 480SL® spray mixture formulation of glyphosate to aquatic organisms.
Currie, Z; Mahon, K; Poirier, D; Prosser, RS; Rodriguez-Gil, JL; Solomon, KR, 2015)		0.42
" In the present study, the toxic effect of NBM on long-term cortical neuron cultures has been reported and investigated."( Neurobasal medium toxicity on mature cortical neurons.
Maggioni, D; Monfrini, M; Ravasi, M; Scuteri, A; Tredici, G, 2015)		0.42
" We observed that concentrations below those allowed by law were toxic regarding all parameters tested in this study, with the exception of mitochondrial function."( Cytotoxicity of the association of pesticides Roundup Transorb® and Furadan 350 SC® on the zebrafish cell line, ZF-L.
Boyle, RT; Goulart, TL; Souza, MM, 2015)		0.42
" Glyphosate IPA mixed with Competitor was 6 times more toxic than glyphosate IPA mixed with Agri-dex, and both mixtures were more toxic than glyphosate IPA alone."( The toxicity of glyphosate alone and glyphosate-surfactant mixtures to western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) tadpoles.
Davidson, C; Vincent, K, 2015)		0.42
" The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were neutropenia (8% in the RIG + GEM group versus 6% in the GEM group), hyponatremia (17% versus 4%), and anemia (8% versus 4%)."( A phase II/III randomized study to compare the efficacy and safety of rigosertib plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone in patients with previously untreated metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Aisner, DL; Bajaj, R; Baranda, JC; Bathini, V; Berlin, J; Boles, J; Cho, JK; Cohen, DJ; Cohen, SJ; Coveler, L; Cusnir, M; Fanta, P; Fehrenbacher, L; Gomes, CL; Granfortuna, J; Jimeno, A; Ma, WW; Maguire, R; Maniar, M; McRee, AJ; Menter, AR; Messersmith, WA; Nazemzadeh, R; O'Neil, BH; Olowokure, OO; Phillip, P; Radford, J; Rarick, M; Scott, AJ; Tejani, MA; Wilhelm, F, 2015)		0.42
" We have reviewed the toxic effects of GlyBH measured below regulatory limits by evaluating the published literature and regulatory reports."( Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits.
Defarge, N; Mesnage, R; Séralini, GE; Spiroux de Vendômois, J, 2015)		0.42
" This study evaluates the acute toxic and sublethal effects (embryonic development, tadpole body size, tadpole swimming performance) of the mixture of the formulated glyphosate Roundup Active and Cosmo-Flux 411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species under 96h laboratory standard tests and microcosms, which are more similar to field conditions as they include soil, sand and macrophytes."( Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of the mixture glyphosate (Roundup Active) and Cosmo-Flux 411F to anuran embryos and tadpoles of four Colombian species.
Bernal Bautista, MH; Henao Muñoz, LM; Montes Rojas, CM, 2015)		0.42
" Twenty-one (49%) patients had at least one drug-related grade ≥3 adverse event (AE); the most common were neutropenia (19%), diarrhea (14%), and thrombocytopenia (12%)."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ixazomib plus lenalidomide-dexamethasone in Asian patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma: a phase 1 study.
Chim, CS; Chng, WJ; Esseltine, DL; Goh, YT; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Hui, AM; Kim, K; Lee, JH; Min, CK; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wong, RS; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" Drug-related adverse events, including headache and abdominal pain were reported in 3 Japanese subjects, while headache was reported in 3 Caucasians."( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of single, oral doses of GSK1278863, a novel HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, in healthy Japanese and Caucasian subjects.
Caltabiano, S; Hara, K; Takahashi, N; Wakamatsu, A, 2015)		0.42
" Its mechanism of action was thought to be specific only to plants and thus considered safe and non-toxic."( Glyphosate induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish.
Carneiro, B; Ochs, J; Roy, NM, 2016)		0.43
" Methods Logistic regression was used to investigate relationships between ixazomib plasma exposure (area under the curve/day; derived from individual apparent clearance values from a published population pharmacokinetic analysis) and safety/efficacy outcomes (hematologic [grade ≥ 3 vs ≤ 2] or non-hematologic [grade ≥ 2 vs ≤ 1] adverse events [AEs], and clinical benefit [≥stable disease vs progressive disease]) using phase 1 data in relapsed/refractory MM (NCT00963820; N = 44)."( Exposure-safety-efficacy analysis of single-agent ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: dose selection for a phase 3 maintenance study.
Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Labotka, R; Liu, G; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2016)		0.43
"Environmental contaminants produce multiple adverse consequences at individual, population and ecosystem levels."( Genotoxicity induced by Roundup® (Glyphosate) in tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) embryos.
Mudry, MD; Poletta, GL; Schaumburg, LG; Siroski, PA, 2016)		0.43
" PK and adverse events (AEs) were assessed after a single 3 mg dose of ixazomib."( A pharmacokinetics and safety phase 1/1b study of oral ixazomib in patients with multiple myeloma and severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease requiring haemodialysis.
Badros, A; Berdeja, J; Chari, A; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Harvey, RD; Hui, AM; Kukreti, V; Lipe, B; Qian, M; Venkatakrishnan, K; Yang, H; Zhang, X, 2016)		0.43
" We conclude that glyphosate is developmentally toxic to the zebrafish heart."( Glyphosate induces cardiovascular toxicity in Danio rerio.
Anderson, A; Ochs, J; Roy, NM; Zambrzycka, E, 2016)		0.43
" This classification is supported by the majority of scientific literature on the toxic effects of glyphosate."( Glyphosate: environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination.
Bai, SH; Ogbourne, SM, 2016)		0.43
" Areas covered: This review focuses on the safety data from clinical trials for the three approved PIs and how to manage adverse effects."( Safety of proteasome inhibitors for treatment of multiple myeloma.
Lonial, S; Panjic, EH; Schlafer, D; Shah, KS, 2017)		0.46
" We focused on adverse events associated with such agents and described how they should be managed."( Management of adverse events induced by next-generation immunomodulatory drug and proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma.
Boccadoro, M; Bonello, F; Larocca, A; Salvini, M, 2017)		0.46
"The protective role of glycine and glutamic acid against the toxic effects of oxidized oil was studied for the first time."( Protective effects of dietary glycine and glutamic acid toward the toxic effects of oxidized mustard oil in rabbits.
Rahman, SU; Zeb, A, 2017)		1.05
" Safety data from TOURMALINE-MM1 are reviewed and guidance for managing clinically relevant adverse events associated with IRd is provided."( Management of adverse events associated with ixazomib plus lenalidomide/dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Avivi, I; Berg, D; Einsele, H; Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hájek, R; Hari, P; Kumar, S; Liberati, AM; Lin, J; Lonial, S; Ludwig, H; Masszi, T; Mateos, MV; Minnema, MC; Moreau, P; Richardson, PG; Romeril, K; Shustik, C; Spencer, A, 2017)		0.46
" These observations suggest a complex mechanism of toxicity, with glycine maintaining its toxic activity even when covalently bound on silica surface."( Developmental toxicity of glycine-coated silica nanoparticles in embryonic zebrafish.
Andreescu, S; Dumitrescu, E; Karunaratne, DP; Liu, X; Prochaska, MK; Wallace, KN, 2017)		0.99
"Although propofol is a widely used intravenous general anaesthetic, many studies report its toxic potential, particularly on the developing central nervous system."( Neurotoxicity of propofol on rat hypoglossal motoneurons in vitro.
Corsini, S; Ghezzi, F; Monni, L; Nistri, A, 2017)		0.46
" The results of the 90-days subchronic feeding study demonstrated that the GM soybean FG72 is as safe as the conventional non-GM soybean Jack."( No subchronic toxicity of multiple herbicide-resistant soybean FG72 in Sprague-Dawley rats by 90-days feeding study.
He, X; Huang, K; Liu, X; Xie, Z; Xu, W; Zou, S, 2018)		0.48
" Roxadustat was considered safe and well tolerated when administered alone or in combination with multiple daily oral doses of 40 mg omeprazole in healthy subjects."( Effect of Multiple Doses of Omeprazole on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Roxadustat in Healthy Subjects.
Barroso-Fernandez, B; den Adel, M; El Galta, R; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Schaddelee, M; van Dijk, J, 2018)		0.48
" In natural-freshwater assays, at environmentally relevant concentrations, all three pesticides inhibited the preparasitic-stage endpoints; with carbendazim being the most toxic pesticide and the subsequent infectivity of larvae exposed in ovo the most sensitive endpoint."( Susceptibility of Chordodes nobilii (Gordiida, Nematomorpha) to three pesticides: Influence of the water used for dilution on endpoints in an ecotoxicity bioassay.
Achiorno, CL; de Villalobos, C; Ferrari, L, 2018)		0.48
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar in IRd and placebo-Rd groups."( [Safety and management of adverse events of ixazomib/lenalidomide/dexamethasone therapy in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma].
Aotsuka, N; Berg, D; Handa, H; Iida, S; Ishida, T; Izumi, T; Kase, Y; Komeno, T; Soeda, J; Sunami, K, )		0.13
" The adverse events were usually mild, none leading to permanent drug interruptions."( Real World Efficacy and Safety Results of Ixazomib Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone Combination in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Data Collected from the Hungarian Ixazomib Named Patient Program.
Alizadeh, H; Bátai, Á; Deák, B; Demeter, J; Illés, Á; Kosztolányi, S; Mikala, G; Nagy, Z; Pető, M; Plander, M; Schneider, T; Szendrei, T; Szomor, Á; Varga, G; Váróczy, L, 2019)		0.51
" It is concluded that no adverse effects related to the feeding of the NK603 maize cultivated with or without Roundup for up to 2 years were observed."( Lack of adverse effects in subchronic and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies on the glyphosate-resistant genetically modified maize NK603 in Wistar Han RCC rats.
Aláčová, R; Alison, C; Alison, R; Babincová, J; Baumgärtner, W; Becker, K; de Vriend, H; Goedhart, PW; Jaďuďová, S; Kebis, A; Kleter, G; Kok, EJ; Krivošíková, Z; Lempp, C; Líšková, A; Mikušová, ML; Nadal, A; Pla, M; Pöting, A; Racovita, M; Rollerová, E; Schiemann, J; Schmicke, M; Schrenk, D; Spök, A; Steinberg, P; Szabova, E; Takácsová, M; Tulinská, J; van der Voet, H; Wilhelm, R; Zeljenková, D, 2019)		0.51
"Glyphosate-based herbicides are broad-spectrum pesticides widely used in the world, which is considered a highly safe pesticide due to their target specificity, but recently, there has been an ongoing controversy regarding their carcinogenicity and possible side effects of glyphosate on human health."( Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of glyphosate herbicides in human liver, lung, and nerve.
Gao, J; Hao, Y; Ni, H; Tao, L; Xu, W; Yang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2019)		0.51
" Here, we report that RGS loaded in apolipoprotein E derived peptide (ApoE)-targeted chimaeric polymersomes (ApoE-CP) is safe and highly potent against human GBM in vivo."( Oncoprotein Inhibitor Rigosertib Loaded in ApoE-Targeted Smart Polymersomes Reveals High Safety and Potency against Human Glioblastoma in Mice.
Deng, C; Jiang, Y; Qin, H; Zhang, J; Zhong, Z, 2019)		0.51
" Common (≥20%) adverse events, regardless of cause, were fatigue (31 [42%]; two [3%] grade ≥3), nausea (25 [34%]; one [1%] grade ≥3), diarrhoea (23 [32%]), abdominal pain (20 [27%]; two [3%] grade ≥3), decreased appetite (20 [27%]; one [1%] grade ≥3), and vomiting (17 [23%])."( Safety and activity of ivosidenib in patients with IDH1-mutant advanced cholangiocarcinoma: a phase 1 study.
Abou-Alfa, GK; Agresta, SV; Aguado-Fraile, E; Azad, NS; Beeram, M; Burris, HA; Choe, S; Cleary, JM; Fan, B; Gliser, C; Gore, L; Goyal, L; Hollebecque, A; Janku, F; Jiang, L; Lowery, MA; Maher, EA; Pandya, SS; Shroff, RT; Trent, JC; Wu, B; Zhu, AX, 2019)		0.51
" Some of these factors include heat stroke leading to dehydration, toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic, fluoride, low selenium, toxigenic cyanobacteria, nutritionally deficient diet and mycotoxins from mold exposure."( Glyphosate's Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin.
Gunatilake, S; Orlando, L; Seneff, S, 2019)		0.51
"At present, the public is paying more attention to the adverse effects of pesticides on human and animal health and the environment."( Toxic effects of glyphosate on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and barrier function in weaned piglets.
Bai, G; Fu, H; Qiu, S; Shi, B; Yang, Z; Zhou, R, 2020)		0.56
" The toxicity of formulations is currently assessed substance by substance, neglecting possible combined effects in mixtures and many of the findings regarding the toxic effects of glyphosate and GBHs to human cells are inconsistent."( Comparative cyto- and genotoxicity assessment of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides in human peripheral white blood cells.
Ádám, B; Budnik, LT; Nagy, K; Tessema, RA, 2019)		0.51
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxic effects and the prevailing interactions on stage 36 tadpoles of the anuran species Rhinella arenarum when exposed to equitoxic and non-equitoxic combinations of these herbicide combinations."( Toxicity to Rhinella arenarum tadpoles (Anura, Bufonidae) of herbicide mixtures commonly used to treat fallow containing resistant weeds: glyphosate-dicamba and glyphosate-flurochloridone.
Brodeur, JC; Larramendy, ML; Ruiz de Arcaute, C; Soloneski, S, 2020)		0.56
" Fourteen patients (9%) discontinued IRd due to adverse events/toxicity in the absence of disease progression."( Real-world effectiveness and safety of ixazomib-lenalidomide-dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Aitchison, R; Dimopoulos, MA; Gavriatopoulou, M; Hajek, R; Jelinek, T; Jenner, MW; Kastritis, E; Katodritou, E; Kothari, J; Kotsopoulou, M; Maouche, N; Minarik, J; Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I; Pika, T; Plonkova, H; Ramasamy, K; Terpos, E; Vallance, GD; Zomas, A, 2020)		0.56
" We report additional safety data from TOURMALINE-MM3 to inform adverse event (AE) management recommendations."( Adverse event management in the TOURMALINE-MM3 study of post-transplant ixazomib maintenance in multiple myeloma.
Beksaç, M; Czorniak, M; de Arriba de la Fuente, F; Dimopoulos, MA; Gulbrandsen, N; Hájek, R; Kaiser, M; Labotka, R; Li, C; Mateos, MV; Moreau, P; Rajkumar, SV; Schjesvold, F; Spencer, A; Suryanarayan, K; Teng, Z; West, S, 2020)		0.56
" Frequency of adverse events were generally similar between daprodustat and darbepoetin alfa."( Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat Compared with Darbepoetin Alfa in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients with Anemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Trial.
Akizawa, T; Cobitz, AR; Endo, Y; Hara, K; Kawamatsu, S; Nangaku, M; Okuda, N; Onoue, T; Yonekawa, T, 2020)		0.56
"The incidence of grade 3 or more haematological and grade 2 or more non-haematological adverse events was lower in the dose-escalation group than in the standard-dose group, and only that of diarrhoea was significantly lower."( Safety and Effectiveness of Ixazomib Dose-escalating Strategy in Ixazomib-Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Boku, S; Higai, K; Kagoo, T; Niijima, D; Ogawa, C; Ohashi, Y; Tani, K; Ueno, H; Yachi, Y; Yano, T; Yatabe, M; Yokoyama, A, )		0.13
"A dose-escalation strategy to optimise ixazomib dosing may reduce treatment interruption due to adverse events without compromising its antitumor activity."( Safety and Effectiveness of Ixazomib Dose-escalating Strategy in Ixazomib-Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Boku, S; Higai, K; Kagoo, T; Niijima, D; Ogawa, C; Ohashi, Y; Tani, K; Ueno, H; Yachi, Y; Yano, T; Yatabe, M; Yokoyama, A, )		0.13
" In routine practice, few patients received ixazomib-based induction therapy due to reasons including (1) patients' preference on oral regimens, (2) concerns on adverse events (AEs) of other intravenous/subcutaneous regimens, (3) requirements for less center visits, and (4) fears of COVID-19 and other infectious disease exposures."( Ixazomib-based frontline therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in real-life practice showed comparable efficacy and safety profile with those reported in clinical trial: a multi-center study.
Bao, L; Chen, B; Ding, K; Fu, C; Hua, L; Huang, Y; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, P; Luo, J; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wang, W; Wu, G; Xia, Z; Xu, T; Yang, W; Yang, Y; Zhang, W; Zhou, X, 2020)		0.56
" Overall, the main toxic effects evaluated were mortality, abnormalities in the blood cells, developmental abnormalities, and behavior alterations."( The Toxic Effects of Glyphosate, Chlorpyrifos, Abamectin, and 2,4-D on Animal Models: A Systematic Review of Brazilian Studies.
Andrade-Barros, AI; Disner, GR; Falcão, MAP; Gomes, KS; Leite Dos Santos, NV; Lima, C; Lopes-Ferreira, M; Marcolino-Souza, M; Soares, ABS, 2021)		0.62
" As for safety, the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in the roxadustat group was insignificantly different from that of the placebo group [risk ratio (RR) 0."( The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis.
Fu, X; Huang, Y; Liu, WJ; Liu, YN; Wang, Y; Wei, R; Yang, H; Zheng, Q, 2021)		0.62
" The objective of the present study was to characterize the sublethal effects of four environmental toxic compounds at two experimental pollution scenarios on the morphology, development and thyroid (T4), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles."( Toxicity assessment at different experimental scenarios with glyphosate, chlorpyrifos and antibiotics in Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles.
Attademo, AM; Cuzziol Boccioni, AP; Lajmanovich, RC; Martinuzzi, CS; Peltzer, PM, 2021)		0.62
"Prolonged survival and expanded treatment options in myeloma patients have led to adverse events associated with treatment getting increased attention."( Ixazomib-associated cardiovascular adverse events in multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen, Z; Li, R; Ling, Y; Zhao, Y; Zhong, J, 2022)		0.72
" Several transformation products of boscalid and fenbuconazole were estimated to be significantly more orally toxic than their parent residues."( Hazard assessment using an in-silico toxicity assessment of the transformation products of boscalid, pyraclostrobin, fenbuconazole and glyphosate generated by exposure to an advanced oxidative process.
Prosser, RS; Skanes, B; Warriner, K, 2021)		0.62
" With the large-scale use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), their toxic effects on animals and plants have increasingly become a concern."( Effects of glyphosate-based herbicide-contaminated diets on reproductive organ toxicity and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis hormones in weaned piglets.
Fu, H; Gao, F; Qiu, S; Shan, A; Shi, B; Tan, P; Wang, X, 2021)		0.62
" No difference was found between roxadustat and control group in terms of oral iron supplementation, adverse events (AEs), serious adverse events (SAEs), infection, myocardial infraction, stroke, heart failure and death."( The efficacy and safety of roxadustat treatment for anemia in patients with kidney disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Duan, K; Jiao, N; Li, J; Liu, G; Liu, Y; Qie, S, 2021)		0.62
" In this study, we used mature mouse oocytes to study the toxic effects of low-dose GBH exposure in vitro (0."( Melatonin rescues the reproductive toxicity of low-dose glyphosate-based herbicide during mouse oocyte maturation via the GPER signaling pathway.
Cao, M; Li, J; Qin, X; Wang, Y; Yang, F, 2021)		0.62
" The most common adverse events were nasopharyngitis, diarrhea and shunt stenosis, which occurred at similar frequencies in both groups."( Efficacy and safety of vadadustat compared with darbepoetin alfa in Japanese anemic patients on hemodialysis: a Phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study.
Kaneko, G; Kawaguchi, Y; Kokado, Y; Komatsu, Y; Kondo, K; Matsuda, H; Nangaku, M; Ueta, K, 2021)		0.62
" The incidence of serious adverse events in the vadadustat group was 49."( Safety and Efficacy of Vadadustat for Anemia in Patients Undergoing Dialysis.
Agarwal, R; Aswad, A; Awad, A; Bacci, MR; Block, GA; Chertow, GM; Eckardt, KU; Farag, YMK; Fishbane, S; Hubert, H; Jardine, A; Khawaja, Z; Koury, MJ; Lewis, EF; Luo, W; Maroni, BJ; Matsushita, K; McCullough, PA; Parfrey, PS; Pergola, P; Sarnak, MJ; Spinowitz, B; Tumlin, J; Vargo, DL; Walters, KA; Winkelmayer, WC; Wittes, J; Zwiech, R, 2021)		0.62
" The most frequent adverse events included nasopharyngitis (29%), catheter-site infection (18%), peritonitis (16%), diarrhea (14%), and nausea (11%)."( Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in Japanese peritoneal dialysis patients.
Cobitz, A; Endo, Y; Kanai, H; Kurata, K; Nagai, R; Nagakubo, T; Nangaku, M; Okuda, N, 2021)		0.62
" Several studies have concluded that herbicide concentrations right below the official safety limits induced toxic effects."( Trends in science on glyphosate toxicity: a scientometric study.
Carneiro, FM; de Moraes, JB; Rezende, ECN; Wastowski, IJ, 2021)		0.62
"The toxic effects of the insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, and the herbicide glyphosate on the growth, biovolume and ultrastructure of the green microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum were evaluated."( Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and glyphosate on the non-target organism Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyta).
Asselborn, V; Fernández, C; Parodi, ER, 2021)		0.62
" Most adverse events (AEs) were mild, and no serious treatment-related AEs were reported."( Twelve-month efficacy and safety of omidenepag isopropyl, a selective EP2 agonist, in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: the RENGE study.
Aihara, M; Iwata, A; Kawata, H; Lu, F; Odani-Kawabata, N, 2021)		0.62
" Pooled safety endpoints included time to major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality [ACM]) and MACE+ (MACE plus congestive heart failure or unstable angina requiring hospitalization), ACM, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( Efficacy and Cardiovascular Safety of Roxadustat in Dialysis-Dependent Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Analysis of Four Phase 3 Studies.
Barratt, J; Csiky, B; Esposito, C; Reusch, M; Schömig, M; Sulowicz, W; Young, J, 2021)		0.62
" The patient treatment course, including adverse events (AEs), was reported."( Safety Profile of Ixazomib in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma in Japan: An All-case Post-marketing Surveillance.
Chou, T; Hashimoto, M; Hiraizumi, M; Hoshino, M; Kakimoto, Y; Shimizu, K, 2022)		0.72
" The patients were followed up every 2 weeks, and the changes in their hemoglobin index and any adverse reactions were recorded during 10 weeks of treatment."( Efficacy and safety of roxadustat in the treatment of renal allograft anemia patients: a case series.
Li, J; Lv, J; Ma, K; Peng, W; Qi, H; Rao, Y; Wang, L, 2021)		0.62
" Only one person showed symptoms of fatigue, and there were no other obvious adverse reactions reported."( Efficacy and safety of roxadustat in the treatment of renal allograft anemia patients: a case series.
Li, J; Lv, J; Ma, K; Peng, W; Qi, H; Rao, Y; Wang, L, 2021)		0.62
" Clinical information including general conditions, mechanical ventilation time, drug cost parameters, and adverse reactions."( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacoeconomics of sivelestat sodium in the treatment of septic acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.
Gao, X; Guo, X; Huang, L; Lei, Z; Tian, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, R, 2021)		0.62
" No adverse events were reported during the study period."( Efficacy, safety, and pharmacoeconomics of sivelestat sodium in the treatment of septic acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study.
Gao, X; Guo, X; Huang, L; Lei, Z; Tian, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, R, 2021)		0.62
" In terms of adverse reactions, our analysis revealed higher incidences of grade 3-4 thrombocytopenia (RR = 7."( Efficacy and safety of ixazomib maintenance therapy for patients with multiple myeloma: a meta-analysis.
Chen, H; Shao, C; Sun, C; Wang, Y; Zheng, C, 2021)		0.62
" The most common grade 3/4 adverse events included neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, lung infections, diarrhea, and maculopapular rash."( Safety and Efficacy of Combination Maintenance Therapy with Ixazomib and Lenalidomide in Patients with Posttransplant Myeloma.
Bashir, Q; Feng, L; Huo, XJ; Lee, HC; Manasanch, EM; Morphey, A; Olsem, J; Orlowski, RZ; Patel, KK; Qazilbash, MH; Shah, JJ; Thomas, SK; Weber, DM, 2022)		0.72
"The addition of ixazomib to lenalidomide maintenance demonstrated a better than expected PFS compared with historical data using lenalidomide alone and was safe and tolerable."( Safety and Efficacy of Combination Maintenance Therapy with Ixazomib and Lenalidomide in Patients with Posttransplant Myeloma.
Bashir, Q; Feng, L; Huo, XJ; Lee, HC; Manasanch, EM; Morphey, A; Olsem, J; Orlowski, RZ; Patel, KK; Qazilbash, MH; Shah, JJ; Thomas, SK; Weber, DM, 2022)		0.72
" The main outcome measures were the change in intraocular pressure (IOP) at week 4 and week 12 after the initiation of OMDI treatment, and frequency of adverse drug reactions."( Efficacy and Safety of Omidenepag Isopropyl 0.002% Ophthalmic Solution: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data in Japan.
Hori, K; Ishida, N; Miki, A; Miyamoto, E; Shii, D, 2022)		0.72
" The frequency of adverse drug reactions was 14."( Efficacy and Safety of Omidenepag Isopropyl 0.002% Ophthalmic Solution: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Data in Japan.
Hori, K; Ishida, N; Miki, A; Miyamoto, E; Shii, D, 2022)		0.72
"We concluded that ROX increased Hb level and improved iron utilization parameters in NDD-CKD patients, but ROX was associated with higher serious adverse effects, especially DVT and HTN."( The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Abbas, KS; Abdelazeem, B; El-Shahat, NA; Eltobgy, M; Kunadi, A; Malik, B; Savarapu, P; Shehata, J, 2022)		0.72
" Rates of treatment-emergent and serious adverse events (AEs) were also compared between treatment groups to assess safety and tolerability."( Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Blackorby, A; Carroll, K; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Jha, V; Johansen, KL; Lopes, RD; Macdougall, IC; McMurray, JJV; Meadowcroft, AM; Obrador, GT; Paul, G; Perkovic, V; Ranganathan, P; Sedani, S; Singh, AK; Solomon, S; Stankus, N; Strutz, F; Waikar, SS; Wanner, C; Wheeler, DC; Wiecek, A, 2022)		0.72
" Adverse event rates were 76% for daprodustat vs 72% for darbepoetin alfa."( Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat for Treatment of Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease in Incident Dialysis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Blackorby, A; Carroll, K; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Jha, V; Johansen, KL; Lopes, RD; Macdougall, IC; McMurray, JJV; Meadowcroft, AM; Obrador, GT; Paul, G; Perkovic, V; Ranganathan, P; Sedani, S; Singh, AK; Solomon, S; Stankus, N; Strutz, F; Waikar, SS; Wanner, C; Wheeler, DC; Wiecek, A, 2022)		0.72
"Ixazomib is an orally available proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma with adverse effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms, skin rashes, and thrombocytopenia reported in clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance, resulting in treatment discontinuation."( Comprehensive Analysis of Ixazomib-Induced Adverse Events Using the Japanese Pharmacovigilance Database.
Fujiwara, M; Muroi, N; Shimizu, T; Uchida, M; Uesawa, Y; Yamaoka, K, 2022)		0.72
"Herein, we aimed to determine the frequency and risk of AEs associated with ixazomib in Japanese patients using the Japanese Adverse Event Reporting Database (JADER)."( Comprehensive Analysis of Ixazomib-Induced Adverse Events Using the Japanese Pharmacovigilance Database.
Fujiwara, M; Muroi, N; Shimizu, T; Uchida, M; Uesawa, Y; Yamaoka, K, 2022)		0.72
" Glyphosate also seems to exert a significant toxic effect on neurotransmission and to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death due to autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders."( Toxic Effects of Glyphosate on the Nervous System: A Systematic Review.
Costas-Ferreira, C; Durán, R; Faro, LRF, 2022)		0.72
" Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the potentially toxic effects of glyphosate on scallops, an ecologically and economically important bivalve group."( Glyphosate exposure modulates lipid composition, histo-architecture and oxidative stress status and induces neurotoxicity in the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber.
Al-Harbi, MS; Ben Ali, M; Chelbi, E; Hajji, T; Hedfi, A; Mhadhbi, L; Nechi, S; Rabeh, I; Telahigue, K, 2022)		0.72
" The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) was used to score medication compliance during rhEPO treatment and roxadustat treatment, and adverse reactions occurred during treatment were collected."( Long-term efficacy, safety, and medication compliance of roxadustat on peritoneal dialysis patients with renal anemia affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study.
Bao, L; Bian, X; Huang, J; Luo, C; Ren, L; Zhang, A, 2022)		0.72
" There were no serious adverse events associated with roxadustat were observed."( Long-term efficacy, safety, and medication compliance of roxadustat on peritoneal dialysis patients with renal anemia affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective study.
Bao, L; Bian, X; Huang, J; Luo, C; Ren, L; Zhang, A, 2022)		0.72
"Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic heavy metal widely dispersed in the environment because of human industrial activities."( Glycine protects the male reproductive system against lead toxicity via alleviating oxidative stress, preventing sperm mitochondrial impairment, improving kinematics of sperm, and blunting the downregulation of enzymes involved in the steroidogenesis.
Abdoli, N; Ahmadi, HN; Akhlagh, A; Azarpira, N; Heidari, R; Jamshidzadeh, A; Khodaei, F; Mousavi, K; Niknahad, H; Ommati, MM; Rashno, S; Retana-Marquez, S; Rezaei, M; Sabouri, S, 2022)		2.16
" It does not have long-term cumulative toxicities, and the most adverse events are mild and manageable."( An update on the safety of ixazomib for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
Goel, U; Kumar, S, 2022)		0.72
" Endpoints were time to major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE; myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality) and MACE+ (MACE plus congestive heart failure or unstable angina requiring hospitalization), all-cause mortality, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( Safety of Roxadustat Versus Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients with Anemia of Non-dialysis-Dependent or Incident-to-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Analysis of Four Phase 3 Studies.
Barratt, J; Choukroun, G; De Nicola, L; Dellanna, F; Dimković, N; Portoles, J; Reusch, M; Young, J, 2023)		0.91
" Although TEAEs occurred commonly in both the roxadustat and ESA groups, patients infrequently discontinued the study drug because of an adverse event."( Safety of Roxadustat Versus Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Patients with Anemia of Non-dialysis-Dependent or Incident-to-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: Pooled Analysis of Four Phase 3 Studies.
Barratt, J; Choukroun, G; De Nicola, L; Dellanna, F; Dimković, N; Portoles, J; Reusch, M; Young, J, 2023)		0.91
" Roxadustat also improved iron utilization, and it was not associated with higher treatment-emergent adverse events, treatment-emergent serious adverse events, and major adverse cardiovascular events when compared to ESAs."( The efficacy and safety of roxadustat for anemia in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Deng, F; Li, J; Mao, M; Zhou, Q, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) were determined in six horses following a single intravenous. The study explored the possibility of utilizing phthaloyl derivatives of glycine as new antiepileptics. These results suggested that CNC-alanylalanine might have a role in the treatment of local peritoneal disease.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"3 ml/min/kg), terminal half-life (148 min), and total volume of distribution (1."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of lidocaine in patients with renal failure.
Atkinson, AJ; Collinsworth, KA; Harrison, DC; Perlroth, F; Strong, JM; Winkle, RA, 1975)		0.25
"Only valproyl glycinamide showed a good anticonvulsant profile in both mice and rats due to its better pharmacokinetic profile."( Pharmacokinetic analysis and antiepileptic activity of N-valproyl derivatives of GABA and glycine.
Bialer, M; Hadad, S, 1995)		0.51
" The current study demonstrates the benefit of the SPPR approach in developing and selecting a potent antiepileptic compound in intact animals based not only on its intrinsic pharmacodynamic activity, but also on its better pharmacokinetic profile."( Pharmacokinetic analysis and antiepileptic activity of N-valproyl derivatives of GABA and glycine.
Bialer, M; Hadad, S, 1995)		0.51
" The described structure pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic relationships (SPPR) study explored the possibility of utilizing phthaloyl derivatives of glycine as new antiepileptics."( Comparative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of phthaloyl glycine derivatives with potential antiepileptic activity.
abu Salach, O; Bialer, M; Hadad, S; Haj-Yehia, A; Sussan, S, 1994)		0.72
" After the fourth injection, the plasma radioactivity concentration reached a steady state and the elimination half-life was determined to be 11."( Pharmacokinetics of a new human monoclonal antibody against cytomegalovirus. Second communication: distribution and elimination of the new monoclonal antibody, regavirumab after repeated administration in rats, and placental transfer and milk-passage stud
Arizono, H; Ishii, S; Kiyoki, M; Kondo, S; Kudo, S; Nagao, T, 1994)		0.29
"1 micrograms/ml of MCA C23 was detected in plasma, then the plasma level decreased with an elimination half-life of 20."( Pharmacokinetics of a new human monoclonal antibody against cytomegalovirus. Third communication: correspondence of the idiotype activity and virus neutralization activity of the new monoclonal antibody, regavirumab in rat serum and its pharmacokinetics i
Arizono, H; Esumi, Y; Kaida, S; Karasawa, Y; Kiyoki, M; Kondo, S; Shibusawa, K; Sugano, T, 1994)		0.29
" These results suggested that the superior activity of CNC-alanylalanine over CNC-glycinemethylamide against MAC 15A in vivo could be attributed mainly to differences in the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the two drugs following intraperitoneal administration and that CNC-alanylalanine might have a role in the treatment of local peritoneal disease."( Pharmacokinetic studies of chloroethylnitrosocarbamoyl-amino acid derivatives in vivo and in vitro.
Bibby, MC; Eisenbrand, G; Matthew, AM, )		0.36
" Tmax and t1/2 were significantly increased and Cmax and AUC values were decreased for glycinamide compared to controls."( Antiepileptic drug pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacokinetics in individual rats by repetitive withdrawal of blood and cerebrospinal fluid: milacemide.
Curzon, G; Patsalos, PN; Semba, J, 1993)		0.29
" Using obtained time-concentration data, classical 2 compartment model analysis was performed for both tracers to obtain various pharmacokinetic parameters, including distribution volumes (Vds), inter-compartmental rate constants, and plasma clearance."( [Pharmacokinetics of 99mTc-MAG3 and 131I-OIH: comparative study based on 2 compartment model analysis].
Aburano, T; Ishikawa, Y; Kaneko, S; Kikuchi, K; Kubo, Y; Mizunaga, M; Ogawa, Y; Saito, Y; Sasajima, T; Sato, J; Shuke, N; Takashio, T; Yachiku, S; Yamamoto, W, 1996)		0.29
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics (AUC, Cmax, tmax, t1/2, MRT) were taken or calculated on the basis of plasma concentration/time profiles."( Lack of influence of glycine on the single dose pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid in man.
Bias-Imhoff, U; Riechers, AM; Schulz, HU; Schurer, M; Schwantes, U, 1996)		0.61
" Out of the investigated compounds only (E)-2-ene valproyl glycinamide showed a good anticonvulsant profile in both mice and rats due to its better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of (E)-2-ene valproyl derivatives of glycine and valproyl derivatives of nipecotic acid.
Abdul-Hai, A; Bialer, M; Haj-Yehia, A; Herzig, Y; Kadry, B; Shirvan, M; Sterling, J, 1996)		0.52
" It was shown that the elimination half-life (T1/2) of norfloxacin at 20 degrees C (10 ppm: 13."( Comparative pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of norfloxacin-glycine acetate in flounder, (Paralichthys olivaceus) at two different temperatures.
Oh, TK; Park, SC; Yun, HI, 1996)		0.53
" After intravenous administration the half-life was short in all three animal species, due to a small volume of distribution and a relatively high clearance."( Animal pharmacokinetics of inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor with potential use as an antithrombotic drug.
Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Regårdh, CG; Renberg, L; Teger-Nilsson, AC, 1998)		0.3
" The pharmacokinetics of the active compounds was studied in dogs, which is a common animal model for a comparative crossover pharmacokinetic studies."( Pharmacokinetic analysis and anticonvulsant activity of glycine and glycinamide derivatives.
Bialer, M; Dagan, A; Sussan, S, 1999)		0.55
" Future pharmacodynamic studies of beta2-agonists should include determination of 02-adrenergic receptor genotype."( Impact of genetic polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor on albuterol bronchodilator pharmacodynamics.
Eberle, LV; Johnson, JA; Lima, JJ; Mohamed, MH; Self, TH; Thomason, DB, 1999)		0.3
" Of the N-alkyl VGD derivatives studied, M-VGD had the best pharmacokinetic profile: the lowest clearance (5."( Structure-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of N-alkyl derivatives of the new antiepileptic drug valproyl glycinamide.
Bialer, M; Spiegelstein, O; Yagen, B, 1999)		0.3
"M-VGD had the most favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of the investigated N-alkyl VGD derivatives."( Structure-pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of N-alkyl derivatives of the new antiepileptic drug valproyl glycinamide.
Bialer, M; Spiegelstein, O; Yagen, B, 1999)		0.3
" We utilized pharmacokinetic considerations in designing various amide derivatives of VPA which are more potent as anticonvulsants than VPA and have the potential to be nonteratogenic and nonhepatotoxic."( Pharmacokinetic considerations in the design of better and safer new antiepileptic drugs.
Bialer, M, 1999)		0.3
" The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that pretreatment with dexrazoxane (100 mg/ kg) reduced the area under plasma concentration-time curve of doxorubicin, its mean residence time and plasma clearance significantly."( Interaction of dexrazoxane with red blood cells and hemoglobin alters pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin.
Boroujerdi, M; Vaidyanathan, S, 2000)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers: H 376/95 is converted to melagatran in man."( The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran and its oral prodrug H 376/95: intestinal absorption properties, biochemical and pharmacodynamic effects.
Abrahamsson, A; Antonsson, T; Bredberg, U; Bylund, R; Carlsson, S; Elg, M; Eriksson, U; Gustafsson, D; Gyzander, E; Hoffmann, K; Någård, S; Nyström, J; Sörensen, H; Ungell, A, 2001)		0.31
"By the use of the prodrug principle, H 376/95 endows the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran with pharmacokinetic properties required for oral administration without compromising the promising pharmacodynamic properties of melagatran."( The direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran and its oral prodrug H 376/95: intestinal absorption properties, biochemical and pharmacodynamic effects.
Abrahamsson, A; Antonsson, T; Bredberg, U; Bylund, R; Carlsson, S; Elg, M; Eriksson, U; Gustafsson, D; Gyzander, E; Hoffmann, K; Någård, S; Nyström, J; Sörensen, H; Ungell, A, 2001)		0.31
"A population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed on plasma concentrations of GW468816 observed in dogs after 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day repeated intravenous administration."( An application of nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to pharmacokinetic data exhibiting nonlinear and time-dependent behavior.
Gomeni, R; Iavarone, L, 2003)		0.32
"The pharmacokinetic properties of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) were determined in six horses following a single intravenous (i."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin-glycine acetate after intravenous and intramuscular administration to horses.
Park, SC; Yun, HI, 2003)		0.84
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after the third infusion of each product."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new intravenous immunoglobulin preparation, IGIV-C, 10% (Gamunex, 10%).
Ballow, M; Berger, M; Bonilla, FA; Buckley, RH; Cunningham-Rundles, CH; Fireman, P; Kaliner, M; Lathia, C; Ochs, HD; Skoda-Smith, S; Sweetser, MT; Taki, H, 2003)		0.32
"The pharmacokinetic profiles observed in these trials indicate that IGIV-C, 10% may replace, and be administered in a manner similar to, IGIV-SD, 10%."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of a new intravenous immunoglobulin preparation, IGIV-C, 10% (Gamunex, 10%).
Ballow, M; Berger, M; Bonilla, FA; Buckley, RH; Cunningham-Rundles, CH; Fireman, P; Kaliner, M; Lathia, C; Ochs, HD; Skoda-Smith, S; Sweetser, MT; Taki, H, 2003)		0.32
"To determine the influence of ethnic origin on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of melagatran after oral administration of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor."( No influence of ethnic origin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, to healthy male volunteers.
Andersson, M; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
" Blood and urine samples for pharmacokinetic evaluation were collected up to 12 and 24 hours after administration, respectively."( No influence of ethnic origin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, to healthy male volunteers.
Andersson, M; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
"After oral administration of ximelagatran, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of melagatran are independent of ethnic origin."( No influence of ethnic origin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, to healthy male volunteers.
Andersson, M; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
"There were no statistically significant differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of melagatran between obese and non-obese subjects."( No influence of obesity on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melagatran, the active form of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran.
Eriksson, UG; Homolka, R; Peters, GR; Sarich, TC; Svensson, M; Teng, R; Wollbratt, M, 2003)		0.32
"After oral administration of ximelagatran to healthy male subjects, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of melagatran is predictable and reproducible."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in young healthy male subjects.
Ahnoff, M; Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gislén, K; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
" UK-240,455 has a short elimination half-life in rats, dogs and man (0."( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of a novel NMDA glycine site antagonist (UK-240,455) in rats, dogs and man.
Cole, S; Gedge, J; Roffey, S; Walker, D; Webster, R; Wild, W, 2003)		0.57
" Melagatran has a wide therapeutic interval that enables it to be administered safely across a wide range of doses with no increased risk of bleeding, in contrast with warfarin whose narrow therapeutic window necessitates monitoring of its pharmacodynamic effect."( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its active metabolite melagatran: a mini-review.
Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 2003)		0.32
" Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling was used to evaluate rich data of melagatran pharmacokinetics (3326 observations) and the pharmacodynamic effect on APTT (2319 observations) in samples from 216 patients collected in the three dose-guiding trials."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
"The relatively low impact of individualised dosage on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of melagatran supported the use of a fixed-dose regimen in the studied population of orthopaedic surgery patients, including those with mild to moderate renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
"For the volunteers with severe renal impairment, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the half-life of melagatran were significantly higher than in the control group with normal renal function."( Influence of severe renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral ximelagatran and subcutaneous melagatran.
Attman, PO; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Mulec, H; Samuelsson, O, 2003)		0.32
"After administration of subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran, subjects with severe renal impairment had significantly higher melagatran exposure and longer half-life because of lower CL(R) of melagatran compared with the control group with normal renal function, suggesting that a decrease in dose and/or an increase in the administration interval in patients with severe renal impairment would be appropriate."( Influence of severe renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral ximelagatran and subcutaneous melagatran.
Attman, PO; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Mulec, H; Samuelsson, O, 2003)		0.32
"To investigate the influence of mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of ximelagatran."( No influence of mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor.
Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Fager, G; Frison, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
" Plasma and urine samples were collected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses."( No influence of mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor.
Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Fager, G; Frison, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
"There were no differences in the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran between the hepatically impaired and control volunteers."( No influence of mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor.
Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Fager, G; Frison, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
"5-2 h) and cleared from plasma with a half-life of 3 to 4 hours."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of CHF 3381, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, after single oral doses in healthy subjects.
Dostert, P; Fabbri, L; Guillevic, Y; Imbimbo, BP; Mariotti, F; Rondelli, I; Tarral, A, 2003)		0.32
"To investigate the influence of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) on the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its active form, melagatran."( Consistent pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in healthy subjects.
Eriksson, UG; Grind, M; Svensson, M; Wåhlander, K; Wollbratt, M; Wolzt, M, 2003)		0.32
" There were no differences between NVAF patients and controls for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, Cmax, half-life (t1/2), or bioavailability (F) of melagatran after oral dosing with ximelagatran."( Consistent pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in healthy subjects.
Eriksson, UG; Grind, M; Svensson, M; Wåhlander, K; Wollbratt, M; Wolzt, M, 2003)		0.32
"The pharmacokinetic dose linearity and reproducibility, the effects on ex-vivo coagulation time assays and bleeding time, and tolerability of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran following subcutaneous (s."( Pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran following subcutaneous administration to healthy young men.
Eriksson, UG; Johansson, S; Larson, G; Larsson, M; Ohlsson, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
" In the 15 subjects completing the study, no pharmacokinetic interaction was detected between atorvastatin and ximelagatran for all parameters investigated, including melagatran (the active form of ximelagatran) area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration, atorvastatin acid AUC, and AUC of active 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors."( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between atorvastatin and the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran.
Dorani, H; Eriksson, UG; Kalies, I; Ohlsson, L; Sarich, TC; Schützer, KM; Wall, U, 2004)		0.32
" In conclusion, no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between digoxin and ximelagatran was observed in this study."( No pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between digoxin and the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in healthy volunteers.
Eriksson, UG; Kessler, E; Sarich, TC; Schützer, KM; Wall, U; Wollbratt, M, 2004)		0.32
" Estimated pharmacokinetic parameters were CL (41."( Mechanistic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of CHF3381 (2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)amino]acetamide monohydrochloride), a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist and monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor in healthy subjects.
Csajka, C; Dostert, P; Imbimbo, BP; Piccinno, A; Verotta, D, 2005)		0.33
"To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of CHF3381, a dual NMDA and MAO-A inhibitor, after multiple oral doses in healthy subjects."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CHF3381, a novel antineuropathic pain agent, in healthy subjects.
Astruc, B; Dostert, P; Fabbri, L; Imbimbo, BP; Mariotti, F; Tarral, A, 2005)		0.33
"A twice daily regimen of CHF3381 appears to be adequate from a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic perspective."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CHF3381, a novel antineuropathic pain agent, in healthy subjects.
Astruc, B; Dostert, P; Fabbri, L; Imbimbo, BP; Mariotti, F; Tarral, A, 2005)		0.33
" Peak plasma melagatran concentrations are reached approximately 2 hours after oral dosing of ximelagatran to healthy volunteers, and melagatran is eliminated with a half-life of approximately 3 hours with clearance predominantly by renal excretion."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran.
Eriksson, UG; Sarich, TS; Wolzt, M, 2005)		0.33
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of muraglitazar, a novel dual-activator of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha and gamma, were determined in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys after intravenous and oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics of muraglitazar (BMS-298585), a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha and gamma activator, in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
Chandrasena, G; Chang, SY; Cheng, PT; Hariharan, N; Hosagrahara, VP; Humphreys, WG; Koplowitz, B, 2006)		0.33
" A pharmacokinetic model was developed based on blood, urine and bile concentration-time profiles obtained in healthy humans, and the effect of changes in hepatic uptake and/or excretion associated with disease states (hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis) on MEB disposition was simulated."( Use of tc-99m mebrofenin as a clinical probe to assess altered hepatobiliary transport: integration of in vitro, pharmacokinetic modeling, and simulation studies.
Brouwer, KL; Ghibellini, G; Leslie, EM; Pollack, GM, 2008)		0.35
" The discovery of 4,4-disubstituted piperidine inhibitors of GlyT1 which exhibit improved pharmacokinetic properties, including oral bioavailability, is discussed."( Discovery of GlyT1 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties.
Gibson, C; Hartman, GD; Jacobson, MA; Kinney, GG; Leister, WH; Lemaire, W; Lindsley, CW; Ma, BK; O'Brien, J; Pettibone, DJ; Polsky-Fisher, SL; Smith, S; Sur, C; Tiller, PR; Williams, DL; Wisnoski, DD; Wolkenberg, SE; Zhao, Z, 2009)		0.35
" The purpose of this research was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of ON 01910."( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro activity of ON 01910.Na, a novel anti-cancer agent.
Chun, AW; Cosenza, SC; Maniar, M; Taft, DR, 2009)		0.35
"Due to the short half-life and rapid clearance of the drug, administration of ON 01910."( Preclinical pharmacokinetics and in vitro activity of ON 01910.Na, a novel anti-cancer agent.
Chun, AW; Cosenza, SC; Maniar, M; Taft, DR, 2009)		0.35
" In the present study, the time- and dose-dependent distributions of administered glycine were investigated from a pharmacokinetic viewpoint."( Pharmacokinetics and cerebral distribution of glycine administered to rats.
Bannai, M; Kawai, N; Koizumi, T; Matsuzawa, D; Nagao, K; Seki, S; Shimizu, E; Shinkai, K; Takahashi, M, 2012)		0.86
" The pharmacokinetic study showed that the elimination of MC002 was faster than that of TP, and the concentrations and AUC0-t values of TP were higher than MC002."( Simultaneous determination of triptolide and its prodrug MC002 in dog blood by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.
Li, CK; Li, Y; Liu, PX; Wang, J; Zhang, YJ; Zhang, ZQ; Zhou, L; Zhuang, XM, 2013)		0.39
"This validated method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of MC002 following an intravenous drip infusion in dogs."( Simultaneous determination of triptolide and its prodrug MC002 in dog blood by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.
Li, CK; Li, Y; Liu, PX; Wang, J; Zhang, YJ; Zhang, ZQ; Zhou, L; Zhuang, XM, 2013)		0.39
"We report herein the development, synthesis, physicochemical and pharmacological characterization of a novel class of pharmacodynamic hybrids that selectively inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) isoform and present suitable nitric oxide releasing properties."( Enhancing the pharmacodynamic profile of a class of selective COX-2 inhibiting nitric oxide donors.
Alfonso, S; Anzini, M; Battilocchio, C; Biava, M; Calderone, V; Colovic, M; Consalvi, S; Di Capua, A; Di Cesare Mannelli, L; Dovizio, M; Ghelardini, C; Giordani, A; Martelli, A; Patrignani, P; Persiani, S; Poce, G; Rossi, A; Sautebin, L; Testai, L, 2014)		0.4
"This population pharmacokinetic analysis of the investigational oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib assessed the feasibility of switching from body surface area (BSA)-based to fixed dosing, and the impact of baseline covariates on ixazomib pharmacokinetics."( Switching from body surface area-based to fixed dosing for the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Venkatakrishnan, K; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
"Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), the natural precursor of creatine, has potential as a dietary supplement for human nutrition, yet no data are available regarding its dose-dependent pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior."( Single-dose oral guanidinoacetic acid exhibits dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Ostojic, SM; Vojvodic-Ostojic, A, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed in a subset of subjects."( Randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging and pharmacodynamics study of roxadustat (FG-4592) to treat anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients.
Besarab, A; Hemmerich, S; Hertel, J; Klaus, SJ; Lee, T; Leong, R; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Yu, KH; Zabaneh, R, 2015)		0.42
" This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of ixazomib, administered with lenalidomide-dexamethasone, in East Asian patients with relapsed/refractory MM."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of ixazomib plus lenalidomide-dexamethasone in Asian patients with relapsed/refractory myeloma: a phase 1 study.
Chim, CS; Chng, WJ; Esseltine, DL; Goh, YT; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Hui, AM; Kim, K; Lee, JH; Min, CK; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wong, RS; Yang, H, 2015)		0.42
" This clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effect of roxadustat on warfarin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters."( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study.
den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated via noncompartmental methods."( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study.
den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
"The geometric mean ratios and 90% CIs for Cmax and AUC∞ of total and unbound S- and R-warfarin (with and without roxadustat) were within the standard bioequivalence interval of 80."( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study.
den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
"Based on the lack of clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions and the limited influence on warfarin pharmacodynamic parameters, no dose adjustment of warfarin should be required when coadministered with roxadustat."( The Hypoxia-inducible Factor Prolyl-Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) and Warfarin in Healthy Volunteers: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interaction Study.
den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Krebs-Brown, A; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
" Mean terminal half-life (t ½) appeared to be longer (17."( Effect of Moderate Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Roxadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor.
Adel, MD; Alexiev, A; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Krebs-Brown, A; Mateva, L; Noukens, J; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
" 4-folds, whereas elimination half-life was enhanced by around two-folds in Wistar rats."( In vivo pharmacokinetic studies and intracellular delivery of methotrexate by means of glycine-tethered PLGA-based polymeric micelles.
Katare, OP; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2017)		0.68
" Interestingly, pharmacokinetic outcomes of the conjugate were superior and the area under the curve was enhanced by approximately three-times, whereas the drug clearance was reduced by around five-times, after single intravenous injection."( Glycinated fullerenes for tamoxifen intracellular delivery with improved anticancer activity and pharmacokinetics.
Katare, OP; Kumar, M; Kumar, R; Misra, C; Raza, K; Sharma, G; Singh, B, 2017)		0.46
" The clinical drug-drug interaction study results were reconciled well by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model that incorporated a minor contribution of CYP3A to overall ixazomib clearance and quantitatively considered the strength of induction of CYP3A and intestinal P-glycoprotein by rifampin."( Effects of Strong CYP3A Inhibition and Induction on the Pharmacokinetics of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor: Results of Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma and a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Ana
Bessudo, A; Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Ke, A; Liu, G; Nemunaitis, J; O'Neil, BH; Patel, C; Rasco, DW; Rowland Yeo, K; Sharma, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wang, B; Xia, C; Zhang, X, 2018)		0.48
" This analytical method was then successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Gly-MCA following oral administration and intraperitoneal injection in mice."( An HPLC-MS/MS method for quantitation of Gly-MCA in mouse plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Jiang, C; Lian, G; Liu, J; Ma, Y; Wang, T; Yin, Y; Zhou, J, 2017)		0.46
" However, pharmacokinetic profile of both agents, particularly with respect to the cells and tissues essential for its action (cardiomyocytes/myocardium), remains poorly understood."( Pharmacokinetics of the Cardioprotective Drug Dexrazoxane and Its Active Metabolite ADR-925 with Focus on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart.
Brázdová, P; Bureš, J; Chládek, J; Jirkovská, A; Jirkovský, E; Karabanovich, G; Kovaříková, P; Lenčová, O; Pokorná, Z; Roh, J; Šimůnek, T; Stariat, J; Štěrba, M, 2018)		0.48
" The development of nootropic drugs based on natural neuropeptides with high pharmacological activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties (enzymatic stability, high bioavailability, and good permeability through the BBB) is an important problem of modern neuropsychopharmacology."( [Pharmacokinetics of noopept and its active metabolite cycloprolyl glycine in rats].
Boyko, SS; Shevchenko, RV; Zherdev, VP, 2018)		0.72
" We explored the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of ivosidenib in these populations."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivosidenib, an oral, targeted inhibitor of mutant IDH1, in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Agresta, S; Dai, D; Fan, B; Gliser, C; Goyal, L; Jiang, L; Liu, G; Lowery, MA; Manyak, E; Mellinghoff, IK; Nimkar, T; Pandya, SS; Prahl Judge, M; Tap, WD; Wen, PY; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
"Ivosidenib 500-mg QD has favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies with an IDH1 mutation."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ivosidenib in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies with an IDH1 mutation.
Agresta, SV; Attar, EC; Dai, D; de Botton, S; DiNardo, CD; Fan, B; Lemieux, I; Liu, G; Liu, H; Stein, E; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
" Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve for patients receiving roxadustat were slightly more than dose proportional and elimination half-life ranged from 14."( Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) for Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Placebo-Controlled Study of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles in Hemodialysis Patients.
Chou, J; Hemmerich, S; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Tumlin, J; Yu, KP; Zabaneh, R, 2020)		0.56
"Develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ivosidenib using in vitro and clinical PK data from healthy participants (HPs), refine it with clinical data on ivosidenib co-administered with itraconazole, and develop a model for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and apply it to predict ivosidenib drug-drug interactions (DDI)."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict drug-drug interactions of ivosidenib with CYP3A perpetrators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
Fan, B; Ke, A; Le, K; Prakash, C; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken to evaluate the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on roxadustat pharmacokinetics."( Pharmacokinetics of Roxadustat: A Population Analysis of 2855 Dialysis- and Non-Dialysis-Dependent Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.
Åstrand, M; Bradley, C; Chou, J; Hamrén, B; Huang, J; Kerbusch-Herben, V; Någård, M; Rekić, D; Tannenbaum, S, 2021)		0.62
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed for the pharmacokinetics of roxadustat in the target population."( Pharmacokinetics of Roxadustat: A Population Analysis of 2855 Dialysis- and Non-Dialysis-Dependent Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.
Åstrand, M; Bradley, C; Chou, J; Hamrén, B; Huang, J; Kerbusch-Herben, V; Någård, M; Rekić, D; Tannenbaum, S, 2021)		0.62
" This study in healthy individuals investigated the effect of 2 PBs, sevelamer carbonate and calcium acetate, on the pharmacokinetic properties of a single oral dose of roxadustat administered concomitantly or with a time lag."( Effect of the Phosphate Binders Sevelamer Carbonate and Calcium Acetate on the Pharmacokinetics of Roxadustat After Concomitant or Time-separated Administration in Healthy Individuals.
Barroso-Fernandez, B; den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Schaddelee, M; van Dijk, J, 2021)		0.62
"Our objective was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe roxadustat plasma concentrations in Japanese dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (DD-CKD) patients with renal anaemia and to identify the covariate factors that affect exposure of roxadustat."( Population pharmacokinetics of roxadustat in Japanese dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients with anaemia.
Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Komatsu, K; Shibata, T; Shiga, T; Takada, A, 2022)		0.72
" This study investigated drug-drug interactions between vadadustat and oral iron supplements or iron-containing phosphate binders commonly used in Japanese clinical practice by conducting in vitro mechanistic and clinical pharmacokinetic studies."( In Vitro and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Effects of Iron-containing Agents on Vadadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor.
Kawai, K; Kinoshita, S; Kokado, Y; Kondo, K; Nanjo, T, 2021)		0.62
" Pharmacokinetic data were collected for up to 24 hours after vadadustat administration."( In Vitro and Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies of the Effects of Iron-containing Agents on Vadadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor.
Kawai, K; Kinoshita, S; Kokado, Y; Kondo, K; Nanjo, T, 2021)		0.62
" Transporter activities were assessed by concentration ratios between compartments and pharmacokinetic parameters that describe the accumulation and decay profiles of hepatocyte concentrations."( New Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Imaging Substrates Quantified from Rat Liver Compartments.
Brouwer, KLR; Pastor, CM, 2022)		0.72
" This proposed method was fully validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of roxadustat among healthy subjects in China."( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantification of roxadustat (FG-4592) in human plasma and urine and the applications in two clinical pharmacokinetic studies.
Chen, X; Cui, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Liu, T; Zhao, Q; Zheng, X, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Glycine or DL-alpha-alanine potentiated the chemotherapeutic action of 3,6-diaminoacridinium without increasing its toxicity when these amino acids were combined with it.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Glycine or DL-alpha-alanine potentiated the chemotherapeutic action of 3,6-diaminoacridinium without increasing its toxicity when these amino acids were combined with it simultaneously."( Potentiated chemotherapeutic activity of 3,6-diamino-10-methyl-acridinium by combination with glycine or DL-alpha-alanine on the Ehrlich carcinoma.
Osswald, H, 1975)		1.92
" When combined with surgical resection of primary tumors, forphenicinol administration both before and after resection suppressed the growth of recurrent tumors and prolonged the survival period of the mice."( Antitumor effect of forphenicinol, a low molecular weight immunomodifier, in combination with surgery on Meth A fibrosarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma 755.
Ishizuka, M; Naito, K; Okura, A; Sawazaki, Y; Takeuchi, T; Umezawa, H, 1986)		0.27
" These findings suggest that oral administration of FPL in combination with chemotherapeutic agents can be used for treating cancer without causing toxicity, because of the synergistic efficacy of the combination."( Effect of forphenicinol, a small molecular immunomodifier, in combination with cyclophosphamide on growth of and immunity to syngeneic murine tumors.
Nitta, K; Takeuchi, M; Tanaka, T, 1985)		0.27
" The plasma pharmacokinetics of melagatran, diclofenac, diazepam, N-desmethyl-diazepam and nifedipine were determined when administered alone and in combination with ximelagatran."( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions.
Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)		0.32
"No inhibition, or only minor inhibition, of CYP enzymes by ximelagatran, the intermediates or melagatran was shown in the in vitro studies, suggesting that ximelagatran would not cause CYP-mediated drug-drug interactions in vivo."( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions.
Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)		0.32
" Together, the in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that metabolic drug-drug interactions involving the major human CYP enzymes should not be expected with ximelagatran."( Ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a low potential for cytochrome P450-mediated drug-drug interactions.
Andersson, TB; Bredberg, E; Eriksson, UG; Eriksson-Lepkowska, M; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Larsson, M; Thuresson, A, 2003)		0.32
" The ability of UH and melagatran to prolong the aPTT was significantly enhanced in combination with rhAPC."( Drotrecogin alfa activated (recombinant human activated protein C) in combination with heparin or melagatran: effects on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time.
Cvirn, G; Gallistl, S; Koestenberger, M; Muntean, W, 2004)		0.32
" He was diagnosed as having acute respiratory distress syndrome due to severe pneumonia, and was treated with pulse methylprednisolone and sivelestat sodium in combination with intravenous erythromycin and ciprofloxacin."( [A case of Legionella pneumonia complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with methylprednisolone and sivelestat sodium in combination with intravenous erythromycin and ciprofloxacin].
Arinobu, Y; Himeji, D; Kikuchi, I; Kojima, T; Oguma, A; Ueda, A, 2004)		0.32
"The present in vitro study of human plasma investigated the anticoagulant effects of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC; drotrecogin alfa [activated, Xigris]), combined with either unfractionated heparin (UH) or the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran."( Drotrecogin alfa (activated, Xigris) in combination with heparin or melagatran: an in vitro investigation.
Baier, K; Cvirn, G; Gallistl, S; Koestenberger, M; Leschnik, B; Muntean, W, 2004)		0.32
"This study demonstrated the effects of rhAPC, alone and combined with either UH or melagatran, on clotting time and markers of thrombin generation in human plasma."( Drotrecogin alfa (activated, Xigris) in combination with heparin or melagatran: an in vitro investigation.
Baier, K; Cvirn, G; Gallistl, S; Koestenberger, M; Leschnik, B; Muntean, W, 2004)		0.32
" To suppress these lipid signals, short inversion time (TI) inversion recovery (STIR) was combined with STEAM (STIR-STEAM)."( In vivo localized 1H MR spectroscopy of rat testes: stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) combined with short TI inversion recovery (STIR) improves the detection of metabolite signals.
Minami, M; Mitsumori, F; Takaya, N; Watanabe, H; Yamaguchi, M, 2006)		0.33
" We conclude that SNPs in PPARD modify the conversion from IGT to type 2 diabetes, particularly in combination with the SNPs of PGC-1A and PPARG2."( Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPARD in combination with the Gly482Ser substitution of PGC-1A and the Pro12Ala substitution of PPARG2 predict the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes: the STOP-NIDDM trial.
Andrulionyte, L; Chiasson, JL; Laakso, M; Peltola, P, 2006)		0.33
" The aim of this open clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy and compliance of a new spray compound containing sodium hyaluronate (SH) and a pool of collagen precursor amino acids (AAs) combined with sodium hyaluronate (SH) to manage radio/chemotherapy-induced OM."( Efficacy of a spray compound containing a pool of collagen precursor synthetic aminoacids (l-proline, l-leucine, l-lysine and glycine) combined with sodium hyaluronate to manage chemo/radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis: preliminary data of an open trial.
Campisi, G; Cannavale, R; Colella, G; Compilato, D; Rinaldi, G; Vicidomini, A, )		0.34
" The authors examined the efficacy of sivelestat in combination with a fluoroquinolone in a Legionella pneumophila pneumonia mouse model."( In vivo efficacy of sivelestat in combination with pazufloxacin against Legionella pneumonia.
Araki, N; Izumikawa, K; Kakeya, H; Kamihira, S; Kohno, S; Morinaga, Y; Seki, M; Yamada, K; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yanagihara, K, 2010)		0.36
" The treatment group was treated with stronger neo-minophagen C 100 mL dissolved in 10% dextrose 250 ml once a day intravenously, combined with decoction of turtle shell for anti-fibrosis one powder daily."( [Effect of decoction of turtle shell for anti-fibrosis combined with stronger neo-minophagen C on indices of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B].
Chang, Y; Zhang, L, 2012)		0.38
" Together, our data suggest the potential for proteasome inhibitor based therapy in CLL and the rationale design of drug combination strategies based on CLL biology."( The investigational agent MLN2238 induces apoptosis and is cytotoxic to CLL cells in vitro, as a single agent and in combination with other drugs.
Advani, P; Akhtar, D; Chanan-Khan, A; Chitta, K; Colon-Otero, G; Foran, J; Khan, AN; Masood, A; Miller, KC; Paulus, A; Rivera, C; Roy, V, 2014)		0.4
" In a phase 1/2 trial we aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and activity of ixazomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma."( Safety and tolerability of ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: an open-label phase 1/2 study.
Berdeja, JG; Berg, D; Di Bacco, A; Estevam, J; Gupta, N; Hamadani, M; Hari, P; Hui, AM; Kaufman, JL; Kumar, SK; Laubach, JP; Liao, E; Lonial, S; Niesvizky, R; Rajkumar, V; Richardson, PG; Roy, V; Stewart, AK; Vescio, R, 2014)		0.4
" To advance isotope ratio analysis of an additional element, we present compound-specific (15)N/(14)N analysis of glyphosate and AMPA by a two step derivatization in combination with gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS)."( Dual element ((15)N/(14)N, (13)C/(12)C) isotope analysis of glyphosate and AMPA by derivatization-gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) combined with LC/IRMS.
Elsner, M; Jochmann, MA; Kujawinski, DM; Mogusu, EO; Wolbert, JB, 2015)		0.42
"The aim of study was to investigate the effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) combined with d-serine on the modulation of glycine sites in the brain of rats using social recognition test."( Modulation of glycine sites enhances social memory in rats using PQQ combined with d-serine.
Liu, D; Mao, S; Peng, Y; Qin, X; Zhang, R; Zhou, X, 2016)		1
" The new model is useful for estimating the risk of drug interaction in clinical practice when AST-120 is used in combination with other drugs."( Prediction of drug interaction between oral adsorbent AST-120 and concomitant drugs based on the in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption behavior of the drugs.
Kotegawa, T; Koya, Y; Machi, Y; Namiki, N; Shobu, Y; Uchida, S, 2016)		0.43
"We report the first clinical investigation conducted in Japan to confirm the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ixazomib alone and combined with lenalidomide-dexamethasone (Rd) in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma."( Phase 1 study of ixazomib alone or combined with lenalidomide-dexamethasone in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Chou, T; Handa, H; Ishizawa, K; Kase, Y; Suzuki, K; Takubo, T, 2017)		0.46
" Eighty-eight patients were enrolled across the 3 drug-drug interaction studies; the ixazomib toxicity profile was consistent with previous studies."( Effects of Strong CYP3A Inhibition and Induction on the Pharmacokinetics of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor: Results of Drug-Drug Interaction Studies in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma and a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Ana
Bessudo, A; Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Ke, A; Liu, G; Nemunaitis, J; O'Neil, BH; Patel, C; Rasco, DW; Rowland Yeo, K; Sharma, S; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wang, B; Xia, C; Zhang, X, 2018)		0.48
"This study was conducted to evaluate the likelihood of daprodustat to act as a perpetrator in drug-drug interactions (DDI) with the CYP2C8 enzyme and OATP1B1 transporter using the probe substrates pioglitazone and rosuvastatin as potential victims, respectively."( The drug interaction potential of daprodustat when coadministered with pioglitazone, rosuvastatin, or trimethoprim in healthy subjects.
Caltabiano, S; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Lister, K; Mahar, KM; Ravindranath, R; Tenero, D, 2018)		0.48
" In a preclinical study TNBC cells were treated with the first-generation proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in combination with cisplatin and synergistic efficacy was demonstrated."( Ixazomib in combination with carboplatin in pretreated women with advanced triple-negative breast cancer, a phase I/II trial of the AGMT (AGMT MBC-10 trial).
Balic, M; Bartsch, R; Burgstaller, S; Egle, D; Fuchs, D; Gampenrieder, SP; Greil, R; Melchardt, T; Mlineritsch, B; Petru, E; Petzer, A; Rinnerthaler, G; Rossmann, D; Rumpold, H; Singer, CF; Ulmer, H, 2018)		0.48
" Patients will receive ixazomib in combination with carboplatin on days 1, 8, and 15 in a 28-day cycle."( Ixazomib in combination with carboplatin in pretreated women with advanced triple-negative breast cancer, a phase I/II trial of the AGMT (AGMT MBC-10 trial).
Balic, M; Bartsch, R; Burgstaller, S; Egle, D; Fuchs, D; Gampenrieder, SP; Greil, R; Melchardt, T; Mlineritsch, B; Petru, E; Petzer, A; Rinnerthaler, G; Rossmann, D; Rumpold, H; Singer, CF; Ulmer, H, 2018)		0.48
" A phase I trial of the second-generation proteasome inhibitor ixazomib in combination with MEC (mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine) was conducted in patients with R/R AML."( A Phase I/II Trial of MEC (Mitoxantrone, Etoposide, Cytarabine) in Combination with Ixazomib for Relapsed Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Advani, AS; Caimi, P; Carew, J; Carraway, H; Chan, R; Cooper, B; de Lima, M; Elson, P; Gerds, A; Hamilton, B; Kalaycio, M; Little, J; Maciejewski, J; Malek, E; Miron, A; Mukherjee, S; Nazha, A; Pink, J; Sekeres, MA; Sobecks, R; Tomlinson, B; Unger, A; Visconte, V; Wei, W, 2019)		0.51
" Glyphosate's synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka."( Glyphosate's Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin.
Gunatilake, S; Orlando, L; Seneff, S, 2019)		0.51
" Here, the natural product betulinic acid (BA) and chemical drug lonidamine (LN) were used as chemosensitizers in combination with doxorubicin (DOX) for ovarian cancer treatment."( Doxorubicin combined with betulinic acid or lonidamine in RGD ligand-targeted pH-sensitive micellar system for ovarian cancer treatment.
Jin, X; Lv, H; Zhang, Z; Zhou, J, 2019)		0.51
" It was revealed that microwaving to 48˚C combined with HSP90 and TGF‑β1 inhibitors significantly increased the apoptotic rate of VX2 cells."( Mild microwave ablation combined with HSP90 and TGF‑β1 inhibitors enhances the therapeutic effect on osteosarcoma.
Chen, L; Cheng, S; Li, B; Lin, Z; Wang, M; Wang, W; Yao, M; Yin, Q; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.56
"Develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of ivosidenib using in vitro and clinical PK data from healthy participants (HPs), refine it with clinical data on ivosidenib co-administered with itraconazole, and develop a model for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and apply it to predict ivosidenib drug-drug interactions (DDI)."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation to predict drug-drug interactions of ivosidenib with CYP3A perpetrators in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
Fan, B; Ke, A; Le, K; Prakash, C; Yang, H, 2020)		0.56
" The combination of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (CD) is a recognised treatment option for patients with relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) who have relapsed after treatment with bortezomib and lenalidomide, whilst also often being combined with newer proteasome inhibitors."( The MUK eight protocol: a randomised phase II trial of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in combination with ixazomib, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients who have relapsed after treatment with thalidomide, lenalidomide and a prote
Auner, HW; Bailey, L; Brown, S; Brudenell Straw, F; Cook, G; Cook, M; Dawkins, B; Flanagan, L; Hinsley, S; Kaiser, MF; McKee, S; Meads, D; Reed, S; Sherratt, D; Walker, K, 2020)		0.56
" The primary objective of the trial is to evaluate whether ixazomib in combination with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (ICD) has improved clinical activity compared to CD in terms of progression-free survival (PFS)."( The MUK eight protocol: a randomised phase II trial of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in combination with ixazomib, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients who have relapsed after treatment with thalidomide, lenalidomide and a prote
Auner, HW; Bailey, L; Brown, S; Brudenell Straw, F; Cook, G; Cook, M; Dawkins, B; Flanagan, L; Hinsley, S; Kaiser, MF; McKee, S; Meads, D; Reed, S; Sherratt, D; Walker, K, 2020)		0.56
" Previous studies investigating the safety and efficacy of ICD in patients with RRMM demonstrate a toxicity profile consistent with ixazomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, whilst the combination showed possible activity in RRMM patients."( The MUK eight protocol: a randomised phase II trial of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in combination with ixazomib, in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) patients who have relapsed after treatment with thalidomide, lenalidomide and a prote
Auner, HW; Bailey, L; Brown, S; Brudenell Straw, F; Cook, G; Cook, M; Dawkins, B; Flanagan, L; Hinsley, S; Kaiser, MF; McKee, S; Meads, D; Reed, S; Sherratt, D; Walker, K, 2020)		0.56
" Given their effectiveness as single agents in mIDH1/2 relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML), this phase 1 study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML."( Ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed AML: a phase 1 study.
Almon, C; Choe, S; Cooper, M; DiNardo, CD; Döhner, H; Fan, B; Fathi, AT; Franovic, A; Frattini, MG; Hua, L; Kantarjian, HM; Lersch, F; Löwenberg, B; McCloskey, JK; Mims, AS; Nabhan, S; Odenike, O; Ossenkoppele, GJ; Patel, PA; Pollyea, DA; Pratz, KW; Roshal, M; Savona, MR; Seet, CS; Stein, AS; Stein, EM; Stone, RM; Tallman, MS; Wang, H; Winer, ES; Wu, B, 2021)		0.62
" 99mTc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy combined with SPECT/CT was performed after liver transplantation to monitor graft function and regeneration before removal of the native liver."( 99mTc-Mebrofenin Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy Combined With SPECT/CT to Assess Liver Function in Heterotopic Segmental Liver Transplantation in the Splenic Fossa.
Bonfiglioli, R; Calabrò, D; Fanti, S; Ravaioli, M; Serenari, M, 2021)		0.62
"This study suggests that perinatal glyphosate exposure combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood increases the risk of jejunum inflammation and dysfunction."( Perinatal exposure to low doses of glyphosate-based herbicide combined with a high-fat diet in adulthood causes changes in the jejunums of mice.
Balbo, SL; Bonfleur, ML; Granzotto, DCT; Nogueira-Melo, GA; Panza, SB; Sant'Ana, DMG; Vargas, R, 2021)		0.62
" An open-label phase 1 study is evaluating the safety and efficacy of ivosidenib or enasidenib combined with intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy in adult patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 acute myeloid leukemia (AML; NCT02632708)."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib Combined With Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed IDH1/2-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Almon, C; Chen, Y; Cooper, M; Fan, B; Hossain, M; Hua, L; Nabhan, S; Yang, H; Yin, F, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of iron from a new commercial source containing ferric gluconate stabilized with glycine was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic-preventive test in rats. Local anesthesia with sedation is associated with significantly decreased glycine absorption.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The patients with sprue had a significant reduction in the rate of absorption of glycine from a 20 mmol/1 solution, but there were no significant differences in the absorption of the other substances."( Intestinal perfusion studies in tropical sprue. 1. Amino acid and dipeptide absorption.
Baker, SJ; Ganapathy, V; Hellier, MD; Mathan, VI; Radhakrishnan, AN, 1976)		0.48
" Correlation between glucose absorption rate and xylose excretion was, however, significantly (P less than 0-02)."( Absorption of xylose, glucose, glycine, and folic (pteroylglutamic) acid in Zambian Africans with anaemia.
Cook, GC, 1976)		0.54
" Saturation of free amino acid carrier system with a large load of leucine did not affect glycine absorption rate from a triglycine test solution, but isoleucine markedly inhibited the uptake from a trileucine solution."( Evidence for two different modes of tripeptide disappearance in human intestine. Uptake by peptide carrier systems and hydrolysis by peptide hydrolases.
Adibi, SA; Amin, PM; Masilamani, SS; Morse, EL, 1975)		0.48
" The highest rate of absorption was observed in animals fed dietary proteins of poor quality or a protein free diet, so that in animals receiving a gelatine diet or a protein-free diet only 68."( [Resorption and incorporation of radioactive labeled amino acids during administration of various protein carriers in rats. 1. Resorption of 14C leucine and 3H glycine after intragastric administration].
Bergner, H; Simon, O; Zimmer, M, 1975)		0.45
" The results of this preliminary study indicate that Fe-chelazome has a higher bioavailability than ferrous sulphate and merits further study."( A preliminary study of the bioavailability of iron- and zinc-glycine chelates.
Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE; Ghani, NA; Wharf, SG, )		0.37
" These data suggest that despite their brain bioavailability and marked potency at the glycine receptor in vitro, ACC and ACBC are rapidly inactivated and thus have limited in vivo utility."( Neuropharmacological characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and 1-aminocyclobutane-1-carboxylate, ligands of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor.
Cler, JA; Compton, RP; Emmett, MR; Iyengar, S; Mick, S; Rao, TS; Sun, ET; Wood, PL, 1990)		0.7
" Most of cephalosporin analogs in this series had good antibacterial activities and were well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in mice."( Orally absorbable D-forphenicinol-cephalosporins.
Hamada, M; Huang, SP; Ikeda, D; Kondo, S; Koyama, Y; Takeuchi, T, 1989)		0.28
" We conclude that (a) the C-terminal amino acid residue influences intestinal assimilation of glycyl-dipeptides and (b) the considerably greater absorption rate of amino acids from the dipeptide than from the amino acid mixture appears to be the result of uptake by a system that has a greater transport capacity than amino acid carrier systems, thus minimizing competition among its substrates."( Kinetics and characteristics of absorption from an equimolar mixture of 12 glycyl-dipeptides in human jejunum.
Adibi, SA; Steinhardt, HJ, 1986)		0.27
" Small amounts (6-9%) of conjugated bile acids were absorbed in the jejunum; lecithin was well absorbed (72-90%)."( Effect of glycine-conjugated bile acids with and without lecithin on water and glucose absorption in perfused human jejunum.
Hofmann, AF; Phillips, SF; Wingate, DL, 1973)		0.65
" The jejunal absorption rate of glycylleucine was not significantly altered by an equimolar mixture of free glycine and leucine."( Functional characterization of dipeptide transport system in human jejunum.
Adibi, SA; Soleimanpour, MR, 1974)		0.47
" In the control subjects the rate of absorption of phenylalanine from phenylalanyl-phenylalanine and of tryptophan from glycyl-tryptophan was slower than after the equivalent amount of the free amino acids."( Intestinal absorption of two dipeptides in Hartnup disease.
Asatoor, AM; Cheng, B; Edwards, KD; Lant, AF; Matthews, DM; Milne, MD; Navab, F; Richards, AJ, 1970)		0.25
" Both free lysine and glycyl-L-lysine were well absorbed in the normal subject."( Dipeptide absorption in cystinuria.
Hellier, MD; Holdsworth, CD; Perrett, D, 1970)		0.25
" The presence of glucose and galactose produced a significant impairment (up to 50%) in the rate of absorption of glycine."( Impairment of glycine absorption by glucose and galactose in man.
Cook, GC, 1971)		0.82
"001 mM) on the rate of absorption of the amino acid glycine by the intestine of the freshwater murrel Channa punctatus has been studied."( Effect of mercuric chloride on the intestinal absorption of an amino acid, glycine, in the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus.
Rao, DR; Sastry, KV, 1982)		0.75
"The dietary requirements for protein and amino acids of the growing gosling (0-7 weeks) were calculated according to body composition, maintenance needs and the absorption rate of amino acids from feeds."( Protein, essential amino acids and glycine requirements of the growing gosling (Anser cireneus).
Dvorin, A; Nir, I; Nitsan, Z, 1983)		0.54
" Significant differences in the absorption rate were observed, with the solution having 16 mEQ of buffer being fastest, the solution having 34 mEq of buffer being intermediate, and the tablet being slowest."( Kinetics of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid following oral administration of aspirin as a tablet and two buffered solutions.
Mason, WD; Winer, N, 1981)		0.26
"We conducted a double-blind, randomized crossover trial with 12 patients who had ileal resections in order to compare the bioavailability of a 100-mg dose of 26Mg-labeled chelate with MgO in this patient population."( Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection.
Janghorbani, M; Lashner, BA; Schuette, SA, )		0.13
" However, the bioavailability of UK-21 given orally did not seem to be good."( Novel lowly immunosuppressive antitumor fluorouridine derivative, UK-21: antitumor activity and effect on humoral immune response in mice.
Kaku, Y; Kita, J; Koda, A; Maeda, D; Mori, H; Nagai, H; Nakayama, K, 1994)		0.29
"PABA is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and acetylated and conjugated in the liver to glycine before being excreted."( Preliminary assessment of glycine conjugation of para-aminobenzoic acid as a quantitative test of liver function.
Barr, SB; Duffy, LF; Kerzner, B; Seeff, L; Soldin, SJ, 1995)		0.81
"0, the absorption rate of glycine (but not taurine) conjugates increased, indicating passive absorption of the protonated species of glycine-conjugated bile acids."( Carrier-mediated jejunal absorption of conjugated bile acids in the guinea pig.
Amelsberg, A; Hofmann, AF; Schteingart, CD; Ton-Nu, HT, 1996)		0.59
" Bioavailability of their iron was tested through several parameters."( Iron from complex salts and its bioavailability to rats.
Dutra-de-Oliveira, JE; Ferreira, JF; Freitas, ML; Gonçalves, AL; Marchini, JS, 1995)		0.29
" Systemic bioavailability of ACEA-1416 was assessed by measuring the ability of the compound to protect against electroshock-induced seizures in mice."( Pharmacology of ACEA-1416: a potent systemically active NMDA receptor glycine site antagonist.
Cai, SX; Ilyin, VI; Keana, JF; Kher, SM; Shen, KZ; Tran, M; Weber, E; Whittemore, ER; Woodward, RM, 1996)		0.53
" The high absorption rate suggests that continued resection would have promoted a severe transurethral resection syndrome."( Ethanol monitoring of the transurethral resection syndrome.
Hahn, RG; Olsson, J, 1996)		0.29
" To test these hypotheses, we determined the bioavailability of folate in serum and in ascitic/cystic fluids of ovarian carcinoma patients (n = 36)."( Homocysteine accumulation in human ovarian carcinoma ascitic/cystic fluids possibly caused by metabolic alteration of the methionine cycle in ovarian carcinoma cells.
Boiocchi, M; Corona, G; Donada, C; Fabris, M; Toffoli, G; Viel, A; Zarrelli, A, 1997)		0.3
" Melagatran is well tolerated when administered in very high doses, and the oral bioavailability in the dog is relatively high."( Effects of melagatran, a new low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor, on thrombin and fibrinolytic enzymes.
Antonsson, T; Bylund, R; Deinum, J; Elg, M; Eriksson, U; Gustafsson, D; Gyzander, E; Karlsson, O; Mattsson, C; Nilsson, A; Nilsson, I; Pehrsson, S; Sörensen, H, 1998)		0.3
" The oral bioavailability of inogatran was incomplete, presumably due to a low membrane permeability, and dose dependent."( Animal pharmacokinetics of inogatran, a low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor with potential use as an antithrombotic drug.
Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Regårdh, CG; Renberg, L; Teger-Nilsson, AC, 1998)		0.3
"The bioavailability of iron glycine added to a vegetable infant weaning food was compared with ferrous sulfate."( Bioavailability of iron glycine as a fortificant in infant foods.
Eagles, J; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Fox, TE, 1998)		0.9
" A therapeutic application of the present results is that if bioavailability of orally administered peptidomimetic drugs is limited, patients may be tried on a high-protein diet to enhance their absorption."( Mechanism of dipeptide stimulation of its own transport in a human intestinal cell line.
Adibi, SA; Bawani, SZ; Thamotharan, M; Zhou, X, )		0.13
"The objective of the study was to investigate the mechanisms behind increased bioavailability of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor, inogatran, after coadministration with a trypsin inhibitor, aprotinin."( Inhibition of binding of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor to lumenal proteases as an additional mechanism of intestinal absorption enhancement.
Lindfors, L; Sjöström, M; Ungell, AL, 1999)		0.3
" There was a 5-fold increase in the bioavailability of inogatran in the presence of aprotinin."( Inhibition of binding of an enzymatically stable thrombin inhibitor to lumenal proteases as an additional mechanism of intestinal absorption enhancement.
Lindfors, L; Sjöström, M; Ungell, AL, 1999)		0.3
" The central bioavailability of peripherally administered glycine has not been adequately characterized in humans."( IV glycine and oral D-cycloserine effects on plasma and CSF amino acids in healthy humans.
Abi-Saab, D; Bennett, A; Cassello, K; Charney, DS; D'Souza, DC; Gil, R; Karper, LP; Krystal, JH; Morrissey, K; Sturwold, R; White, J; Zuzarte, E, 2000)		1.17
" Iron from ferric trisglycinate was poorly absorbed (2."( Iron absorption from ferrous bisglycinate and ferric trisglycinate in whole maize is regulated by iron status.
Allen, LH; Bovell-Benjamin, AC; Viteri, FE, 2000)		0.31
"This study was conducted to determine the bioavailability of iron amino acid chelate (ferrochel) added to fortify breads prepared from either precooked corn flour or white wheat flour + cheese and margarine compared with the same basal breakfast enriched with either ferrous sulfate or iron-EDTA."( Iron bioavailability in humans from breakfasts enriched with iron bis-glycine chelate, phytates and polyphenols.
Arguello, F; Barón, MA; García-Casal, MN; Layrisse, M; Leets, I; Llovera, D; Ramírez, J; Solano, L; Tropper, E, 2000)		0.54
" For some of them oral bioavailability is claimed and they are effective in in vitro coagulation assays."( Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors.
Hauptmann, J; Steinmetzer, T; Sturzebecher, J, 2001)		0.31
" We concluded that ferrous bis-glycinate chelate is the iron of choice for the treatment of infants with iron-deficiency anemia because of its high bioavailability and good regulation."( Effectiveness of treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children with ferrous bis-glycinate chelate.
Ashmead, HD; Pineda, O, 2001)		0.31
" The bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate given in water was studied using a double-isotopic method in a group of 14 women."( Bioavailability of iron bis-glycinate chelate in water.
Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2001)		0.31
"The bioavailability of iron from a new commercial source containing ferric gluconate stabilized with glycine sold under the trade name Bioferrico was studied in this work by means of the prophylactic-preventive test in rats."( Bioavailability studies of a new iron source by means of the prophylactic-preventive method in rats.
Boccio, J; Caro, R; Ettlin, E; Lysionek, A; Salgueiro, J; Zubillaga, M, 2001)		0.53
" The mean bioavailability of melagatran in young and older subjects was approximately 18 and 12% , respectively, following oral administration of ximalagratan, and 38 and 45%, respectively, following subcutaneous administration of ximelagatran."( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor.
Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Frison, L; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC; Logren, U, 2003)		0.32
" To increase the poor oral bioavailability due to its strong basic amidine functionality selected to fit the arginine side pocket of thrombin, the less basic N-hydroxylated amidine was used in addition to an ethyl ester-protecting residue."( Characterization of in vitro biotransformation of new, orally active, direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran, an amidoxime and ester prodrug.
Clement, B; Lopian, K, 2003)		0.32
" The interindividual variability of melagatran AUC was low (coefficient of variation 19-26%), and the mean bioavailability of melagatran, estimated using a mean value for melagatran clearance obtained from Caucasian subjects in a previous study, was approximately 20% in all groups (range of mean values 19-23%)."( No influence of ethnic origin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melagatran following oral administration of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, to healthy male volunteers.
Andersson, M; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
" The mean (+/- standard deviation) bioavailability of melagatran was 22."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran, a novel oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in young healthy male subjects.
Ahnoff, M; Bredberg, U; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gislén, K; Gustafsson, D; Johansson, LC, 2003)		0.32
" Although melagatran has all the pharmacodynamic properties required of a new antithrombotic agent, low oral bioavailability that is even further reduced by the concomitant intake of food precludes its development as an oral agent."( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran and its active metabolite melagatran: a mini-review.
Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 2003)		0.32
" The bioavailability of melagatran after oral ximelagatran relative to subcutaneous melagatran was 23%."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
" Ingestion of food did not affect the extent of absorption of the drug, while the rate of absorption was considerably reduced (tmax = 4 h)."( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of CHF 3381, a novel N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, after single oral doses in healthy subjects.
Dostert, P; Fabbri, L; Guillevic, Y; Imbimbo, BP; Mariotti, F; Rondelli, I; Tarral, A, 2003)		0.32
" There were no differences between NVAF patients and controls for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, Cmax, half-life (t1/2), or bioavailability (F) of melagatran after oral dosing with ximelagatran."( Consistent pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in healthy subjects.
Eriksson, UG; Grind, M; Svensson, M; Wåhlander, K; Wollbratt, M; Wolzt, M, 2003)		0.32
"Melagatran is an active thrombin inhibitor showing oral and parenteral bioavailability for antithrombotic therapy."( Determination of melagatran in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with automated column switching.
Choi, NH; Kim, BH; Ok, JH; Park, SY, 2003)		0.32
" The variability in pharmacokinetic parameters was low and the bioavailability of melagatran appeared to be complete."( Pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran following subcutaneous administration to healthy young men.
Eriksson, UG; Johansson, S; Larson, G; Larsson, M; Ohlsson, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
" Due to high concentrations of inhibitors of iron absorption, the bioavailability from this matrix is unknown."( Iron bioavailability in corn-masa tortillas is improved by the addition of disodium EDTA.
Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Walter, T, 2003)		0.32
"In the present work we investigated the possibility of improving dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) solubility and bioavailability by high-energy cogrinding with alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-Cd) in the presence or absence of different auxiliary substances (glycine, biomaltodextrin, poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(ethylene glycol) 400)."( Enhancement of dehydroepiandrosterone solubility and bioavailability by ternary complexation with alpha-cyclodextrin and glycine.
Allolio, B; Carli, F; Cirri, M; Guenther, S; Mora, PC; Mura, P, 2003)		0.71
"It is important to characterize drug-albumin binding during drug discovery and lead optimization as strong binding may reduce bioavailability and/or increase the drug's in vivo half-life."( Epitope mapping and competitive binding of HSA drug site II ligands by NMR diffusion measurements.
Larive, CK; Lucas, LH; Price, KE, 2004)		0.32
" Additional research is required to establish the bioavailability of FeBC in different food matrices."( Iron amino acid chelates.
Hertrampf, E; Olivares, M, 2004)		0.32
" Therefore, our study strongly suggests that glyphosate and its commercial formulations can control the toxicity as well as the bioavailability of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems where both groups of chemicals can co-occur."( Influence of glyphosate and its formulation (Roundup) on the toxicity and bioavailability of metals to Ceriodaphnia dubia.
Chu, LM; Tsui, MT; Wang, WX, 2005)		0.33
" We suggest that the presence of Roundup adjuvants enhances glyphosate bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation."( Differential effects of glyphosate and roundup on human placental cells and aromatase.
Benachour, N; Moslemi, S; Richard, S; Seralini, GE; Sipahutar, H, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of the study was to determine the relative bioavailability of zinc gluconate stabilized with glycine in a Petit Suisse cheese from an infant dessert."( Determination of relative bioavailability of zinc in a petit suisse cheese using weight gain and bone zinc content in rats as markers.
Barrado, A; Boccio, J; Calmanovici, G; Goldman, C; Leonardi, N; Salgueiro, J; Sarrasague, MM; Weill, R; Zubillaga, M, 2005)		0.54
"The bioavailability of the oral iron compound iron(II)-glycine sulfate (ferro sanol duodenal, FSD, 1 x 100 mg Fe/d) was studied in 56 patients with iron deficiency anaemia using a 59Fe-labelling technique and 59Fe-whole-body counting."( Bioavailability of oral iron drugs as judged by a 59Fe-whole-body counting technique in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Therapeutic efficacy of iron(II)-glycine sulfate.
Buggisch, P; Fischer, R; Kongi, R; Nielsen, P, 2005)		0.77
" The bioavailability of melagatran, the active form of ximelagatran, after oral administration of ximelagatran is approximately 20% with low inter- and intra-individual variability."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran.
Eriksson, UG; Sarich, TS; Wolzt, M, 2005)		0.33
" The bioavailability of melagatran is not altered by co-administration with food or alcohol."( Low potential for interactions between melagatran/ximelagatran and other drugs, food, or alcohol.
Eriksson, UG; Sarich, TS; Wolzt, M, 2005)		0.33
"We describe the structure-based design and synthesis of highly potent, orally bioavailable tissue factor/factor VIIa inhibitors which interfere with the coagulation cascade by selective inhibition of the extrinsic pathway."( Selective and orally bioavailable phenylglycine tissue factor/factor VIIa inhibitors.
Ackermann, J; Alig, L; Banner, DW; Böhm, HJ; Hilpert, K; Kühne, H; Lavé, T; Obst-Sander, U; Riederer, MA; Stahl, M; Tschopp, TB; Weber, L; Wessel, HP; Zbinden, KG, 2005)		0.6
" In these studies, we examined the influence of the lepidopterean Bt Cry1Ac toxin on mineralization and bioavailability of the herbicide glyphosate in two different soils."( Influence of Cry1Ac toxin on mineralization and bioavailability of glyphosate in soil.
Accinelli, C; Koskinen, WC; Sadowsky, MJ, 2006)		0.33
"In this research, we measured the iron bioavailability of ferrous gluconate stabilized with glycine (SFG) when it is used to fortify petit suisse cheese using the prophylactic-preventive method in rats."( Iron bioavailability from fortified petit suisse cheese determined by the prophylactic-preventive method.
Barrado, A; Boccio, J; Janjetic, M; Orlandini, J; Torti, H; Urriza, R; Weill, R, 2006)		0.55
"We previously demonstrated that a novel hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol (gamma-Toc) derivative, gamma-tocopherol-N,N-dimethylglycinate hydrochloride (gamma-TDMG) converts to gamma-Toc in the mouse skin and has a higher bioavailability than gamma-Toc itself."( Topical application of a novel, hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol derivative reduces photo-inflammation in mice skin.
Karube, Y; Kobayashi, S; Takata, J; Watanabe, T; Yamazaki, A; Yoshida, E, 2006)		0.33
" Such results suggest that glyphosate in field may increase the mobility and bioavailability of Zn and correspondingly increase its environmental risk."( Cosorption of zinc and glyphosate on two soils with different characteristics.
Cang, L; Hao, XZ; Sun, RJ; Wang, YJ; Zhou, DM, 2006)		0.33
"The objective of this study was to quantify the bioavailability of zinc (Zn) from sulphate and glycinate as representatives of inorganic and organic zinc sources."( Bioavailability of zinc glycinate in comparison with zinc sulphate in the presence of dietary phytate in an animal model with Zn labelled rats.
Schlegel, P; Windisch, W, 2006)		0.33
" We also found that this derivative displayed greater bioavailability than gamma-Toc itself."( Topical application of gamma-tocopherol derivative prevents UV-induced skin pigmentation.
Asano, S; Fukui, K; Karube, Y; Katoh, E; Kobayashi, S; Kuwabara, Y; Okamoto, Y; Takata, J; Tsuzuki, T; Watanabe, T; Yasuoka, S, 2006)		0.33
"Sorption may affect the bioavailability and biodegradation of pesticides in soils."( Effects of surface sorption on microbial degradation of glyphosate.
Giesler, R; Nilsson, M; Nordgren, A; Persson, P; Schnurer, Y, 2006)		0.33
" Gamma-TDMG is converted to gamma-Toc in the skin and has higher bioavailability than gamma-Toc itself."( [UVB-induced skin damage and the protection/treatment--effects of a novel, hydrophilic gamma-tocopherol derivative].
Kobayashi, S, 2006)		0.33
" The increased efficacy of GLY-A versus GLY-IPA-1 and GLY-IPA-2 on velvetleaf is due to the greater rate of absorption and subsequent translocation of glyphosate out of the treated leaf."( Comparison of efficacy, absorption and translocation of three glyphosate formulations on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti).
Belles, D; Brunk, G; Shaner, D; Westra, P, 2006)		0.33
" In the mouse, rat, and monkey the absolute oral bioavailability of muraglitazar ranged from 64 to 88%, and in the dog oral bioavailability was approximately 18%."( Pharmacokinetics of muraglitazar (BMS-298585), a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha and gamma activator, in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys.
Chandrasena, G; Chang, SY; Cheng, PT; Hariharan, N; Hosagrahara, VP; Humphreys, WG; Koplowitz, B, 2006)		0.33
" This efficient route enabled to scale up the synthesis of an orally bioavailable glycine antagonist showing outstanding in vivo anti-hyperalgesic activity in different animal models of sustained inflammation and chronic neuropathic pain."( Chiral tetrahydroquinoline derivatives as potent anti-hyperalgesic agents in animal models of sustained inflammation and chronic neuropathic pain.
Alvaro, G; Barnaby, RJ; Bertani, B; Corsi, M; Di Fabio, R; Donati, D; Gentile, G; Giacobbe, S; Pentassuglia, G; Pizzi, DM; Quartaroli, M; Ratti, E; Spada, S; Vitulli, G, 2007)		0.57
"Sixty Angus (n = 29) and Angus-Sim-mental cross (n = 31) steers, averaging 9 mo of age and 277 kg of initial BW, were used in a 148-d study to determine the bioavailability of copper glycinate (CuGly) relative to feed-grade copper sulfate (CuSO(4)) when supplemented to diets high in S and Mo."( Bioavailability of copper from copper glycinate in steers fed high dietary sulfur and molybdenum.
Hansen, SL; Legleiter, LR; Lloyd, KE; Schlegel, P; Spears, JW, 2008)		0.35
"5 and 11-fold higher, respectively) which potentially reduced the bioavailability of glyphosate to the microbial decomposers."( Environmental fate and non-target impact of glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup) in a subtropical wetland.
Chu, LM; Tsui, MT, 2008)		0.35
" The aim of the present study was to compare the oral bioavailability of zinc bis-glycinate (a new formulation) with zinc gluconate (reference formulation)."( A bioavailability study comparing two oral formulations containing zinc (Zn bis-glycinate vs. Zn gluconate) after a single administration to twelve healthy female volunteers.
Béjot, M; Bour, D; Donazzolo, Y; Duchène, P; Gandia, P; Houin, G; Maurette, JM, 2007)		0.34
" CHR-2797 is orally bioavailable and currently undergoing phase II clinical investigation in the treatment of myeloid leukemia."( CHR-2797: an antiproliferative aminopeptidase inhibitor that leads to amino acid deprivation in human leukemic cells.
Ayscough, A; Bawden, LJ; Bone, EA; Box, G; Callaghan, J; Chandler, S; Clark, VL; Drummond, AH; Eccles, SA; Farmer, H; Flores, N; Kirwin-Jones, P; Krige, D; Laber, D; Legris, V; Miles, LE; Needham, LA; Odedra, R; Owen, J; Patel, T; Stone, E; Wood, LM; Wood, S; Wright, A, 2008)		0.35
" These four amino acids were chosen because they have already been used as markers of CH absorption rate and bioavailability."( Consumption of a functional fermented milk containing collagen hydrolysate improves the concentration of collagen-specific amino acids in plasma.
Chiotelli, E; Lassel, T; Mwewa, S; Noirt, F; Walrand, S, 2008)		0.35
" The bioavailability of ferrous glycinate, as the iron source for biological activity including hemoglobin formation, may be increased."( Preparation and pH stability of ferrous glycinate liposomes.
Ding, B; Hayat, K; Xia, S; Zhang, X, 2009)		0.35
" In comparison with general anesthesia, local anesthesia was associated with lower rate of absorption of 500-1000 mL (4."( Glycine absorption in operative hysteroscopy: the impact of anesthesia.
Beaudet, C; Bergeron, ME; Bujold, E; Laberge, P; Ouellet, P; Rhéaume, C, 2009)		1.8
"Local anesthesia with sedation is associated with significantly decreased glycine absorption and lower rate of absorption > 500 mL when compared with general anesthesia."( Glycine absorption in operative hysteroscopy: the impact of anesthesia.
Beaudet, C; Bergeron, ME; Bujold, E; Laberge, P; Ouellet, P; Rhéaume, C, 2009)		2.03
", for studying metal bioavailability or making predictions on dynamic risk assessment in ecotoxicology."( Interfacial metal flux in ligand mixtures. 1. The revisited reaction layer approximation: theory and examples of applications.
Buffle, J; Zhang, Z, 2009)		0.35
" The oral bioavailability of glyphosate was found to be 23."( Toxicokinetics of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid in rats.
Anadón, A; Bernal, JL; Castellano, VJ; Martin, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Nozal, MJ, 2009)		0.35
" The fate of both herbicides was influenced by the type of plant organ in which herbicide was incorporated, because of differences in herbicides bioavailability and organs biodegradability, but not by adjuvants."( Delayed degradation in soil of foliar herbicides glyphosate and sulcotrione previously absorbed by plants: consequences on herbicide fate and risk assessment.
Barriuso, E; Doublet, J; Mamy, L, 2009)		0.35
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose, dose-limiting toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary therapeutic activity profile of CHR-2797 (tosedostat), a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the M1 family of aminopeptidases with antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity in vitro."( A first-in-man phase i and pharmacokinetic study on CHR-2797 (Tosedostat), an inhibitor of M1 aminopeptidases, in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Attard, G; Bone, EA; Carter, J; De Bono, JS; Harris, A; Hayward, N; Hooftman, L; Protheroe, A; Reid, AH; Shaw, HM; Spicer, J; Vidal, L, 2009)		0.35
" Compound 2 is a novel, potent and specific glycine amide with oral bioavailability in rodents."( Glycine amides as PPARalpha agonists.
Bischoff, H; Dittrich-Wengenroth, E; Lustig, K; Nikolic, S; Pernerstorfer, J; Urbahns, K; Woltering, M, 2010)		2.06
"To identify the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and to evaluate the antileukemic activity of tosedostat (formerly CHR-2797), an orally bioavailable aminopeptidase inhibitor."( Phase I/II clinical study of Tosedostat, an inhibitor of aminopeptidases, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia.
Bone, E; Burnett, AK; Davies, F; Dierickx, D; Dührsen, U; Flores, N; Hooftman, L; Jenkins, C; Krug, U; Löwenberg, B; Morgan, G; Müller-Tidow, C; Ossenkoppele, GJ; Richardson, AF; Sonneveld, P; Zachée, P; Zweegman, S, 2010)		0.36
" The oral bioavailability of D-phenylglycine-L-dopa was 31."( Evidence of D-phenylglycine as delivering tool for improving L-dopa absorption.
Fan, YB; Lu, HH; Tsai, MC; Tsai, TH; Wang, CL; Wang, HP, 2010)		0.96
" The higher jejunal permeability and the improved systemic bioavailability of D-phenylglycine-L-dopa in comparison to that of l-dopa suggested that D-phenylglycine is an effective delivery tool for improving the oral absorption of drugs like L-dopa with unsatisfactory pharmacokinetics."( Evidence of D-phenylglycine as delivering tool for improving L-dopa absorption.
Fan, YB; Lu, HH; Tsai, MC; Tsai, TH; Wang, CL; Wang, HP, 2010)		0.91
"6% higher than in the control which can be linked to (i) a higher glyphosate bioavailability in sewage sludge soil, which was triggered by the pre-sorption of phosphate originating from the sewage sludge and/or (ii) beneficial alterations of the sewage sludge to the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil."( Single application of sewage sludge--impact on the quality of an alluvial agricultural soil.
Dörfler, U; Hagn, A; Lobnik, F; Schloter, M; Schroll, R; Suhadolc, M, 2010)		0.36
"This Phase Ib dose-escalating study investigated safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical antitumour activity of tosedostat (CHR-2797), an orally bioavailable aminopeptidase inhibitor, in combination with paclitaxel."( A Phase Ib dose-escalation study to evaluate safety and tolerability of the addition of the aminopeptidase inhibitor tosedostat (CHR-2797) to paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Bone, EA; de Jonge, M; Desar, I; Eskens, FA; Hooftman, L; Timmer-Bonte, JN; van Herpen, CM; Verweij, J, 2010)		0.36
" Using a murine model of mild HHcy (cbs(+/-) mouse), we show that 3-NT is significantly elevated in cerebral microvessels with concomitant reductions in serum NO bioavailability as compared with wild-type littermate controls (cbs(+/+))."( Nitrative stress in cerebral endothelium is mediated by mGluR5 in hyperhomocysteinemia.
Banks, WA; Beard, RS; Bearden, SE; Chen, CH; Ercal, N; Erickson, MA; Mayo, JN; Price, TO, 2012)		0.38
" Specifically, a new colloidal glycine passivated biocompatible Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with excellent specific absorption rate (SAR) have been fabricated, which can be used as an effective heating source for hyperthermia treatment of cancer (thermal therapy)."( Glycine passivated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for thermal therapy.
Barick, KC; Hassan, PA, 2012)		2.11
"Permeation enhancers are of major interest to improve the low bioavailability of therapeutic agents due to poor membrane permeation."( The influence of stabilizer and bioadhesive polymer on the permeation-enhancing effect of AT1002 in the nasal delivery of a paracellular marker.
Eddington, ND; Song, KH, 2012)		0.38
"Aqueous ammonia (NH3) solution can be used as an alternative absorption for the control of CO2 emitted from flue gases due to its high absorption capacity, fast absorption rate and low corrosion problem."( Vaporization reduction characteristics of aqueous ammonia solutions by the addition of ethylene glycol, glycerol and glycine to the CO2 absorption process.
Jeon, SB; Jung, JH; Kim, JY; Lee, GW; Oh, KJ; Seo, JB, 2012)		0.59
" These results demonstrate that GPS could control the toxicity as well as the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil solutions where both GPS and heavy metals often coexist."( Does glyphosate impact on Cu uptake by, and toxicity to, the earthworm Eisenia fetida?
Sun, RJ; Wang, YJ; Yu, YC; Zhang, HL; Zhou, CF; Zhou, DM; Zhu, XD, 2012)		0.38
" This study aims to investigate the bioavailability of ferrous gluconate stabilised with glycine (FGSG) in a fresh cheese fortified with zinc."( Bioavailability of stabilised ferrous gluconate with glycine in fresh cheese matrix: a novel iron compound for food fortification.
Boccio, J; Carmuega, E; Frereux, M; Marque, S; Noirt, F; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F; Salgueiro, M; Weill, R, 2013)		0.86
" With glyphosate-B toxic effects were observed at higher doses, close to its LC50, suggesting that the higher toxicity of formulate A could be attributed to the effects of some of the so-called "inert ingredients", either due to a direct intrinsic toxicity, or to an enhancement in the bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation of the active ingredient."( Comparative toxicity of two glyphosate-based formulations to Eisenia andrei under laboratory conditions.
Basack, S; Casabé, N; Fuchs, J; Kesten, E; Oneto, ML; Piola, L, 2013)		0.39
"It may be concluded that BCRP plays an important role in the intestinal efflux of MED-5 and limits the bioavailability after oral administration of MED-15."( Evaluation of intestinal absorption of amtolmetin guacyl in rats: breast cancer resistant protein as a primary barrier of oral bioavailability.
Li, X; Liu, D; Rong, Z; Xiang, D; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)		0.39
" Amine 4 demonstrated in vivo bioavailability after either iv or oral dosing."( Optimized chemical probes for REV-ERBα.
Blaikley, J; Boudjelal, M; Bresciani, S; Cooper, AW; Dawson, HC; Farrow, SN; Grant, D; Kashatus, JA; Loudon, A; Orband-Miller, LA; Ray, D; Tellam, JP; Tomkinson, NC; Trump, RP; Willson, TM; Wojno, J, 2013)		0.39
" Bioavailability was then evaluated by analyzing plasma samples of horses supplemented with glycinates-rich feed."( Determination of Zn-, Cu- and Mn-glycinate complexes in feed samples and in-vitro and in-vivo assays to assess their bioaccessibility in feed samples.
Ionescu, C; Lobinski, R; Oguey, S; Vacchina, V, 2013)		0.39
" Due to the chemical structure of GPS, it can form complexes of heavy metals and interface their bioavailability in soil environment."( Subacute toxicity of copper and glyphosate and their interaction to earthworm (Eisenia fetida).
Li, CC; Sun, RJ; Wang, YJ; Yu, YC; Zhou, CF; Zhou, DM, 2013)		0.39
" Absolute bioavailability of rigosertib (10 and 20 mg/kg, 1-h infusion) in rats was estimated to be 10-15%."( Determination of intestinal permeability of rigosertib (ON 01910.Na, Estybon): correlation with systemic exposure.
Babayeva, M; Maniar, M; Taft, DR; White, MP, 2013)		0.39
"MLN9708 (ixazomib citrate) is an investigational, orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor that is under development by Millennium in clinical studies in both hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies."( Syntheses of C-13 and C-14-labeled versions of the investigational proteasome inhibitor MLN9708.
Elliott, EL; Li, Y; Plesescu, M; Prakash, SR, )		0.13
" This orally bioavailable agent has shown promising activity in vitro and in early clinical trials for patients with relapsed/refractory AML."( Tosedostat for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia.
Cortes, JE; DiNardo, CD, 2014)		0.4
"Ferrous glycinate (Fe-Gly) maintains high bioavailability in animals, but its exact absorption mechanism is still unknown."( Kinetics absorption characteristics of ferrous glycinate in SD rats and its impact on the relevant transport protein.
Fang, S; Feng, J; Yue, M; Zhang, Y; Zhuo, Z, 2014)		0.4
" Ixazomib is an investigational, orally bioavailable 20S proteasome inhibitor."( Phase 1 study of weekly dosing with the investigational oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.
Bensinger, WI; Berenson, JR; Berg, D; Di Bacco, A; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Kumar, SK; Niesvizky, R; Reeder, CB; Shou, Y; Yu, J; Zimmerman, TM, 2014)		0.4
" Thus, the herbicide glyphosate can reduce the toxicity and bioavailability of Cd in the soil ecosystems at both short- and long-term exposures."( Inhibition effect of glyphosate on the acute and subacute toxicity of cadmium to earthworm Eisenia fetida.
Fan, GP; Li, CC; Liu, C; Qin, WX; Sun, RJ; Wang, YJ; Zhou, CF; Zhou, DM, 2014)		0.4
" However, its hydrophobic nature invites attention for efficient drug delivery systems that would enhance the bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde without affecting its bioactivity."( Synthesis, characterization and in vitro study of biocompatible cinnamaldehyde functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (CPGF Nps) for hyperthermia and drug delivery applications in breast cancer.
Chikate, RC; Deore, AV; Dhole, SD; Gupta, P; Kadu, BS; Kaul-Ghanekar, R; Mansara, P; Poddar, P; Wani, KD, 2014)		0.4
" We have identified a novel (E)-styrylsulfonyl methylpyridine [(E)-N-(2-methoxy-5-((2,4,6-trimethoxystyrylsulfonyl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanesulfonamide (TL-77)] which has shown improved oral bioavailability compared with ON01910."( In vitro antitumor mechanism of (E)-N-(2-methoxy-5-(((2,4,6-trimethoxystyryl)sulfonyl)methyl)pyridin-3-yl)methanesulfonamide.
Bradshaw, TD; Laughton, CA; Lu, T; Wang, S, 2015)		0.42
" Estimated absolute bioavailability and clearance were 60% and 2l h(-1), respectively."( Switching from body surface area-based to fixed dosing for the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Venkatakrishnan, K; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
" A narrow particle size distribution and a small average particle size are crucial for the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble pharmacons."( Reduction of glycine particle size by impinging jet crystallization.
Aigner, Z; Fekete, Z; Szabó-Révész, P; Tari, T, 2015)		0.79
"This phase 2 trial was designed to evaluate ixazomib, an orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor, in patients with myeloma who have limited prior exposure to bortezomib."( Phase 2 trial of ixazomib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma not refractory to bortezomib.
Bergsagel, PL; Buadi, FK; Chanan-Khan, A; Dispenzieri, A; Fonseca, R; Gertz, MA; Hwa, L; Kapoor, P; Kumar, SK; Lacy, MQ; LaPlant, B; Laumann, K; Mikhael, JR; Rajkumar, SV; Reeder, CB; Rivera, CE; Roy, V; Stewart, AK; Thompson, MA; Witzig, TE, 2015)		0.42
" Due to their chemical similarities, PO4(3-) and glyphosate compete for soil adsorbing sites, with PO4(3-) fertilization increasing glyphosate bioavailability in the soil solution."( Consequences of phosphate application on glyphosate uptake by roots: Impacts for environmental management practices.
Gomes, MP; Juneau, P; Labrecque, M; Lucotte, M; Maccario, S, 2015)		0.42
" These results suggest that sepiapterin prevents concentric LVH and dilatory remodeling after TAC primarily by increasing the bioavailability of NO."( Sepiapterin prevents left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatory remodeling induced by pressure overload in rats.
Fujita, M; Iwasaka, T; Otani, H; Shimazu, T; Shiojima, I; Yoshioka, K, 2015)		0.42
" fortunei accelerated the dissipation of glyphosate, which showed a 4-fold decrease in its half-life; this promoted the rapid bioavailability of glyphosate-derived phosphorus in the water."( Impact of multiple anthropogenic stressors on freshwater: how do glyphosate and the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei affect microbial communities and water quality?
Cataldo, D; Di Fiori, E; Pizarro, H; Ramírez, M; Rodríguez, P; Sinistro, R; Vinocur, A, 2016)		0.43
" Roxadustat (FG-4592) is an orally bioavailable hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that promotes coordinated erythropoiesis through HIF-mediated transcription."( Roxadustat (FG-4592): Correction of Anemia in Incident Dialysis Patients.
Besarab, A; Chan, DT; Chernyavskaya, E; Franco, M; Gurevich, K; Hemmerich, S; Kumbar, LM; Leong, R; Motylev, I; Neff, TB; Poole, L; Saikali, KG; Shutov, E; Yu, KH; Zhong, M, 2016)		0.43
" Glyphosate has an amino acid-like structure that is highly polar and shows low bioavailability following oral ingestion and low systemic toxicity following intravenous exposures."( The role of L-type amino acid transporters in the uptake of glyphosate across mammalian epithelial tissues.
Cai, J; Donovan, MD; He, S; Huang, J; Li, G; Si, L; Wang, Z; Xu, J, 2016)		0.43
" The unsuccessful clinical trials of proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (bortezomib) in solid tumors led to the invention of MLN9708 (ixazomib), an orally bioavailable next-generation proteasome inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features."( Next-generation proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 sensitizes breast cancer cells to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis.
Cao, WM; Cui, Y; Dou, J; Jiang, Z; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Analytical and physiological characterization demonstrated that the mAb mutants had greatly reduced levels of basic variants without decreasing antibody biologic activity, structural stability, pharmacokinetics, or subcutaneous bioavailability in rats."( Evaluation of Heavy-Chain C-Terminal Deletion on Product Quality and Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies.
Amurao, A; Chen, J; Davis, H; Duenas, E; Harris, R; Hu, Z; Iverson, M; Jiang, G; Lam, X; Leddy, C; Li, D; Shen, A; Ulufatu, S; Vega, R; Wang, YJ; Wong, M; Wong, PY; Yadav, DB; Yu, C; Zheng, K, 2016)		0.43
" The reduced IGFBP-3 and increased cGP may be a response to increase the bioavailability of IGF-1 during infancy."( Maternally Administered Cyclic Glycine-Proline Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Bioavailability and Novelty Recognition in Developing Offspring.
Brimble, MA; Guan, J; Harris, P; McMahon, CD; Singh, K; Singh-Mallah, G; Thorstensen, E, 2016)		0.72
" Little is known about the bioavailability and ecotoxicity of glyphosate-Cu(II) complexes to aquatic organisms."( Behavioral responses of juvenile Daphnia magna after exposure to glyphosate and glyphosate-copper complexes.
Hansen, LR; Roslev, P, 2016)		0.43
" We chose ixazomib, an orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor, because of its favorable physiochemical characteristics."( Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide and Ixazomib Combination Rescues Mice Subjected to Experimental Graft-versus-Host Disease and Is Superior to Either Agent Alone.
Abdel-Mageed, S; Al-Homsi, AS; Cole, K; Feng, Y; Goodyke, A; McLane, M; Muilenburg, M, 2017)		0.46
" Ixazomib is an orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor with a rapid proteasome dissociation rate."( Ixazomib suppresses human dendritic cell and modulates murine graft-versus-host disease in a schedule-dependent fashion.
Abdel-Mageed, S; Al-Homsi, AS; Cole, K; Feng, Y; Goodyke, A; McLane, M; Muilenburg, M, 2017)		0.46
" The regulated and sustained bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium is essential to avoid the development of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension or atherosclerosis."( The Positive Regulation of eNOS Signaling by PPAR Agonists in Cardiovascular Diseases.
Amoroso, R; Maccallini, C; Mollica, A, 2017)		0.46
" Many recent studies have investigated the safety of orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitors, such as ixazomib and oprozomib."( Proteasome inhibitor-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.
Gibson, RJ; Stansborough, RL, 2017)		0.46
"The varied bioavailability and different effects of organic forms of copper on the immune system of poultry have prompted the search for new feed additives based on copper compounds containing modified chelate complexes."( The effect of feed supplementation with a copper-glycine chelate and copper sulphate on selected humoral and cell-mediated immune parameters, plasma superoxide dismutase activity, ceruloplasmin and cytokine concentration in broiler chickens.
Grądzki, Z; Jarosz, ŁS; Kaczmarek, B; Kwiecień, M; Marek, A, 2018)		0.74
"gov identifier NCT01454076) assessed the relative bioavailability of capsule B in reference to capsule A in adult patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma."( A Phase 1 Study to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of Two Capsule Formulations of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma.
Bessudo, A; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Nemunaitis, J; O'Neil, BH; Sharma, S; van de Velde, H; Venkatakrishnan, K; Wang, B, 2018)		0.48
" However, AM method has several limitations such as uncertainty regarding the bioavailability and amount of pesticides ingested."( Continuous liquid feeding: New method to study pesticides toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster.
Bianchini, MC; Caurio, AC; Denardin, ELG; Gayer, MC; Gonçalves, MB; Puntel, RL; Roehrs, R; Soares, JJ; Soares, SJ, 2017)		0.46
" Because HFM is deficient in most AAs, future research efforts should be directed at improving the bioavailability of its AAs and the balance of AAs in HFM-supplemented diets."( Roles of dietary glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis and animal growth.
Li, P; Wu, G, 2018)		0.82
" AGAT patients might benefit from oral GAA due to upgraded bioavailability and convenient utilization of the compound, while possible drawbacks (e."( Benefits and drawbacks of guanidinoacetic acid as a possible treatment to replenish cerebral creatine in AGAT deficiency.
Ostojic, SM, 2019)		0.51
" Compared with ZnSO (100%), relative bioavailability values of ZnGly were 115 and 118%, based on tibia and pancreatic Zn, respectively, and relative bioavailability values of ZnPOS were 152 and 142%, respectively."( Effects of sources and concentrations of zinc on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fur quality of growing-furring female mink (
Cui, H; Gao, XH; Nie, H; Shi, B; Wang, ZC; Yang, FH; Zhang, TT; Zhang, XL, 2017)		0.46
" The orally bioavailable proteasome inhibitor MLN2238 (ixazomib) has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity."( Preclinical evaluation of antitumor activity of the proteasome inhibitor MLN2238 (ixazomib) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Augello, G; Azzolina, A; Cassata, G; Cervello, M; Cusimano, A; Di Sano, C; Emma, MR; Modica, M; Montalto, G; Puleio, R, 2018)		0.48
"Model-informed drug development (MIDD) was central to the development of the oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib, facilitating internal decisions (switch from body surface area (BSA)-based to fixed dosing, inclusive phase III trials, portfolio prioritization of ixazomib-based combinations, phase III dose for maintenance treatment), regulatory review (model-informed QT analysis, benefit-risk of 4 mg dose), and product labeling (absolute bioavailability and intrinsic/extrinsic factors)."( Model-Informed Drug Development for Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor.
Berg, D; Diderichsen, PM; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Ke, A; Labotka, R; Liu, G; Patel, C; Teng, Z; van de Velde, H; Venkatakrishnan, K; Yang, H, 2019)		0.51
"The biosynthesis of creatine (Cr) is closely related to the bioavailability of guanidinoacetate (GAA)."( Hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry as a method for simultaneous determination of guanidinoacetate and creatine.
Gadžurić, S; Jovanov, P; Marić, A; Ostojić, S; Panić, J; Sakač, M; Vraneš, M, 2018)		0.48
" However, assessing glyphosate bioavailability to plants from soil residues remains challenging."( Assessing plant-available glyphosate in contrasting soils by diffusive gradient in thin-films technique (DGT).
Bennett, W; Lombi, E; Rose, MT; Styles, G; Tavakkoli, E; Van Zwieten, L; Weng, Z, 2019)		0.51
"5 days) with first-order linear absorption (oral bioavailability of 58%)."( Clinical Pharmacology of Ixazomib: The First Oral Proteasome Inhibitor.
Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Harvey, RD; Labotka, R; Venkatakrishnan, K; Xia, C, 2019)		0.51
" It is especially important for peptide drugs due to their enzymatic instability, low bioavailability and poor permeability through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)."( [Pharmacokinetics of noopept and its active metabolite cycloprolyl glycine in rats].
Boyko, SS; Shevchenko, RV; Zherdev, VP, 2018)		0.72
" Microplastics can have a direct negative effect, but they can also potentially modify the toxicity and bioavailability of pollutants."( Microplastics modify the toxicity of glyphosate on Daphnia magna.
Sommaruga, R; Zocchi, M, 2019)		0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" Next, the cell wall permeability was improved by disturbing the peptidoglycan structure by overproduction of D,D-carboxypeptidases without obviously affecting cell growth, to increase the bioavailability of low soluble hydantoin substrate."( Biocatalytic production of D-p-hydroxyphenylglycine by optimizing protein expression and cell wall engineering in Escherichia coli.
Liu, Y; Qi, W; Yu, B; Zhu, L, 2019)		0.78
" The bioavailability of organic iron is higher than that of inorganic iron."( Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Increases Absorption of Glycine-Bound Iron in Mice with Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Ko, HS; Lim, YH; Park, KT; Sim, I, 2020)		0.81
" However, its absorption rate or plasma levels are impaired in bacterial infection or high glucose levels."( An association between glycine and insulin levels is observed in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes.
Alvarado-Vasquez, N; Bernal-Alcántara, D; Castillejos-López, M; Cerón, E; Juárez-Cruz, E; López-Bello, G; Moreno, J; Sommer, B; Zenil-Vega, M, 2020)		0.87
" Our work shows for the first time that glyphosate exposure impairs metaphase II mouse oocyte quality via two mechanisms: 1) disruption of the microtubule organizing center and chromosomes such as anomalous pericentrin formation, spindle fiber destruction and disappearance, and defective chromosomal alignment and 2) substantial depletion of intracellular zinc bioavailability and enhancement of reactive oxygen species accumulation."( Glyphosate Induces Metaphase II Oocyte Deterioration and Embryo Damage by Zinc Depletion and Overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species.
Abu-Soud, HM; Bai, D; Chatzicharalampous, C; Khan, SN; Kohan-Ghadr, HR; Morris, RT; Yahfoufi, ZA, 2020)		0.56
"Chelating agents can increase the bioavailability of heavy metals and enhance their enrichment in plants."( [Enhanced Phytoextraction of Cadmium Contaminated Soil by
He, H; He, YL; Li, PR; Xie, SQ; Yu, J; Zhou, K, 2020)		0.56
"This study assessed the relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) in cattle."( Relative bioavailability of guanidinoacetic acid delivered ruminally or abomasally to cattle.
Pearl, KA; Speer, HF; Titgemeyer, EC, 2020)		0.56
" In this study, as witnessed via characterizing the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of glyphosate to cowpea plants in soils applied with or without earthworm casts (EWCs), EWCs could significantly facilitate glyphosate desorption from soil, thus enhance its bioaccessibility, nonetheless, sharply decreased rather than increased the accumulation of glyphosate in cowpea plants via reducing the residue pool of glyphosate in the soil."( Earthworm casts restrained the accumulation and phytotoxicity of soil glyphosate to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) plants.
Jiang, L; Liang, J; Lin, Y; Pan, B; Wang, B; Yang, Y, 2021)		0.62
" It sorbs strongly to particles in soil and sediments and this reduces bioavailability so that exposures to non-target organisms in the environment are acute and decrease with half-lives in the order of hours to a few days."( Ecotoxicology of Glyphosate, Its Formulants, and Environmental Degradation Products.
Duke, SO; Prosser, RS; Rodríguez-Gil, JL; Solomon, KR, 2021)		0.62
"The roxadustat PK data in Japanese DD-CKD patients with renal anaemia were well described by a 2-compartment disposition model with first-order absorption and interindividual variability on clearance, central volume of distribution and absorption rate constant."( Population pharmacokinetics of roxadustat in Japanese dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients with anaemia.
Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Komatsu, K; Shibata, T; Shiga, T; Takada, A, 2022)		0.72
" The identified key covariates included coadministration of PBs on the roxadustat bioavailability and age on clearance of roxadustat."( Population pharmacokinetics of roxadustat in Japanese dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients with anaemia.
Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Komatsu, K; Shibata, T; Shiga, T; Takada, A, 2022)		0.72
"Although Glyphosate-based herbicides are often marketed as environmentally friendly and easily biodegradable, its bioavailability and risks to wildlife raise significant concerns."( Glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate in soils and earthworms in a French arable landscape.
Bertrand, C; Bretagnolle, V; Coeurdassier, M; Delhomme, O; Deschamps, M; Fritsch, C; Gaba, S; Millet, M; Nélieu, S; Pelosi, C, 2022)		0.72
" The bioavailability of organic matter was higher in the southeastern of the reservoir than in the northwestern."( Morphological characteristics of amino acids in wet deposition of Danjiangkou Reservoir in China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
Chang, T; Ma, M; Song, B; Wang, H; Wang, Z; Wu, L; Zhao, T, 2022)		0.72
"AZD4625 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of oncogenic KRASG12C as demonstrated in cellular assays and in vivo in preclinical cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft models."( AZD4625 is a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of KRASG12C.
Atkinson, J; Baker, T; Bickerton, S; Chakraborty, A; Ciotta, G; Cosulich, S; Davies, M; Del Barco Barrantes, I; Hanson, L; Kettle, JG; Koers, A; Lewis, H; Magiera, L; Martins, CP; Niedbala, M; Peter, A; Polanski, R; Robinson, D; Ross, S; Underwood, Z; Whiteley, R; Wigmore, E, 2022)		0.72
" Four seasonal field campaigns in eutrophic Lake Taihu and a 14-day phytoplankton degradation experiment were carried out to determine the variability and bioavailability of amino acids."( Spatiotemporal pattern and biodegradation process of amino acids in the large shallow eutrophic lake Taihu, China.
Chao, J; Fan, T; Gao, G; Liu, H; Liu, L; Yao, X, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

Glycine dosage from 250 mg/kg b. decreased responsiveness at high benzoate dosage. CPCCOEt (1mM), a selective mGlu1 receptor antagonist, counteracted the effect induced by (S)-3,5-DHPG. Furosemide at a concentration of 1 mM depressed the maximal peak amplitude of the dose-response curve for either GABA or glycine to about 70% of control.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In this case, however, the dosage of GABA required to produce a given depression was significantly less than the required dosage of glycine."( Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on phasic respiratory neurons.
Boyarsky, LL; Toleikis, JR; Wang, L, 1979)		0.46
" The effects on the amino acids are not due to a change in the food intake caused by dosing with arsenate."( The effects of sodium arsenate on the free amino acid levels in erythrocytes and plasma in rats.
Kilroe-Smith, TA; McLoughlin, JL, 1979)		0.26
" The basic principles of pharmacokinetics are outlined and their application to the design of dosage regimens described."( Pharmacokinetics of antiarrhythmic drugs.
Shand, DG; Woosley, RL, 1978)		0.26
"Calves were dosed with 50 g of copper oxide granules orally or given 120 mg copper glycinate subcutaneously."( Copper administration to young calves: oral dosing with copper oxide compared with subcutaneous copper glycinate injection.
Cunningham, P; Deland, MP; Dewey, DW; Milne, ML, 1979)		0.26
" We conclude that this mixture and dosage of amino acid analogues can meet the dietary requirements of chronic uremic patients for methionine, valine, leucine and isoleucine."( Nitrogen balance of uremic patients receiving branched-chain ketoacids and the hydroxy-analogue of methionine as substitutes for the respective amino acids.
Mitch, W; Walser, M, 1977)		0.26
" Injection of protein or glycoprotein precursors into one Rc produced heavy labeling of both Rcs including their processes; a slight labeling of other ganglion compartments was only found after increasing the dosage of the amino acids glycine and leucine."( Transfer of radioactive material between electrically coupled neurons of the leech central nervous system.
Kreutzberg, GW; Rieske, E; Schubert, P, 1975)		0.44
"Both chenodeoxycholic acid, in the dosage administered for dissolution of gallstones, and cholic acid are completely conjugated during one passage through the liver."( [Conjugation of chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid during passage through liver].
Paumgartner, G; Preisig, R; Schultheiss, HR; v Bergmann, K, 1975)		0.25
" At a dosage of 90 mg/kg, a significant decrease in temperature was noted at 4 and 8 hr after administration, but no significant difference was noted at 12 hr."( Hypothermic response following administration of 2-amino-4-pentenoic acid (allylglycine).
Liliedahl, RL; Piepho, RW; Ryan, CF, 1975)		0.48
" The monotherapy with the applied amino acids in the same dosage showed no tumor inhibition."( Potentiated chemotherapeutic activity of 3,6-diamino-10-methyl-acridinium by combination with glycine or DL-alpha-alanine on the Ehrlich carcinoma.
Osswald, H, 1975)		0.47
" This observation can be interpreted as indication that within this dosage range there is an absence of morphine-like subjective effects."( Analogs of the delta opioid receptor selective cyclic peptide [2-D-penicillamine,5-D-penicillamine]-enkephalin: 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine and Gly3-Phe4 amide bond isostere substitutions.
Anthony, E; Beardsley, PM; Chandrakumar, NS; Drury, B; Lopez, OT; Reichman, M; Savage, MA; Stapelfeld, A; Williamson, LN, 1992)		0.28
" Simultaneously, a dose-response diuretic and natriuretic effect was observed with all the aminoacids."( Renal and systemic effects of aminoacids administered separately: comparison between L-arginine and non-nitric oxide donor aminoacids.
Caramelo, C; Casado, S; Cernadas, MR; Digiuni, E; Espinosa, G; Gallego, MJ; Hernando, L; López-Farré, A; Riesco, A, 1992)		0.28
" Neither bicuculline nor strychnine antagonized the taurine effect, as revealed by absence of a shift to right, a change in slope or in the taurine IC50 value in the dose-response curve."( Taurine induces bicuculline/strychnine-insensitive dose-dependent inhibition of cortical visual evoked responses.
Cañas, P; Hernández, A; Pérez, H, )		0.13
" Increasing the concentration of conantokin-G causes the NMDA dose-response curve to shift to progressively higher concentrations."( Conantokin-G selectively inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes injected with mouse brain mRNA.
Hammerland, LG; Olivera, BM; Yoshikami, D, 1992)		0.28
" Therapy with benzoate, 500 mg/kg per day, was started on day 5, and the dosage was increased to 750 mg/kg per day on day 8, with prompt normalization of the neurologic and electroencephalographic findings."( Dextromethorphan and high-dose benzoate therapy for nonketotic hyperglycinemia in an infant.
Francomano, CA; Hamosh, A; Johnston, MV; McDonald, JW; Niedermeyer, E; Valle, D, 1992)		0.52
" In the healthy individuals, urinary guanidinoacetic acid excretion increased 5-fold by 2 h after dosing (15."( Clinical test of renal guanidinoacetic acid metabolism by oral citrulline and creatine loading.
Kadono, K; Tetsutani, T; Yamaguchi, T; Yasunaga, K, 1992)		0.28
" Focal dosed vacuum was found the most effective."( [The effect of different vacuum therapy regimens on protein and mineral metabolism in periodontal tissues].
Chulak, LD; Goncharov, OS; Ivannikov, VI; Kovalenko, AF, )		0.13
" Parenteral injections of D-cycloserine produced a biphasic dose-response curve which suggested partial agonism."( Actions of D-cycloserine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate-associated glycine receptor site in vivo.
Cler, JA; Emmett, MR; Iyengar, S; Mick, SJ; Rao, TS; Wood, PL, 1991)		0.52
" The dose-response relation for low concentrations of glycine indicated that the measured level of glycine contamination accounted for these responses."( Glycine decreases desensitization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and is required for NMDA responses.
Bennett, MV; Lerma, J; Zukin, RS, 1990)		1.97
" A half-maximum dose of 55 microM was calculated from the sigmoid NMDA dose-response curve in the presence of 10 microM Gly."( Proteolytic enzymes do not destroy the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) sensitivity of acutely isolated hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neurons from postnatal rats.
Gündel, J; Matthies, H; Steinhäuser, C, 1990)		0.28
" The two current components have different dose-response characteristics, with the nondesensitizing component being activated more effectively at lower concentrations than the desensitizing component and also reaching its peak at lower concentrations."( A characterization of glycinergic receptors present in cultured rat medullary neurons.
Ahmed, Z; Faber, DS; Lewis, CA, 1991)		0.6
" The icb dose-response data indicated a unimolecular interaction for these compounds."( Glycine, glycinamide and D-serine act as positive modulators of signal transduction at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in vivo: differential effects on mouse cerebellar cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels.
Cler, JA; Emmett, MR; Iyengar, S; Mick, SJ; Rao, TS; Wood, PL, 1990)		1.72
" The dose-response relationship of quisqualate acting at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor was measured as that portion of the whole-cell current activated by quisqualate that could be blocked by the addition of two NMDA antagonists, 5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid, a competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor-associated glycine site, and D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate, a competitive NMDA binding site antagonist."( Quisqualate activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons maintained in culture.
Grudt, TJ; Jahr, CE, 1990)		0.45
" Ethanol shifted the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) dose-response curves to the right in a non-parallel manner."( Ethanol inhibition of NMDA mediated depolarizations is increased in the presence of Mg2+.
Bian, XP; Martin, D; Morrisett, RA; Swartzwelder, HS; Wilson, WA, 1991)		0.28
" Dose-response curves were well fit by the logistic equation, or by a model with 2 independent agonist binding sites."( Structure-activity relationships for amino acid transmitter candidates acting at N-methyl-D-aspartate and quisqualate receptors.
Mayer, ML; Patneau, DK, 1990)		0.28
" Analysis of dose-response curves for the action of glycine on responses to 100 microM-NMDA revealed a 3-fold higher potency of glycine for potentiation of peak versus steady-state responses, with concentrations for half-activation of 134 and 382 nM, respectively."( Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor desensitization by glycine in mouse cultured hippocampal neurones.
Benveniste, M; Mayer, ML; Vyklický, L, 1990)		0.77
" As in the in vitro experiments, the dose-response curve for the antagonist was shifted rightward in a parallel fashion when D-serine was coinjected."( Activity of 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid, a potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site.
Baron, BM; Harrison, BL; McDonald, IA; Miller, FP; Palfreyman, MG; Salituro, FG; Schmidt, CJ; Sorensen, SM; White, HS, 1990)		0.49
" This corresponds to the dosage of glycine used."( [Metabolic risks in surgical hysteroscopy].
Achilli Cornesse, ME; Aquaron, R; Bautrand, E; Blanc, B; Boubli, L; Houvenaeghel, M; Manelli, JC, 1990)		0.56
" Studies in rats with adjuvant arthritis showed that a long dosing regimen inhibited primary and secondary lesions."( Profile of activity of a new anti-inflammatory agent, ST 679 (MED 15).
Arrigoni-Martelli, E, 1990)		0.28
" Dosage was 300 mg/day for the first 14 days and then 600 mg/day."( N,N dimethylglycine and epilepsy.
Gascon, G; Patterson, B; Slotnick, H; Yearwood, K, )		0.51
" We conclude that the duration and dosage of glutamine administration (equivalent to 26 gm glutamine per day in a patient weighing 70 kg) used in this study are not sufficient to restore glutamine deficiency of the skeletal muscle in the depleted state."( Glutamine-containing dipeptides as infusion substrates in the septic state.
Fürst, P; Karner, J; Ollenschläger, G; Roth, E; Simmel, A, 1989)		0.28
" The dose-response curves for L-aspartate, measured on the background of several glycine concentrations, were close to Langmuir isotherms with Kd values practically independent of the concentration of glycine."( Glycine action on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons.
Chizhmakov, IV; Kiskin, NI; Krishtal, OA, 1989)		1.95
" In both young and old rats and mice, hippuric acid (HA) was the major urinary metabolite after oral dosing of BA."( Age-related changes in the disposition of benzyl acetate. A model compound for glycine conjugation.
Birnbaum, LS; Diliberto, JJ; McMahon, TF, )		0.36
" Betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and sarcosine were equipotent in decreasing the incidence of seizures and death, causing a 38 to 72 percent decrease in the incidence of seizures and death at a dosage of 5 mmole/kg."( Prevention of strychnine-induced seizures and death by the N-methylated glycine derivatives betaine, dimethylglycine and sarcosine.
Freed, WJ, 1985)		0.82
" Both the glycine-extended VIP and VIP having a carboxyl group at the C-terminus caused a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of smooth muscle activity and displayed dose-response curves similar to VIP."( Non-amidated forms of VIP (glycine-extended VIP and VIP-free acid) have full bioactivity on smooth muscle.
Fahrenkrug, J; Ottesen, B; Palle, C, 1989)		0.98
" The concentration of glycine required to produce a half-maximal response was 670 nanomolar, and the glycine dose-response curve extrapolated to zero in the absence of glycine."( Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Dingledine, R; Kleckner, NW, 1988)		0.94
"The striatal concentration of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and homovanillic acid (HVA) was assessed in adult male rabbits exposed to styrene vapours or dosed with mandelic acid (MA), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) and phenylglycine (PG)."( Styrene metabolism and striatal dopamine depletion in rabbits.
Falzoi, M; Franchini, I; Lucertini, S; Mutti, A; Romanelli, A, 1985)		0.45
" Dose-response analysis reveals that the AA-gated cation conductance activated by kainate requires the binding of two agonist molecules."( Properties of two classes of rat brain acidic amino acid receptors induced by distinct mRNA populations in Xenopus oocytes.
Davidson, N; Fong, TM; Lester, HA, 1988)		0.27
" The dosage of glycine was initiated at 600 mg/day and was increased gradually until a maximum dosage of 6,000 mg/day was reached."( Therapeutic trial with glycine in myoclonus.
Fahn, S; Truong, DD, 1988)		0.94
"Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by gavage daily for 28 days with 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg of N-(all-trans-retinoyl)-DL-leucine (RL), N-(all-trans-retinoyl)glycine (RG), or all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)."( Toxicologic and immunologic evaluations of N-(all-trans-retinoyl)-DL-leucine and N-(all-trans-retinoyl)glycine.
Dillehay, DL; Giles, HD; Hill, DL; Lamon, EW; Lindamood, C; Sani, BP; Shealy, YF, 1988)		0.69
"1 g) of mice dosed with forphenicine or forphenicinol."( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of forphenicine in mouse serum and muscle by pre-column fluorescence derivatization using 1,2-diamino-4,5-ethylenedioxybenzene as fluorogenic reagent.
Chao, WF; Kai, M; Ohkura, Y, 1988)		0.27
" Elevation of serum CaBP was not observed when calcium in the dosing solution was omitted or replaced by either glucose or glycine."( Calcium-dependent translocation of calbindin-D28k from intestine to blood.
Cowan, RG; Fullmer, CS; Lee, YS; Reimers, TJ; Wasserman, RH, 1988)		0.48
" Urinary excretion of ethoxyacetic acid (EAA) and its glycine conjugate was followed up to 60 h after dosing and compared to data of experimentally exposed human volunteers."( Comparative urinary excretion of ethoxyacetic acid in man and rat after single low doses of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
Groeseneken, D; Masschelein, R; Van Vlem, E; Veulemans, H, 1988)		0.52
" Following oral single-pulse labelling in a dosage of 10 mg 15N/kg body weight the 15N-excretion in stools and urine as well as the 15N-abundance in plasma proteins and in the TCA-soluble plasma fraction were determined."( Excretion of 15N and incorporation into plasma proteins after high-dosage pulse labelling with various tracer substances in infants.
Friedrich, M; Heine, W; Martens, E; Müller, M; Walther, F; Wutzke, KD, 1987)		0.27
" The method is very simple, and sensitive enough to permit the quantification of forphenicinol in the blood samples from man dosed with forphenicinol."( Simple determination of forphenicinol in human plasma and erythrocytes by HPLC with native fluorescence detection.
Kai, M; Ohkura, Y; Ohno, M; Tamura, K, 1986)		0.27
" The present study examined acetate and other simple physiological compounds with close relationships to carbon and one-carbon moiety metabolic pathways for their ability to attenuate digit malformations upon concomitant dosing with ME."( Attenuation of 2-methoxyethanol and methoxyacetic acid-induced digit malformations in mice by simple physiological compounds: implications for the role of further metabolism of methoxyacetic acid in developmental toxicity.
Greene, JA; Sleet, RB; Welsch, F, )		0.13
" These studies indicate that insulin sensitivity of AA is similar to that of glucose disposal and that AA responses to insulin exhibit a physiologically relevant, dose-response relationship."( Insulin dose-dependent reductions in plasma amino acids in man.
Fukagawa, NK; Minaker, KL; Rowe, JW; Young, VR, 1986)		0.27
" [15N]H4Cl and [15N]yeast protein-thermitasehydrolysate (YPTH) in a dosage of 50 mg 15N excess kg-1 by gastric tube."( [The dose dependence of 15N-incorporation in organ proteins of newborn rats after pulse labeling with different tracers].
Friedrich, M; Heine, W; Plath, C; Richter, I; Sorokina, EG; Wutzke, KD; Zhukova, TP, )		0.13
"Biotin deficiency associated with total parenteral nutrition is an emerging clinical problem; criteria for diagnosis and dosage for treatment are unclear."( Biotin deficiency complicating parenteral alimentation: diagnosis, metabolic repercussions, and treatment.
Baker, H; Baswell, DL; Holman, RT; Mock, DM; Sweetman, L, 1985)		0.27
" The log dose-response curve for depolarization was sigmoid with a mean ED(50) of 12."( Depolarizing actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and related compounds on rat superior cervical ganglia in vitro.
Bowery, NG; Brown, DA, 1974)		0.25
" Dose-response curves were then constructed for those currents giving less than complete depression."( Amino-acid induced depression of cortical neurones.
Johnson, ES; Roberts, MH; Straughan, DW, 1970)		0.25
" Rabbits and rats dosed with 1-bromobutane excrete in urine, in addition to butylmercapturic acid, (2-hydroxybutyl)mercapturic acid, (3-hydroxybutyl)mercapturic acid and 3-(butylthio)lactic acid."( Some metabolites of 1-bromobutane in the rabbit and the rat.
James, SP; Jeffery, DA; Waring, RH; Wood, PB, 1968)		0.25
" Analysis of the effect of naloxone on GABA dose-response curves indicates that naloxone acts as a competitive antagonist at the neuronal GABA receptors."( Naloxone antagonism of GABA-evoked membrane polarizations in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons.
Barker, JL; Gruol, DL; Smith, TG, 1980)		0.26
" We examined ionophoretic dose-response relations of the cells at stage 26, a couple of hours after the first acquisition of GABA sensitivity."( The appearance and development of chemosensitivity in Rohon-Beard neurones of the Xenopus spinal cord.
Bixby, JL; Spitzer, NC, 1982)		0.26
" Dose-response curves were obtained for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the presence and in the absence of glycine, and it was concluded that GABA and glycine are likely to activate the same receptors."( Effects of glycine on the crayfish neuromuscular junction. I. Glycine-operated inhibitory postsynaptic channels and a glycine-effected decrease in membrane conductance.
Finger, W, 1983)		0.87
" Most of the effects for both compounds followed a typical dose-response curve, but GPS gave a bimodal response in certain tests."( Influence of feeding chlorocholine chloride and glyphosine on selected immune parameters in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus.
Hinsdill, RD; Olson, LJ, 1984)		0.27
"Twelve fasting normal volunteers received three aspirin dosage forms in a single-dose, complete crossover study; the plasma and urine levels of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid were measured for 10 hr."( Kinetics of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid following oral administration of aspirin as a tablet and two buffered solutions.
Mason, WD; Winer, N, 1981)		0.26
" Although there was no appreciable inhibition of the reduction of pyridine nucleotide at dosage levels less than 150 mg PMG/kg, the extent of inhibition increased as the dose was raised to 240 mg PMG/kg."( Inhibition of succinate-linking reduction of pyridine nucleotide in rat liver mitochondria 'in vivo' by N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine.
Bababunmi, EA; Olorunsogo, OO, 1980)		0.47
" More extensive studies showed that over 99% of the urine samples collected within 18h of dosage with 6 mg INH would give positive results when tested for the presence of INA and INAG, and that doses of 2-6 mg INH could readily by incorporated into capsules or tablets and used as markers for monitoring the ingestion of the antituberculosis or antileprosy drugs dapsone, thiacetazone, ethionamide or prothionamide, or the antihypertensive oxprenolol."( An evaluation of the potential use of isoniazid, acetylisoniazid and isonicotinic acid for monitoring the self-administration of drugs.
Downs, PA; Ellard, GA; Jenner, PJ, 1980)		0.26
"Eighteen healthy volunteers were administered single doses of commercially available solid dosage forms of aspirin, magnesium salicylate (I), and choline magnesium trisalicylate (II), equivalent to approximately 500 mg of salicylic acid, in a randomized, complete crossover design."( Comparative plasma salicylate and urine salicylurate levels following administration of aspirin, magnesium salicylate, and choline magnesium trisalicylate.
Mason, WD, 1980)		0.26
" The dose-response curves for GABA and glycine were sigmoidal with saturating concentrations of 100 and 300 microM, respectively."( GABA- and glycine-activated currents in the rod bipolar cell of the rabbit retina.
Dacheux, RF; Gillette, MA, 1995)		0.96
" A significant positive correlation was found between the log P of the acylated amino acids and the decrease in serum calcium following oral dosage of sCT in rats."( N-acylated alpha-amino acids as novel oral delivery agents for proteins.
Achan, D; Chaudhary, K; DeMorin, F; Falzarano, L; Haas, S; Kalbag, S; Kaplan, D; Leipold, H; Leone-Bay, A; Santiago, N, 1995)		0.29
" Ethanol dose-response analysis revealed enhanced inhibitory efficacy of ethanol in the presence of subsaturating glycine concentrations at the NR1/NR2A, NR1/NR2C, and NR1/NR2D receptors."( Glycine modulates ethanol inhibition of heteromeric N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Buller, AL; Larson, HC; Monaghan, DT; Morrisett, RA, 1995)		1.94
" The dose-response curves established at 50 bar, 100 bar and 150 bar were shifted progressively to the right, with no effect on the maximal current."( The effect of high pressure on glycine- and kainate-sensitive receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Daniels, S; Doyle, MG; Price, DJ; Shelton, CJ; Smith, EB, 1993)		0.57
" Cumulative nitrogen retention was positive for both dosage groups (low dose, 15."( Anabolic effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in cachectic patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Butterfield, GE; Harrison, D; Hoffman, AR; Lieberman, SA, 1994)		0.29
" Pretreatment with glycine, an agonist to the glycine/NMDA receptors, shifted the dose-response effect of felbamate to the right (ED50 = 56."( Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission through both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors is involved in the anticonvulsant activity of felbamate in DBA/2 mice.
Aguglia, U; Bertorelli, R; De Sarro, A; De Sarro, G; Ongini, E, 1994)		0.62
" Thus, although unstable Hb disease is correctly regarded as dominant, we clearly see a dosage effect in its expression, whereby the homozygous state is still compatible with life although the red blood cells contain nearly 100% unstable Hb."( Severe hemolytic anemia associated with the homozygous state for an unstable hemoglobin variant (Hb Bushwick).
Buckley, M; Kaeda, JS; Luzzatto, L; Roper, D; Srivastava, P; Vulliamy, TJ, 1995)		0.29
" The dose-response curve of PS action showed significant potentiation above 250 nM and a half-maximal effect at approximately 29 microM."( Pregnenolone sulfate potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels in hippocampal neurons.
Bowlby, MR, 1993)		0.29
" Dose-response analysis showed that both the potentiating and inhibitory effects of Zn2+ result from changes in apparent agonist affinity."( Modulation by zinc ions of native rat and recombinant human inhibitory glycine receptors.
Betz, H; Kirsch, J; Kuhse, J; Laube, B; Rundström, N; Schmieden, V, 1995)		0.52
" Anticonvulsant activity in DBA/2 mice was achieved after dosing by direct injection into the cerebral ventricles, but no activity was seen after systemic administration, suggesting low brain penetration with this class of antagonists."( Identification of 3,5-dihydro-2-aryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]quinoline-1,4(2H)-diones as novel high-affinity glycine site N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists.
Ball, RG; Barton, C; Bristow, L; Grimwood, S; MacLeod, AM; Marshall, GR; Saywell, KL, 1995)		0.51
" Dose-response curves showed that DCG-IV was weaker than NMDA but more potent than glutamate in eliciting agonist-gated currents."( Metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist DCG-IV as NMDA receptor agonist in immature rat hippocampal neurons.
Opitz, T; Pidoplichko, VI; Reymann, KG; Shinozaki, H; Wilsch, VW, 1994)		0.29
"Effects of gavage versus dosed feed administration on the toxicokinetics of benzyl acetate were studied in male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice."( Effects of gavage versus dosed feed administration on the toxicokinetics of benzyl acetate in rats and mice.
Abdo, K; Bugge, C; Clark, J; Espinosa, O; Garcia, D; Goehl, TJ; Yuan, JH, 1995)		0.29
" In its presence, the dose-response curve for RP 67580 was dose-dependently shifted to the left."( The glycine B receptor partial agonist, (+)-HA966, enhances induction of antinociception by RP 67580 and CP-99,994.
Millan, MJ; Seguin, L, 1994)		0.85
" Studying the dose-response curves for glycine in different Ca2+ solutions, we found that the apparent dissociation constant (EC50) for glycine decreases with increasing external Ca2+ concentrations."( Modulation of glycine affinity for NMDA receptors by extracellular Ca2+ in trigeminal neurons.
Gu, Y; Huang, LY, 1994)		0.92
" Ketamine, an NMDA-receptor antagonist prevented completely the QUIN-induced hippocampal damage at a dosage of 40 mg/kg (140 mumol/kg, intraperitoneally applied)."( Ketamine, but not glycine modulates quinolinate-induced neurodegeneration.
Henschke, G; Keilhoff, G; Wolf, G, )		0.47
" Dose-response showed that DL-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine was about 100 and 500 times more potent than cis-methanoglutamate and NMDA, respectively."( The NMDA receptor agonist DL-(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine is a highly potent excitotoxin.
Lunn, WH; McDonald, JW; Salhoff, CR; Schoepp, DD, 1994)		0.81
" Despite giving a higher dosage (240 mg/kg BM per day) normalization of glycine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was not achieved."( Response to sodium benzoate treatment in non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia.
Hobusch, D; Krüger, G; Radke, M; Stolpe, HJ; Tittelbach-Helmrich, W; Uhlemann, M; Walther, F, 1994)		0.52
" The time course and dose-response relationships for this effect were examined after treatment with two representative antidepressant drugs (imipramine and citalopram) and electriconvulsive shock (ECS)."( Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex following chronic antidepressant treatments.
Layer, RT; Nowak, G; Paul, IA; Popik, P; Skolnick, P, 1994)		0.29
" In contrast, L-687,414 did not increase limbic CMRglc, nor evoke vacuolation when given in the neuroprotective dose-regime or at the higher dosage rate."( Lack of effect of L-687,414 ((+)-cis-4-methyl-HA-966), an NMDA receptor antagonist acting at the glycine site, on cerebral glucose metabolism and cortical neuronal morphology.
Hargreaves, RJ; Hill, RG; Rigby, M; Smith, D, 1993)		0.5
" The fact that the concentrations of neither GAA nor Arg changed significantly after the injection of 14C-Arg in either group suggested that the dosage of injected Arg is not sufficient to affect the transformation of Arg to GAA."( Study on impaired metabolism of guanidinoacetic acid in chronic renal failure rabbits with special reference to impaired conversion of arginine to guanidinoacetic acid.
Kuroda, M, 1993)		0.29
" These two current components have different dose-response characteristics for GABA, with the nondesensitizing component being activated more effectively and reaching its peak amplitude at lower agonist concentrations than the desensitizing one."( GABA responses and their partial occlusion by glycine in cultured rat medullary neurons.
Faber, DS; Lewis, CA, 1993)		0.54
" The highest dosage employed (1800 mg/die) performs an excellent therapeutical activity which is equivalent to that at the 1200 mg in reducing pain symptomatology, but on the average less tolerated."( [A clinical study to determine the optimal dosage of ST-679 in the treatment of rheumatic diseases].
Donati, G; Spinazzè, R, 1993)		0.29
" Decreased responsiveness at high benzoate dosage indicates that the availability of coenzyme A is another factor that also limits the capacity of glycine conjugation."( Dependence of glycine conjugation on availability of glycine: role of the glycine cleavage system.
Fekete, T; Gregus, Z; Klaassen, CD; Varga, F, 1993)		0.85
" Further characterization of the dose-response effects of the compounds on quisqualate induced [Ca2+]i mobilization showed that although the magnitude of phenylglycine inhibition was reduced for both mGluR subtypes compared to those observed for stimulation of PI hydrolysis (except for 4C3HPG on mGluR1 alpha), similar differences in the relative potencies of the phenylglycines between mGluR1 alpha (IC50s: 40 +/- 10 microM for 4C3HPG: 300-1000 microM for 4CPG and M4CPG) and mGluR5a (IC50s: > 1000 microM) were evident."( Pharmacological analysis of 4-carboxyphenylglycine derivatives: comparison of effects on mGluR1 alpha and mGluR5a subtypes.
Burnett, JP; Kingston, AE; Lodge, D; Mayne, NG, 1995)		0.75
" Dose-response curves yielded an EC50 of about 50 microM."( Patch-clamp analysis of glycine-induced currents in chick ciliary ganglion neurons.
Berg, DK; Zhang, ZW, 1995)		0.6
" The dosage used in Group A1 was as efficacious as that used in Group A2."( [Clinical trial comparing a new NSAID with 2 different dosages and diclofenac in patients with arthralgia in acute phase].
Alicicco, E; Delfino, M; Kleszczynski, D, 1995)		0.29
" CP4 EPSPS degrades readily in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, suggesting that this protein will be degraded in the mammalian digestive tract upon ingestion as a component of food or feed, There were no deleterious effects due to the acute administration of CP4 EPSPS to mice by gavage at a high dosage of 572 mg/kg body wt, which exceeds 1000-fold tha anticipated consumption level of food products potentially containing CP4 EPSPS protein."( The expressed protein in glyphosate-tolerant soybean, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4, is rapidly digested in vitro and is not toxic to acutely gavaged mice.
Bailey, MR; Burnette, BL; Fuchs, RL; Hammond, BG; Harrison, LA; Mitsky, TA; Naylor, MW; Nickson, TE; Nida, DL; Padgette, SR; Ream, JE; Taylor, ML, 1996)		0.29
" Finally, glucagon-stimulated insulin secretion by RIN cells expressing the mutant receptor was decreased such that the dose-response curve was shifted to the right in comparison to that obtained with cells expressing the wild type receptor."( The Gly40Ser mutation in the human glucagon receptor gene associated with NIDDM results in a receptor with reduced sensitivity to glucagon.
Abrahamsen, N; Froguel, P; Hager, J; Hansen, LH; Jelinek, L; Kindsvogel, W; Nishimura, E, 1996)		0.29
") facilitated DNMS performance significantly with an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve when given 30 min before testing."( D-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine site coupled to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, improves visual recognition memory in rhesus monkeys.
Aigner, TG; Matsuoka, N, 1996)		0.56
" Dose-response curves obtained for slow and fast desensitizing cells displayed similar degrees of cooperativity and antagonist affinity, but clearly greater GABA sensitivity for fast desensitizing cells."( Heterogeneous current responses to GABA and glycine are present in post-natally cultured hippocampal neurons.
Barry, PH; Fatima-Shad, K, 1995)		0.55
" The ability of intrathecal glycine and the glycine derivative betaine to reverse strychnine-induced allodynia was also determined using dose-response analysis."( Strychnine-dependent allodynia in the urethane-anesthetized rat is segmentally distributed and prevented by intrathecal glycine and betaine.
Loomis, CW; Sherman, SE, 1995)		0.79
" Dose-response curves of non inactivated and inactivated NMDA responses showed that the apparent receptor affinity for NMDA is not different under the two conditions."( Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of NMDA receptors: fast kinetics and high Ca2+ sensitivity in rat dorsal horn neurons.
Albuquerque, C; Gu, J; Kyrozis, A; MacDermott, AB, 1996)		0.29
" The glutamate- or NAAG-mediated blockage of calcium channels showed indistinguishable dose-response curves, with K1/2 = 388 and 350 nM for glutamate and NAAG, respectively."( Glutamate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate block HVA calcium currents in frog olfactory bulb interneurons via an mGluR2/3-like receptor.
Bischofberger, J; Schild, D, 1996)		0.29
"N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dose-response relationships that are based on macroscopic currents suggest that NMDA and a different agonist molecule, glycine, must together activate the channel."( Single-channel evidence for glycine and NMDA requirement in NMDA receptor activation.
Currás, MC; Pallotta, BS, 1996)		0.79
" In a dosage of 150-300 mg/kg they are severe, and above 500 mg/kg potentially fatal."( [Successful therapy of salicylate poisoning using glycine and activated charcoal].
Conen, D; Mühlebach, S; Steger, P; Wyss, PA, 1996)		0.55
" Furthermore, inhibition by PS of the glycine-induced current appears to be of a competitive type since the drug induces a parallel, rightward shift of the glycine dose-response curve."( Competitive inhibition of the glycine-induced current by pregnenolone sulfate in cultured chick spinal cord neurons.
Chen, SC; Tsai, JJ; Wu, FS, 1997)		0.86
" CPPG produces rightward parallel shifts of the dose-response curves for both L-AP4- and (1S,3S)-ACPD, with Schild slope in each case close to unity, consistent with a competitive mechanism of antagonism."( Potent antagonists at the L-AP4- and (1S,3S)-ACPD-sensitive presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the neonatal rat spinal cord.
Jane, DE; Thomas, NK; Tse, HW; Watkins, JC, 1996)		0.29
" Generalized tonic-clonic seizures observed in EP mice were inhibited by valproate, administered 1 h prior to testing, in a dose-response fashion."( Effects of valproate on amino acid and monoamine concentrations in striatum of audiogenic seizure-prone Balb/c mice.
Alexiuk, NA; Vriend, JP, 1996)		0.29
" The thrombin inhibitors were given intravenously, and complete concentration- and/or dose-response curves were constructed."( The importance of enzyme inhibition kinetics for the effect of thrombin inhibitors in a rat model of arterial thrombosis.
Deinum, J; Elg, M; Gustafsson, D, 1997)		0.3
" Dose-response curves were right-shifted by aging (twice the dose was required to achieve the same enhancement compared with controls)."( Age- and dose-dependent facilitation of associative eyeblink conditioning by D-cycloserine in rabbits.
Disterhoft, JF; Thompson, LT, 1997)		0.3
" Furosemide at a concentration of 1 mM depressed the maximal peak amplitude of the dose-response curve for either GABA or glycine to about 70% of control."( Action of furosemide on GABA- and glycine currents in rat septal cholinergic neurons in culture.
Kumamoto, E; Murata, Y, 1997)		0.78
"Elimination of drug molecules via tubular secretion is an important pharmacokinetic parameter especially for oral dosage forms where an extremely short half-life would prevent their application."( Inhibition of the conjugation of PABA with glycine in vitro by sulfamoyl benzoic acids, sulfonamides, and penicillins and its relation to tubular secretion.
Ehlert, C; Seydel, JK; Strunz, H; Visser, K; Wiese, M, 1998)		0.56
" Lymphocyte beta2-adrenoceptor parameters and a dose-response curve to inhaled albuterol (200 to 1600 microg) were evaluated at 36 hours after the last dose of each treatment period."( Beta2-adrenoceptor regulation and bronchodilator sensitivity after regular treatment with formoterol in subjects with stable asthma.
Aziz, I; Hall, IP; Lipworth, BJ; McFarlane, LC, 1998)		0.3
"There were no significant differences in the mean values for albuterol dose-response effects among the three treatment regimens."( Beta2-adrenoceptor regulation and bronchodilator sensitivity after regular treatment with formoterol in subjects with stable asthma.
Aziz, I; Hall, IP; Lipworth, BJ; McFarlane, LC, 1998)		0.3
" In both cases, analysis of the resulting dose-response curves revealed three independent components of glycine and glutamate sensitivity."( Evidence for a tetrameric structure of recombinant NMDA receptors.
Betz, H; Kuhse, J; Laube, B, 1998)		0.51
" In the rat perfused liver, the hepatic extraction ratio of ONO-5046 was significantly reduced by adding BSA to the dosing solution."( Hepatic clearance of ONO-5046, a novel neutrophil elastase inhibitor, in rats and in the rat perfused liver.
Higashi, Y; Higashikawa, F; Murakami, T; Okochi, A; Sato, M; Takano, M; Yata, N, 1998)		0.3
" the dose-response curve is bell-shaped."( The C-terminal tetrapeptide of beta-endorphin (MPF) enhances lymphocyte proliferative responses.
Ensor, DM; Miles, JB; Morley, JS; Owen, DL, 1998)		0.3
"Chronic dosing with the glycine partial NMDA agonist, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) elicited an altered allosteric regulation of cortical NMDA receptor binding."( Chronic dosing with 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid, a glycine partial agonist, modulates NMDA inhibition of muscarinic-coupled PI hydrolysis in rat cortical slices.
Boje, KM; Lakhman, SS, 1998)		0.85
" However, it is considered that these findings could be attributed to the long-term repeated dosing procedure, and were not toxic changes."( [Toxicity study of sodium N-[2-[4-(2,2-dimethylpropionyloxy) phenylsulfonylamino] benzoyl] aminoacetate tetrahydrate (ONO-5046.Na) (5). 6-month repeated dose intravenous toxicity study in dogs with 1-month recovery test].
Fujita, T; Ide, M; Ishii, T; Katsumata, T; Numata, H; Okamoto, M; Suzuki, H; Tamura, K, 1998)		0.3
" The effect of fasting for 14 hr before dosing was studied."( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [14C]dichloroacetate in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Identification of glycine conjugates, including hippurate, as urinary metabolites of dichloroacetate.
Cornett, R; Davydova, N; Henderson, GN; James, MO; Jayanti, VM; Katovich, MJ; Pollock, B; Stacpoole, PW; Yan, Z, 1998)		0.51
" In dose-response curves, KA potentiated IGly without significantly changing glycine binding affinity."( Modulation of the glycine response by Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in rat spinal neurones.
Akaike, N; Jin, YH; Li, JS; Xu, TL, 1999)		0.87
" In addition, increasing concentrations of PCCG-13 were able to shift to the right the agonist dose-response curve but had no effect when tested on other receptors coupled to PLD."( Antagonist pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptors coupled to phospholipase D activation in adult rat hippocampus: focus on (2R,1'S,2'R,3'S)-2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine versus 3, 5-dihydroxyphenylglycine.
Albani-Torregrossa, S; Attucci, S; Marinozzi, M; Moroni, F; Pellegrini-Giampietro, DE; Pellicciari, R, 1999)		0.49
"25 mg/kg) acelysine ensured chronometric and structural hypocoagulation as early as 1 h after dosed infusion and throughout the entire intervention, preventing thrombosis of microvascular anastomoses."( [The prevention of thrombus formation and the improvement of the blood rheological properties during operations with a microsurgical technic. I. The possibilities for using acelysin--an acetylsalicylic acid derivative].
Mikhaĭlova, OM; Roĭtman, EV; Shibaev, EIu; Smirnova, LA; Svetlov, VA; Vabishchevich, AV, )		0.13
" The ACPC steady-state dose-response curve had both stimulatory and inhibitory phases."( Putative partial agonist 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid acts concurrently as a glycine-site agonist and a glutamate-site antagonist at N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
Benveniste, M; Fossom, LH; Nahum-Levy, R; Skolnick, P, 1999)		0.53
" NMDA (10 microM-1 mM) dose-response curves produced in the presence of con-G or con-T (1 or 3 microM) resulted in a downward shift of the current response at saturation with NMDA, without affecting the EC50."( Inhibition of NMDA-induced currents by conantokin-G and conantokin-T in cultured embryonic murine hippocampal neurons.
Castellino, FJ; Galdzicki, Z; Klein, RC, 1999)		0.3
" LY354740 and LY379268 were protective against transient global ischemia in gerbils when dosed intraperitoneally."( Neuroprotective actions of novel and potent ligands of group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Battaglia, G; Bond, A; Bruno, V; Clark, BP; Harris, JR; Kingston, AE; Lodge, D; Monn, JA; Nicoletti, F; O'Neill, MJ; Schoepp, DD, 1999)		0.3
"Our results showed no difference between formoterol and salmeterol in the degree of functional antagonism against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction at the end of a 12-h dosing interval in patients who expressed the homozygous glycine-16 genotype."( Functional antagonism with formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients expressing the homozygous glycine-16 beta(2)-adrenoceptor polymorphism.
Aziz, I; Dempsey, OJ; Lipworth, BJ, 2000)		0.71
"In Drosophila, the MSL complex is required for the dosage compensation of X-linked genes in males and contains a histone acetyltransferase, MOF."( The yeast NuA4 and Drosophila MSL complexes contain homologous subunits important for transcription regulation.
Allard, S; Cote, J; Eisen, A; Lane, WS; Lucchesi, JC; Nourani, A; Schmidt, P; Utley, RT, 2001)		0.31
" In this study, it has been found that at a chlorine dosage of 15 mg/L and contact time of 15 min, the percentage total coliform kill in As-samra wastewater sample was 100%."( Determination of N-chloramines in As-samra chlorinated wastewater and their effect on the disinfection process.
al-Sheikh, AM; Fayyad, MK, 2001)		0.31
" However, for use in prophylaxis of thrombotic diseases such inhibitors should be orally available, must be safe to avoid bleeding complications and should have an appropriate half-life, allowing once or twice daily dosing to maintain adequate antithrombotically effective blood levels."( Advances in the development of thrombin inhibitors.
Hauptmann, J; Steinmetzer, T; Sturzebecher, J, 2001)		0.31
" An affinity difference of three- to eightfold between high-and low-affinity agonist-binding states was estimated from fitting of dose-response data with models containing both types of desensitization."( Desensitization of NMDA receptor channels is modulated by glutamate agonists.
Benveniste, M; Lipinski, D; Nahum-Levy, R; Shavit, S, 2001)		0.31
" There was negative linear correlation between the dosage of carnitine and formation of [(3)H]AFB(1)-DNA adducts in the hepatocytes; however, the partitioning of AFB(1) into cellular compartments was not affected by carnitine."( Carnitine alters binding of aflatoxin to DNA and proteins in rat hepatocytes and cell-free systems.
Sachan, DS; Yatim, AM, 2001)		0.31
" The concentration of melagatran that produced an International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2 was calculated from dose-response curves for each assay, and these results revealed that reagents with a high ISI value gave an INR of 2 at much lower concentrations of melagatran (0."( Effect of melagatran on prothrombin time assays depends on the sensitivity of the thromboplastin and the final dilution of the plasma sample.
Lindahl, TL; Mattsson, C; Menschiek-Lundin, A; Wåhlander, K, 2001)		0.31
" In contrast, dosing with 60 mg/kg of CW252053 produced a cure rate against tumor growth of 37."( In vivo antitumor efficacy of CW252053, a folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitor.
Baek, DJ; Ha, JR; Oh, SW, 2001)		0.31
" The study did not evaluate a dose-response for efficacy, and no differences between the three dose levels of melagatran and ximelagatran were shown."( A dose-ranging study of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, and its subcutaneous form, melagatran, compared with dalteparin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism after hip or knee replacement: METHRO I. MElagatran for THRombin inhibition in
Arfwidsson, AC; Bylock, A; Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Fager, G; Frison, L; Gustafsson, D; Kälebo, P, 2002)		0.31
" A progress of psychomotor development was only observed in one patient, diagnosed early and treated with a high dosage of L-serine."( Congenital microcephaly and seizures due to 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency: outcome of treatment with amino acids.
De Koning, TJ; Dorland, L; Duran, M; Gooskens, R; Jaeken, J; Pineda, M; Poll-The, BT; Van Maldergem, L, 2002)		0.31
" A dose-response study demonstrated that doses of DCG-IV as low as 5 nmol was very toxic in terms GAD mRNA and apoptosis."( DCG-IV but not other group-II metabotropic receptor agonists induces microglial BDNF mRNA expression in the rat striatum. Correlation with neuronal injury.
Cano, J; Machado, A; Matarredona, ER; Santiago, M; Tomás-Camardiel, M; Venero, JL, 2002)		0.31
" Study A involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of the absorption of ferrous sulfate (through a nonheme-iron absorption pathway); study B involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with ferrous sulfate for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway; study C involved the measurement of the dose-response curve of heme-iron absorption; study D involved the competition of iron bis-glycine chelate with hemoglobin for the heme-iron absorption pathway; and studies E and F were the same as studies A and B, except that the iron bis-glycine chelate was encapsulated in enteric gelatin capsules so that it would not be processed in the stomach."( Iron bis-glycine chelate competes for the nonheme-iron absorption pathway.
Arredondo, M; Gidi, V; Hertrampf, E; Letelier, A; Mazariegos, DI; Olivares, M; Pizarro, F, 2002)		0.92
" The level of desensitization changed neither the EC(50) value nor the Hill coefficient of the glycine dose-response curves because the amplitude of the current was measured at the peak of the responses."( Desensitization of homomeric alpha1 glycine receptor increases with receptor density.
Badiu, CI; Legendre, P; Meier, J; Muller, E; Triller, A; Vannier, C, 2002)		0.81
" Glycine dose-response curves were shifted to the right by GES (0."( Guanidinoethyl sulphonate is a glycine receptor antagonist in striatum.
Chepkova, AN; Haas, HL; Sergeeva, OA, 2002)		1.51
" A Zn(2+) chelating agent, tricine, potentiated GABA currents for the alphabeta constructs and vertically displaced GABA dose-response curves, suggesting that these receptors are subject to some inhibition by basal Zn(2+)."( Redox modulation of GABAA receptors obscured by Zn2+ complexation.
Smart, TG; Wilkins, ME, 2002)		0.31
" We investigated these claims by examining dose-response curves of barley plants treated with glyphosate at various calcium concentrations in the presence of these adjuvants."( Adjuvant influence on glyphosate efficacy in the presence of CA2+.
Gaudry, JC; Gauvrit, C, 2001)		0.31
" We did a multicentre, randomised, double-blind study to examine the dose-response relation of subcutaneous melagatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, followed by oral ximelagatran as thromboprophylaxis after total hip or knee replacement."( Ximelagatran and melagatran compared with dalteparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: the METHRO II randomised trial.
Bergqvist, D; Bylock, A; Dahl, OE; Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gustafsson, D; Kälebo, P; Lindbratt, S; Welin, L, 2002)		0.31
" CPCCOEt (1mM), a selective mGlu1 receptor antagonist, perfused in combination with (S)-3,5-DHPG, counteracted the effect induced by (S)-3,5-DHPG, but did not change per se the extracellular PAG glycine values, even at the highest dosage used (2 mM)."( Type I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate periaqueductal grey glycine release: interaction between mGlu2/3 and A1 adenosine receptors.
de Novellis, V; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Palazzo, E; sca Rossi, F; Scafuro, A; Uliano, R, 2002)		0.73
" The optimal dosage for each administration route was calculated from the pharmacokinetic data on the basis of the area under the inhibitory plasma concentration-time curve (AUIC) every 24h and was found to be 13."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin-glycine acetate after intravenous and intramuscular administration to horses.
Park, SC; Yun, HI, 2003)		0.58
" This direct comparison conclusively confirms that horseweed plants collected in western Tennessee in 2002 are resistant to 4 times the normal application dosage of glyphosate."( Shikimate accumulates in both glyphosate-sensitive and glyphosate-resistant horseweed (Conyza canadensis L. Cronq.).
Hayes, RM; Main, CL; Massey, JH; Mueller, TC; Stewart, CN, 2003)		0.32
"The discovery of a functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cyclooxygenase 1 locus may ultimately improve the safe and effective use of acetylsalicylic acid by better tailoring of dosage with an individual's genetic variation."( Genetic variation in cyclooxygenase 1: effects on response to aspirin.
Halushka, MK; Halushka, PV; Walker, LP, 2003)		0.32
" The present study indicates that clinically relevant concentrations of the tested thrombin inhibitors interfere with endothelial-mediated APC generation, which may offer an explanation for the lack of a dose-response effect in clinical trials with thrombin inhibitors."( Inhibition of endothelial cell-mediated generation of activated protein C by direct and antithrombin-dependent thrombin inhibitors.
Frebelius, S; Jansson, K; Linder, R; Swedenborg, J, 2003)		0.32
" Compared with placebo, platelet deposition and relative fibrin content were reduced after both heparin and melagatran, in the latter case with a dose-response relationship."( Melagatran attenuates fibrin and platelet deposition in a porcine coronary artery over-stretch injury model.
Björnheden, T; Carlsson, S; Grip, L; Mattsson, C; Scherstén, F; Wahlund, G, 2003)		0.32
" Furthermore, with no need for dosage adjustment or therapeutic drug monitoring there is emerging evidence that ximelagatran may replace warfarin as the anticoagulant of choice."( The METHRO trials.
Hamaad, A; Lip, GY; Tayebjee, MH, 2003)		0.32
" N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked currents were greatly and reversibly potentiated by bath application of nefiracetam resulting in a bell-shaped dose-response curve."( Potentiation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced currents by the nootropic drug nefiracetam in rat cortical neurons.
Marszalec, W; Moriguchi, S; Narahashi, T; Yeh, JZ; Zhao, X, 2003)		0.32
" To support the design of a pivotal dose-finding study, the impact of individualised dosage based on bodyweight and calculated creatinine clearance was examined."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
" The impact of individualised dosage on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability was evaluated by simulations of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
" Simulations demonstrated that individualised dosage based on creatinine clearance or bodyweight had no clinically relevant impact on the variability in melagatran pharmacokinetics or on the effect on APTT."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
"The relatively low impact of individualised dosage on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of melagatran supported the use of a fixed-dose regimen in the studied population of orthopaedic surgery patients, including those with mild to moderate renal impairment."( Pharmacokinetics of melagatran and the effect on ex vivo coagulation time in orthopaedic surgery patients receiving subcutaneous melagatran and oral ximelagatran: a population model analysis.
Eriksson, BI; Eriksson, UG; Frison, L; Gisleskog, PO; Gustafsson, D; Hamrén, B; Karlsson, MO; Mandema, JW; Wählby, U, 2003)		0.32
" Fluvoxamine was administered for 6 weeks with a specific dosage plan (50-200 mg/day) in 66 Japanese major depressive patients."( Monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism, 5-HT 2A receptor gene polymorphism and incidence of nausea induced by fluvoxamine.
Higuchi, H; Inoue, K; Ito, K; Itoh, K; Kamata, M; Naito, S; Ohkubo, T; Sato, K; Shimizu, T; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, H; Yoshida, K, 2003)		0.32
" There were no differences between NVAF patients and controls for the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve, Cmax, half-life (t1/2), or bioavailability (F) of melagatran after oral dosing with ximelagatran."( Consistent pharmacokinetics of the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in healthy subjects.
Eriksson, UG; Grind, M; Svensson, M; Wåhlander, K; Wollbratt, M; Wolzt, M, 2003)		0.32
" In experimental models of thrombosis, melagatran has been shown to have a shallower dose-response curve than warfarin and, therefore, a better separation between efficacy and bleeding."( Oral direct thrombin inhibitors in clinical development.
Gustafsson, D, 2003)		0.32
" Corresponding dose-response relationships are close to single-site binding isotherms."( Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators.
Chatterjee, SS; Kondratskaya, EL; Krishtal, OA, 2003)		0.32
" Methylmercapturic acid and N-(methylthioacetyl)glycine have been isolated from the urine of the dosed animals."( BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF TOXIC AGENTS. THE METABOLISM OF IODOMETHANE.
BARNSLEY, EA; YOUNG, L, 1965)		0.5
" However, LY487379 markedly potentiated glutamate-stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding in a concentration-dependent manner at hmGluR2, shifting the glutamate dose-response curve leftward by 3-fold and increasing the maximum levels of [35S]GTPgammaS stimulation."( Pharmacological characterization and identification of amino acids involved in the positive modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2.
Bain, G; Bristow, LJ; Chavez-Noriega, LE; Daggett, LP; Jachec, C; Morales, S; Pinkerton, AB; Rao, SP; Rowe, BA; Schaffhauser, H; Varney, MA; Vernier, JM; Yin, R, 2003)		0.32
") dosing were investigated in two open-label studies in healthy males: (i)."( Pharmacokinetics and anticoagulant effect of the direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran following subcutaneous administration to healthy young men.
Eriksson, UG; Johansson, S; Larson, G; Larsson, M; Ohlsson, L; Wåhlander, K, 2003)		0.32
" Coexpression of alpha(1)- and beta-subunits resulted in a significantly lower EC(50) and a reduced slope of the dose-response curve of glycine compared with expression of alpha(1)-subunits alone."( Kinetic analysis of recombinant mammalian alpha(1) and alpha(1)beta glycine receptor channels.
Bufler, J; Cetinkaya, C; Dengler, R; Grosskreutz, J; Krampfl, K; Mohammadi, B; Moschref, H, 2003)		0.76
" They were challenged on the eighth day with one dosage and sacrificed 3 h later."( Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is associated with effect of amphetamine on brain neurons.
Li, LT; Lin, WW; Yin, HS; Yu, MF, 2003)		0.32
" Argatroban and melagatran delivered biphasic dose-response curves."( Effects of lepirudin, argatroban and melagatran and additional influence of phenprocoumon on ecarin clotting time.
Fenyvesi, T; Harenberg, J; Jörg, I; Weiss, C, 2003)		0.32
"A suite of dose-response bioassays with white mustard (Sinapis alba L) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) in the greenhouse and with three herbicides was used to analyse how the fluorescence induction curves (Kautsky curves) were affected by the herbicides."( Linking fluorescence induction curve and biomass in herbicide screening.
Christensen, MG; Streibig, JC; Teicher, HB, 2003)		0.32
" The magnitude of the leftward shift in the agonist dose-response curve for the two mutant combinations was in agreement with a subunit stoichiometry of 3alpha:2beta."( Stoichiometry of recombinant heteromeric glycine receptors revealed by a pore-lining region point mutation.
Beato, M; Burzomato, V; Groot-Kormelink, PJ; Sivilotti, LG, 2003)		0.58
" (+)-HA-966 was evaluated as pretreatment on a complete dose-response for cocaine self-administration."( Effects on cocaine and food self-administration of (+)-HA-966, a partial agonist at the glycine/NMDA modulatory site, in rats.
Carnovali, F; Cervo, L; Cocco, A, 2004)		0.55
" The adequacy of the mechanism and the rate constants thus fitted was judged by examining how well these described the observed dwell-time distributions, open-shut correlation, and single-channel P(open) dose-response curve."( The activation mechanism of alpha1 homomeric glycine receptors.
Beato, M; Colquhoun, D; Groot-Kormelink, PJ; Sivilotti, LG, 2004)		0.58
" For this purpose, 16 healthy young volunteers were randomly divided to ingest in a double-blind fashion either creatine monohydrate or placebo (maltodextrine) at a dosage of 20 g/day for the first week (loading phase) and 5 g/day for 19 subsequent wk (maintenance phase)."( Plasma guanidino compounds are altered by oral creatine supplementation in healthy humans.
De Deyn, PP; Derave, W; Eijnde, BO; Hespel, P; Marescau, B; Vanden Eede, E, 2004)		0.32
" NMDA currents recorded in Mg2+-free media without addition of glycine were reversibly potentiated by bath and U-tube applications of galantamine at 10 to 10,000 nM, showing a bell-shaped dose-response relationship."( Mechanism of action of galantamine on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat cortical neurons.
Marszalec, W; Moriguchi, S; Narahashi, T; Yeh, JZ; Zhao, X, 2004)		0.56
" Furthermore, vitamin K antagonists have a narrow therapeutic window that necessitates careful anticoagulation monitoring, and dosing is problematic because of multiple food and drug interactions."( Orally active direct thrombin inhibitors.
Weitz, J, 2003)		0.32
" The best dosing regimen and optimal timing of first dose for melagatran and ximelagatran remain to be determined, as do the mechanism and impact of drug disturbance of hepatic function."( Advances in anticoagulation therapy: the role of selective inhibitors of factor Xa and thrombin in thromboprophylaxis after major orthopedic surgery.
Andersen, JC, 2004)		0.32
" The elimination half-life of pentasaccharide is about 17 h, which allows a convenient once-daily dosing regime."( [New anticoagulants in clinical practice].
Boda, Z, 2004)		0.32
" Oral ximelagatran dosing not only inhibits thrombin activity rapidly, competitively, and potently, but also delays and suppresses thrombin generation."( Ximelagatran--a promising new drug in thromboembolic disorders.
Petersen, P, 2005)		0.33
" Dose-response assays showed significant differences between low and high spraying volume treatments as expected, the former being much more effective than the latter."( The correlation of the spraying volume with herbicide adherence and herbicide penetration in glyphosate treatments.
Bastida, F; Menéndez, J, 2004)		0.32
" However, urinary PAG excretion was similar in rats dosed solely with amiodarone or in combination with phenobarbitone, despite the fact that the degree of phospholipid accumulation was far less in rats given the combined treatment."( Phenylacetylglycine, a putative biomarker of phospholipidosis: its origins and relevance to phospholipid accumulation using amiodarone treated rats as a model.
Delaney, J; Leonard, MS; Miles, A; Neville, WA; Swain, A; Waterfield, CJ, )		0.51
" In the continuous flow experiments, the dose-response curve of glutamate-induced current was shifted to the right-hand side in co-expression oocytes compared with oocytes expressing NMDAR alone."( Glutamate transporter type 3 attenuates the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
Fang, H; Zuo, Z, 2005)		0.33
" Furthermore, WIN 55,212-2 at a dosage of 8 nmol/rat decreased RVM ON-cell (57+/-7%) and increased OFF-cell ongoing activities (26+/-4%)."( Periaqueductal grey CB1 cannabinoid and metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptors modulate changes in rostral ventromedial medulla neuronal activities induced by subcutaneous formalin in the rat.
de Novellis, V; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Mariani, L; Palazzo, E; Rossi, F; Scafuro, M; Vita, D, 2005)		0.33
"6 mg/d) from a daily dosage of 100 mg iron from FSD."( Bioavailability of oral iron drugs as judged by a 59Fe-whole-body counting technique in patients with iron deficiency anaemia. Therapeutic efficacy of iron(II)-glycine sulfate.
Buggisch, P; Fischer, R; Kongi, R; Nielsen, P, 2005)		0.53
" H-89, per se, did not modify glutamate release but reduced extracellular GABA value at the higher dosage used (200 microM)."( Differential roles of mGlu8 receptors in the regulation of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid release at periaqueductal grey level.
de Novellis, V; Maione, S; Marabese, I; Mariani, L; Palazzo, E; Rodella, L; Rossi, F; Siniscalco, D, 2005)		0.33
" Peak plasma melagatran concentrations are reached approximately 2 hours after oral dosing of ximelagatran to healthy volunteers, and melagatran is eliminated with a half-life of approximately 3 hours with clearance predominantly by renal excretion."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ximelagatran.
Eriksson, UG; Sarich, TS; Wolzt, M, 2005)		0.33
" Our data revealed that taurine showed time- and dose-response effects on CYP7A1 mRNA levels in Hep G2 cells."( Enhancing effect of taurine on CYP7A1 mRNA expression in Hep G2 cells.
Chen, W; Goda, T; Lam, NV; Nishimura, N; Suruga, K; Yokogoshi, H, 2006)		0.33
"In Drosophila melanogaster, X chromosome dosage compensation is achieved by doubling the transcription of most X-linked genes."( The amino-terminal region of Drosophila MSL1 contains basic, glycine-rich, and leucine zipper-like motifs that promote X chromosome binding, self-association, and MSL2 binding, respectively.
Li, F; Parry, DA; Scott, MJ, 2005)		0.57
" Bile samples were collected for 3 to 8 h after dosing from group 2 subjects in addition to the urine and feces collection."( Glucuronidation as a major metabolic clearance pathway of 14c-labeled muraglitazar in humans: metabolic profiles in subjects with or without bile collection.
Aurang, C; Cheng, PT; Everett, DW; Humphreys, WG; Mosqueda-Garcia, R; Swaminathan, A; Wang, L; Wu, S; Xue, Y; Zhang, D, 2006)		0.33
" Potentiating Zn(2+) concentrations shifted the dose-response curves for the three agonists to the left and decreased the Hill coefficient for glycine and beta-alanine but not taurine."( Modulation of inhibitory glycine receptors in cultured embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons by zinc, thiol containing redox agents and carnosine.
Thio, LL; Zhang, HX, 2006)		0.84
" Dose-response experiments established that the glyphosate rate causing 50% mortality (LD(50)) for the resistant (R) biotype is 14 times greater than for the susceptible (S) biotype."( Glyphosate, paraquat and ACCase multiple herbicide resistance evolved in a Lolium rigidum biotype.
Cairns, A; Powles, S; Yu, Q, 2007)		0.34
"Parkinson disease related to LRRK2 is characterized by typical clinical features, and the similarities between patients with homozygous and heterozygous mutations do not support a gene dosage effect."( Clinical features of Parkinson disease patients with homozygous leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 G2019S mutations.
Amouri, R; Brice, A; Dürr, A; Farrer, MJ; Foroud, TM; Gibson, R; Griffith, A; Hattori, N; Hentati, F; Ishihara, L; Leppert, D; Lesage, S; Middleton, L; Nichols, WC; Tazir, M; Uitti, RJ; Warren, L; Watts, R; Wszolek, ZK; Zabetian, CP, 2006)		0.33
" During a 14-d holding period, we observed dose-response relationships in the ability of hatchlings to right themselves when turned on their backs."( Toxicity of glyphosate as Glypro and LI700 to red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans) embryos and early hatchlings.
Bickham, J; Doelling-Brown, P; Matson, C; Sparling, DW, 2006)		0.33
" In immunoblotting analysis, nefiracetam treatment increased the PKCalpha activity with a bell-shaped dose-response relationship peaking at 10 nM, thereby increasing phosphorylation of PKC substrate and NMDA receptor."( Nefiracetam potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function via protein kinase C activation and reduces magnesium block of NMDA receptor.
Fukunaga, K; Maejima, H; Marszalec, W; Moriguchi, S; Narahashi, T; Shioda, N; Yeh, JZ; Zhao, X, 2007)		0.34
" Comparisons between individuals with heterozygous and homozygous LRRK2 mutations suggested that gene dosage was not correlated with phenotypic differences; however, the estimated penetrance was greater in homozygotes across all age groups."( Screening for Lrrk2 G2019S and clinical comparison of Tunisian and North American Caucasian Parkinson's disease families.
Akkari, PA; Amouri, R; Ben Sassi, S; Ben Yahmed, S; Burn, DJ; El Euch-Fayeche, G; Elango, R; Freeman, A; Gibson, RA; Gouider-Khouja, N; Hattori, N; Hentati, F; Hunter, C; Ishihara, L; Jankovic, J; Kefi, M; Leppert, D; Lyons, K; Middleton, L; Nance, M; Pahwa, R; Ragone, L; Reeves, KH; Surh, L; Swartz, JE; Thomas, S; Warren, L; Watts, RL; Wielinski, C; Zouari, M, 2007)		0.34
"Muraglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, was dosed orally to rats once daily for 13 weeks to evaluate urinary and urothelial changes of potential relevance to urinary bladder tumorigenesis."( Subchronic urinary bladder effects of muraglitazar in male rats.
Arnold, LL; Cano, M; Cohen, SM; Dominick, MA; Mitroka, J; Sanderson, TP; Schilling, BE; Van Vleet, TR; Waites, CR; White, MR, 2007)		0.34
"0% of the recommended dosage (i."( Foliar-applied glyphosate substantially reduced uptake and transport of iron and manganese in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants.
Cakmak, I; Eker, S; Erenoglu, B; Ozturk, L; Romheld, V; Yazici, A, 2006)		0.33
" Based on a Petri dish dose-response bioassay, the OR and the SF populations were two and fivefold more resistant to glyphosate when compared to the susceptible (S) population, respectively; however, based on a whole-plant dose-response bioassay, both OR and SF populations were fivefold more resistant to glyphosate than the S population, implying that different resistance mechanisms might be involved."( Investigating the mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in Lolium multiflorum.
Colquhoun, J; Mallory-Smith, CA; Park, KW; Perez-Jones, A; Polge, N, 2007)		0.34
" The proposed method is rapid and sensitive and, therefore, suitable for the routine control of these ingredients in multicomponent dosage forms."( Determination of the analgesic components of Spasmomigraine tablet by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.
El-Dawy, MA; Elbarbry, FA; Mabrouk, MM, )		0.13
" Oral [(13)C]formate or [2-(13)C]glycine dosing and urine collection can be used to study purine biosynthesis in humans."( 13C enrichment of carbons 2 and 8 of purine by folate-dependent reactions after [13C]formate and [2-13C]glycine dosing in adult humans.
Baggott, JE; Gorman, GS; Tamura, T, 2007)		0.84
" It has advantages to cuvette techniques because cells have intact dendritic tree and synaptic function and it is a convenient method to obtain reliable dose-response curves for NMDA channel modulators on differentiated neural cells."( Measurements with fluorescent probes in primary neural cultures; improved multiwell techniques.
Ring, A; Tanso, R, )		0.13
" Dose-response assays were conducted to characterize the extreme populations further, and shikimate accumulation in vivo was determined using a spectrophotometric method."( Response of wild Brassica juncea populations to glyphosate.
Huangfu, CH; Qiang, S; Song, XL; Zhang, HJ, 2007)		0.34
"These findings suggest that an acute high dosage of glycine attenuates MMN in healthy controls, raising the possibility that optimal effects of glycine and other glycine agonists may depend on the integrity of the NMDA receptor system."( Acute high-dose glycine attenuates mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human controls.
Croft, RJ; Leung, S; Nathan, PJ; O'Neill, BV, 2008)		0.94
"The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of norfloxacin-glycine acetate (NFLXGA) was investigated in pigs after a single intravenous (i."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin-glycine acetate after intravenous and oral administration in pigs.
Chang, ZQ; Hwang, MH; Jeong, KS; Kim, JC; Lee, MH; Oh, BC; Park, SC; Yun, HI, 2007)		0.85
" Human cadaver skin was dosed (approximately 375microg) of [14C]-glyphosate on 3cm2 per skin."( Skin decontamination of glyphosate from human skin in vitro.
Chan, HP; Hui, X; Maibach, HI; Zhai, H, 2008)		0.35
" injection of aggregated Abeta25-35 in dosage 30nmol/rat resulted in impairment in spatial alternation behavior."( Effects of beta-amyloid on behavioral and amino acids spectrum in rats' brain and their modulation by embryonic proteins.
Aghajanov, M; Mkrtchyan, L; Navasardyan, G; Safaryan, K; Yenkoyan, K, )		0.13
" The cysteine increase may be due to the significant higher dosing of daily LD/DCI and the significant higher morning LD/DCI dose 1 hour before blood sampling in PD patients with tHcy above 15 when compared with the remaining PD patients and the controls."( Cysteine elevation in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease.
Kuhn, W; Müller, T, 2009)		0.35
" The results of the urine tests suggest that aluminum ion is hardly absorbed by mice if it is dosed alone."( Enhancement of aluminum intake of mice by specific amino acids: long-term dosing.
Aikoh, H; Shibahara, T; Yamato, M, 2007)		0.34
"In subjects with persistent asthma, the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism does not alter lung function responses to SAL or FSC over the 12 hour dosing interval following acute and chronic dosing."( Acute and chronic lung function responses to salmeterol and salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate in relation to Arg16Gly beta(2)-adrenergic polymorphisms.
Anderson, WH; Edwards, LD; Klotsman, M; Ortega, HG; Yancey, SW, 2009)		0.35
" Clinical factors such as gender, age, duration of illness, education level, diagnostic subtype and medication dosage were recorded."( Effects of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism on aripiprazole efficacy in schizophrenic patients as modified by clinical factors.
Chen, CH; Chen, SF; Shen, YC, 2009)		0.35
" Dose-response experiments indicated a glyphosate tolerance ratio [ED(50)(C."( Nontarget mechanims involved in glyphosate tolerance found in Canavalia ensiformis plants.
Cruz-Hipolito, H; De Prado, R; Heredia, A; Osuna, MD; Ruiz-Santaella, JP, 2009)		0.35
" Our experience suggests that intravenous sivelestat offers a new therapeutic strategy for infantile ARDS/ALI, but further investigation of the indication, administration period, and dosage is required."( Sivelestat treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome in an infant.
Goto, K; Hagiwara, S; Hidaka, S; Iwasaka, H; Matsumoto, S; Noguchi, T; Shingu, C, 2009)		0.35
" Ex vivo receptor occupancy with [(3)H]FTIDC revealed that the receptor occupancy level by FTIDC correlated well with FTIDC dosage and plasma concentration."( Correlation of receptor occupancy of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) in mouse brain with in vivo activity of allosteric mGluR1 antagonists.
Hata, M; Hikichi, H; Inoue, T; Ito, S; Kawagoe-Takaki, H; Kawamoto, H; Kimura, T; Maehara, S; Murai, T; Ohta, H; Ozaki, S; Satow, A; Suzuki, G, 2009)		0.35
" In the topical dosing study, a significant decline in BAPSG delivery was observed in the iris-ciliary body but no significant changes were observed in other tissues of the anterior segment of the eye including tears."( Probenecid treatment enhances retinal and brain delivery of N-4-benzoylaminophenylsulfonylglycine: an anionic aldose reductase inhibitor.
Ayalasomayajula, SP; DeRuiter, J; Kompella, UB; Sunkara, G, 2010)		0.58
" The dosage was 28 mg of elemental iron and 1 mg of riboflavin per child per day."( Efficacy of fortification of school meals with ferrous glycine phosphate and riboflavin against anemia and angular stomatitis in schoolchildren.
Rajagopalan, S; Vinodkumar, M, 2009)		0.6
" Moreover, antitumor activity was shown via multiple dosing routes, including oral gavage."( Evaluation of the proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 in preclinical models of human cancer.
Bannerman, B; Berger, A; Blank, J; Bolen, J; Bruzzese, F; Cao, Y; Dick, L; Fitzgerald, M; Fleming, P; Garcia, K; Hales, P; Kupperman, E; Lee, EC; Liu, J; Manfredi, M; Rolfe, M; Tsu, C; Yang, Y; Yu, J; Yu, L, 2010)		0.36
" When placed within Saccharomyces cerevisiae G alpha subunit Gpa1, the fast-hydrolysis mutation restored appropriate dose-response behaviors to pheromone signaling in the absence of RGS-mediated GAP activity."( Regulators of G-protein signaling accelerate GPCR signaling kinetics and govern sensitivity solely by accelerating GTPase activity.
Cappell, SD; Johnston, CA; Kimple, AJ; Kuravi, S; Lambert, NA; Siderovski, DP; Willard, FS, 2010)		0.36
" Changes were sharp in respect of concentration and showed little dose-response characteristics."( The role of small molecular weight compounds to increase vacuolation induced by VacA toxin in vitro.
Bian, J; Chen, J; Chi, B; Eshita, Y; Fang, X; Hao, W; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Ouyang, X; Su, B; Su, Z; Sun, J; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Zhao, H; Zhao, L, 2010)		0.36
" Interestingly, IC(50)s calculated for each chemical for 24-h acute and 48- and 96-h repeated dosing experiments, using the MTT viability assay and paracellular permeability markers, decreased newly synthesized and total proteins to 10% and 40% of control, respectively."( Effect of metals on β-actin and total protein synthesis in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells.
Barile, FA; Calabro, AR; Gazarian, DI, )		0.13
"1 mol/l HCl-KCl buffer should be administered orally, 15 min before the dosage form."( Modification of gastric pH in the fasted dog.
Abrahamsson, B; Albery, T; Dressman, J; Polentarutti, B, 2010)		0.36
" Using this transcriptome size estimate, we inferred dosage responses for several thousand genes and showed that the majority exhibit partial dosage compensation."( Quantifying whole transcriptome size, a prerequisite for understanding transcriptome evolution across species: an example from a plant allopolyploid.
Coate, JE; Doyle, JJ, 2010)		0.36
"This phase I/II study demonstrates that oral once daily dosing with 130 mg tosedostat is well tolerated and has significant antileukemic activity."( Phase I/II clinical study of Tosedostat, an inhibitor of aminopeptidases, in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia.
Bone, E; Burnett, AK; Davies, F; Dierickx, D; Dührsen, U; Flores, N; Hooftman, L; Jenkins, C; Krug, U; Löwenberg, B; Morgan, G; Müller-Tidow, C; Ossenkoppele, GJ; Richardson, AF; Sonneveld, P; Zachée, P; Zweegman, S, 2010)		0.36
" Single-species tests are useful because they are inexpensive, can demonstrate clear dose-response patterns uncomplicated by other factors influencing growth, and are able to provide a measure of the sensitivity of a given species to glyphosate and atrazine."( Comparison of the effects of glyphosate and atrazine herbicides on nontarget plants grown singly and in microcosms.
Boutin, C; Dalton, RL, 2010)		0.36
" A high number of paclitaxel infusion reactions was noted during the second administration (59%) and this prompted interruption of tosedostat dosing for 5 days around every second and subsequent paclitaxel infusion."( A Phase Ib dose-escalation study to evaluate safety and tolerability of the addition of the aminopeptidase inhibitor tosedostat (CHR-2797) to paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid tumours.
Bone, EA; de Jonge, M; Desar, I; Eskens, FA; Hooftman, L; Timmer-Bonte, JN; van Herpen, CM; Verweij, J, 2010)		0.36
" Here we report applications of CSI to marine samples and describe a technique to study in vivo glycine metabolism in oysters using ¹³C MRS 12 h after immersion in a sea water chamber dosed with [2-¹³C]-glycine."( Applications of chemical shift imaging to marine sciences.
Lee, H; Macdonald, JM; Stoskopf, MK; Tikunov, A, 2010)		0.58
" Serial blood samples, urine, and feces (0-240 h) as well as bile samples (3-8 h after dosing from group 2 subjects) were collected."( Metabolism and disposition of 14C-labeled peliglitazar in humans.
Bonacorsi, S; Chen, S; Cheng, PT; Humphreys, WG; Munsick, C; Wang, L; Zhang, D, 2011)		0.37
" To corroborate the in vitro findings, in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) studies were done following separate dosing of AMG in both rats and humans."( Species difference in the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of amtolmetin guacil.
Dasari, VB; Hotha, KK; Korlakunta, JN; Lakshmanarao, RK; Mullangi, R; Shaik, AN; Shivva, V; Syed, M, 2010)		0.36
" Possible reasons for difference from mideastern reports include endemic diets, population genetics, relative rate of zinc deficiency, difference in background nutrition, insufficient dosage or absorption, or wrong anion (sulfate may be necessary for reported benefit)."( Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine.
Abdel-Rasoul, M; Arnold, LE; Bozzolo, D; Bozzolo, H; Crowl, L; Disilvestro, RA; Fernandez, S; Joseph, E; Mo, X; Ramadan, Y; Thompson, S, 2011)		0.37
" The two pesticides were applied in equal dosage to a structured, tile-drained soil, and the concentration of the pesticides was then measured in drainage water sampled flow-proportionally."( Transport modes and pathways of the strongly sorbing pesticides glyphosate and pendimethalin through structured drained soils.
de Jonge, LW; Ernsten, V; Hansen, N; Jacobsen, OH; Kjær, J; Olsen, P, 2011)		0.37
" Experiments on an SSF planted with Phragmites australis and an unplanted SSF with mainly vertical flow conditions to which Glyphosate was continuously dosed showed that in the planted SSF Glyphosate retardation exceeds 54% compared to 14% retardation in the unplanted SSF."( Comparative studies on the retardation and reduction of glyphosate during subsurface passage.
Grützmacher, G; Heise, S; Krause, B; Litz, NT; Weigert, A, 2011)		0.37
" The results indicate that pretreatment with Parawixin 10 prevents the onset of seizures induced with kainic acid, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and pentylenetetrazole in a dose-response manner."( Neurobiological activity of Parawixin 10, a novel anticonvulsant compound isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom (Araneidae: Araneae).
Beleboni, RO; Coutinho-Netto, J; Cunha, AO; dos Santos, WF; Fachim, HA; Gobbo-Neto, L; Lopes, NP; Pereira, AC, 2011)		0.37
" Finally, AZD9668 prevented airspace enlargement and small airway wall remodeling in guinea pigs in response to chronic tobacco smoke exposure whether dosed therapeutically or prophylactically."( AZD9668: pharmacological characterization of a novel oral inhibitor of neutrophil elastase.
Churg, A; Ekholm, K; Falk-Håkansson, H; Gränse, M; Jungar, C; Kozma, V; Lal, H; Lindahl, M; Ottosson, T; Sanfridson, A; Stevens, T; Wright, JL, 2011)		0.37
" In this study, we delivered a single dose of mequindox to mice with dosage levels of 15, 75, and 350 mg/kg body weight and collected urine samples over a 7 day period, as well as plasma and liver tissues at 7 days postdose."( Dynamic metabolic response of mice to acute mequindox exposure.
Huang, C; Lei, H; Nie, X; Tang, H; Wang, Y; Zhao, XJ, 2011)		0.37
" For this mixture, a dose-response approach was used to treat mesocosms with the ERCs of each herbicide as the base concentration."( Effects of glyphosate and two herbicide mixtures on microbial communities in prairie wetland ecosystems: a mesocosm approach.
Cessna, AJ; Glozier, N; Lawrence, JR; Sura, S; Tumber, V; Waiser, M, )		0.13
" Cinacalcet dosage required to normalize calcium in MEN1 and sPHPT was not significantly different (45±21 vs 54±25 mg/day)."( MEN1-related hyperparathyroidism: response to cinacalcet and its relationship with the calcium-sensing receptor gene variant Arg990Gly.
Beck-Peccoz, P; Corbetta, S; Eller-Vainicher, C; Ermetici, F; Filopanti, M; Olgiati, L; Persani, L; Spada, A; Verga, U, 2012)		0.38
" Our experience suggests that multidrug therapy with Sivelestat offers a new therapeutic strategy for preterm labor, but further investigations of the indications, administration period and dosage are required."( Initial experience using Sivelestat to manage preterm labor with a bulging fetal membrane in pregnant women.
Masaoka, N; Nakajima, Y, 2012)		0.38
" This provided enough safety information for starting a multiple ascending dose study, showing less visual symptoms after twice daily dosing and titration, possibly due to tolerance."( Early stage development of the glycine-1 re-uptake inhibitor SCH 900435: central nervous system effects compared with placebo in healthy men.
Cohen, AF; de Kam, ML; Franson, KL; Hogg, C; Holder, G; Kamerling, IM; Kleijn, HJ; Liem-Moolenaar, M; Peeters, P; Spaans, E; Udo De Haes, J; van Gerven, JM, 2013)		0.68
" The results show that the glyphosate weed control programs compared to the conventional methods decreased not only the number of herbicide applications but equally in magnitude decreased the dosage of active ingredients."( Yield of glyphosate-resistant sugar beets and efficiency of weed management systems with glyphosate and conventional herbicides under German and Polish crop production.
Kordas, L; Kraus, J; Matzk, A; Nichterlein, H; Stibbe, C, 2013)		0.39
" Random occurrences of cardiovascular malformations were observed across all dose groups (including controls) and did not exhibit a dose-response relationship."( Evaluation of developmental toxicity studies of glyphosate with attention to cardiovascular development.
DeSesso, JM; Kimmel, CA; Kimmel, GL; Williams, AL, 2013)		0.39
" We aimed to compare two dosing regimens of tosedostat."( Two dosing regimens of tosedostat in elderly patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (OPAL): a randomised open-label phase 2 study.
Advani, AS; Charman, A; Cortes, J; Feldman, E; Kantarjian, H; Rizzieri, D; Spruyt, R; Toal, M; Yee, K, 2013)		0.39
" In mouse hippocampal slices, sunifiram at 10-100 nM significantly enhanced LTP in a bell-shaped dose-response relationship which peaked at 10 nM."( Novel nootropic drug sunifiram enhances hippocampal synaptic efficacy via glycine-binding site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.
Fukunaga, K; Moriguchi, S; Narahashi, T; Tanaka, T, 2013)		0.62
"Alternate-day oral dosing of PF-04929113 at 74 mg/m(2) for 21/28 days was generally well tolerated with reversible toxicity."( Phase I trial of the HSP90 inhibitor PF-04929113 (SNX5422) in adult patients with recurrent, refractory hematologic malignancies.
Brega, N; Hinson, JM; Houk, BE; Jillela, A; Reddy, N; Voorhees, PM, 2013)		0.39
"The objective of this review is to evaluate the mechanism of activity, efficacy and dosing of rigosertib."( Real-time nanoscale proteomic analysis of the novel multi-kinase pathway inhibitor rigosertib to measure the response to treatment of cancer.
Fan, AC; Felsher, DW; O'Rourke, JJ; Praharaj, DR, 2013)		0.39
" Land use, localized dosage history, depth below ground and other factors likely control the occurrence of detectable glyphosate residues in groundwater."( Residues of the herbicide glyphosate in riparian groundwater in urban catchments.
Bickerton, G; Brown, SJ; Roy, JW; Van Stempvoort, DR, 2014)		0.4
"Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of creatine (Cr), yet its use in human nutrition is limited due to a lack of a clear understanding of its' dose-response effect."( Dose-response effects of oral guanidinoacetic acid on serum creatine, homocysteine and B vitamins levels.
Drid, P; Hoffman, JR; Ostojic, SM; Stojanovic, M, 2014)		0.4
"5 μmol/L on average at post-administration, yet no dose-response differences were found between trials."( Dose-response effects of oral guanidinoacetic acid on serum creatine, homocysteine and B vitamins levels.
Drid, P; Hoffman, JR; Ostojic, SM; Stojanovic, M, 2014)		0.4
" Mean glyphosate residues in larvae were comparable at 4 days after spray application in the exposure study and also following dosing at a level calculated from the mean measured levels in pollen and nectar, showing the applicability and robustness of the approach for dose setting with honeybee brood studies."( Evaluating exposure and potential effects on honeybee brood (Apis mellifera) development using glyphosate as an example.
Doering, J; Levine, SL; Manson, P; Norman, S; Sutton, P; Thompson, HM; von Mérey, G, 2014)		0.4
" Higher dosage levels typically contributed to an increase in the magnitude of phenotypic changes."( Sub-lethal glyphosate exposure alters flowering phenology and causes transient male-sterility in Brassica spp.
Bollman, M; Londo, JP; McKinney, J; Sagers, C; Schwartz, M; Watrud, L, 2014)		0.4
" At the same time there was a clear dose-response effect for VisionMax(®) to increase thyroid hormone receptor β in tadpole brain (F(2,69)=3."( Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on survival, development, growth and sex ratios of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles. I: chronic laboratory exposures to VisionMax®.
Doe, K; Jackman, P; Lanctôt, C; Navarro-Martín, L; Park, BJ; Pauli, BD; Trudeau, VL, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-response experiments yielded ED50 values (50% effect dose) in the range of 38-550 ga."( Glyphosate spray drift in Coffea arabica - sensitivity of coffee plants and possible use of shikimic acid as a biomarker for glyphosate exposure.
Cedergreen, N; Schrübbers, LC; Sørensen, JC; Valverde, BE, 2014)		0.4
"Data were pooled from 226 adult patients with multiple myeloma, lymphoma or solid tumours in four phase 1 studies, in which ixazomib dosing (oral/intravenous, once/twice weekly) was based on BSA."( Switching from body surface area-based to fixed dosing for the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Venkatakrishnan, K; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
"23 mg m(-2)) and fixed (4 mg) oral dosing with no trend in simulated AUC vs."( Switching from body surface area-based to fixed dosing for the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Venkatakrishnan, K; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
"This analysis supports a switch from BSA-based to fixed dosing, without dose modification for mild/moderate renal impairment or age, in future adult studies of ixazomib, simplifying dosing guidance and clinical development."( Switching from body surface area-based to fixed dosing for the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Esseltine, DL; Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Venkatakrishnan, K; Zhao, Y, 2015)		0.42
" The volume of distribution was affected by the dosage of GAA applied (102."( Single-dose oral guanidinoacetic acid exhibits dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Ostojic, SM; Vojvodic-Ostojic, A, 2015)		0.42
" Dose-response bioassays, glyphosate absorption and translocation experiments, herbicide target (EPSPS) gene sequence analysis, and gene amplification assays were conducted."( EPSPS Gene Amplification in Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Populations from Arkansas (United States).
Burgos, NR; Dayan, FE; Salas, RA; Scott, RC, 2015)		0.42
" Based on the POC study described here, a multiple dose study has been completed which showed sustained therapeutic benefit with repeated dosing of GLYX-13 for more than 6 weeks."( Randomized proof of concept trial of GLYX-13, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor glycine site partial agonist, in major depressive disorder nonresponsive to a previous antidepressant agent.
Burch, RM; Macaluso, M; Mehra, DO; Moskal, JR; Preskorn, S; Zammit, G, 2015)		0.64
" No dose-response differences were found between trials."( Six-Week Oral Guanidinoacetic Acid Administration Improves Muscular Performance in Healthy Volunteers.
Hoffman, JR; Ostojic, SM; Stojanovic, MD, 2015)		0.42
"Of 116 subjects receiving treatment, 104 completed 4 weeks of dosing and 96 were evaluable for efficacy."( Randomized placebo-controlled dose-ranging and pharmacodynamics study of roxadustat (FG-4592) to treat anemia in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients.
Besarab, A; Hemmerich, S; Hertel, J; Klaus, SJ; Lee, T; Leong, R; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Yu, KH; Zabaneh, R, 2015)		0.42
" The focus of this research was to investigate the dosage effect of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) on zinc metabolism and the gene expression of zinc transporters in intestinal segments."( Dosage Effect of Zinc Glycine Chelate on Zinc Metabolism and Gene Expression of Zinc Transporter in Intestinal Segments on Rat.
Fang, S; Feng, J; Hu, Q; Huang, D, 2016)		0.98
" elata populations, one glyphosate resistant (GR) and one glyphosate susceptible (GS), were studied in detail for a dose-response experiment and for resistance mechanism."( Confirmation and mechanism of glyphosate resistance in tall windmill grass (Chloris elata) from Brazil.
Brunharo, CA; Carrijo, DR; Christoffoleti, PJ; de Melo, MS; Gaines, TA; Nicolai, M; Nissen, SJ; Patterson, EL, 2016)		0.43
" Transgenic rice lines were tested by herbicide bioassay and it was confirmed that they could tolerate up to 3360 g/ha glyphosate, a dosage four-fold that of the recommended agricultural application level."( A Novel Naturally Occurring Class I 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase from Janibacter sp. Confers High Glyphosate Tolerance to Rice.
Cui, Y; Lin, YJ; Liu, ZD; Yi, SY; Zhao, Y; Zhou, F, 2016)		0.43
" The comparison between the concentration of glyphosate and administered dosage did not show the correlation, which suggests further investigation on the effects of surfactants in glyphosate from different vendors."( Determination of glyphosate and its metabolite in emergency room in Korea.
Chung, H; Han, J; Hong, Y; Jeong, WJ; Lee, KS; Moon, H; Yang, S, 2016)		0.43
" Dose-response curves for both effects were N-shaped with two maximums at 100 nM and 1 mM of Li(+) and a minimum at 1 μM of Li(+)."( Lithium ions in nanomolar concentration modulate glycine-activated chloride current in rat hippocampal neurons.
Bukanova, JV; Kondratenko, RV; Skrebitsky, VG; Solntseva, EI, 2016)		0.69
" The current analysis characterized the exposure-safety and exposure-efficacy relationships of ixazomib in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) with a purpose of recommending an approach to ixazomib dosing for maintenance therapy."( Exposure-safety-efficacy analysis of single-agent ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: dose selection for a phase 3 maintenance study.
Gupta, N; Hui, AM; Labotka, R; Liu, G; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2016)		0.43
" Dose-response assays confirmed the presence of high levels of herbicide resistance in the five selected populations (≥ 25-fold compared to a susceptible standard)."( Multiple-Herbicide Resistance Is Widespread in Roadside Palmer Amaranth Populations.
Bagavathiannan, MV; Norsworthy, JK, 2016)		0.43
" However, effluent from all the test models including those dosed with high GCH concentration of 7200 mg L(-1) do not pose any threat in terms of infiltration or deterioration associated with salinity although, there are indications that high dosage of the herbicide could lead to an elevated electrical conductivity of the recycled water."( Stormwater harvesting from landscaped areas: effect of herbicide application on water quality and usage.
Charlesworth, SM; Coupe, SJ; Mbanaso, FU; Nnadi, EO, 2016)		0.43
"Human keratinocyte cells (HKCs) were isolated from child or adult foreskins and irradiated with LED light with a wavelength of 640 nm and a dosage of 12 or 24 J/cm(2)."( Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation (640 nm) Regulates Keratinocyte Migration and Cytoskeletal Reorganization Via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α.
Cheng, B; Huang, C; Qian, SL; Sun, LY, 2016)		0.43
"8 h) in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, however intersubject variability on apparent total systemic clearance after single oral dosing (CL/F), apparent volume of distribution at equilibrium after oral administration (V z/F) and t ½ was approximately twofold higher."( Effect of Moderate Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Roxadustat, an Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor.
Adel, MD; Alexiev, A; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Krebs-Brown, A; Mateva, L; Noukens, J; Rijnders, S; Schaddelee, M, 2016)		0.43
"Volunteers were supplemented daily with 36 mg/kg body weight (BW) of GAA for the first 4 wk of the intervention; afterward GAA dosage was titrated ≤60 mg/kg BW of GAA daily."( Dietary guanidinoacetic acid increases brain creatine levels in healthy men.
Drid, P; Jovanov, P; Ostojic, J; Ostojic, SM; Vranes, M, 2017)		0.46
" Dose-response assays confirmed resistance in seven different accessions."( First confirmation and characterization of target and non-target site resistance to glyphosate in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from Mexico.
Alcántara-de la Cruz, R; Cruz-Hipolito, HE; De Prado, R; Dominguez-Valenzuela, JA; Fernández-Moreno, PT; Gherekhloo, J; Sánchez-González, E, 2017)		0.46
" Metabolomics analysis combined with correlation network analysis uncovered significant perturbations in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism and nucleosides metabolism in glyphosate dosed fish, which provide new clues to the toxicity of glyphosate."( Metabolic profiling of goldfish (Carassius auratis) after long-term glyphosate-based herbicide exposure.
Fu, YH; Jiang, L; Li, MH; Ruan, LY; Wang, JS; Zhao, H; Zhou, JW, 2017)		0.46
" Dose-response and shikimate accumulation assays confirmed resistance of the resistant (R) biotypes."( Pro-106-Ser mutation and EPSPS overexpression acting together simultaneously in glyphosate-resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica).
Alcántara-de la Cruz, R; Cruz-Hipolito, HE; De Prado, R; Domínguez-Valenzuela, JA; Fernández-Moreno, PT; Gherekhloo, J; Sánchez-González, E, 2017)		0.46
" Microscopical examination revealed striking dose-response alterations in chain formation above 245 μm: singlets replaced the dominance of long chain formations."( Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide Highlights Gymnodinium catenatum (Dinophyceae) Sensitivity to Geomagnetic Activity.
Vale, P, 2018)		0.48
" A calibration curve was built based on dose-response association using NutriTech data."( Estimation of Chicken Intake by Adults Using Metabolomics-Derived Markers.
Brennan, L; Flynn, A; Frost, G; Gibbons, H; Gibney, MJ; McNulty, BA; Nugent, AP; Rundle, M; Walton, J; Yin, X, 2017)		0.46
" Because of the enhanced biocompatibility resulting from the glycine modification, over 80% of the cells survived, even though the dosage of glycine-modified polymeric nanobubbles was up to 5 mg/mL."( Targeted Soft Biodegradable Glycine/PEG/RGD-Modified Poly(methacrylic acid) Nanobubbles as Intelligent Theranostic Vehicles for Drug Delivery.
Guo, J; Li, Y; Wan, J; Wang, C; Zhang, Z, 2017)		0.99
" Dose-response experiments revealed that the MR1 population was 45."( Multiple resistance to glyphosate, paraquat and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Italian ryegrass populations from California: confirmation and mechanisms of resistance.
Jasieniuk, M; Jugulam, M; Nandula, V; Putta, K; Tehranchian, P, 2018)		0.48
" The dose-response assays showed that the biotypes were highly resistant to glyphosate."( Transgene escape and persistence in an agroecosystem: the case of glyphosate-resistant Brassica rapa L. in central Argentina.
Cantamutto, M; Carbonell, FT; Pandolfo, CE; Poverene, M; Presotto, A; Ureta, S, 2018)		0.48
" In particular, we criticise an arbitrary attenuation by the authorities of the power of statistical analyses; their disregard of existing dose-response relationships; their unjustified claim that the doses used in the mouse carcinogenicity studies were too high and their contention that the carcinogenic effects were not reproducible by focusing on quantitative and neglecting qualitative reproducibility."( Pesticides and public health: an analysis of the regulatory approach to assessing the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in the European Union.
Burtscher-Schaden, H; Clausing, P; Robinson, C, 2018)		0.48
" The dose-response behavior was not observed in either CA or SCE."( Cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood cultures of Chaetophractus villosus exposed in vivo to a glyphosate formulation (Roundup).
Luaces, JP; Merani, MS; Mudry, MD; Palermo, AM; Rossi, LF, 2018)		0.48
" One cohort was continuously dosed until sexual maturity (6-week cohort) and another cohort was continuously dosed until adulthood (13-week cohort)."( The Ramazzini Institute 13-week study on glyphosate-based herbicides at human-equivalent dose in Sprague Dawley rats: study design and first in-life endpoints evaluation.
Belpoggi, F; Bua, L; Chen, J; Dinelli, G; Falcioni, L; Galeati, G; Hu, J; Landrigan, PJ; Lorenzetti, S; Mandrioli, D; Manservisi, F; Mantovani, A; Miglio, R; Panzacchi, S; Perry, MJ; Spinaci, M, 2018)		0.48
" Primary outcomes for both studies were area under the concentration-time curve from the time of dosing extrapolated to infinity and maximum concentration of drug in blood plasma."( Evaluation of Food and Spherical Carbon Adsorbent Effects on the Pharmacokinetics of Roxadustat in Healthy Nonelderly Adult Male Japanese Subjects.
Furihata, K; Katashima, M; Nomura, Y; Shibata, T; Takada, A; Ueno, M; Yazawa, R, 2019)		0.51
" Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the (i) pharmacology and dosing of ixazomib, (ii) the efficacy and safety data from clinical studies, (iii) highlight the various novel combinations that have been reported, and (iv) give an overview of the ongoing studies with ixazomib."( Ixazomib: a novel drug for multiple myeloma.
Abeykoon, JP; Kapoor, P; Zanwar, S, 2018)		0.48
" Our assessment also indicates a non-monotonic dose-response and variability in the effects among colonies."( Glyphosate affects the larval development of honey bees depending on the susceptibility of colonies.
Farina, WM; Ilina, N; Pagano, EA; Vázquez, DE; Zavala, JA, 2018)		0.48
" The sensitivity of human colorectal carcinoma cells to the PI Ixazomib was assessed via in vitro and in vivo dose-response experiments."( Non-invasive imaging of disrupted protein homeostasis induced by proteasome inhibitor treatment using chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI.
Bradley, D; Chattopadhyay, N; Gibb, A; Golay, X; Johnson, SP; Lythgoe, MF; Pedley, RB; Ramasawmy, R; Taylor, V; Walker-Samuel, S; Zhu, Y, 2018)		0.48
" Further, when the human condition was simulated in animals, there was deprivation in body weight and glucose levels in starved litchi seed dosed rats, causing hypoglycemia."( Methylenecyclopropyl glycine, not pesticide exposure as the primary etiological factor underlying hypoglycemic encephalopathy in Muzaffarpur, India.
Asthana, S; Das, M; Dixit, S; Kumar, A; Singh, SP; Srivastava, A; Tripathi, A, 2019)		0.83
" Ixazomib is ideally suited for maintenance therapy given its convenient once-weekly oral dosing and low toxicity profile."( Oral ixazomib maintenance following autologous stem cell transplantation (TOURMALINE-MM3): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.
Beksac, M; Chng, WJ; Dash, AB; Dimopoulos, MA; Gay, F; Goldschmidt, H; Gupta, N; Hajek, R; Iida, S; Kaiser, M; Labotka, R; Maisnar, V; Mateos, MV; Min, CK; Moreau, P; Morgan, G; Palumbo, A; Pluta, A; Rajkumar, SV; Schjesvold, F; Skacel, T; Spencer, A; Suryanarayan, K; Teng, Z; Weisel, KC; Zweegman, S, 2019)		0.51
" Glyphosate resistance was confirmed for the GRP population by dose-response assays."( Reduced Absorption and Impaired Translocation Endows Glyphosate Resistance in Amaranthus palmeri Harvested in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean from Argentina.
Alcántara-de la Cruz, R; Bracamonte, E; De Prado, R; Garcia, MJ; Palma-Bautista, C; Rojano-Delgado, AM; Torra, J, 2019)		0.51
" Taking all parameters into account, daily supplementation of 1300-1450 mg of GAA/kg diet was estimated as an optimum dosage maximizing the evaluated traits."( Dietary Guanidinoacetic acid modulates testicular histology and expression of c-Kit and STRA8 genes in roosters.
Ansari, M; Deldar, H; Nasirikhah, A; Sadeghi, M; Shakeri, M; Yousefi, AR; Zhandi, M, 2019)		0.51
"These data help inform the appropriate dose conversion ratio to be applied to daily doses to obtain equivalent daprodustat TIW doses and suggest TIW treatment with daprodustat can treat anemia of CKD safely, supporting future long-term studies for this indication using a TIW dosing regimen."( A randomized, 29-day, dose-ranging, efficacy and safety study of daprodustat, administered three times weekly in patients with anemia on hemodialysis.
Bailey, CK; Caltabiano, S; Cobitz, AR; Huang, C; Mahar, KM; Patel, VV, 2019)		0.51
" The use of biomarkers as a tool to assess responses of organisms exposed to pollutants requires the understanding of their natural fluctuation and the dose-response relationship."( Seasonal variations in the dose-response relationship of acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater fish exposed to chlorpyrifos and glyphosate.
Bernal-Rey, DL; Cantera, CG; Dos Santos Afonso, M; Menéndez-Helman, RJ, 2020)		0.56
" The preliminary, dynamic, equilibrium activation experiments and speciation analysis of Pb, Cd and Tl in contaminated red soils were used to select six chelates with relatively good activation performance from nine chelates, and the effects of dosage and pH on the heavy metals activation were studied systematically."( Comparative Activation Process of Pb, Cd and Tl Using Chelating Agents from Contaminated Red Soils.
Huang, X; Liu, G; Liu, L; Liu, Y; Luo, D; Mai, X; Wei, L; Wu, Q; Xiao, T; Yao, G, 2020)		0.56
" Moreover, the deleterious effects of GLY exposure on human health were observed in epidemiological studies; however, most of these studies have not determined the GLY dosage to confirm a direct effect."( Effects of glyphosate exposure on human health: Insights from epidemiological and in vitro studies.
Agostini, LP; Cardoso, RC; Dettogni, RS; Dos Reis, RS; Dos Santos, EVW; Garcia, FM; Graceli, JB; Louro, ID; Stur, E; Ventorim, DP, 2020)		0.56
" Progenies were subjected to herbicide dose-response studies following drift selection."( Herbicide drift exposure leads to reduced herbicide sensitivity in Amaranthus spp.
Amundsen, KL; Gaines, TA; Kruger, GR; Luck, JD; Vieira, BC; Werle, R, 2020)		0.56
" The test statistics for these permutation tests are functions of p values from a standard test for dose-response trend applied to each specific type of tumor."( Accounting for Multiple Comparisons in Statistical Analysis of the Extensive Bioassay Data on Glyphosate.
Crouch, E; Crump, C; Crump, K; Haseman, J; Zelterman, D, 2020)		0.56
"A Study of Intermittent Oral Dosing of ASP1517 in Hemodialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Anemia, NCT02952092 (ClinicalTrials."( Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Comparator (Darbepoetin Alfa) Study of Oral Roxadustat in CKD Patients with Anemia on Hemodialysis in Japan.
Akizawa, T; Iwasaki, M; Majikawa, Y; Reusch, M; Yamaguchi, Y, 2020)		0.56
" Roxadustat induced transient elevations of endogenous erythropoietin that peaked between 7 and 14 hours after dosing and returned to baseline by 48 hours after dosing."( Oral Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor Roxadustat (FG-4592) for Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Placebo-Controlled Study of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles in Hemodialysis Patients.
Chou, J; Hemmerich, S; Neff, TB; Provenzano, R; Tumlin, J; Yu, KP; Zabaneh, R, 2020)		0.56
" B cell activating factor plasma levels were significantly higher after ixazomib dosing in those who remained cGVHD free compared with those developed cGVHD."( Ixazomib for Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
Abedin, S; Chhabra, S; D'Souza, A; Dhakal, B; Douglas Rizzo, J; Drobyski, WR; Fenske, TS; Hamadani, M; Hari, PN; Horowitz, MM; Jerkins, JH; Pasquini, MC; Runaas, L; Saber, W; Shah, NN; Shaw, BE; Tang, X; Thompson, R; Visotcky, A; Zhang, MJ; Zhu, F, 2020)		0.56
" Here, we investigated the safety and effectiveness of ixazomib dosing schedules."( Safety and Effectiveness of Ixazomib Dose-escalating Strategy in Ixazomib-Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Boku, S; Higai, K; Kagoo, T; Niijima, D; Ogawa, C; Ohashi, Y; Tani, K; Ueno, H; Yachi, Y; Yano, T; Yatabe, M; Yokoyama, A, )		0.13
"A dose-escalation strategy to optimise ixazomib dosing may reduce treatment interruption due to adverse events without compromising its antitumor activity."( Safety and Effectiveness of Ixazomib Dose-escalating Strategy in Ixazomib-Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone Treatment for Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma.
Boku, S; Higai, K; Kagoo, T; Niijima, D; Ogawa, C; Ohashi, Y; Tani, K; Ueno, H; Yachi, Y; Yano, T; Yatabe, M; Yokoyama, A, )		0.13
" In brief, a total of 148 Sprague-Dawley rats (offspring) were dosed with estradiol benzoate (EB) on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 3 and 5, and subsequently dosed with testosterone (T)/estradiol (E) tubes via subcutaneous implants from PND 90 to 200."( Distinct lipid signatures are identified in the plasma of rats with chronic inflammation induced by estradiol benzoate and sex hormones.
Beger, RD; Cao, Z; Nakamura, N; Pence, LM, 2020)		0.56
" aeruginosa, photosynthetic activity indicated by Fv/Fm, and microcystin production ability showed a typical U-shaped hormetic dose-response to glyphosate exposure."( Proteomic mechanisms for the combined stimulatory effects of glyphosate and antibiotic contaminants on Microcystis aeruginosa.
Gao, B; Liu, Y; Xu, S; Zhang, J, 2021)		0.62
" We compared locomotor behaviors; dose-response curves for tricaine, ketamine, and 2,6-diisopropylphenol (propofol); time to emergence from these anesthetics; and time to emergence from propofol after craniotomy in glyt1-/- mutants and their siblings."( Elevated preoptic brain activity in zebrafish glial glycine transporter mutants is linked to lethargy-like behaviors and delayed emergence from anesthesia.
Bindernagel, R; Buglo, E; Dallman, JE; Engert, F; Kelz, MB; Meng, QC; Randlett, O; Sloan, SA; Stark, MJ; Sumathipala, SH; Syed, S; Venincasa, MJ; Yan, Q; Züchner, S, 2021)		0.87
"8 nmol intravitreal dosage of ON-01910."( Therapeutic Targeting PLK1 by ON-01910.Na Is Effective in Local Treatment of Retinoblastoma.
Ai, S; Chen, Y; Gao, Y; Li, J; Lu, R; Ma, H; Mao, Y; Nie, C; Sun, Q; Tang, Z; Xie, Y, 2021)		0.62
" However, adverse events (AEs) were higher in the BID arm; thus, QD dosing is the preferred dosing frequency for further investigation."( A Randomized Phase 2 Trial Comparing Omidenepag Isopropyl 0.002% Once and Twice Daily in Subjects With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (SPECTRUM-6).
Abrams, MA; Chabi, A; Dinh, P; Jerkins, GW; Lu, F; Odani-Kawabata, N; Olander, KW; Sato, MA; Shams, NK, 2021)		0.62
"002% BID dosing was superior to QD dosing in subjects with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension."( A Randomized Phase 2 Trial Comparing Omidenepag Isopropyl 0.002% Once and Twice Daily in Subjects With Primary Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension (SPECTRUM-6).
Abrams, MA; Chabi, A; Dinh, P; Jerkins, GW; Lu, F; Odani-Kawabata, N; Olander, KW; Sato, MA; Shams, NK, 2021)		0.62
" Prior to resistance monitoring trials, dose-response assays were conducted to determine a single dose of glyphosate or chlorimuron-ethyl to discriminate resistant and susceptible populations."( Monitoring Glyphosate- and Chlorimuron- resistant Conyza spp. Populations in Brazil.
Cavenaghi, AL; Christoffoleti, PJ; Gonçalves Netto, A; Melo, MSC; Mendes, RR; Nicolai, M; Oliveira Junior, RS; Ovejero, RFL; Picoli Junior, GJ; Silva, VFV; Takano, HK, 2021)		0.62
" Results from this study helped inform dosing and administration guidelines aimed at reducing interactions between roxadustat and these PBs."( Effect of the Phosphate Binders Sevelamer Carbonate and Calcium Acetate on the Pharmacokinetics of Roxadustat After Concomitant or Time-separated Administration in Healthy Individuals.
Barroso-Fernandez, B; den Adel, M; Golor, G; Groenendaal-van de Meent, D; Kerbusch, V; Schaddelee, M; van Dijk, J, 2021)		0.62
" Dosage adjustments were administrated according to the fluctuation of hemoglobin level during the treatment."( Roxadustat for dialysis patients with erythropoietin hypo-responsiveness: a single-center, prospective investigation.
Chen, XX; Lou, JZ; Yuan, HB; Zhang, YF; Zhou, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Moreover, the high dosage and pH stabilization of additional GO probably promoted the ARP degradation and deoxyosones retro-aldol cleavage, resulting in methylpyrazine rather than furanoids formation."( Characteristic flavor formation of thermally processed N-(1-deoxy-α-d-ribulos-1-yl)-glycine: Decisive role of additional amino acids and promotional effect of glyoxal.
Cui, H; Hayat, K; Ho, CT; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhan, H; Zhang, X, 2022)		0.95
" This post hoc analysis of a Japanese, open-label, partially randomized, phase 3 study in nondialysis-dependent (NDD) CKD patients treated with traditional erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) evaluated dosing trends of roxadustat and darbepoetin alfa (DA) required to maintain target hemoglobin concentrations in patients with risk factors associated with ESA hyporesponsiveness."( Factors Affecting Doses of Roxadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa for Anemia in Nondialysis Patients.
Akizawa, T; Otsuka, T; Tanaka-Amino, K; Yamaguchi, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Oral roxadustat dosed thrice weekly was well tolerated."( Roxadustat for the treatment of anemia in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: Open-label, dose-selection, lead-in stage of a phase 3 study.
Bartels, P; Bradley, C; Carraway, HE; Glaspy, J; Harrup, R; Henry, DH; Leong, R; Mittelman, M; Modelska, K; Saha, G; Yu, KP; Zhou, A, 2022)		0.72
" These findings support the dosing of ivosidenib or enasidenib in combination with intensive chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed mIDH1/2 AML."( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib Combined With Intensive Induction and Consolidation Chemotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed IDH1/2-Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Almon, C; Chen, Y; Cooper, M; Fan, B; Hossain, M; Hua, L; Nabhan, S; Yang, H; Yin, F, 2022)		0.72
" Leaching results showed that in general, MGDA exhibited higher Zn leaching efficiency and similar Cu, Ni and Cr leaching efficiencies with EDTA at same pH and dosage conditions."( Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by chemical leaching with biodegradable chelator methyl glycine diacetic acid.
Hu, J; Li, S; Liang, C; Lv, Q; Zhao, J; Zheng, X, 2022)		0.94
" The developed framework represents an integrated approach to describing safety and efficacy with MM therapy, enabling the simulation of prospective trials and potential alternate dosing regimens."( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic joint modeling of ixazomib efficacy and safety using data from the pivotal phase III TOURMALINE-MM1 study in multiple myeloma patients.
Diderichsen, PM; Gupta, N; Hanley, MJ; Labotka, R; Srimani, JK; Venkatakrishnan, K, 2022)		0.72
" The level of exposure to the herein assessed pesticides was quantified at the end of the incubation period; it was done by dosing its concentration in eggshells."( The exposure in ovo of embryos belonging to Amazonian turtle species Podocnemis expansa (Testudines) to commercial glyphosate and fipronil formulations impairs their growth and changes their skeletal development.
Ambrósio, IS; Araújo, APDC; Costa, MS; de Andrade, DV; de Castro Pereira, C; de Faria, AM; de Lima, PN; de Melo E Silva, D; de Moura Bife Castilho, L; Dos Santos, ALR; Hirano, LQL; Malafaia, G; Mendonça, JDS; Santos, ALQ; Vieira, LG, 2022)		0.72
" The priority of the Cys reaction with different α-dicarbonyls and its dependence on the Cys dosage were investigated."( Formation Priority of Pyrazines and 2-Acetylthiazole Dependent on the Added Cysteine and Fragments of Deoxyosones during the Thermal Process of the Glycine-Ribose Amadori Compound.
Hayat, K; Ho, CT; Liu, M; Xu, H; Yu, J; Zhang, X; Zhou, T, 2022)		0.92
"To observe the effect of exogenous serine or glycine on the synthesis of selenoprotein and endogenous serine and the expression of metabolic enzymes in hepatocytes cultured with high-selenium in vitro and its dose-response relationship."( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro].
Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.17
"The experiment was divided into two parts, namely a inhibition experiment and a dose-response experiment, using L02 cells as the intervention target."( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro].
Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		0.91
" (2) In the dose-response experiment, the expression of PHGDH enzyme in L02 cells gradually decreased with the increase of the concentration of exogenous serine or glycine, showing an obvious dose-dependent effect."( [Intervention study to inhibit the glucose metabolic remodeling in hepatocytes induced by high-selenium in vitro].
Han, F; Huang, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, Q; Xiang, X; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.11
"05), and there was no correlation between blood concentration and clinical characteristics such as age, gender, and dosage (P > ."( Correlation between blood concentration of roxadustat and clinical efficacy in patients with anemia of chronic kidney disease.
Jing, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhou, C, 2023)		0.91
" Therefore, Zn-Gly supplementation at 70 mg/kg Zn had positive effects in promoting growth performance by regulating intestinal morphology, barrier function, and gut microbiota of ducks when compared with the same dosage use of ZnSO4 in feed."( Organic zinc glycine chelate is better than inorganic zinc in improving growth performance of cherry valley ducks by regulating intestinal morphology, barrier function, and the gut microbiome.
Cai, J; Chang, Y; Chen, X; Jia, G; Liu, G; Wang, K; Wen, M; Wu, B; Zhao, H, 2023)		1.28
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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Products

ProductBrandCategoryCompounds Matched from IngredientsDate Retrieved
Bourbon BiscuitsMarks & Spencer,Simply M&SSnacks, Sweet snacks, Biscuits and cakes, Biscuits, Shortbread cookies, Bourbon BiscuitsNiacin2024-02-09
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts Amino-Charged Energy Drink Goji Berry Martini -- 30 ServingsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Arctic Orange -- 30 ServingsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Blue Raspberry -- 30 ServingsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Piña Colada -- 30 ServingsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A-Cuts™ Amino-Charged Energy Drink Watermelon -- 30 ServingsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition A:Cuts Amino Charged Energy Drink Peach Mango -- 7.4 ozALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Phenylalanine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition ALLWHEY CLASSIC Pure Whey Protein Blend Chocolate Peanut Butter -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition ALLWHEY Gold Premium Isolate-Whey Protein Blend Chocolate -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition ALLWHEY® CLASSIC Pure Whey Protein Blend Chocolate -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Classic AllWhey® 100% Whey Protein Source Vanilla -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Gold AllWhey Premium Whey Protein Powder French Vanilla -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Banana -- 2 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 2 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate Peanut Butter -- 2 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Peanut Butter Chocolate -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Strawberry -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoFlex Pure Whey Protein Isolate Vanilla -- 5 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Isoflex Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 0.9 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition Isoflex Whey Protein Isolate Vanilla -- 0.9 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoNatural™ Pure Whey Protein Isolate Unflavored -- 2 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Hydroxyproline, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ALLMAX Nutrition IsoNatural™ Whey Protein Isolate Vanilla -- 2 lbsALLMAX NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, Vitamin A, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Whey Protein Isolate & Concentrate Chocolate -- 2 lbsAmazing MuscleActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, Vitamin A, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Whey Protein Isolate & Concentrate Strawberry -- 2 lbsAmazing MuscleActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, Vitamin A, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Muscle Whey Protein Isolate & Concentrate Vanilla -- 2 lbsAmazing MuscleActive Lifestyle & FitnessL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, Vitamin A, L-Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amazing Nutrition Grass Fed Whey Protein Unflavored -- 2 lbsAmazing NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Sugar, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amberen Advanced Perimenopause Relief -- 60 CapsulesAmberenVitamins & SupplementsVitamin E, Vitamin B9, Vitamin E, Glycine, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Amberen Multi-Symptom Menopause Relief -- 60 CapsulesAmberenVitamins & Supplements Glycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Amy Myers MD Paleo Protein Mocha Latte -- 29.31 ozAmy Myers MDProfessional SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
AnabolNaturals Amino Balance -- 3.53 ozAnabolNaturalsActive Lifestyle & Fitness L-5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan, L-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, Vitamin B6, Serine, Taurine, L-Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Ancient Nutrition Multi Collagen Advanced - Lean -- 90 CapsulesAncient NutritionVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal 100% Whey Protein Chocolate Fudge -- 4 lbsAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal 100% Whey Protein Classic Vanilla -- 28.8 ozAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal 100% Whey Protein Classic Vanilla -- 4 lbsAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 30 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal PAK - The Ultimate Training Pack -- 44 PacksAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessLipase, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Carnitine, Choline, Chromium, Coenzyme Q10, Cystine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Inositol, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lutein, Lycopene, Lysine, Manganese, menaquinone-4, Methionine, Niacin, Ornithine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, L-Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha Lipoic Acid, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, phytonadione, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Animal Stak All-in-1 Pill Packs -- 21 PacketsAnimalActive Lifestyle & FitnessDiindolylmethane, Astaxanthin, Coenzyme Q10, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Vitamin B6, Quercetin Dihydrate, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Brow Amplifying Serum -- 1 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Brow Amplifying Serum -- 3 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Brow Volumizing Brow Filler Auburn -- 0.12 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Brow Volumizing Brow Filler Clear -- 0.12 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Densifying Conditioner -- 13.5 fl ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carealanine, amaranth, arginine, aspartic acid, caffeine, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Densifying Hair Serum -- 1.76 ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, apigenin, arginine, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, gluconolactone, biotin, caffeine, tocopherol, dimethyl sulfone, disodium edta, tocopherol, glycerin, glycine, lactic acid, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, oleanolic acid, phenoxyethanol, phenethyl alcohol, propanediol, sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite, sorbic acid, xylitol, zinc chloride2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Densifying Shampoo -- 13.5 fl ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, glyceryl oleate, PCA, alanine, amaranth, arginine, aspartic acid, biotin, caffeine, cocamidopropyl betaine, decyl glucoside, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Enhancing Conditioner -- 1 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Enhancing Conditioner -- 3 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Essential Serum -- 0.03 fl ozBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Essential Serum -- 2 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Babe Original Lash Essential Serum -- 4 mLBabe OriginalBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arbutin, arginine, aspartic acid, gluconolactone, biotin, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, hexylene glycol, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, propylene glycol, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, threonine, triethanolamine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Baebody Eye Gel -- 1.7 fl ozBaebodyBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, carbomer, vitamin E, dimethyl sulfone, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Baebody Eye Gel Travel Size -- 0.5 fl ozBaebodyBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, carbomer, vitamin E, dimethyl sulfone, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Balanced Greens Pea Protein Unflavored -- 27 ServingsBalanced GreensActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Detox Liver & Kidney Support Powder for Cats & Dogs -- 1.7 ozBark & WhiskersPet SuppliesN-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Glycine, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bark & Whiskers Heart Health For Cats & Dogs -- 3.17 ozBark & WhiskersPet SuppliesTrimethylglycine, Trimethylglycine, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Glycine, L-Carnitine, Niacin, D-Ribose, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Best Naturals Glycine -- 1000 mg - 180 CapsulesBest NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsGlycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Best Naturals Glycine Pure Powder -- 1 lbBest NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsGlycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Biochem Sports 100% Vegan Protein Chocolate -- 27.3 ozBiochem SportsWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Biochem Sports 100% Vegan Protein Vanilla -- 12.2 ozBiochem SportsWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Biochem Sports 100% Vegan Protein Vanilla -- 24.4 ozBiochem SportsWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Biochem Sports 100% Whey Isolate Protein Chocolate -- 30.9 ozBiochem SportsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Biochem Sports 100% Whey Protein Powder Sugar-Free Vanilla -- 11.8 ozBiochem SportsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
BioOptimal Collagen Capsules -- 180 CapsulesBioOptimalVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
BioOptimal Collagen Powder -- 10.58 ozBioOptimalVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
BioOptimal Collagen Powder -- 15.87 ozBioOptimalVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
BIOptimizers Sleep Breakthrough Extended Sleep Powder Formula Tropical Dreams -- 7.7 ozBIOptimizersVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
BIOptimizers Sleep Breakthrough Melatonin-Free Sleep Support -- 60 Veggie CapsulesBIOptimizersVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Vitamin B6, Taurine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
BioSchwartz Collagen Peptides Bio+ Powder Unflavored -- 16 ozBioSchwartzVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bluebonnet Nutrition 100% Natural Whey Protein Isolate Natural Chocolate -- 2 lbsBluebonnet NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Chloride, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bluebonnet Nutrition 100% Natural Whey Protein Isolate Natural French Vanilla -- 2 lbsBluebonnet NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Bluebonnet Nutrition 100% Natural Whey Protein Isolate Natural Original -- 2.2 lbsBluebonnet NutritionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Carlson Glycine Amino Acid Powder -- 3.53 ozCarlsonVitamins & SupplementsGlycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials - Foaming Glycerin Hand Soap Aloe Vera -- 8 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialsglyceryl oleate, tocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials - Foaming Glycerin Hand Soap Unscented -- 8 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialsglyceryl oleate, tocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials - Foaming Glycerin Hand Soap Vitamin E -- 8 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialsglyceryl oleate, annatto, tocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials Glycerin Liquid Hand Soap Aloe Vera -- 12 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialstocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials Glycerin Liquid Hand Soap Tea Tree -- 12 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialsvitamin E, vitamin E, glycerine, glycine, oleic acid, potassium hydroxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials Glycerin Liquid Hand Soap Unscented -- 12 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialstocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials Glycerin Liquid Hand Soap Unscented -- 32 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialstocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, vitamin E, glycerin, glycine, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Clearly Natural Essentials Glycerin Liquid Hand Soap with Vitamin E -- 12 fl ozClearly NaturalHousehold Essentialstocopherol acetate, vitamin E, vitamin E, glycerine, glycine, oleic acid, phenylethyl alcohol, potassium hydroxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Keto Collagen Protein Powder Chocolate - Hydrolyzed Multi Collagen Peptides + MCT Oil -- 18.17 ozCodeageProfessional SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Multi Collagen Peptides + Hyaluronic Acid Powder Supplement Vitamin C & Probiotic Unflavored -- 10.58 ozCodeageProfessional SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Multi Collagen Peptides Powder - Grass-Fed Hydrolyzed Collagen Protein Unflavored -- 20 ozCodeageProfessional SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Codeage Multi Collagen Peptides Powder-Biotin 10000 mcg-Keratin-Hyaluronic Acid-Vitamin C - Hydrolyzed Collagen Protein -- 11.5 ozCodeageProfessional SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin D3, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Proline, Vitamin B6, Serine, Tyrosine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Cold-EEZE Plus Defense Citrus with Elderberry -- 25 LozengesCold-EEZEVitamins & Supplementsglycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Cymbiotika Plant Protein Powder Vanilla -- 30 ozCymbiotikaWeight Management Lipase, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cellulase, Cystine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, L-Glutamine, Alpha GPC, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Niacin, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
DaVinci Laboratories Amino 21™ -- 90 CapsulesDaVinci LaboratoriesProfessional SupplementsL-Alanine, L-Aspartic Acid, L-Cystine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Isoleucine, DL-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Taurine, Tyrosine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Facial Day Cream -- 1.7 fl ozDead Sea NaturalsBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, alanine, allantoin, cetyl alcohol, chlorphenesin, tocopherol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycine, dimethicone, hexyl cinnamal, isopropyl myristate, lactic acid, linalool, phenoxyethanol, peg-40 stearate, propanediol, sodium benzoate, urea2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Skincare Starter Kit -- 1 KitDead Sea NaturalsBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, aminomethyl propanol, methylpropanediol, citric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, alanine, allantoin, ascorbyl glucoside, ascorbic acid, bisabolol, cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, chlorphenesin, citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, tocopherol, panthenol, pro vitamin B5, ethylhexylglycerin, farnesol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycine, dimethicone, hexyl cinnamal, hydroxyethylcellulose, pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate, isopropyl myristate, kaolin, lactic acid, linalool, niacinamide, phenoxyethanol, peg-40 stearate, propylene glycol, salicylic acid, beta-sitosterol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, sodium lactate, squalene, stearyl alcohol, trehalose, urea, zinc oxide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Derma E Hydrating Serum -- 2 fl ozDerma EBeauty & Personal Careascorbyl palmitate, alanine, allantoin, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, provitamin B5, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, dimethicone, leucine, phenoxyethanol, tyrosine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Designer Wellness 100% Whey Protein Powder Designer Whey with Probiotics French Vanilla -- 4 lbsDesigner WellnessActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophane, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Designer Wellness 100% Whey Protein Powder Designer Whey with Probiotics Gourmet Chocolate -- 4 lbsDesigner WellnessActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophane, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Designer Wellness Designer Natural 100% Whey Protein Powder Double Chocolate -- 2 lbsDesigner WellnessActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Tryptophane, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Designer Wellness Designer Natural 100% Whey Protein Powder French Vanilla -- 2 lbsDesigner WellnessActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Designer Wellness Designer Natural 100% Whey Protein Powder Unflavored -- 2 lbsDesigner WellnessActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Double Wood Supplements Glycine -- 1000 mg - 300 CapsulesDouble Wood SupplementsProfessional SupplementsL-Glycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dr. Botanical Health Marine Collagen Type I and III -- 8 ozDr. Botanical HealthVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dr. Botanical Health Organic Green Spirulina Powder -- 3.5 ozDr. Botanical HealthVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chlorophyll, Cysteine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Niacin, Phosphorus, Proline, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eucerin Advanced Repair Creme - Fragrance Free -- 16 ozEucerinBeauty & Personal CareAlanine, Ceramide 3, Cetearyl Alcohol, Glycerin, Glycine, Dimethicone, Lactic Acid, Octyldodecanol, Phenoxyethanol, Sodium Lactate, Urea2024-11-29 10:47:42
ForestLeaf Advanced Collagen Peptides Grass-Fed Unflavored -- 16 ozForestLeafVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
ForestLeaf Advanced Collagen Peptides Grass-Fed Unflavored -- 32 ozForestLeafVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Frog Fuel Power Energized Protein -- 1 fl oz Each / Pack of 24Frog FuelActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Frog Fuel Power Protein -- 1 fl oz Each / Pack of 24Frog FuelActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Frog Fuel Ultra Energized Liquid Super Fuel Shot -- 1.2 fl ozFrog FuelActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Caffeine, Chloride, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Frog Fuel Ultra Liquid Super Fuel Shot -- 1.2 fl oz Each / Pack of 24Frog FuelActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Chloride, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Collagen Peptides 100% Pure Protein Powder Unflavored -- 14 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Collagen Peptides 100% Pure Protein Powder Unflavored -- 30 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Collagen Peptides Plus Beauty Mushroom Vanilla -- 30 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Collagen Peptides Plus Reishi Mushroom Chocolate -- 30 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Matcha Collagen Plus Cordyceps Mushroom -- 14 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Proline, Serine, Theanine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Premium Gelatin Powder Unflavored -- 45 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Further Food Premium Marine Collagen Unflavored -- 14 ServingsFurther FoodVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Futurebiotics Prostabs Plus® -- 90 TabletsFuturebioticsVitamins & SupplementsL-Alanine, Vitamin C, L-Glutamic Acid, L-Glycine, Lycopene, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life RAW Organic Protein & Greens Real Raw Vanilla -- 19.3 ozGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Chromium, Cystine, Folate, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin A, Selenium, Serine, Tyrosine, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life RAW Organic Protein Plant-Based Formula Chocolate -- 24.69 ozGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Tyrosine, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life RAW Organic Protein Plant-Based Formula Unflavored -- 19.75 ozGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Tyrosine, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life RAW Organic Protein Plant-Based Formula Vanilla -- 23.28 ozGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Tyrosine, Vitamin K2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life Sport Certified Grass Fed Whey Protein - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 20 ServingsGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life Sport Organic Plant-Based Protein - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 19 ServingsGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Proline, Selenium, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Garden of Life Sport Organic Plant-Based Protein - NSF Certified Sport Chocolate -- 32.17 ozGarden of LifeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Genceutic Naturals Plant Head® Protein Banana -- 30 ServingsGenceutic NaturalsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Genceutic Naturals Plant Head® Protein Chocolate -- 30 ServingsGenceutic NaturalsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Genceutic Naturals Plant Head® Protein Strawberry -- 30 ServingsGenceutic NaturalsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Genceutic Naturals Plant Head® Protein Vanilla -- 30 ServingsGenceutic NaturalsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Greens First Delicious Dream Protein Creamy French Vanilla -- 1.5 lbsGreens FirstActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Lysine, Proline, Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Greens First Delicious Dream Protein Rich Dutch Chocolate -- 1.5 lbsGreens FirstActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Lysine, Proline, Serine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Greens First Dream Protein Plant-Based Chocolate Dream -- 27.54 ozGreens FirstActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Greens First Pro Dream Protein Plant-Based Vanilla -- 24.81 ozGreens FirstWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Havasu Nutrition Collagen Peptide + Probiotic Powder Unflavored -- 7.4 ozHavasu NutritionVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Heaven Sent Wellgenix Balanced Essentials + Plus Liquid Vitamins Berry -- 32 fl ozHeaven SentVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Antimony, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Kelp, Barium, Beryllium, Biotin, Bismuth, Boron, Bromide, Omega 3, Cerium, Cesium, Chromium, citric acid, Cobalt, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Dysprosium, Erbium, Europium, Fluoride, Folate, Gadolinium, Gallium, Vitamin E, Glycine, Gold, Hafnium, Histidine, Holmium, Inositol, Iodine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Lanthanum, Leucine, Calcium Carbonate, Lithium, Lutetium, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Molybdenum, Neodymium, Niacin, Nickel, Niobium, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Praseodymium, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Rhenium, Riboflavin, Rubidium, Samarium, Scandium, Selenium, Serine, Silicon, Silver, Strontium, Tantalum, Tellurium, Terbium, Thallium, Thiamin, Thorium, Threonine, Thulium, Tin, Titanium, Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Valine, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Vitamin K, Ytterbium, Yttrium, Zirconium2024-11-29 10:47:42
HiBar Cleanse Face Wash Bar Fragrance Free -- 2 ozHiBarBeauty & Personal Carealanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lauric acid, phenylalanine, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, squalane, stearic acid, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
HiBar Hydrate Face Wash Bar Fragrance Free -- 2 ozHiBarBeauty & Personal Carealanine, arginine, aspartic acid, panthenol, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lauric acid, phenylalanine, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, squalane, stearic acid, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
HiBar Renew Face Wash Bar Fragrance Free -- 2 ozHiBarBeauty & Personal Carealanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lauric acid, phenylalanine, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, squalane, stearic acid, threonine, undecylenic acid, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Chocolate -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Chocolate -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Chocolate -- 80 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Strawberry -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, citric acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Strawberry -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, citric acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Unflavored -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Unflavored -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Vanilla -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Egg White Protein Vanilla -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, rebaudioside A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 80 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Strawberry -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Unflavored -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Unflavored -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Vanilla -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Isolate Vanilla -- 24 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Jay Robb Whey Protein Powder Strawberry -- 12 ozJay RobbActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
KAL Nutritional Yeast Flakes -- 12 ozKALFood & BeveragesAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cystine, Folate, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Molybdenum, niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, pyridoxine HCI, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Selenium, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Klean Athlete Klean Collagen+C - NSF Certified for Sport - Natural Tropical Fruit -- 20 ServingsKlean AthleteProfessional Supplementscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, beta-carotene, citric acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Klean Athlete Klean Isolate - NSF Certified for Sport -- 15.73 ozKlean AthleteProfessional SupplementsL-Alanine, L-Cystine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Levels Whey Protein Powder Chocolate Peanut Butter -- 26 ServingsLevelsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Levels Whey Protein Powder Double Chocolate -- 28 ServingsLevelsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Levels Whey Protein Powder Strawberry -- 28 ServingsLevelsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Levels Whey Protein Powder Vanilla Bean -- 28 ServingsLevelsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Life Extension Glycine -- 1000 mg - 100 Vegetarian CapsulesLife ExtensionVitamins & SupplementsGlycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Luminite Natural Sleep Support -- 30 CapsulesLuminiteVitamins & SupplementsGABA, L-Glycine, Melatonin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Manitoba Harvest Hemp Yeah! Balanced Protein + Fiber Hemp Protein Powder -- 2 lbsManitoba HarvestActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Omega-3, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Manitoba Harvest Hemp Yeah!™ Max Fiber Original -- 1 lbManitoba HarvestActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Omega-3, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Manitoba Harvest Organic Hemp Yeah! Max Fiber Chocolate Hemp Protein Powder -- 1 lbManitoba HarvestActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Omega-3, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MenoLabs Goddess Glow Beauty Collagen™ -- 10 ozMenoLabsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MenoLabs Well Rested™ Sleep Support For Women -- 60 CapsulesMenoLabsVitamins & Supplements5-HTP, GABA, L-Glycine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Melatonin2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Metabolic Whey Protein Chocolate -- 2 billion - 5 lbsMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Niacin, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Metabolic Whey™ Protein Rich Vanilla -- 5 lbsMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Natural Gainer Rich Vanilla -- 3.3 lbsMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, maltodextrin, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, tocopherols, trehalose, tricalcium phosphate, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Natural Whey Protein Rich Vanilla -- 2.03 lbsMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Nutrition Veggie Protein with Superfoods Vanilla -- 20.1 ozMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Niacin, Phenylalanine, potassium chloride, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Smooth Veggie Elite Performance Protein Vanilla Bean -- 36 ozMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Veggie Meal Replacement Vanilla Bean -- 3 lbsMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Biotin, Cysteine, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Iodine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, trehalose, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B6, Vitamin D22024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Veggie Protein Powder Chocolate -- 20.1 ozMRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Omega-3, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, potassium chloride, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MRM Whey Protein Chocolate -- 32.3 oz - (2.02 lbs)MRMActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Niacin, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Iso Whey Chocolate -- 2 lbsMuscleTechActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Iso Whey Chocolate -- 5 lbsMuscleTechActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Iso Whey Vanilla -- 2 lbsMuscleTechActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Iso Whey Vanilla -- 5 lbsMuscleTechActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
MuscleTech Nitro-Tech™ Performance Series Vanilla -- 4 lbsMuscleTechActive Lifestyle & Fitnessacesulfame-potassium, acesulfame-potassium, L-alanine, L-glutamine, Glycine, L-isoleucine, Sugar, Taurine, L-valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Naturade Pea Protein™ Vegan Shake Chocolate -- 20.6 ozNaturadeActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, maltodextrin, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, sodium citrate, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Naturade Vegan Smart® Pea Protein™ Vegan Shake Vanilla -- 19 ozNaturadeWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, potassium citrate, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, sodium citrate, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Naturade Weight Gain Chocolate -- 20.3 ozNaturadeActive Lifestyle & Fitnesslipase, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, maltodextrin, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Balance Metal And Toxin Clenz™ -- 60 Vegetarian CapsulesNatural BalanceVitamins & SupplementsN-Acetyl Cysteine, cellulose, Glycine, IP-6, Vitamin B6, Selenium, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Factors Whey Factors® Natural French Vanilla -- 2 lbsNatural FactorsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Lactoferrin, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Natural Factors Whey Factors® Unflavored -- 2 lbsNatural FactorsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Lactoferrin, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutiva Organic Hemp Protein Powder - Fiber Plus -- 16 ozNutivaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Classic Whey Protein Chocolate Milkshake -- 80 ozNutraBioActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Classic Whey Protein Chocolate Peanut Butter Bliss -- 80 ozNutraBioActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Micellar Casein Powder Dutch Chocolate -- 2 lbsNutraBioActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Muscle Matrix Protein Alpine Vanilla -- 29 ServingsNutraBioActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutraBio Whey Protein Isolate Alpine Vanilla -- 32 ozNutraBioActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutraceutics Symbiotropin Berry -- 40 Effervescent TabletsNutraceuticsActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric Acid, Citric Acid, L-Glutamine, Glycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutri GlyNAC-ET - Glycine & NAC Ethyl Ester -- 100 mg - 60 Vegan CapsulesNutriVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Molybdenum, Selenium2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutri GlyNAC-ET - Glycine & NAC Ethyl Ester -- 375 mg - 60 Vegan CapsulesNutriVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Molybdenum, Selenium2024-11-29 10:47:42
Nutri Neuro-NAC -- 50 mg - 60 CapsulesNutriVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Molybdenum, Selenium, vanillin2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriBiotic Raw Rice Protein Powder Chocolate -- 1.69 lbsNutriBioticActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Free Aminos -- 100 CapsulesNutriCologyVitamins & SupplementsL-Alanine, cellulose, L-Cystine, L-Glutamine, Glycine, L-Histidine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Serine, Taurine, L-Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriCology Ocudyne II -- 200 CapsulesNutriCologyVitamins & SupplementsN-Acetyl L-Cysteine, Vitamin C, Boron, Vitamin D3, Chromium, Vitamin E, Folic Acid, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, microcrystalline cellulose, Iodine, Lutein, Lycopene, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Quercetin, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Taurine, Thiamin, Alpha-Lipoic Acid, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6, Zeaxanthin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Beef Protein Isolate Chocolate -- 2 lbsOlympian LabsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, reb-A, Serine, Sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Lean and Healthy Pea Protein Chocolate -- 13 ServingsOlympian LabsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Lean and Healthy Pea Protein Vanilla -- 17.4 ozOlympian LabsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Pea Protein Vanilla -- 26.7 ozOlympian LabsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Olympian Labs Sea Nourishment Cran-Raspberry -- 32 fl ozOlympian LabsVitamins & SupplementsLipase, citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Barium, Beta Carotene, Bismuth, Boron, Bromine, Cadmium, Cellulase, Cesium, Chloride, Chromium, citric acid, Citrulline, Cobalt, Cysteine, Cystine, Vitamin E, fructose, Germanium, Vitamin E, Glutamine, Glycine, Gold, Histidine, Hydrogen, Indium, Iodine, Iridium, Lanthanum, Lithium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Vitamin B, Nickel, Niobium, Ornithine, Osmium, Palladium, Phosphorus, Platinum, Proline, Rhodium, Rubidium, Selenium, Serine, Silver, Strontium, Sulfur, Taurine, Tellurium, Thallium, Tin, Titanium, Tungsten, CoQ7, CoQ8, CoQ9, Uranium, Vanadium2024-11-29 10:47:42
OM Organic Master Blend Plant-Based Protein Creamy Chocolate -- 19.57 ozOMHerbs, Botanicals & HomeopathyAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chloride, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Vitamin B122024-11-29 10:47:42
Onnit Plant-Based Protein - 20 Serving Tub - Informed Sport Certified Chocolate -- 23.8 ozOnnitActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, leaf, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Onnit Plant-Based Protein - 20 Serving Tub - Informed Sport Certified Vanilla -- 21.9 ozOnnitActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, leaf, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Optimum Nutrition Gold Standard 100% Whey Protein Powder For Muscle Support and Recovery Double Rich Chocolate -- 149 ServingsOptimum NutritionActive Lifestyle & Fitnessacesulfame potassium, acesulfame potassium, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Orgain Hydrolyzed Grass-Fed 20g Collagen Peptides Powder – Type I and III Unflavored -- 1 lbOrgainVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
OWYN Plant Protein Dark Chocolate -- 1.2 lbsOWYNWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, omega-3, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
OWYN Plant Protein Smooth Vanilla -- 1.1 lbsOWYNWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, omega-3, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, vanilla2024-11-29 10:47:42
Pacifica Vegan Ceramide Barrier Face Cream -- 1.7 fl ozPacificaBeauty & Personal CarePCA, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, glyceryl caprylate, niacinamide, oat, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, phytosphingosine, proline, serine, stearyl alcohol, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Paradise Herbs ORAC-Energy Protein & Greens Original Unflavored -- 16 ozParadise HerbsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Quercetin, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
PB2 Performance Almond Protein Madagascar Vanilla -- 16 ozPB2Weight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
PB2 Performance Peanut Protein Madagascar Vanilla -- 32 ozPB2Weight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
PlantFusion Complete Plant Collagen Builder Creamy Vanilla Bean -- 11.43 ozPlantFusionVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Vitamin D3, Glycine, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, reb A2024-11-29 10:47:42
PlantFusion Complete Plant Collagen Builder Rich Chocolate -- 11.43 ozPlantFusionVitamins & SupplementsVitamin C, Vitamin D3, Glycine, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K2, reb A2024-11-29 10:47:42
PlantFusion Complete Plant Protein Red Velvet -- 2 lbsPlantFusionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Fructose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
PlantFusion Complete Plant Protein Vanilla Bean -- 1 lbPlantFusionActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Fructose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, stevia, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Plantlife Body Wash Patchouli -- 14 fl ozPlantlifeBeauty & Personal Caretocopherol, tocopherol, glycerin, glycine, caprylic acid, coco betaine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Plantworks Plant Protein Powder Vanilla -- 23.8 ozPlantworksWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, L-isoleucine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Tyrosine, L-valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals HGH Surge -- 150 TabletsSource NaturalsActive Lifestyle & Fitness5-HTP, Acetyl L-Carnitine, Chromium, DMAE, GABA, L-Glutamine, Glycine, Huperzine A, microcrystalline cellulose, Niacin, Ornithine Ketoglutarate, stearic acid2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals NightRest with Melatonin -- 100 TabletsSource NaturalsVitamins & Supplementsdibasic calcium phosphate, GABA, Glycine, Melatonin, Stearic acid, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Serene Science™ GABA Calm™ Orange -- 120 LozengesSource NaturalsVitamins & SupplementsGABA, Glycine, mannitol, N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine, Sorbitol, stearic acid, Taurine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sukin Natural Balance Scalp Scrub -- 6.76 fl ozSukinBeauty & Personal Carecetearyl alcohol, tocopherol, decyl glucoside, tocopherol, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycine, lactic acid, phenoxyethanol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunaroma Coconut Oil Curl-Defining Leave-In Conditioner -- 12 ozSunaromaBeauty & Personal CarePCA, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cetearyl alcohol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Active Protein Chocolate -- 20 ServingsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Active Protein Vanilla -- 20 ServingsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Classic PLUS Protein Chocolate -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Classic PLUS Protein Natural -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Classic PLUS Protein Natural -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Classic PLUS Protein Vanilla -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Classic PLUS Protein Vanilla -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Harvest Hemp Protein Powder Unflavored -- 26.4 ozSunwarriorVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Vitamin E, Vitamin E, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Manganese, Methionine, Niacin, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Vitamin B6, Serine, Thiamin, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Classic Chocolate -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Classic Chocolate -- 30 ServingsSunwarriorWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Classic Natural -- 30 ServingsSunwarriorWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Classic Vanilla -- 15 ServingsSunwarriorWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Classic Vanilla -- 30 ServingsSunwarriorWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Warrior Blend Chocolate -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Protein Warrior Blend Unflavored -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Sport Organic Active Protein Cake Batter -- 2.2 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Organic Protein Chocolate Peanut Butter -- 1.65 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Organic Protein Maple French Toast -- 1.65 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Organic Protein + Greens Chocolate -- 1.65 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Organic Protein + Greens Unflavored -- 1.65 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Organic Protein + Greens Vanilla -- 1.65 lbSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant Based Organic Protein Berry -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Chocolate -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Mocha -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Mocha -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Natural -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Vanilla -- 1.65 lbsSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sunwarrior Warrior Blend Plant-Based Organic Protein Vanilla -- 13.2 ozSunwarriorActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Terry Naturally Clinical Essentials Multi-Vitamin & Minerals -- 60 TabletsTerry NaturallyVitamins & SupplementsPABA, citric acid, Vitamin C, Benfotiamine, Biotin, Boron, calcium ascorbate, calcium fructoborate, dicalcium phosphate, Vitamin D3, Choline, Chromium, citric acid, Vitamin E, Folate, Vitamin E, glycerol monostearate, glycine, Microcrystalline cellulose, Inositol, Iodine, maltodextrin, Manganese, Molybdenum, Niacin, PABA, Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, Selenium, Vanadium, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B62024-11-29 10:47:42
The Honest Company Stay Hydrated Hyaluronic Acid + NMF Serum -- 1 fl ozThe Honest CompanyBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, PCA, alanine, arginine, betaine, tocopherol, tocopherol, glutamic acid, glycerin, glycine, trisodium ethylenediamine disuccinate, proline, propanediol, serine, sodium lactate, threonine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Thorne Research Glycine -- 1 g - 250 CapsulesThorne ResearchProfessional SupplementsGlycine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Titan Nutrition Whey Toffee Macchiato -- 28 ServingsTitan NutritionActive Lifestyle & Fitnessacesulfame potassium, acesulfame potassium, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Phosphorus, Proline, Serine, Sugar, Threonine, sucralose, Tryptophan, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Tree to Tub Anti-Aging Peptide & Niacinamide Serum For Face -- 1 fl ozTree to TubBeauty & Personal Carecaprylyl glycol, citric acid, PCA, alanine, chamomile, arginine, aspartic acid, caffeine, carnitine, citric acid, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, vitamin B3, niacinamide, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
TruSkin Peptide Facial Serum -- 1 fl ozTruSkinBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, carbomer, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, glycerin, glycine, histidine, hydroxyethylcellulose, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
TruSkin Serum Eye Gel -- 0.5 fl ozTruSkinBeauty & Personal Carebutylene glycol, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, carbomer, vitamin E, vitamin E, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, threonine, valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Jalapeno Cheddar -- 10.6 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, dextrin, citric acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Jalapeno Cheddar -- 2.1 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, dextrin, citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Mesquite Barbecue -- 10.6 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Mesquite Barbecue -- 2.1 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Nacho Cheese -- 10.6 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, maltodextrin, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Nacho Cheese -- 2.1 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, maltodextrin, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Sour Cream & Onion -- 10.6 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twin Peaks Ingredients Protein Puffs Sour Cream & Onion -- 2.1 ozTwin Peaks IngredientsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab Amino Fuel® Orange Rush -- 16 fl ozTwinlabActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sodium benzoate, Threonine, sucralose, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Twinlab Amino Fuel® Orange Rush -- 32 fl ozTwinlabActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sodium benzoate, Threonine, sucralose, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Premium Vegan Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Chocolate -- 45 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Premium Vegan Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 12 PacketsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Premium Vegan Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 45 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Premium Vegan Protein Powder- NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 20 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder Mocha -- 45 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder Peanut Butter -- 19 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder Peanut Butter -- 45 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Berry -- 19 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Chocolate -- 12 PacketsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Chocolate -- 19 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Mocha -- 19 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Vitamin A, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Berry -- 45 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & Fitnesscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder Tub - NSF Certified for Sport Chocolate -- 14 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vega Sport Protein Powder Tub - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 14 ServingsVegaActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vena Spa Water Radiance Renewal Drink Powder Strawberry Kiwi -- 20 Stick PacketsVenaVitamins & Supplements Citric acid, Vitamin C, Citric acid, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, L-Glycine, L-Lysine, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Creamer Vanilla -- 10.6 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Creamer Vanilla -- 14 PacketsVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Leucine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Gummies Grape -- 120 GummiesVital ProteinsVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, lactic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, sugar, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides - NSF Certified for Sport Chocolate -- 13.5 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides - NSF Certified for Sport Lemon -- 11 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & Supplements Citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Citric acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides - NSF Certified for Sport Unflavored -- 20 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides - NSF Certified for Sport Vanilla -- 11.5 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Unflavored -- 10 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Collagen Peptides Powder - NSF Certified for Sport Unflavored -- 20 PacketsVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Marine Collagen Unflavored -- 7.8 ozVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cystine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Marine Collagen Stick Pak Unflavored -- 20 PacketsVital ProteinsVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Chocolate -- 27.6 ozVital ProteinsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Cold Brew Coffee -- 27.6 ozVital ProteinsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Caffeine, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Strawberry -- 26.8 ozVital ProteinsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vital Proteins Vital Performance Protein Isolate Powder - NSF Certified for Sport - Informed Sport Certified Vanilla -- 26.8 ozVital ProteinsActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, d-glucose, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Burn Strawberry Lemonade -- 20 ServingsVitauthorityWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chromium, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Burn Unflavored -- 20 ServingsVitauthorityWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chromium, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Burn Powder Strawberry Lemonade -- 11.4 ozVitauthorityWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chromium, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Burn Powder Unflavored -- 8.6 ozVitauthorityWeight ManagementAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Chromium, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein Plus Unflavored -- 30 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein Plus Unflavored -- 60 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein+ Peach Mango -- 30 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein+ Pink Lemonade -- 30 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein+ Strawberry -- 30 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein+ Tropica Punch -- 30 ServingsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & Fitness Citric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Citric acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Vitauthority Multi Collagen Protein+ Unflavored -- 20 PacketsVitauthorityActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Collagen -- 6000 mg - 290 TabletsYoutheoryVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Vitamin C, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Collagen Liquid Natural Berry -- 5000 mg - 12 PacketsYoutheoryVitamins & Supplementscitric acid, Alanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, citric acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, malic acid, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Relax Magnesium Powder Stress Formula + L-Theanine Berry -- 4.4 ozYoutheoryVitamins & Supplementsleaf, GABA, L-glycine, stevia, xylitol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Sleep Nighttime Powder Natural Lemon Lime -- 21 PacketsYoutheoryVitamins & SupplementsL-5-HTP, L-Glycine, Melatonin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Youtheory Sleep Nighttime Powder Natural Lemon Lime -- 6 ozYoutheoryVitamins & Supplements5-HTP, L-Glycine, Melatonin2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zahler Inositol + Glycine -- 11.5 ozZahlerVitamins & SupplementsGlycine, Inositol2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zesty Paws Itch Soother Conditioner with Oatmeal & Aloe Vera for Dogs Vanilla -- 16 fl ozZesty PawsPet Suppliescitric acid, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cetearyl alcohol, citric acid, panthenol, glycerin, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, oat, phenoxyethanol, phenylalanine, proline, sodium lactate, L-valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zhou Collagen Peptides Unflavored -- 18 ozZhouVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zint Beef Gelatin Powder Grass-Fed -- 16 ozZintActive Lifestyle & FitnessAlanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Norvaline, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zint Collagen Peptides Powder Unflavored -- 10 ozZintVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zint Collagen Peptides Powder Unflavored -- 16 ozZintVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zint Collagen Peptides Powder Unflavored -- 2 ozZintVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Hydroxyproline, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine2024-11-29 10:47:42
Zint Collagen Peptides Powder Unflavored -- 32 ozZintVitamins & SupplementsAlanine, Arginine, Aspartic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine2024-11-29 10:47:42

Roles (7)

RoleDescription
neurotransmitterAn endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
nutraceuticalA product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance.
hepatoprotective agentAny compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitorAn EC 2.1.2.* (hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glycine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1).
NMDA receptor agonistAn excitatory amino acid agonist which binds to NMDA receptors and triggers a response.
micronutrientAny nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
fundamental metaboliteAny metabolite produced by all living cells.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (4)

ClassDescription
alpha-amino acidAn amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.
serine family amino acidAn L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.
proteinogenic amino acidAny of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.
amino acid zwitterionThe zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (62)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Alanine,Aspartic acid and Asparagine metabolism ( Alanine,Aspartic acid and Asparagine metabolism )2237
L-Alanine + Glyoxylic acid = Pyruvic acid + Glycine ( Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis )24
Arginine and Proline metabolism ( Arginine and Proline metabolism )4255
L-Arginine + Glycine = L-Ornithine + Guanidino-acetic acid ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )14
Folate metabolism ( Folate metabolism )2039
L-Tetrahydro-folic acid + L-Serine = 5,10-Methylene-tetrahydro-folic acid + Glycine + H2O ( Folate metabolism )25
Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism ( Glutamic acid and Glutamine metabolism )1926
Glycine and Serine metabolism ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )3649
L-Tetrahydro-folic acid + L-Serine = 5,10-Methylene-tetrahydro-folic acid + Glycine + H2O ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )24
Acetyl-CoA + Glycine = CoA + L-2-Amino-3-oxo-butanoic acid ( Glycine and Serine metabolism )14
Lysine degradation ( Lysine degradation )2029
Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism ( Purine nucleotides and Nucleosides metabolism )10577
Tryptophan degradation ( Tryptophan degradation )6454
The impact of Nsp14 on metabolism (COVID-19 Disease Map)084
Oxidative stress and redox pathway019
Proximal tubule transport021
Neuroinflammation and glutamatergic signaling122
Hemesynthesis defects and porphyrias018
Creatine pathway116
Amino acid transport defects (IEMs)925
Metabolic pathways of fibroblasts1718
Metabolic Epileptic Disorders2589
folate polyglutamylation I013
folate metabolism022
tRNA charging pathway023
superpathway of threonine degradation011
threonine degradation I08
glycine cleavage complex08
glycine degradation III08
threonine degradation IV08
superpathway of threonine metabolism034
glutathione-mediated detoxification08
purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis I039
superpathway of histidine, purine, and pyrimidine biosynthesis064
purine nucleotides de novo biosynthesis II033
formylTHF biosynthesis II027
formylTHF biosynthesis I026
Folic acid network070
Relationship between glutathione and NADPH036
Cadmium and glutathione113
AtMetExpress overview0109
Glutathione and one-carbon metabolism010
One-carbon donor022
Trans-sulfuration and one-carbon metabolism020
Iron uptake and transport030
Glutathione metabolism013
Glycine metabolism06
Folate metabolism156
One-carbon metabolism013
Trans-sulfuration, one-carbon metabolism and related pathways053
MECP2 and associated Rett syndrome011
Biochemical pathways: part I0466
Amino acid metabolism094
One-carbon metabolism and related pathways038
Ethanol effects on histone modifications017
Disorders of folate metabolism and transport1827
Metabolic reprogramming in colon cancer029
Methionine metabolism leading to sulfur amino acids and related disorders919
Gamma-glutamyl cycle for the biosynthesis and degradation of glutathione, including diseases69
Amino acid conjugation of benzoic acid09
Heme biosynthesis012
Amino acid conjugation05
PCO cycle824

Protein Targets (17)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency14.57500.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)2,238.72001.41255.26838.1283AID595474
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)1,348.96001.54883.67618.1283AID595475
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)1.48520.00071.600310.0000AID143065; AID143072; AID143614; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.86666.6900AID143084
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)68.80000.000412.2769106.0000AID1070046; AID1794809
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00071.630610.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.68056.6900AID143084
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00061.525710.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.70716.6900AID143084
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00071.747210.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.81966.6900AID143084
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00071.741110.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.70726.6900AID143084
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00071.741110.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.70726.6900AID143084
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.32530.00071.741110.0000AID143072; AID144598; AID145260
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.17000.00030.70726.6900AID143084
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)128.00000.026012.7472128.0000AID1794825
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)94.74960.32001.45774.2000AID297971
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.29980.00301.29038.3000AID144825; AID145252; AID1818527; AID1818528; AID1818529; AID1818530
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.41930.00301.02226.8600AID144825; AID145252; AID1818527
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.16930.00300.86696.8600AID144825; AID145252; AID1818528
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.15930.00301.11276.8600AID144825; AID145252; AID1818529
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.11970.00301.39378.3000AID144825; AID145252; AID1818530
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.13400.00300.90516.8600AID144825; AID145252
Olfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.05800.00000.07800.5700AID1639697
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.13400.00300.90516.8600AID144825; AID145252
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (88)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
startle responseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system processGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathwayGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
visual perceptionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling postureGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glycinergicGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
righting reflexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amino acid stimulusGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to zinc ionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
response to alcoholGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transportGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of acrosome reactionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of NMDA glutamate receptor activitySodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transportSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic processSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergicSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heme biosynthetic processSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine import across plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glycinergicSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune responseLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-17 productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-4 productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagyLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to muscle activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
neutral amino acid transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
isoleucine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
methionine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
phenylalanine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
proline transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
tryptophan transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
tyrosine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
valine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hyperoxiaLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell proliferationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
liver regenerationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-histidine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to L-arginineLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-tryptophan transmembrane transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic processLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of L-leucine import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
proline transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
proline transmembrane transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transportProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-serine metabolic processSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
serine family amino acid metabolic processSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyruvate biosynthetic processSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
D-serine metabolic processSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
D-serine biosynthetic processSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
cell migrationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte differentiationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathwayOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smellOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fatty acidOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
melanocyte proliferationOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renin secretion into blood streamOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glycinergicSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
glycine import across plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (44)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
transmembrane signaling receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly glycine-gated chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
taurine bindingGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activityGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transmembrane transporter activitySodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine:sodium symporter activitySodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid:proton symporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
proline:proton symporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
taurine transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alanine transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-proline transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
glycine transmembrane transporter activityProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
L-serine ammonia-lyase activitySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
D-serine ammonia-lyase activitySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
glycine bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
threonine racemase activitySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
serine racemase activitySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activitySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
olfactory receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
glycine:sodium symporter activitySodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (38)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
dendriteGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
perikaryonGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
glycinergic synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complexGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endosomeSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic densitySodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
dense core granuleSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapseSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapseSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2CRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
lysosomal membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport complexLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
lysosomal membraneProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
vacuolar membraneProton-coupled amino acid transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
cytoplasmSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSerine racemaseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular organelleOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneOlfactory receptor 51E2Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endosomeSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
dense core granuleSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
glycinergic synapseSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (138)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID266246Activation of human PEPT1 expressed in MDCK cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID733539Displacement of [125I]-N-(p-I-Bn)-THAZ from 5HT2C in rat cerebral cortex membrane at 1 mM after 1 hr by scintillation counting analysis2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Design, synthesis, and pharmacological characterization of N- and O-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo[4,5-d]azepin-3-ol analogues: novel 5-HT(2A)/5-HT(2C) receptor agonists with pro-cognitive properties.
AID120086Percent of the tonic seizures after 30 min in the 3-mercaptopropionic acid test1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID517590Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 30 mins (RVb = 0.13 +/- 0.14 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID233320Bitter threshold value; NB denotes 'Not bitter'1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10
Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the bitter thresholds of amino acids, peptides, and their derivatives.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1818530Agonist activity at rat GluN1/GluN2D NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes measured after 4 days in presence of L-glutamte by two-electrode voltage-clamp recording assay
AID630741Inhibition of human PAT1-mediated L-[3H]proline uptake in human Caco2 cells after 10 mins by liquid scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of substrates of the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (hPAT1).
AID144598Binding affinity against glycine binding site associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor of rat synaptic plasma membrane(SPM) determined using [3H]glycine as radioligand.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-30, Volume: 35, Issue:22
Synthesis and evaluation of 3-substituted 17-methylmorphinan analogs as potential anticonvulsant agents.
AID1818528Agonist activity at rat GluN1/GluN2B NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes measured after 4 days in presence of L-glutamte by two-electrode voltage-clamp recording assay
AID120091Percent of the tonic seizures after 3h in the 3-mercaptopropionic acid test1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID1070046Inhibition of GlyT1 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of [14C]glycine uptake2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Novel GlyT1 inhibitor chemotypes by scaffold hopping. Part 1: development of a potent and CNS penetrant [3.1.0]-based lead.
AID631079Inhibition of mouse GAT3-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells at 1 mM2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Aminomethyltetrazoles as potential inhibitors of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID595476Inhibition of mouse GAT4-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5
Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID118604Ratio of the animals protected to animals tested after 3h in the MES test after intraperitoneal administration to mice at a dose of 750 mg/kg; Animals protected / Animals tested = 0/81998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID681113TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-tryptophan uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2001The Journal of biological chemistry, May-18, Volume: 276, Issue:20
Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID681145TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2002Genomics, Jan, Volume: 79, Issue:1
The human T-type amino acid transporter-1: characterization, gene organization, and chromosomal location.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID286349Displacement of [3H]strychnine from glycine receptor in rat spinal cord synaptosomal membranes2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-03, Volume: 50, Issue:9
Novel 3-O-glycosyl-3-demethylthiocolchicines as ligands for glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors.
AID110561The average latency on the onset of the seizures compared to the controls after 30 min in the strychnine test at a dose of 150 mg/kg1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID517594Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 60 mins (RVb = 0.15 +/- 0.16 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID517600Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 120 mins (RVb = 0.18 +/- 0.15 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID781327pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Morgenthaler ref: ChemMedChem 20072014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID678717Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID143467Inhibition of binding of [3H]strychnine to glycine receptor in rat1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 32, Issue:9
Evaluation and synthesis of aminohydroxyisoxazoles and pyrazoles as potential glycine agonists.
AID678712Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID678722Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID146058Effective concentration against NR1/NR2A receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects.
AID266249Binding affinity to human PEPT1 assessed as inhibition of [14C]Gly-Sar uptake in MDCK cells2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID120090Percent of the tonic seizures after 30 min in the 3-mercaptopropionic acid test; Not determined1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID678713Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID566258Inhibition of rat glutamate receptor2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21
Discovery of {1-[4-(2-{hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]cyclooctyl}methanol, systemically potent novel non-peptide agonist of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor as analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain: de
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID517606Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 180 mins (RVb = 0.15 +/- 0.12 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID145252In vitro concentration eliciting half-maximal effect on [3H]-MK 801 radioligand binding to NMDA receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 9, Issue:10
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor ligands.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID118601Ratio of the animals protected to animals tested after 30 min. in the MES test after intraperitoneal administration to mice at a dose of 750 mg/kg; Animals protected / Animals tested = 0/81998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID631080Inhibition of mouse GAT4-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells at 1 mM2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Aminomethyltetrazoles as potential inhibitors of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1818527Agonist activity at rat GluN1/GluN2A NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes measured after 4 days in presence of L-glutamte by two-electrode voltage-clamp recording assay
AID26797Partition coefficient (logP)1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 30, Issue:10
Quantitative structure-activity relationships of the bitter thresholds of amino acids, peptides, and their derivatives.
AID26351pKa value was determined1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 25, Issue:12
Methotrexate analogues. 16. Importance of the side-chain amide carbonyl group as a structural determinant of biological activity.
AID695510Vasodilatory activity in Wistar rat RASMC cells assessed as increase in cGMP levels at 100 uM after 5 mins by enzyme immunoassay relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8
Thioglycine and L-thiovaline: biologically active H₂S-donors.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1398361Trans-stimulation of human LAT1 expressed in TREx HEK293 cells assessed as induction of [3H]-gabapentin efflux at 200 uM after 3 mins by scintillation counting analysis relative to L-phenylalanine2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-23, Volume: 61, Issue:16
Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1).
AID143072Tested for binding affinity against NMDA receptor, from rat synaptic membrane, using [3H]glycine as the radioligand.1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 36, Issue:3
Potent quinoxaline-spaced phosphono alpha-amino acids of the AP-6 type as competitive NMDA antagonists: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID595475Inhibition of mouse GAT3-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5
Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID631078Inhibition of mouse GAT2-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells at 1 mM2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Aminomethyltetrazoles as potential inhibitors of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID266247Activation of human PEPT1 expressed in MDCK cells relative to Gly-Sar2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID443653Binding affinity to 30 mM pyridoxal-5'-phosphate assessed as formation of PLP-aldimine by ESI-MS analysis2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 52, Issue:19
Hydroxamic acids as a novel family of serine racemase inhibitors: mechanistic analysis reveals different modes of interaction with the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate cofactor.
AID695877Cytotoxicity against human KB-3-1 cells incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Collateral sensitivity of multidrug-resistant cells to the orphan drug tiopronin.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1398360Cis-inhibition of human LAT1 expressed in TREx HEK293 cells at 200 uM assessed as inhibition of [3H]-gabapentin uptake at 200 uM preincubated for 3 mins at 37 degC followed by washing with choline buffer and measured after 3 hrs by scintillation counting 2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-23, Volume: 61, Issue:16
Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1).
AID266248Ratio of %GSmax to EC50 for human PEPT1 activation2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12
Human PEPT1 pharmacophore distinguishes between dipeptide transport and binding.
AID1713511Inhibition of human LAT1 expressed in HEK293-T-Rex cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-gabapentin uptake at 200 uM by scintillation counting cis-inhibition assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20
LAT1 activity of carboxylic acid bioisosteres: Evaluation of hydroxamic acids as substrates.
AID143065In vitro inhibitory activity to inhibit [3H]glycine binding to NMDA receptor1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 9, Issue:10
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor ligands.
AID145253In vitro maximal effect on [3H]-MK 801 binding to NMDA receptor as compared to a basal value of 100%1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-17, Volume: 9, Issue:10
Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel strychnine-insensitive glycine receptor ligands.
AID146062Effective concentration against NR1/NR2C receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects.
AID143084Affinity for the glycine binding site of NMDA receptor by inhibition of [3H]5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid ([3H]DCKA) binding to rat brain synaptic membrane1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 37, Issue:23
Tricyclic quinoxalinediones: 5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2,3-de] quinoxaline-2,3-diones and 6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[1,2,3-de] quinoxaline-2,3-diones as potent antagonists for the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor.
AID23504Calculated partition coefficient (clogP) (Pomona)1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 32, Issue:9
Evaluation and synthesis of aminohydroxyisoxazoles and pyrazoles as potential glycine agonists.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1185880Binding affinity to serine recemase (unknown origin)2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 24, Issue:16
In silico and pharmacological screenings identify novel serine racemase inhibitors.
AID144825Compound was evaluated for in vitro inhibition of [3H]TCP at NMDA receptor1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-25, Volume: 37, Issue:24
The glycine site on the NMDA receptor: structure-activity relationships and therapeutic potential.
AID110569The average latency on the onset of the seizures compared to the controls after 3h in the strychnine test at a dose of 300 mg/kg1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID92041Percent control measured by evaluating the inhibition of 3 nM [125I]PhTX-343-lysine binding to glutamate receptors in rat cortical membranes1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Synthesis and binding of [125I2]philanthotoxin-343, [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-lysine, and [125I2]philanthotoxin-343-arginine to rat brain membranes.
AID146060Effective concentration against NR1/NR2B receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects.
AID143614Inhibitory concentration required to inhibit [3H]strychnine binding to N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 11992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2
Beta-proline analogues as agonists at the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID110567The average latency on the onset of the seizures compared to the controls after 3h in the strychnine test at a dose of 150 mg/kg1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID145260In vitro inhibition of [3H]glycine at NMDA receptor1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-25, Volume: 37, Issue:24
The glycine site on the NMDA receptor: structure-activity relationships and therapeutic potential.
AID297971Antagonist activity at human glycine alpha-1 receptor in HEK293 cells by FMP assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID198301Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 2 mM, in presence of 0.5 uM magnesium ions2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23
Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID517597Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 90 mins (RVb = 0.17 +/- 0.14 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID595481Inhibition of mouse GAT1-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells assessed as specific binding remaining at 10 mM2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5
Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID1713512Inhibition of human LAT1 expressed in HEK293-T-Rex cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]-gabapentin uptake by scintillation counting cis-inhibition assay relative to BCH inhibition (RV = 100%)2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20
LAT1 activity of carboxylic acid bioisosteres: Evaluation of hydroxamic acids as substrates.
AID695876Cytotoxicity against drug-resistant human KBV1 cells expressing P-gp incubated for 72 hrs by MTT assay2011Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 54, Issue:14
Collateral sensitivity of multidrug-resistant cells to the orphan drug tiopronin.
AID1713510Substrate activity at human LAT1 expressed in HEK293-T-Rex cells assessed as [3H]-gabapentin efflux preincubated for 30 mins followed by treated at 200 uM by scintillation counting trans-stimulation assay relative to control2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 26, Issue:20
LAT1 activity of carboxylic acid bioisosteres: Evaluation of hydroxamic acids as substrates.
AID678715Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID297969Antagonist activity at human 5HT3A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID297968Antagonist activity at rat alpha3beta4 nAChR expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID120095Percent of the tonic seizures after 3h in the 3-mercaptopropionic acid test; Not determined1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID430782Displacement of [3H]glycine from strychnine-insensitive glycine recognition site of NMDA receptor in rat brain cortex membrane2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-27, Volume: 52, Issue:16
Drug design, in vitro pharmacology, and structure-activity relationships of 3-acylamino-2-aminopropionic acid derivatives, a novel class of partial agonists at the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex.
AID198302Cleavage rate against hairpin ribozyme at 5 mM with 0.5 uM magnesium ions2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-03, Volume: 11, Issue:23
Novel spermine-amino acid conjugates and basic tripeptides enhance cleavage of the hairpin ribozyme at low magnesium ion concentration.
AID631077Inhibition of mouse GAT1-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells at 1 mM2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21
Aminomethyltetrazoles as potential inhibitors of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters mGAT1-mGAT4: synthesis and biological evaluation.
AID1818529Agonist activity at rat GluN1/GluN2C NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes measured after 4 days in presence of L-glutamte by two-electrode voltage-clamp recording assay
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID270051Displacement of [3H]strychnine from strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in rat spinal cord2006Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 49, Issue:18
3-demethoxy-3-glycosylaminothiocolchicines: Synthesis of a new class of putative muscle relaxant compounds.
AID146064Effective concentration against NR1/NR2D receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 43, Issue:14
Ligands for glutamate receptors: design and therapeutic prospects.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID595474Inhibition of mouse GAT2-mediated [3H]GABA uptake expressed in human HEK cells2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 46, Issue:5
Development of imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors.
AID297967Antagonist activity at human alpha-7 nAChR in tsA201 cells coexpressed with Ric3 by FMP assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID678716Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID110563The average latency on the onset of the seizures compared to the controls after 30 min in the strychnine test at a dose of 300 mg/kg1998Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)glycine esters and amides as new anticonvulsants.
AID517603Analgesic activity in mouse assessed as pain threshold variation at 30 umol/kg, po after 150 mins (RVb = 0.16 +/- 0.13 %)2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 20, Issue:20
A class of novel conjugates of substituted purine and Gly-AA-OBzl: synthesis and evaluation of orally analgesic activity.
AID678714Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins2012Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID297970Antagonist activity at human rho1 GABAc receptor in HEK293 cells by FMP assay2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-20, Volume: 50, Issue:19
Pharmacological characteristics and binding modes of caracurine V analogues and related compounds at the neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID51033Concentration required for obtaining 50% of the fluorescence intensity of copper-free calcein 1, in bovine serum albumin2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-19, Volume: 13, Issue:10
A green fluorescent chemosensor for amino acids provides a versatile high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for proteases.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (33,767)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199011556 (34.22)18.7374
1990's5649 (16.73)18.2507
2000's7482 (22.16)29.6817
2010's6653 (19.70)24.3611
2020's2427 (7.19)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.21

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.21 (24.57)
Research Supply Index10.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.52 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index229.45 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.97 (0.95)

This Compound (62.21)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials756 (2.15%)5.53%
Reviews1,324 (3.77%)6.00%
Case Studies1,070 (3.04%)4.05%
Observational24 (0.07%)0.25%
Other31,989 (90.97%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (130)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase 1/2 Study of MLN9708 (Ixazomib [I]), Venetoclax (V), and Dexamethasone (D) Regimen (IVD) to Restore or Enhance Proteasome Inhibitor (PI) Sensitivity in Non-t(11;14) Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) [NCT03856112]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-21Withdrawn(stopped due to Per CTEP, Martha Khrum this study is withdrawn. Changing status to update CT.gov)
Phase 2 Trial of Pembrolizumab, Ixazomib, and Dexamethasone for Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT03506360]Phase 213 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-19Completed
Phase II Randomized Trial of Continuation of Post-Transplant Maintenance With Single-Agent Lenalidomide vs. Consolidation/Maintenance With Ixazomib-Lenalidomide-Dexamethasone in Patients With Residual Myeloma [NCT02389517]Phase 242 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-03-02Active, not recruiting
The Effects of Glycine on Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome-related Parameters: A Clinical and Ex-vivo Study. [NCT03850314]Phase 2/Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-31Not yet recruiting
Open Label Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of GSK1278863A Coadministered With a High Fat Meal or an Inhibitor of CYP2C8 (Gemfibrozil) [NCT01376232]Phase 123 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-08Completed
MLN9708 for the Prophylaxis of Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease in Patient Undergoing Allogeneic Transplantation [NCT02250300]Phase 1/Phase 268 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-19Completed
Myeloma XIV: A Phase III Trial to Compare Standard and Frailty-adjusted Induction Therapy With Ixazomib, Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (IRD) and Maintenance Lenalidomide (R) to Lenalidomide Plus Ixazomib (R+I) [NCT03720041]Phase 3740 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-08-04Recruiting
A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Two-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Adults to Assess Bioequivalence Between Test and Reference Formulations of Vadadustat 150 mg Tablets [NCT03639155]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-12Completed
Pilot Study of Ixazomib to Reduce the Number of HIV DNA Positive Lymphoid Cells [NCT02946047]Phase 1/Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-20Completed
Phase 2 Open-Label Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of AKB-6548 in Subjects With Anemia Secondary to End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis. [NCT02260193]Phase 294 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-10Completed
A Phase I/II Study of Ixazomib and Ibrutinib in Relapsed/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma [NCT03323151]Phase 1/Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-13Active, not recruiting
A Phase 1 Study of MLN9708 in Combination With MEC (Mitoxantrone, Etoposide, and Intermediate-Dose Cytarabine) for Relapsed/ Refractory Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) [NCT02070458]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-08Completed
A Phase II Study of Tosedostat in Combination With Either Cytarabine or Decitabine in Newly Diagnosed AML or High-Risk MDS [NCT01567059]Phase 234 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Completed
Determining Airway pH by Compartmental Exhaled Nitric Oxide Levels During Alkaline Buffer Challenge [NCT04738422]Phase 2500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-11Recruiting
Phase 1/2 Trial of Ixazomib in Combination With Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone in Patients With Previously Untreated Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma or Light Chain Amyloidosis [NCT01864018]Phase 1/Phase 287 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-20Active, not recruiting
Efficacy of Isolated Whey and Micellar Whey Protein (+/- Citrulline) to Stimulate Protein Synthesis in 'Healthy' and 'Anabolically Resistant' Elderly Muscle [NCT02315391]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Completed
A Phase I-II Trial of DA-EPOCH-R Plus Ixazomib as Frontline Therapy for Patients With MYC-aberrant Lymphoid Malignancies: The DACIPHOR Regimen [NCT02481310]Phase 1/Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-28Active, not recruiting
A Phase I, Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation (Part 1), Fixed Sequence and Open-Label (Part 2), Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Oral Doses of GSK1278863A in Healthy Subjects [NCT02348372]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Two-way Crossover Trial of the Effect of a High-Fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Tosedostat (CHR 2797) in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01638442]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-06-30Completed
Comparison of Ferrous Sulfate, Polymaltose Complex and Iron-zinc in Iron Deficiency Anemia [NCT02076828]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A 52-week, Phase III, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-center Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Daprodustat Compared to Darbepoetin Alfa in Japanese Hemodialysis-dependent Subjects With Anemia Associated With Chronic Kidney Di [NCT02969655]Phase 3271 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-21Completed
A Two-part Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of a High, Single Oral Dose of GSK1278863 (Part A), and a Randomized, Single-blind, Placebo- and Positive-controlled, Four-way Crossover Study to Assess the Effect of Single, Oral [NCT02293148]Phase 161 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-17Completed
Optimizing Prolonged Treatment In Myeloma Using MRD Assessment (OPTIMUM) [NCT03941860]Phase 3510 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-16Active, not recruiting
Glutathione, Brain Metabolism and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT04740580]Early Phase 152 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-15Recruiting
A Phase 1, Single-Center, Partially Double-Blinded, Active and Placebo Controlled, Randomized 4-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effect of AKB-6548 on Cardiac Repolarization Intervals in Healthy Volunteers [NCT02062203]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Phase 1 / 2 Trial of Idasanutlin in Combination With Ixazomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With 17p Deleted, Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT02633059]Phase 1/Phase 233 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-30Active, not recruiting
Pharmacokinetic and Imaging Optimization Study of Pretargeted Immuno-PET Using the Anti-CEA x Anti-HSG TF2 Bispecific Antibody and 68Ga-IMP-288 Peptide in Patients With Recurrences of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. [NCT01730638]Phase 1/Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Determination Glycine Requirements During Healthy Pregnancy Using the Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation (IAAO) Technique [NCT02149953]13 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-19Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial, to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of the Combination of Soy Isoflavones and Red Clover Extract (FITOGYN) in the Treatment of the Hot Flushes in Menopausal Women. [NCT01116310]Phase 4166 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-04-30Recruiting
Phase II Study of the Effects of Tiopronin on 3-Aminopropanal Level & Neurologic Outcome After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage [NCT01095731]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
A Phase 2, Single-Arm Study To Assess The Efficacy and Safety Of 72-Hour Continuous Intravenous Dosing Of ON 01910.Na Administered Every Other Week in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients With Trisomy 8 or Classified as Intermediate-1, 2 or High Risk [NCT00906334]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Phase 2, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled, Efficacy, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics Study of Oral Vadadustat for the Treatment of Anemia in Hemodialysis Subjects Converting From Epoetin Alfa (FO2RWARD-2) [NCT03799627]Phase 2175 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-31Completed
Role of HIV on Glutathione Synthesis and Oxidative Stress [NCT01355198]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, 3-period Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects to Determine the Effect of Particle Size on the Pharmacokinetics of Single Oral 100mg Doses of GSK1278863A [NCT01319006]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-25Completed
A Single Centre, Single Dose, Open-label, Randomised, 2-way Crossover Study in Healthy Japanese Male Subjects to Evaluate the Bioequivalence of Daprodustat Tablets (2 mg Tablet vs. 4 mg Tablet) (Part 1) and the Food Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Dapro [NCT03493386]Phase 164 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-24Completed
Phase 2 Trial of Pomalidomide, Ixazomib and Dexamethasone in Patients With Multiple Myeloma With Extramedullary Disease or Plasma Cell Leukemia [NCT02547662]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-24Completed
The Effects of Glycine Transport Inhibition on Brain Glycine Concentration [NCT00538070]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-08-31Completed
Myeloma-Developing Regimens Using Genomics (MyDRUG) (Genomics Guided Multi-arm Trial of Targeted Agents Alone or in Combination With a Backbone Regimen) [NCT03732703]Phase 1/Phase 2228 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-01Recruiting
Remaining Root Substance Comparing a New Ultrasonic Scaling Device, Hand Instrumentation and Subgingival Air Polishing With Glycine. An in Vivo and in Vitro Study [NCT02205619]Phase 2/Phase 348 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Phase II Study of Targeting CD28 in Multiple Myeloma With Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) to Overcome Resistance to Chemotherapy [NCT03457142]Phase 215 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-11Active, not recruiting
A Phase III Study to Determine the Role of Ixazomib as an Augmented Conditioning Therapy in Salvage Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (ASCT) and as a Post-ASCT Consolidation and Maintenance Strategy in Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT03562169]Phase 3406 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-20Recruiting
A Phase I Two-Dimensional Dose-Finding Study of Ixazomib in Combination With Gemcitabine and Doxorubicin, Followed by a Phase II Extension to Assess the Efficacy of This Combination in Metastatic, Surgically Unresectable Urothelial Cancer [NCT02420847]Phase 1/Phase 257 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-07-03Active, not recruiting
A 52-week, Phase III, Open-label, Multi-center Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of GSK1278863 in Japanese Non-dialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Subjects With Anemia Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT02791763]Phase 3355 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-06Completed
Alternating the Administration of Ixazomib and Lenalidomide as Maintenance Therapy After Autologous Transplant for Treating Multiple Myeloma [NCT02619682]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-30Active, not recruiting
A 4-Part Parallel Group, Randomized, Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Repeat Doses of GSK1018921 in Healthy Volunteers and Stable Patients With Schizophrenia and to Evaluate Its Effects on Pharmac [NCT00929370]Phase 134 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Study has now been terminated due to changes in project strategy. Current available data will be analysed and reported in a synoptic study report.)
Sarcosine as Primary or Adjunctive Therapy in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Prospective, Open-label Study [NCT01031927]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-06-30Completed
Phase I/II Trial of MLN9708 Plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone for Relapsed or Relapsed Refractory Multiple Myeloma [NCT02119468]Phase 1/Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Single Intravenous and Oral Ascending Dose Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of NRX-1074 in Normal Healthy Volunteers [NCT01856556]Phase 1100 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Effects of Sublingual Microencapsulated Glycine on Attentional Difficulties and Hyperactivity in Prepuberal Children - A Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Randomized, Cross-over Study [NCT02655276]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Single Intravenous Dose, Ascending Dose Level Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of GLYX-13 in Normal Healthy Volunteers [NCT01014650]Phase 153 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
A Phase I-II Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Anti-Disease Activity of the Aminopeptidase Inhibitor, CHR-2797, in Elderly and/or Treatment Refractory Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia or Multiple Myeloma [NCT00689000]Phase 1/Phase 257 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Phase I Clinical Trial of Venetoclax (ABT-199) in Combination With Ixazomib and Dexamethasone for Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT03399539]Phase 17 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-02Active, not recruiting
Ferrous Bis-glycinate Versus Ferrous Glycine Sulfate for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy [NCT02590224]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-01Completed
A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study of the Safety and Clinical Effects of ON 01910.Na in Combination With Either Irinotecan or Oxaliplatin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT00861328]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study of the Safety and Clinical Effects of ON 01910.Na in Combination With Either Irinotecan or Oxaliplatin in Patients With Hepatoma and Other Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT00861783]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-06-30Completed
A Randomized Double-Blind Control-Comparison Crossover Trial of Oral Glutamine to Suppress Frequently Recurrent Herpes Labialis [NCT00913692]Phase 211 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to slow recruitment.)
Efficacy of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose in the Improvement of Anemia in Patients With Postoperative Knee Prosthesis [NCT01913808]Phase 4122 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Vitamin B6 Dependence of One-Carbon Metabolism [NCT00877812]45 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
A Pilot Study of Perioperative Application of Sivelestat Sodium in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection Patients With Preoperative Moderate to Severe Hypoxemia to Shorten the Duration of Postoperative Invasive Mechanical Ventilation [NCT05874700]30 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-05-31Not yet recruiting
Phase 2 Trial of Induction With Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone Prior to Salvage Autologous Stem Cell Transplant Followed by Consolidation With Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone and Ixazomib Maintenance in Multiple Myeloma [NCT03202628]Phase 28 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-07-24Completed
Impact of Glycine-augmented Prophylaxis on Resolution of Peri-implant Mucositis [NCT05810558]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-16Completed
A Window Study of Ixazomib in Untreated Indolent B-NHL [NCT02339922]Phase 233 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-19Active, not recruiting
A Multicentre, Randomized, Laboratory-blinded, Parallel-group Study to Demonstrate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate in Iron Deficiency Anaemia and to Compare These With Those of Ferrous Ascorbate. [NCT01160198]Phase 3271 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-13Completed
"Glycine Deficiency and the Kinetics of Acylglycine in Morbid Obesity" [NCT04658134]20 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-20Recruiting
A Trial of the Effects of Glycine Loading on Clinical Symptoms and Logical Memory in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00575848]Phase 116 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-12-31Terminated(stopped due to Slow enrollment and due to personnel change there was no viable way to quantify glycine levels through imaging)
Prospective Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial of Alanyl-Glutamine or Glycine in Children With Persistent Diarrhea or Malnutrition [NCT00338221]Phase 3108 participants Interventional2004-08-31Withdrawn
Efficacy and Safety of Sivelestat Sodium Hydrate in Acute Lung Injury Associated With Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Compared With the Conventional Treatment in Japan [NCT00219375]Phase 4649 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
A Placebo Controlled Trial of Glycine Added to Clozapine in Schizophrenia [NCT00000372]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional1998-03-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Pairing D-Cycloserine with Clozapine was found to worsen negative side effects in patients with Schizophrenia, so the study was suspended.)
Glycine and Oral D-Cycloserine in Alcoholic Patients and Healthy Subjects [NCT00635102]57 participants (Actual)Interventional1997-10-31Completed
MLN9708 (Ixazomib) and MLN4924 (Pevonedistat) in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Phase 1b Trial [NCT03770260]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-02-10Completed
Childhood Onset Psychotic Disorders: An Open Trial With the Amino Acid Glycine [NCT00005658]Phase 210 participants Interventional2000-05-31Completed
A Phase 2 Study of Ixazomib and Rituximab in Bruton Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistant Mantle Cell Lymphoma [NCT04047797]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-28Active, not recruiting
Phase II Trial of Ixazomib Combined With Gemcitabine and Doxorubicin in Patients With Renal Medullary Carcinoma [NCT03587662]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-08-17Recruiting
Long-term Impact and Intervention for Diarrhea in Brazil [NCT00133406]Phase 3321 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-06-30Recruiting
Prospective Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of Alanyl-Glutamine or Glycine in Hospitalized Children With Persistent Diarrhea or Malnutrition. [NCT00133562]Phase 3108 participants Interventional2004-08-31Withdrawn
Effects of Thymosin α1 on Inflammatory Response for Acute Aortic Syndrome Patients [NCT05339529]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Recruiting
Randomized Trial of Supplementing Glycine and N-acetylcysteine vs. Placebo in COVID-19 [NCT04703036]Early Phase 164 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-11Active, not recruiting
Glutathione in Mild Cognitive Impairment [NCT03493178]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-04-14Recruiting
A Phase 1/1a Study of Venetoclax, MLN9708 (Ixazomib Citrate) and Dexamethasone for Relapsed/Refractory Light Chain Amyloidosis [NCT04847453]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-03Recruiting
Phase 2 Trial of Ixazomib Combinations in Patients With Relapsed Multiple Myeloma [NCT01415882]Phase 2108 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Active, not recruiting
Phase II Study of Ibrutinib in Combination With Ixazomib in Patients With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia [NCT03506373]Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-05Active, not recruiting
Phase 1-2 18F-FPPRGD2 PET/CT or PET/MRI Imaging of αvβ3 Integrins Expression as a Biomarker of Angiogenesis [NCT01806675]Phase 1/Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-04Completed
Adjunctive Glycine for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [NCT00405535]24 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Effect of a Maintenance Protocol Based on the Surgical Treatment of Peri-implantitis and Implant Surface Decontamination With Glycine Powder Air-polishing [NCT05574218]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial (CONSIST) [NCT00222235]Phase 2/Phase 3240 participants Interventional2000-01-31Completed
Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Use of Glycine Powder and Angled Implant Brush in Oral Hygiene Maintenance in Patients Reinstated With Columbus Bridge ProtocolTM: a Factorial Randomized Study [NCT05965076]74 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-06Recruiting
Bedside to Bench and Back: Cardiometabolic Effects of Betaine Supplementation [NCT01950039]Phase 228 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Glutathione and Function in HIV Patients [NCT02348775]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
Does Eradication of H-pylori in Pregnant Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia Have an Effect on Iron Replacement Therapy? [NCT03347513]Phase 4150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-25Recruiting
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study of Ivosidenib or Enasidenib in Combination With Induction Therapy and Consolidation Therapy Followed by Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Acute Myeloid Leukemia [NCT03839771]Phase 3968 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-01Recruiting
Hematological, Biochemical and Hemodynamic Changes During Operative Hysteroscopy Using Consecutive Distension Media [NCT03166228]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-05Completed
Glycine Treatment of Prodromal Symptoms [NCT00268749]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
ONO-5046Na Phase II Study - A Pilot Study for Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure [NCT00417326]Phase 2174 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Reducing Perioperative Oxidative Stress to Prevent Postoperative Chronic Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT06083480]Phase 4148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-03-31Not yet recruiting
A Phase 1/2, Safety Lead-in and Dose Expansion, Open-label, Multicenter Trial Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Activity of Ivosidenib in Combination With Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Previously Treated Subjects With Nonresectable or [NCT05921760]Phase 1/Phase 292 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-23Recruiting
A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Administration of AIM-102 in Patients With Mild to Moderate Allergic Asthma [NCT01501942]Phase 211 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Effect of Sarcosine on Symptomatology, Quality of Life, Cognitive and Sexual Functioning, Blood Levels of Sarcosine, Glycine, BDNF and MMP-9, Oculomotor, Brain Metabolism and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Schizophrenia. [NCT01503359]Phase 270 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Completed
Phase I/II Study of Cytarabine or 5-Azacitidine Combined With Tosedostat to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability in Older Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) or High Risk MDS [NCT01636609]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-11-20Terminated(stopped due to In 2013 the FDA put a temporary hold on the trial and the Phase II portion of this study was cancelled.)
Pilot Study for Optimization of Immuno-PET Pretargeted With Anti-CEA Bispecific Antibody X Anti-HSG TF2 and the Peptide IMP-288 Radiolabeled With Gallium-68 -Pharmacokinetic and Imaging for Patients With a Recurrence of HER2 Negative Breast Carcinoma Expr [NCT01730612]Phase 1/Phase 223 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Phase II Study of the Combination of MLN 9708 With Lenalidomide as Maintenance Therapy Post Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Patients With Multiple Myeloma [NCT01718743]Phase 283 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-03Completed
Pilot Study of Glycine Augmentation in Carriers of a Mutation in the Gene Encoding Glycine Decarboxylase [NCT01720316]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-10Completed
Effects of Dietary Amino Acids on Serum and Macrophage Atherogenicity [NCT03180775]110 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-07-01Not yet recruiting
Acute Glycine Pharmacodynamic Study [NCT01610011]21 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Treatment of Peri-implant Mucositis: Adjunctive Benefit of Glycine Powder Air Polishing Device to Professional Mechanical Biofilm Removal. A Randomized Parallel Arm Clinical Study [NCT05801315]52 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-01Completed
An Open-label Study in Healthy Male Participants to Determine the Mass Balance, Absolute Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Daprodustat, Administered as a Single Intravenous Microtracer (Concomitant With an Oral Dose of Non-radiolabelled Daprodustat) [NCT03239522]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-10Completed
Evaluation of the Capability of a Glycine Oral Supplement for Diminishing Bronchial Inflammation in Children With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT01417481]Phase 213 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Terminated(stopped due to Some of the researchers finished their participation in the study.)
Effects of Microencapsulated Sublingual Glycine (Bidicin) on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Men After an Acute Stressor - a Randomized, Partly Double-blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT03353441]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-15Completed
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the NMDA Glycine Site Antagonist, GW468816, for Prevention of Relapse to Smoking [NCT00218465]Phase 2264 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-08-31Completed
Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial for Evaluating the Effect of a Supplement of Glycine as Adjuvant in the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia in Patients Initiating Mechanical Ventilation [NCT04443673]59 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-06-15Terminated(stopped due to An interim analysis showed no difference in major outcomes (n=35 glycine and n=24 control participants))
Facilitation of NMDA Receptor Function in Patients With Schizophrenia and Co-morbid Alcoholism [NCT00338598]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-06-30Completed
Exploratory Study of Ixazomib in Combination With Reduced Dose Lenalidomide Versus Ixazomib Alone for Maintenance Treatment of High Risk Multiple Myeloma [NCT05722405]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-07-01Recruiting
Ixazomib for Treatment of Chronic Graft vs. Host Disease [NCT02513498]Phase 250 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-08Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Three-Period Crossover Study in Healthy Adults to Assess the Relative Bioavailability of Test and Reference Formulations of AKB-6548 Tablets and to Evaluate the Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of AKB-6548 [NCT02412449]Phase 118 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
A Phase 2 Study of Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone (DVd), Followed by Daratumumab, Ixazomib, and Dexamethasone (DId) for Relapsed and/or Refractory Myeloma [NCT03763162]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-17Recruiting
Effect of Adding Lactoferrin to Oral Iron Supplementation for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients [NCT05900635]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-01Recruiting
Phase 2 Trial of Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone, and Daratumumab in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma [NCT03012880]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-12Active, not recruiting
A Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel, Active-controlled, Randomized and Multi-center Trial to Investigate Efficacy and Safety in Subjects With Iron Deficiency Anemia for Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex Versus Polyferose Capsules Therapy [NCT01425463]Phase 3256 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Methods to Identify and Treat Severe Asthma Patients Project 2: Airway pH Phenotyping [NCT03617718]Phase 1/Phase 274 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-11-01Recruiting
Glycine vs Placebo for the Schizophrenia Prodrome [NCT00291226]Phase 2/Phase 38 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Glycine Powder Air-Polishing Combined With Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Halitosis: A Randomized Clinical Study [NCT03031756]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
Glutathione and Fuel Oxidation in Aging [NCT01870193]Early Phase 136 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-23Completed
Energetics and Function in Older Humans [NCT02348762]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-11-30Completed
A Phase 1 Study of Oral IXAZOMIB (MLN9708) to Assess Relative Bioavailability, Food Effect, Drug-Drug Interaction With Ketoconazole, Clarithromycin or Rifampin; and Safety and Tolerability in Patients With Advanced Nonhematologic Malignancies or Lymphoma [NCT01454076]Phase 1112 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-11-10Completed
A Phase 2 Trial of Ixazomib for Kaposi Sarcoma [NCT04305691]Phase 241 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-07Recruiting
Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Patients With POEMS Syndrome [NCT02921893]Early Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Active, not recruiting
A Novel Nasal Treatment for COVID-19 [NCT05799521]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-27Recruiting
A Safety Study of Daratumumab, Ixazomib, and Dexamethasone in AL Amyloidosis [NCT03283917]Phase 121 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-02-07Active, not recruiting
A Feasibility Study of Myeloablative BEAM Allogeneic Transplantation Followed by Oral Ixazomib Maintenance Therapy in Patients With Relapsed High-Risk Multiple Myeloma [NCT02504359]Phase 111 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-20Completed
Comparison of Preoperative Haemoglobin Level After Administration of Epoetin Alfa Associated With an Oral Versus Intravenous Iron Supplementation [NCT02496377]100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-08-29Completed
A 29-day, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Multi-center Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Three-times Weekly Dosing of GSK1278863 in Hemodialysis-dependent Subjects With Anemia Associated With Ch [NCT02689206]Phase 2103 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-17Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00218465 (3) [back to overview]Time to Relapse to Smoking in the 5-week Relapse Prevention Phase.
NCT00218465 (3) [back to overview]Days to Relapse Within the 60 Days Following Randomization
NCT00218465 (3) [back to overview]Number of Abstinent and Nonabstinent Participants at End of 5 Week Placebo-controlled Relapse Prevention Trial
NCT00291226 (2) [back to overview]Change in Scale of Prodromal Symptoms Total Score
NCT00291226 (2) [back to overview]Scale of Prodromal Symptoms Total Score
NCT00338598 (4) [back to overview]Baseline and End of Treatment Cognitive Functioning Measures (Hopkins)
NCT00338598 (4) [back to overview]Self Reported Weekly Alcohol Consumption
NCT00338598 (4) [back to overview]Self Reported Weekly Alcohol Craving
NCT00338598 (4) [back to overview]Weekly Ratings of Negative/Positive Psychotic Symptoms
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 3
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 2
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Delay Recall - 90 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - Vigilance - A-Prime Score 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - Distractibility A-Prime - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink: - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink- Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 1
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 60 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 30 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 120 Minutes
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Subscale Sedation 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - Baseline
NCT00635102 (45) [back to overview]Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Achieved a Target Hb More Than or Equal to 12 gm/dL After 8 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]Difference in Percentage of Participants With Gastrointestinal Side Effects During 8 Weeks Treatment With Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate and Ferrous Ascorbate
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) After 8 Weeks of Treatment in Each Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate Group (1 Tablet Daily and 2 Tablets Daily)
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hb During 8 Weeks Therapy
NCT01160198 (5) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hb From Baseline to 8 Weeks
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in FEV1, FEF25, and FEFmax
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (IL-6)
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Clinical Data Scores (Other Than Sputum Production, Dyspnea and Global Symptoms)
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Other Spirometric Variables
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Pulse Oximetry, FEV1/FVC, and FEF50.
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Score for Sputum Production, Dyspnea and Global Symptoms
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (Other Than TNF-alpha)
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (Other Than IL-6 and G-CSF)
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (TNF-alpha)
NCT01417481 (10) [back to overview]Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (G-CSF)
NCT01425463 (5) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 4
NCT01425463 (5) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 2
NCT01425463 (5) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 8
NCT01425463 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Responders at Week 12
NCT01425463 (5) [back to overview]Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 12
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants Reporting One or More Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant TEAEs Related to Laboratory Abnormalities
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]AUClast: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Ixazomib
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Ixazomib
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Ixazomib
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Sign Abnormalities
NCT01454076 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Best Overall Response
NCT01610011 (1) [back to overview]Brain Glycine Increments After Oral Glycine Administration Measured With MRS as Glycine/Total Creatine, Normalized to the Glycine Dose Administered (g/kg).
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Glycine Plasma Amino Acid Levels at Baseline, During Glycine Treatment, During Placebo Treatment and During Open-label Glycine
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Mania Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Brain GABA Metabolite Levels (GABA/Creatine Ratio: GABA/Cr) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Auditory Evoked Potentials in Latency (Msec) at BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF TREATMENT WITH GLYCINE
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Auditory Evoked Potentials in Gammas Oscillations (the Power Spectrum is Measured in Microvolts Squared) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Auditory Evoked Potentials in Amplitude (Degrees Measured in Microvolts) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Neurocognitive Function at Baseline, During Glycine Treatment, During Placebo Treatment and During Open-label Glycine
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Positive and Negative Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks During Intervention 1 (Glycine or Placebo), Intervention 2 (Glycine or Placebo), and During Open-label Glycine
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Depression Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Brain Glutamate Metabolite Levels (Glutamate/Creatine Ratio: Glu/Cr) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Auditory Evoked Potentials - P50 Ratio (P50 S2/P50 S1 Amplitude) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Brain Glycine/CR Ratio
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Positive and Negative Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 Weeks During Intervention 1, Intervention 2, and During Open-label Glycine
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period
NCT01720316 (15) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Therapeutic Effect Scores at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period
NCT01806675 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Maximum Standard Uptake Values (SUVmax)
NCT01806675 (4) [back to overview]Change in Tumor Size
NCT01806675 (4) [back to overview]Tumor Response Rate by EORTC Criteria
NCT01806675 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Maximum Standard Uptake Values (SUVmax)
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival (PFS)
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Rate of Complete Response, Very Good Partial Response, or Partial Response (Phase II, Cohort B)
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated (MTD) Dose of Cyclophosphamide With Ixazomib and Dexamethasone (Phase I)
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Survival Time
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated (MTD) Dose of Cyclophosphamide (Phase I)
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing a Grade 3 or Greater Adverse Event at Least Possibly Related to Treatment as Assessed by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0
NCT01864018 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Patients With Complete Response or Very Good Partial Response (Phase II, Cohort A)
NCT01950039 (5) [back to overview]Change in Glucose AUC at 12 Weeks From Baseline (Glucose Tolerance)
NCT01950039 (5) [back to overview]Hepatic Fat, Change From Baseline
NCT01950039 (5) [back to overview]Endothelial Function
NCT01950039 (5) [back to overview]Fasting and 2 Hour Glucose Levels, Comparing Baseline and 12 Weeks.
NCT01950039 (5) [back to overview]Insulin Sensitivity
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of MLN9708 (Phase I)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]One-Year Overall Survival at the Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Dose-Limiting Toxicities (Phase I)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]Clinical Benefit Response Rate at the Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]Duration of Response at the Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]One-Year Progression-Free Survival at the Recommend Phase II Dose (RP2D)
NCT02119468 (7) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate at the Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D)
NCT02250300 (3) [back to overview]Maximum-tolerated Dose of MLN9708.
NCT02250300 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing Dose-limiting Toxicity of MLN9708
NCT02250300 (3) [back to overview]Cumulative Incidence of Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease.
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Received Erythropoiesis-stimulating Agent (ESA) Rescue Therapy
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal 12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hematocrit
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameter Values
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-Acyl-Glucuronide Metabolite
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-Acyl-Glucuronide Metabolite
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Pre-dose Average in Hgb Level to The End-of-study Average
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Pre-dose Average in Hemoglobin (Hgb) Level to The Mid-study Average
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Mid-study Average in Hgb Level to The End-of-study Average
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Transferrin Saturation (TSAT)
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Hgb Content
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Percent Reticulocyte Count
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Iron
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Vital Signs
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hepcidin
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Ferritin
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Absolute Reticulocyte Count
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Received Blood Transfusion Rescue Therapy
NCT02260193 (24) [back to overview]Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-O-Glucuronide Metabolite
NCT02348775 (1) [back to overview]Muscle Glutathione Concentration
NCT02481310 (2) [back to overview]To Determine the Recommended Phase II Dose (RP2D) of Ixazomib in Combination With DA-EPOCH-R.
NCT02481310 (2) [back to overview]12-month PFS (Progression Free Survival) of Treatment With Ixazomib in Combination With DA-EPOCH-R (Phase II)
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Biologic Studies
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Cumulative Incidence of Primary Malignancy Relapse
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Incidence of Discontinuation of All Systemic Immune Suppressive Therapies
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Probability of Failure-free Survival at 1 Year
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Probability of Non-relapse Mortality at 1 Year
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Probability of Overall Survival at 1 Year
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Treatment Success
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate (ORR) (Complete Response + Partial Response)
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Probability of Treatment Failure at 6 Months
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Human Activities Profile (HAP)
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Use of Additional Systemic Immune Suppressive Therapies
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACT)
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Lee Chronic GVHD Symptom Scale
NCT02513498 (15) [back to overview]Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Short Form-36 (SF-36)
NCT02547662 (5) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0
NCT02547662 (5) [back to overview]Confirmed Response Rate
NCT02547662 (5) [back to overview]Extramedullary Response Rate
NCT02547662 (5) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival
NCT02547662 (5) [back to overview]Biochemical Response Rate
NCT02619682 (3) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT02619682 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events, Graded According to CTCAE Version 4.0
NCT02619682 (3) [back to overview]Disease Free Survival
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Confirmed Response, Defined as a Patient Who Has Achieved a Stringent Complete Response (sCR), Complete Response (CR), Very Good Partial Response (VGPR), or Partial Response (PR) on Two Consecutive Evaluations (Phase II)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03 (Phase II)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03 (Phase I)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Complete Response (CR) (Phase II)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]The Number of Participants Who Experienced Dose Limiting Toxicities. Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Ixazomib Citrate and Idasanutlin in Combination With Dexamethasone (Phase I)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Rate of Partial Response (PR) (Phase II)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Progression Free Survival (Phase II)
NCT02633059 (8) [back to overview]Overall Survival (Phase II)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils,Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Platelet Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Treatment
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Number of Participants With AEs and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Pulse Rate Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Sodium, Potassium, Glucose, Calcium, Phosphate Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) and Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Dapro
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Weight Values at Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ECG Mean Heart Rate
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hematocrit Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb Levels at Day 29
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Count
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Hemoglobin (CHr)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Change From Baseline in Plasma Erythropoietin (EPO)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Concentration of Dapro in Plasma (Cmax)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Percent Change From Baseline in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin at Day 29
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (Alk. Phosph) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Albumin and Protein Levels in Blood at Indicated Tme Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Area Under the Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of Dapro
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Indirect Bilirubin Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Albumin and Protein Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ALT, AST, Alk. Phosph. Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ECG Parameters Including PR Interval, QRS Duration, QT Interval and QTcB
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Distribution Width Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Platelets Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in MCH Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in MCHC Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in MCV Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate Value at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in SBP and DBP Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Sodium, Potassium, Glucose, Calcium and Phosphate Levels
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weight at Post-dialysis
NCT02689206 (40) [back to overview]Erythrocyte Distribution Width Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Epoetin Beta Pegol Dose Level by Visit in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of Dose Adjustments in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of Time With Hgb Within the Target Range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of Dose Adjustments in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Treatment Period in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Treatment Period in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax) of Daprodustat for All Dose Levels in ND and PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb at Week 4 in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb at Week 4 in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero Extrapolated to 4 Hours (AUC[0-4]) of Daprodustat for All Dose Levels in ND and PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Iron in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Serum Iron in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in TIBC in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in TSAT in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of Time With Hgb Within the Target Range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Time to Reach the Lower Target Hgb Level (11.0 g/dL) in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Time to Reach the Lower Target Hgb Level (11.0 g/dL) in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Ferritin in ND Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Ferritin in PD Participants
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02791763 (66) [back to overview]Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]Absolute CD4 T Cell Count
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]Absolute CD8 T Cell Count
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]CD4/CD8 Ratio
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]Cell Associated HIV DNA in CD4 T Cell Subsets
NCT02946047 (6) [back to overview]Culturable HIV by Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb (Hgb Increase Rate) at Week 4
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Number of Dose Adjustments for Daprodustat
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Time in Hgb Target Range (10.0 to 12.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Area Under Plasma Concentration Curve From Time Zero to 4 Hours (AUC [0 - 4]) of Plasma Daprodustat
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Distribution of Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Distribution of Darbepoetin Alfa Dose Level by Visit
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Plasma Daprodustat
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (10.0-12.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (10.0-12.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)
NCT02969655 (18) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit
NCT03202628 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Greater Than or Equal to (>=) Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) Rate
NCT03202628 (5) [back to overview]Percent of Patients Alive at 30 Months
NCT03202628 (5) [back to overview]Overall Response Rate
NCT03202628 (5) [back to overview]Number of Patients Experiencing Adverse Events Graded According to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Version (v) 12.1
NCT03202628 (5) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival at 18 Months (PFS18) Defined as the Proportion of Patients Alive and Free From Disease Progression at 18 Months From Study Entry
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Cmax of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious AEs (SAEs)
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With AEs at a Particular Severity
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worst Case Clinical Chemistry Results Relative to Normal Range
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Worst Case Hematology Results Relative to Normal Range
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Duodenal Bile Following a Single Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Feces Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Plasma Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Feces Over Time Following a Single, Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Urine and Feces Determined as Total Excretion Over Time
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Urine Over Time Following a Single, Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]T1/2 of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Tmax of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Tmax of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Blood Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Apparent Terminal Phase Half-life (t1/2) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero (Pre-dose) Extrapolated to Infinite Time (AUC [0-Inf]) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC (0-Inf) of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC (0-t) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Blood Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC From Time Zero (Pre-dose) to Last Time of Quantifiable Concentration Within a Participant Across All Treatments (AUC [0-t]) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC(0-t) of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]CL of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following IV Dose Administration
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Cmax of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Cmax of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Blood Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Urine Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Abnormal Urinalysis Findings
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]T1/2 of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Time of Occurrence of Cmax (Tmax) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following Administration of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Tmax of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Total Systemic Clearance (CL) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following IV Dose of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss) of Total Drug-related Material (Radioactivity) in Plasma Following IV Dose of GSK1278863
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Vss of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following IV Dose Administration
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Absolute Bioavailability of GSK1278863 Following Oral Dosing
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC (0-Inf) of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]AUC(0-t) of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Temperature
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Temperature
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Heart Rate
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Heart Rate
NCT03239522 (45) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Reticulocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters Platelets, Leukocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hemoglobin (Hb), Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Temperature
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters Platelets, Leukocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Vital Signs; Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Zero Hours to Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Zero Hours Extrapolated to Infinity AUC [0-inf] of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Terminal Phase Half-life (T1/2) of Daprodustat and Mean Residence Time (MRT)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline Chemistry Parameters; Glucose, Calcium, Cholesterol, Chloride, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Potassium, Phosphate, Sodium, Triglycerides, and Urea
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Albumin, Protein
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT).
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Direct Bilirubin, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Urate
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Paremeters; ALP, ALT, AST, Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, GGT
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; Mean Heart Rate (HR)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline Chemistry Paramters: Glucose, Calcium, Cholesterol, Chloride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol, Potassium, Phosphate, Sodium, Triglycerides, and Urea.
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Vz/F of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Tmax of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Percentage AUCex of Dapordustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Kel of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Cmax of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: CL/F of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Specific Gravity
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Potential of Hydrogen (pH)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; PR Interval, QRS Interval, QT Interval, QTcF Interval
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hematocrit
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter: EMCH
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter EMCV
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Maximum Observed Drug Concentration (Cmax) of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter; Reticulocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter; Hematocrit
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Apparent Oral Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1:Apparent Clearance (CL/F) of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Time of Occurrence of Cmax (Tmax) of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Percentage of AUC (0-inf) Obtained by Extrapolation (Percentage AUCex)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Elimination Rate Constant (Kel) of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Specific Gravity
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Potential of Hydrogen (pH)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter: Erythrocytes
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Albumin, Protein.
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hb, Erythrocyte MCHC
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Volume (EMCV)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Temperature
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Change From Baseline in Vital Signs; Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: T1/2 and MRT of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2:AUC[0-t] andAUC [0-inf] of Daprodustat
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocyte MCHC
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 2: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Direct Bilirubin, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Urate
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; PR Interval, QRS Interval, QT Interval, QT Duration Corrected for Heart Rate by Friderician Formula (QTcF) Interval
NCT03493386 (56) [back to overview]Part 1: Change From Baseline in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Parameter; Mean Heart Rate (HR)
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]Overall Response Percentage
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]Progression-free Survival
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]Survival Time
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]>= Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) Response Percentage With Pembrolizumab Added to Ixazomib Citrate and Dexamethasone
NCT03506360 (6) [back to overview]Complete Response Percentage With Pembrolizumab Added to Ixazomib Citrate and Dexamethasone
NCT03770260 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants Experiencing a Dose Limiting Toxicity (Dose Escalation)
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Erythropoiesis-stimulating Agent (ESA) Rescue
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Mean Increase in Hb From Baseline to the PEP ≥0.5 g/dL or With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the PEP
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With a Mean Increase in Hb From Baseline to the SEP ≥0.5 g/dL or With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameter Values
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Vital Sign Values
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP in Participants Who Transitioned to TIW Vadadustat Dosing
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the PEP
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants Classified as Hb Outliers
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Iron Binding Capacity
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Count
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Iron Concentration
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Hepcidin Concentration
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Ferritin Concentration
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hb Between Baseline and the SEP
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring at Least One Intravenous (IV) Elemental Iron Supplementation
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hb From the PEP to the Secondary Evaluation Period (SEP) in Participants Who Transitioned to Three Times Per Week (TIW) Vadadustat Dosing After Week 12
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Apparent Total Body Clearance (CLss/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Geometric Mean Apparent Total Body Clearance (CLss/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose
NCT03799627 (41) [back to overview]Mean Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) Between Baseline and the Primary Evaluation Period (PEP)

Time to Relapse to Smoking in the 5-week Relapse Prevention Phase.

(NCT00218465)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

Interventiondays (Mean)
816 Group14.5
Placebo12.4

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Days to Relapse Within the 60 Days Following Randomization

(NCT00218465)
Timeframe: 60 days

Interventiondays (Mean)
816 Group20.8
Placebo20.6

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Number of Abstinent and Nonabstinent Participants at End of 5 Week Placebo-controlled Relapse Prevention Trial

(NCT00218465)
Timeframe: 5 weeks

Interventionparticipants (Number)
816 Group50
Placebo48

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Change in Scale of Prodromal Symptoms Total Score

Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) is a 19-item instrument. The SOPS is comprised of symptoms that are classified as falling into four pathology domains: positive, negative, disorganized and general. The scales identify and measure five attenuated positive psychotic symptoms, six negative symptoms, four disorganization symptoms and four general symptoms. These seven-point scales cover severity variance in the subpsychotic or attenuated range. Each item is scaled 0-6, with 0-2 being the normal range, 3-5 being the risk syndrome range, and 6 being severe and psychotic for the positive symptoms and very severe for the other symptoms. The higher the score, the more symptoms an individual has and is therefore negative in its interpretation. The severity of the prodromal state is judged according to the sum of the ratings from each of the SOPS items and can range from 0 to 114. Actual SOPS total scores in this study ranged from 23 to 59 across subjects at baseline. (NCT00291226)
Timeframe: Change from Baseline at 8 Weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine-5.8
Placebo Group4.5

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Scale of Prodromal Symptoms Total Score

Scale Of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) is a 19-item instrument. The SOPS is comprised of symptoms that are classified as falling into four pathology domains: positive, negative, disorganized and general. The scales identify and measure five attenuated positive psychotic symptoms, six negative symptoms, four disorganization symptoms and four general symptoms. These seven-point scales cover severity variance in the subpsychotic or attenuated range. Each item is scaled 0-6, with 0-2 being the normal range, 3-5 being the risk syndrome range, and 6 being severe and psychotic for the positive symptoms and very severe for the other symptoms. The higher the score, the more symptoms an individual has and is therefore negative in its interpretation. The severity of the prodromal state is judged according to the sum of the ratings from each of the SOPS items and can range from 0 to 114. Actual SOPS total scores in this study ranged from 23 to 59 across subjects at baseline. (NCT00291226)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine37.8
Placebo Group37.5

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Baseline and End of Treatment Cognitive Functioning Measures (Hopkins)

Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Assesses short term verbal learning and memory. Subscales include immediate recall (0-36), delayed recall (0-12) , and recognition (0-12). A higher score indicates better memory performance. (NCT00338598)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline Immediate Recall12 Weeks Immediate RecallBaseline Delayed Recall12 Weeks Delayed RecallBaseline Recognition12 Weeks Recognition
Glycine21.820.96.16.610.29.8
Placebo19.719.56.46.512.512.2

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Self Reported Weekly Alcohol Consumption

Percentage of drinking days and heavy drinking days using timeline follow back (NCT00338598)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
% number of drinking days% number of heavy drinking days
Glycine23.415.7
Placebo19.610.0

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Self Reported Weekly Alcohol Craving

The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) is consisted by 14 items rated 0 - 4. The minimum and maximum values possibly obtained in this scale are respectively 0 and 56, this last one, meaning the most craving possible experienced. It is a short and easy to administer scale (average of 5 minutes per self-rating), built to measure severity and improvement during alcoholism treatment trials. (NCT00338598)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12
Glycine16.110.2
Placebo17.512.1

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Weekly Ratings of Negative/Positive Psychotic Symptoms

The PANSS or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale is a medical scale used for measuring symptom severity of patients with schizophrenia. The patient is rated from 1 to 7 on 30 different symptoms based on the interview as well as reports of family members or primary care hospital workers. Of the 30 items included in the PANSS, 7 constitute a Positive Scale, 7 a Negative Scale, and the remaining 16 a General Psychopathology Scale.The scores for these scales are arrived at by summation of ratings across component items. Therefore, the potential ranges are 7 to 49 for the Positive and Negative Scales, and 16 to 112 for the General Psychopathology Scale. A higher score indicates more severe symptoms for each scale. (NCT00338598)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Baseline PositiveWeek 12 PositiveBaseline NegativeWeek 12 NegativeBaseline GeneralWeek 12 General
Glycine16.312.016.714.932.431.9
Placebo15.313.512.513.029.429.8

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Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 30 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales (VAS): Self-report rating scale used to measure high (0 not at all - 7 extremely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.480.650.480.52
Healthy Subjects1.050.300.790.25

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Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 120 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales (VAS): Self-report rating scale used to measure high (0 not at all - 7 extremely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.80.550.760.24
Healthy Subjects0.350.210.290.25

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Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

The Number of Drinks Scale asks subjects to report on the number of alcoholic drinks they felt they had consumed. (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventiondrinks felt consumed (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.500.300.240.05
Healthy Subjects0.700.250.750.22

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Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 60 Minutes

The Number of Drinks Scale asks subjects to report on the number of alcoholic drinks they felt they had consumed. (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
InterventionNumber of Drinks Felt Consumed (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.050.50.860.05
Healthy Subjects1.240.40.830.2

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Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 30 Minutes

The Number of Drinks Scale asks subjects to report on the number of alcoholic drinks they felt they had consumed. (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
InterventionNumber of Drinks Felt Consumed (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.380.200.380.24
Healthy Subjects0.680.130.380.04

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Number of Drinks Felt Consumed at 120 Minutes

The Number of Drinks Scale asks subjects to report on the number of alcoholic drinks they felt they had consumed. (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
InterventionNumber of Drinks Felt Consumed (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects00.10.050
Healthy Subjects0.130.2100.04

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 60 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Self-report rating scale used to measure reduced control of alcohol (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects3439.525.7137.14
Healthy Subjects99.199.1399.1799.17

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 30 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Self-report rating scale used to measure reduced control of alcohol (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects32.863636.536.67
Healthy Subjects99.198.7099.1799.17

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 120 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Self-report rating scale used to measure reduced control of alcohol (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects34.2933.530.4836.67
Healthy Subjects98.2699.1799.1799.17

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Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 3

Hopkins Verbal Learning Task (HVLT) - measures verbal memory and hippocampus function. (Three immediate recall trials) (0 No words recalled - 12 all words recalled) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes - Trial 3

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects89.28.489.24
Healthy Subjects10.5711.4811.1711.67

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Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 2

Hopkins Verbal Learning Task (HVLT) - measures verbal memory and hippocampus function. (Three immediate recall trials) (0 No words recalled - 12 all words recalled) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes - Trial 2

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects7.678.457.18.67
Healthy Subjects10.0911.0910.510.96

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Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Delay Recall - 90 Minutes

Hopkins Verbal Learning Task (HVLT) - measures verbal memory and hippocampus function. (delay recall - 30 minutes after Trials 1-3 were given) (0 No words recalled - 12 all words recalled) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 90 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects5.17.756.298.25
Healthy Subjects9.710.8710.2111.38

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Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - Vigilance - A-Prime Score 30 Minutes

gordon diagnostic system is a continuous performance task (CPT) to measure Vigilance - (A-Prime score range 0 minimum - 1 maximum - The higher number the better the performance) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.980.10.10.99
Healthy Subjects0.10.10.10.1

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Continuous Performance Task (CPT) - Distractibility A-Prime - 30 Minutes

gordon diagnostic system is a continuous performance task (CPT) to measure distractibility - (A-Prime score range 0 minimum - 1 maximum - the higher number the better the performance) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.930.970.900.96
Healthy Subjects0.10.10.10.1

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Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - Baseline

Self-report rating scale used to measure the sedative effects (0 not at all sedated - 70 extremely sedated) of alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects3.413.33.575
Healthy Subjects1.912.751.831.88

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - Baseline

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood improvement : Self-report rating scale used to measure expected alcohol-related mood improvement (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.6710.56.828.10
Healthy Subjects1.740.420.420

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood improvement : Self-report rating scale used to measure expected alcohol-related mood improvement (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects7.7387.626.19
Healthy Subjects0.870.831.300.42

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 60 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood improvement : Self-report rating scale used to measure expected alcohol-related mood improvement (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects5.58.58.16.67
Healthy Subjects0.460.870.830.83

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 30 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood improvement : Self-report rating scale used to measure expected alcohol-related mood improvement (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects11.43810.56.67
Healthy Subjects0.910.870.420.42

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood Improvement - 120 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Mood improvement : Self-report rating scale used to measure expected alcohol-related mood improvement (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.1978.577.62
Healthy Subjects0.870.830.420.42

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - Baseline

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort: Self-report rating scale - subscale reflecting expected alcohol-related relief from discomfort (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects8.112.57.738.10
Healthy Subjects2.611.670.420.42

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort: Self-report rating scale - subscale reflecting expected alcohol-related relief from discomfort (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.368.957.1410.48
Healthy Subjects1.301.250.440.42

[back to top]

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 60 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort: Self-report rating scale - subscale reflecting expected alcohol-related relief from discomfort (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.510.59.056.19
Healthy Subjects1.361.740.420.83

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 30 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort: Self-report rating scale - subscale reflecting expected alcohol-related relief from discomfort (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects12.388.959.58.57
Healthy Subjects1.821.740.420.42

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort - 120 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Discomfort: Self-report rating scale - subscale reflecting expected alcohol-related relief from discomfort (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects8.579.59.056.19
Healthy Subjects1.141.670.420.83

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink: - 30 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to drink: Self-report rating scale used to measure desire to drink alcohol (0 No desire to drink alcohol - 100 Definitely desire to drink alcohol) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects9.05985.71
Healthy Subjects1.822.172.52.08

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink- Baseline

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to drink: Self-report rating scale used to measure desire to drink alcohol (0 No desire to drink alcohol - 100 Definitely desire to drink alcohol) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects7.629.557.62
Healthy Subjects3.042.51.670

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Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to drink: Self-report rating scale used to measure desire to drink alcohol (0 No desire to drink alcohol - 100 Definitely desire to drink alcohol) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects7.278.56.674.76
Healthy Subjects2.611.673.041.25

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Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 60 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales (VAS): Self-report rating scale used to measure high (0 not at all - 7 extremely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.520.80.60.19
Healthy Subjects0.910.220.710.17

[back to top]

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 60 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to drink: Self-report rating scale used to measure desire to drink alcohol (0 No desire to drink alcohol - 100 Definitely desire to drink alcohol) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.5910.485.71
Healthy Subjects1.822.171.672.08

[back to top]

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to Drink - 120 Minutes

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Desire to drink: Self-report rating scale used to measure desire to drink alcohol (0 No desire to drink alcohol - 100 Definitely desire to drink alcohol) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.1989.055.24
Healthy Subjects1.301.6672.082.08

[back to top]

Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Visual Analog Scales (VAS): Self-report rating scale used to measure high (0 not at all - 7 extremely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.640.680.480.38
Healthy Subjects0.820.330.960.61

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Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol data using the Likert scale (0 Not at all similar to alcohol -7 Extremely similar to alcohol) evaluating the similarity of drug effects to alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.770.650.480.43
Healthy Subjects1.410.671.17.025

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Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 60 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol data using the Likert scale (0 Not at all similar to alcohol -7 Extremely similar to alcohol) evaluating the similarity of drug effects to alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.670.750.810.24
Healthy Subjects1.810.701.460.13

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Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 30 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol data using the Likert scale (0 Not at all similar to alcohol -7 Extremely similar to alcohol) evaluating the similarity of drug effects to alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.570.601.050.43
Healthy Subjects1.810.711.210.13

[back to top]

Hopkins Verbal Learning Task - Immediate Recall - 60 Minutes - Trial 1

Hopkins Verbal Learning Task (HVLT) - measures verbal memory and hippocampus function. (Three immediate recall trials) (0 No words recalled - 12 all words recalled) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes - Trial 1

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects5.296.055.485.95
Healthy Subjects7.098.527.758.2

[back to top]

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol 120 Minutes

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol data using the Likert scale (0 Not at all similar to alcohol -7 Extremely similar to alcohol) evaluating the similarity of drug effects to alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.430.30.570.10
Healthy Subjects0.410.090.290.33

[back to top]

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol - Baseline

Visual Analog Scales of Similarity to Alcohol data using the Likert scale (0 Not at all similar to alcohol -7 Extremely similar to alcohol) evaluating the similarity of drug effects to alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.180.250.100.24
Healthy Subjects0.050.040.040

[back to top]

Visual Analog Scales (VAS) - Baseline

Visual Analog Scales (VAS): Self-report rating scale used to measure high (0 not at all - 7 extremely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects0.320.50.760.48
Healthy Subjects0.220.220.250.25

[back to top]

Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 60 Minutes

Self-report rating scale used to measure the sedative effects (0 not at all sedated - 70 extremely sedated) of alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects5.295.658.484.14
Healthy Subjects9.645.838.542.54

[back to top]

Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 30 Minutes

Self-report rating scale used to measure the sedative effects (0 not at all sedated - 70 extremely sedated) of alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 30 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects7.145.85.24.62
Healthy Subjects10.055.877.043.58

[back to top]

Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) Subscale Sedation - 120 Minutes

Self-report rating scale used to measure the sedative effects (0 not at all sedated - 70 extremely sedated) of alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 120 minutes

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects3.574.3543.71
Healthy Subjects4.131.673.041.25

[back to top]

Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) - Subscale Sedation 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Self-report rating scale used to measure the sedative effects (0 not at all sedated - 70 extremely sedated) of alcohol (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects6.236.67.244.57
Healthy Subjects7.393.796.253.67

[back to top]

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - Baseline

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Self-report rating scale used to measure reduced control of alcohol (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: Baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects29.0535.542.2741.43
Healthy Subjects93.4894.5899.1798.75

[back to top]

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Reduced Control of Alcohol Use - 60 Minutes Prior to Glycine Infusion

Alcohol Craving Scale (ACS) Subscale: Self-report rating scale used to measure reduced control of alcohol (0 Not at all - 100 Definitely) (NCT00635102)
Timeframe: 60 minutes prior to Glycine infusion

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Glycine / CycloserineGlycine / PlaceboPlacebo / CycloserinePlacebo / Placebo
Alcoholic Subjects30.4640.536.6742.86
Healthy Subjects98.269599.1399.17

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved a Target Hb More Than or Equal to 12 gm/dL After 8 Weeks of Treatment

At fortnightly visits, blood was collected for Hb. Number of participants who achieved a target Hb of more than or equal to 12 gm/dL is presented. (NCT01160198)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily34.2
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily36.1
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily33.3

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Difference in Percentage of Participants With Gastrointestinal Side Effects During 8 Weeks Treatment With Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate and Ferrous Ascorbate

The comparison in percentage of participants with gastrointestinal side effects during 8 week treatment period is reported. Gastrointestinal side effects during 8 weeks treatment included abdominal discomfort, gastritis, nausea, dyspepsia, change in bowel habit, constipation, faeces discolored, diarrhea and flatulence. (NCT01160198)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily6.7
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily9.9
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily11.1

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Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) After 8 Weeks of Treatment in Each Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate Group (1 Tablet Daily and 2 Tablets Daily)

At fortnightly visits, blood was collected for Hb. Baseline (Visit 0) was not more than 5 days from Week 1 or randomization. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline values from post-Baseline values. (NCT01160198)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

InterventionGram per deciliter (gm/dL) (Mean)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily2.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily2.8

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Mean Change in Hb During 8 Weeks Therapy

At fortnightly visits, blood was collected for Hb. Mean change in Hb at Week 2, Week 4, Week 6 and Week 8 are presented. (NCT01160198)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8

,,
Interventiongm/dL (Mean)
Week 2Week 4Week 6Week 8
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily0.71.41.92.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily0.61.21.82.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily0.61.31.92.8

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Mean Change in Hb From Baseline to 8 Weeks

At fortnightly visits, blood was collected for Hb. Baseline (Visit 0) was not more than 5 days from Week 1 or randomization. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline values from post-Baseline values. (NCT01160198)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8

Interventiongm/dL (Mean)
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Once-daily2.6
Ferrous Bisglycinate Chelate 60 mg 1 Twice-daily2.8
Ferrous Ascorbate 100 mg 1 Once-daily2.6

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Changes in FEV1, FEF25, and FEFmax

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of baseline (Mean)
Forced expiratory volume at first second (FEV1)Forced expiratory flow at 25%FVC (FEF25)Maximal forced expiratory flow (FEFmax, PEFR)
Glycine109.7133.9115.3
Placebo91.483.391.2

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Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (IL-6)

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). Then, percentage change was log-transformed to adjust to a normal distribution. (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionlog (percent change) (Mean)
Glycine-0.00007
Placebo0.1739

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Changes in Clinical Data Scores (Other Than Sputum Production, Dyspnea and Global Symptoms)

"To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]).~Each respiratory symptom (Cough severity, Sputum features, Appetite, Dyspnea, and Energy perception) was evaluated in a 5-options Likert scale, ranging from 1 (better) to 5 (worse). The total score was computed by the simple sum of the five symptoms." (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of baseline (Mean)
Cough questionnaire scoreAppetite questionnaire scoreEnergy questionnaire scoreBody weightHeightHeart rateRespiratory rateTemperature
Glycine81.189.184.6101.6100.5103.594.8100.0
Placebo89.1132.1111.5103.6100.598.1109.0100.1

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Changes in Other Spirometric Variables

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of baseline (Mean)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)Forced expiratory flow at 75%FVC (FEF75)
Glycine104.1111.8
Placebo100.6108.9

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Changes in Pulse Oximetry, FEV1/FVC, and FEF50.

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of baseline (Mean)
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2)FEV1/FVCForced expiratory flow at 50%FVC (FEF50)
Glycine105.2105.2115.5
Placebo98.994.993.1

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Changes in Score for Sputum Production, Dyspnea and Global Symptoms

"To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]).~In the symptoms questionnaire, each respiratory symptom (Cough severity, Sputum features, Appetite, Dyspnea, and Energy perception) was evaluated in a 5-options Likert scale, ranging from 1 (better) to 5 (worse). The total score was computed by the simple sum of the five symptoms." (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
InterventionPercentage of baseline (Mean)
Sputum questionnaire scoreDyspnea questionnaire scoreTotal questionnaire score
Glycine82.075.677.7
Placebo102.6103.898.7

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Changes in Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (Other Than TNF-alpha)

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). Then, percentages were log-transformed to adjust to a normal distribution. (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
Interventionlog (percent change) (Mean)
MyeloperoxidaseIL-1IL-4IL-6IL-7IL-8IL-12IL-13G-CSFIFN-gammaMCP-1MIP-1beta
Glycine-0.4361-0.16350.29640.00850.0356-0.14660.3203-0.0561-0.07760.3272-0.08360.0330
Placebo-0.2906-0.03520.14700.22550.0819-0.23640.26030.19530.22720.36390.0472-0.0608

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Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (Other Than IL-6 and G-CSF)

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). Then, percentage change was log-transformed to adjust to a normal distribution. (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,
Interventionlog (percent change) (Mean)
MyeloperoxidaseIL-1IL-2IL-4IL-5IL-7IL-8IL-10IL-12IL-13IL-17IFN-gammaMCP-1MIP-1betaTNF-alphaGM-CSF
Glycine0.1294-0.09180.0233-0.01610.24980.0611-0.08240.05490.16750.16300.06800.02480.0042-0.03030.0412-0.0538
Placebo0.0669-0.0102-0.02740.05220.13040.13870.05420.00740.06770.09530.11400.06490.26080.09770.1568-0.0822

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Changes in Serum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (TNF-alpha)

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). Then, percentages were log-transformed to adjust to a normal distribution. (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionlog (percent change) (Mean)
Glycine-0.3908
Placebo0.2035

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Changes in Sputum Concentration of Inflammatory Biomarkers (G-CSF)

To correct for the baseline variability, all measurements were expressed as percentage of baseline (value at week 8 with respect to baseline value [beginning of the glycine or placebo period, respectively]). Then, percentage change was log-transformed to adjust to a normal distribution. (NCT01417481)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionlog (percent change) (Mean)
Glycine-0.0819
Placebo0.1668

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Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 4

(NCT01425463)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 4

Interventiongramm per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex20.37
Polyferose20.16

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Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 2

(NCT01425463)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 2

Interventiongramm per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex12.29
Polyferose12.79

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Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 8

(NCT01425463)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 8

Interventiongramm per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex26.57
Polyferose28.33

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Percentage of Responders at Week 12

Responders are defined as having an increment of Hemoglobin (Hb) > 15 g/L and post-treatment Hb > 120 g/L (male) or > 110 g/L (female) at Visit 6 (Week 12). (NCT01425463)
Timeframe: End of Treatment Period (Week 12)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex71.6
Polyferose80.4

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Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 12

(NCT01425463)
Timeframe: From Baseline to Week 12

Interventiongramm per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Ferrous (II) Glycine Sulphate Complex31.47
Polyferose31.92

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Number of Participants Reporting One or More Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

(NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of study drug (Arm 1 and 5: Cycle 19 Day 45; Arm 2: Cycle 7 Day 45; Arm 3: Cycle 22 Day 45; Arm 4: Cycle 25 Day 45)

,,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
TEAEsSAEs
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg2912
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A or B205
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted or Fed2412
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg183
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg2110

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AUClast: Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration for Ixazomib

(NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Arm 1:Days 1, 15 and Arm 5:Day 6 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 264 hrs)post-dose;Arm 2, 3:Days 1,15 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 216 hrs)post-dose;Arm 4:Day 8 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 168 hrs)post-dose

Interventionnanogram*hour per milliliter (ng*hr/mL)] (Geometric Mean)
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg551.985
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg1148.778
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A1284.079
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule B1334.659
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted1465.979
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fed998.698
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg231.527
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg613.112

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Tmax: Time to Reach the Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) for Ixazomib

(NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Arm 1:Days 1, 15 and Arm 5:Day 6 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 264 hrs)post-dose;Arm 2, 3:Days 1,15 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 216 hrs)post-dose;Arm 4:Day 8 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 168 hrs)post-dose

Interventionhours (Median)
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg1.090
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg1.500
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A1.290
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule B1.250
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted1.020
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fed4.000
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg1.450
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg1

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Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Ixazomib

(NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Arm 1:Days 1, 15 and Arm 5:Day 6 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 264 hours[hrs])post-dose;Arm 2, 3:Days 1,15 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 216 hrs)post-dose;Arm 4:Day 8 pre-dose and at multiple time points(up to 168 hrs)post-dose

Interventionnanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg38.975
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg39.250
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A61.866
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule B71.949
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted77.001
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fed22.752
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg25.706
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg37.245

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Vital Sign Abnormalities

(NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Cycle 1 Day 1 up to 30 days after last dose of study drug (Arm 1 and 5: Cycle 19 Day 45; Arm 2: Cycle 7 Day 45; Arm 3: Cycle 22 Day 45; Arm 4: Cycle 25 Day 45

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg0
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A or B0
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted or Fed0
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg0
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg0

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Percentage of Participants With Best Overall Response

Best overall response for a participant is best observed post-baseline disease response as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1: Complete response (CR) was defined as complete disappearance of all target lesions and non-target disease, with the exception of nodal disease. All nodes, both target and non-target, must decrease to normal (short axis less than (<) 10 millimeter [mm]). No new lesions. Partial response (PR) was defined as greater than or equal to (>=) 30% decrease under baseline of the sum of diameters of all target lesions. The short axis was used in the sum for target nodes, while the longest diameter was used in the sum for all other target lesions. No unequivocal progression of non-target disease. No new lesions. Stable disease (SD) was defined as not qualifying for CR, PR, Progressive Disease (PD). An increase of >=20% from the nadir (or baseline, if it represents the point at which the sum of target disease was lowest) represents PD. (NCT01454076)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of treatment (approximately 1.9 years)

,,,,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
CRPRSDPD
Arm 1: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Ketoconazole 400 mg006338
Arm 2: Ixazomib 4 mg Capsule A or B005050
Arm 3: Ixazomib 4 mg Fasted or Fed063559
Arm 4: Ixazomib 4 mg + Rifampin 600 mg005347
Arm 5: Ixazomib 2.5 mg + Clarithromycin 500 mg015347

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Brain Glycine Increments After Oral Glycine Administration Measured With MRS as Glycine/Total Creatine, Normalized to the Glycine Dose Administered (g/kg).

Brain and plasma glycine levels are measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T and analytically, respectively. Because glycine doses were limited to 30 g to avoid nausea and vomiting, some subjects with higher weights were administered lower doses per body weight of glycine (g/kg). Therefore, we corrected MRS data by the actual glycine dose administered (g/kg) to account for dosing differences. (NCT01610011)
Timeframe: For up to 2 hours

InterventionPercent brain glycine/creatine increase (Mean)
Glycine Administration Controls393
Glycine Administration GLDC Mutation Subjects677

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Glycine Plasma Amino Acid Levels at Baseline, During Glycine Treatment, During Placebo Treatment and During Open-label Glycine

Plasma glycine levels; normal range is 122-467 nM/mL (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: At baseline, during glycine treatment, during placebo treatment and during open-label glycine

,
InterventionnM/mL (Number)
BaselineGlycine double-blindPlaceboGlycine open-label
Glycine Then Placebo216410194516
Placebo Then Glycine271761347634

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Mania Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period

Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) measures severity of manic symptoms. The sum of ratings for 7 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale from 0-4 and the sum of 4 symptoms of mania is measured on a scale from 0-8 to yield a total score ranging from 0-60, with 0 meaning no manic symptoms and 60 meaning severe manic symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Manic symptoms at baselineManic symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1Manic symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1Manic symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1Manic symptoms, end of washout1Manic symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2Manic symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2Manic symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2Manic symptoms, end of washout2Manic symptoms at 2 weeks open labelManic symptoms at 4 weeks open labelManic symptoms at 6 weeks open labelManic symptoms, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo41000170221000
Placebo, Then Glycine7760000000000

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Brain GABA Metabolite Levels (GABA/Creatine Ratio: GABA/Cr) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy GABA/Cr. Participants were assessed 1) pre-glycine treatment (baseline) and 2) in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment measured in posterior occipital cortex. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 6 of glycine

,
Interventionratio (Number)
Baseline GABA/CrWeek 6 of glycine tx GABA/Cr
Subject1: Brain GABA/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine0.160.22
Subject2: Brain GABA/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine0.270.24

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Auditory Evoked Potentials in Latency (Msec) at BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF TREATMENT WITH GLYCINE

Auditory evoked potentials latency: P300 at fz, cz, and pz); N100 at fz and cz); P200 at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine

,
Interventionmsec (Number)
P300 latency at fzP300 latency at czP300 latency at pzN100 latency at fzN100 latency at czP200 latency at fzP200 latency at cz
Auditory ERPs Latency (ms) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 2300.78293294.929494205203
Auditory ERPs Latency (ms) Baseline: Subject 2279.3279.3279.397.6691.8197.27193.4

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Auditory Evoked Potentials in Gammas Oscillations (the Power Spectrum is Measured in Microvolts Squared) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT

Auditory evoked potentials gamma: G40 hz phase locking at fz and cz; G20 hz phase locking response at fz and cz G30 hz phase locking response at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine

,
Interventionmicrovolts squared (Number)
G40 fzG40 czG20 fzG20 czG30 fzG30 cz
Auditory ERPs Gamma 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 20.2550.290.1070.1080.1770.242
Auditory ERPs Gamma Baseline: Subject 20.1350.1680.0230.030.190.163

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Auditory Evoked Potentials in Amplitude (Degrees Measured in Microvolts) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT

Auditory evoked potentials amplitude: P300 at fz, cz, and pz; N100 at fz and cz; P200 at fz and cz; P50 S1 and S2 amplitude; mismatch negativity (MMN) at fz and cz. Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine

,
Interventionmicrovolts (Number)
P300 amplitude at fzP300 amplitude at czP300 amplitude at pzN100 amplitude at fzN100 amplitude at czP200 amplitude at fzP200 amplitude at czP50 S1 amplitudeP50 S2 amplitudeMMN amplitude at fzMMN amplitude at cz
Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 23.746.65.57-4.71-3.896.297.82.20.78-1.004-1.322
Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) Baseline: Subject 2-0.6356.535.34-3.93-3.621.6626.592.761.23-3.356-4.13

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Neurocognitive Function at Baseline, During Glycine Treatment, During Placebo Treatment and During Open-label Glycine

Scores on each of 8 domains of cognitive function (speed of processing, attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning/problem solving, social cognition, overall composite). Scores are T scores ranging from 0-100, with 50 representing the mean for a population based on a normal distribution; standard deviation of 10. Only overall composite score is entered. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: At baseline, during glycine treatment, during placebo treatment and during open-label glycine

,,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Participant 1Participant 2
Baseline4548
Composite Score on Glycine, Double-blind5252
Composite Score on Glycine, Open-label4946
Composite Score on Placebo5255

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Positive and Negative Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks During Intervention 1 (Glycine or Placebo), Intervention 2 (Glycine or Placebo), and During Open-label Glycine

Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) measures positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The sum of ratings for seven positive symptoms are measured on a scale from 7-49 with 7 meaning no symptoms and 49 meaning severe symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period and after each treatment period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Positive symptoms at baselinePositive symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1Positive symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1Positive symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1Positive symptoms, end of washout1Positive symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2Positive symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2Positive symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2Positive symptoms, end of washout2Positive symptoms at 2 weeks open labelPositive symptoms at 4 weeks open labelPositive symptoms at 6 weeks open labelPositive symptoms, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo1312987121114149977
Placebo, Then Glycine1920191313121011118788

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Depression Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period

Hamilton Depression Scale measures severity of depression symptoms. The sum of ratings for 9 depression symptoms are measured on a scale from 0-2 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 2 meaning some level of severity of that specific symptom. The rating for 1 depression symptom is measured on a scale from 0-3 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 3 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The sum of ratings for 11 depression symptoms are measured on a scale from 0-4 with 0 meaning no symptoms and 4 meaning a severe level of that specific symptom. The three sums are added to produce an overall depression rating scale score ranging from 0-65. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
Depression symptoms at baselineDepression symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 1Depression symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 1Depression symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 1Depression symptoms, end of washout1Depression symptoms at 2 weeks intervention 2Depression symptoms at 4 weeks intervention 2Depression symptoms at 6 weeks intervention 2Depression symptoms, end of washout2Depression symptoms at 2 weeks open labelDepression symptoms at 4 weeks open labelDepression symptoms at 6 weeks open labelDepression symptoms, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo18171131195732212
Placebo, Then Glycine12550332111110

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Brain Glutamate Metabolite Levels (Glutamate/Creatine Ratio: Glu/Cr) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT

magnetic resonance spectroscopy - glutamate metabolite level. Participants were assessed 1) pre-glycine treatment and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. Measured in posterior occipital cortex. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and week 6 of glycine

,
Interventionratio (Number)
Baseline brain glutamate/Cr ratioWeek 6 brain glutamate/Cr ratio
Subject1: Brain Glutamate/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine0.980.84
Subject2: Brain Glutamate/CR Ratio- Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine2.0531.13

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Auditory Evoked Potentials - P50 Ratio (P50 S2/P50 S1 Amplitude) at 1) BASELINE - Pre-glycine Treatment and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF GLYCINE TREATMENT

Auditory evoked potentials amplitude: P50 ratio (S2/S1). Participants were assessed at baseline and in week 6 of open-label glycine treatment. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: Recordings at baseline and week 6 of glycine

Interventionratio (Number)
Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) Baseline: Subject 244.51
Auditory ERPs Amplitude (Deg) 6 Weeks of Glycine: Subject 235.67

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Brain Glycine/CR Ratio

magnetic resonance spectroscopy: glycine/creatine ratio. Participants were assessed at 1) BASELINE PRE-GLYCINE TREATMENT: pre-glycine challenge drink, 60 minutes post challenge drink, 80 minutes post challenge drink, 100 minutes post challenge drink, and 120 minutes post challenge drink (0.4 g/kg up to max of 30 g); and 2) IN WEEK 6 OF OPEN-LABEL GLYCINE TREATMENT: pre-glycine dose, and 60 minutes, 80 minutes, 100 minutes and 120 minutes post daily dose of glycine. Measured in posterior occipital cortex (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline (pre-challenge, 60, 80, 100, 120 minutes post-challenge), and week 6 of glycine (pre-dose and 60, 80, 100, 120 minutes post-dose

,
Interventionratio (Number)
Baseline - pre-challenge drinkBaseline 60 minutes post challenge drinkBaseline 80 minutes post challenge drinkBaseline 100 minutes post challenge drinkBaseline 120 minutes post challenge drinkWeek 6 of glycine - pre-glycine doseWeek 6 of glycine - 60 minutes post glycine doseWeek 6 of glycine - 80 minutes post glycine doseWeek 6 of glycine - 100 minutes post glycine doseWeek 6 of glycine - 120 minutes post glycine dose
Subject 2:Brain Glycine/CR Ratio at Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine0.56910.39180.64280.63630.95590.32350.38070.55910.41420.3545
Subject1: Brain Glycine/CR Ratio at Baseline/Week 6 of Glycine0.25580.61570.66310.59380.69530.65730.29830.45770.57510.3842

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Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Positive and Negative Symptom Scores at Baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 Weeks During Intervention 1, Intervention 2, and During Open-label Glycine

Total BPRS score measures severity of 18 psychiatric symptoms. Each symptom is scored 1-7 with the total score ranging from 18-126. 18 means no symptoms and 126 means very severe symptoms. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within and after each treatment period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
BPRS at baselineBPRS at 2 weeks intervention 1BPRS at 4 weeks intervention 1BPRS at 6 weeks intervention 1BPRS, end of washout1BPRS at 2 weeks intervention 2BPRS at 4 weeks intervention 2BPRS at 6 weeks intervention 2BPRS, end of washout2BPRS at 2 weeks open labelBPRS at 4 weeks open labelBPRS at 6 weeks open labelBPRS, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo39383221223731373223222119
Placebo, Then Glycine46383928343220232420181923

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Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity Scores at Baseline and at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) severity scores measure severity of mental illness on a scale of 1-7 where 1 means normal, not at all ill, 2 means borderline mentally ill, 3 means mildly ill, 4 means moderately ill, 5 means markedly ill, 6 means severely ill and 7 means among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: CGI at baseline and at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks per treatment period

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Number)
CGI severity score at baselineCGI severity score at 2 weeks intervention 1CGI severity score at 4 weeks intervention 1CGI severity score at 6 weeks intervention 1CGI severity score, end of washout1CGI severity score at 2 weeks intervention 2CGI severity score at 4 weeks intervention 2CGI severity score at 6 weeks intervention 2CGI severity score, end of washout2CGI severity score at 2 weeks open labelCGI severity score at 4 weeks open labelCGI severity score at 6 weeks open labelCGI severity score, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo4432244443322
Placebo, Then Glycine4444444333322

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Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Therapeutic Effect Scores at 2 Weeks, 4 Weeks, and 6 Weeks Within Each Treatment Period

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) therapeutic effect scores measure degree of improvement as marked (1), moderate (5), minimal (9) or unchanged/worse (13). (NCT01720316)
Timeframe: at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks within each treatment period

,
Interventionscore (Number)
CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks intervention 1CGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks intervention 1CGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks intervention 1CGI therapeutic effect, end of washout1CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks intervention 2CGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks intervention 2CGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks intervention 2CGI therapeutic effect, end of washout2CGI therapeutic effect at 2 weeks open labelCGI therapeutic effect at 4 weeks open labelCGI therapeutic effect at 6 weeks open labelCGI therapeutic effect, end of washout3
Glycine, Then Placebo13555131313135511
Placebo, Then Glycine5555135551111

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Change From Baseline in Maximum Standard Uptake Values (SUVmax)

Maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) were assessed on the basis of position emission tomography (PET) scans using radiotracers 18F-FPPRGD2 and 18F-FDG at baseline and at regular medical care follow-up (6 to 12 weeks after initiation of treatment). The outcome is assessed as the difference in the maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) values from baseline to follow-up for the 2 radiotracers, and will be reported for each disease type as the median with standard deviation. (NCT01806675)
Timeframe: At baseline and 6 weeks

Interventionratio (Median)
18F-FPPRGD2 PET scans
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)-0.98

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Change in Tumor Size

The treatment effect for participants with gynecological cancers (GYN) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was assessed on the basis of change in tumor size as determined by pre- and post-treatment CT scans. The outcome is reported as the difference at treatment follow-up, reported as the median with standard deviation. (NCT01806675)
Timeframe: 9 to 12 weeks

Interventioncentimeters (Median)
Gynecological Cancers0.9
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC)1

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Tumor Response Rate by EORTC Criteria

"Tumor Response Rate by EORTC Criteria Tumor response rates were assessed from position emission tomography (PET) scans using 18F-FPPRGD2 & 18F-FDG at baseline & after 6 weeks of treatment, per European Organization for Research & Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) response criteria. The outcome is reported for each radiotracer by disease group as the number of participants achieving complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), & progressive disease (PD).~CR= complete resolution of 18F-FDG uptake tumor volume~PR= reduction of 15-25% in tumor 18F-FDG SUVmax after 1 cycle of chemotherapy, and ≥25% after >1 cycle~SD= increase in tumor 18F-FDG SUVmax of <25% or a decrease of <15% & no increase in 18F-FDG tumor uptake [>20% in the longest dimension (LD)];~PD= increase in 18F-FDG tumor SUVmax of >25% in tumor region on baseline; increase in extent of 18F-FDG tumor uptake (>20% in LD); appearance of new 18F-FDG uptake in metastatic lesions" (NCT01806675)
Timeframe: At baseline and 6 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Complete Response (CR)Partial Repsonse (PR)Stable Disease (SD)Progressive Disease
Gynecological Cancers2101
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC)0022

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Change From Baseline in Maximum Standard Uptake Values (SUVmax)

Maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) were assessed on the basis of position emission tomography (PET) scans using radiotracers 18F-FPPRGD2 and 18F-FDG at baseline and at regular medical care follow-up (6 to 12 weeks after initiation of treatment). The outcome is assessed as the difference in the maximum standard uptake values (SUVmax) values from baseline to follow-up for the 2 radiotracers, and will be reported for each disease type as the median with standard deviation. (NCT01806675)
Timeframe: At baseline and 6 weeks

,
Interventionratio (Median)
18F-FPPRGD2 PET scans18F-FDG PET scans
Gynecological Cancers0.09-1.90
Renal Cell Cancer (RCC)0.107.8

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Progression-free Survival (PFS)

The distribution of PFS will be estimated using the method of Kaplan Meier. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: Time from registration to the earliest date of documentation of disease progression or death due to any cause, assessed up to 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I/II, Cohort ANA
Phase II, Cohort BNA

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Rate of Complete Response, Very Good Partial Response, or Partial Response (Phase II, Cohort B)

The proportion of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: Up to 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone)63

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Maximum Tolerated (MTD) Dose of Cyclophosphamide With Ixazomib and Dexamethasone (Phase I)

Will be defined as the dose level below the lowest dose that induces dose-limiting toxicity in at least 1/3 of patients, as assessed by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: At 28 days

Interventionmg weekly (Number)
MTD of ixazomibMTD of dexamethasone
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone)440

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Survival Time

The distribution of survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: Time from registration to death due to any cause, assessed up to 5 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase I/II, Cohort ANA
Phase II, Cohort BNA

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Maximum Tolerated (MTD) Dose of Cyclophosphamide (Phase I)

Will be defined as the dose level below the lowest dose that induces dose-limiting toxicity in at least 1/3 of patients, as assessed by National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: At 28 days

Interventionmg/m² weekly (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone)400

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Percentage of Patients With Complete Response or Very Good Partial Response (Phase II, Cohort A)

The percentage of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated. (NCT01864018)
Timeframe: Up to 48 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone)35

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Change in Glucose AUC at 12 Weeks From Baseline (Glucose Tolerance)

Glucose tolerance was assessed by oral glucose tolerance, assessed using the change from baseline for fasting and 2 hour glucose, and change in Glucose AUC at 12 weeks from baseline was measured. (NCT01950039)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionmg*min/dL (Mean)
Betaine340
Placebo-413

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Hepatic Fat, Change From Baseline

Intrahepatic triglyceride levels were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Siemens 3T TIM Skyra, software version VD13; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). (NCT01950039)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

Interventionpercent change in hepatic triglyceride (Mean)
Betaine-0.01
Placebo-0.03

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Endothelial Function

Brachial artery reactivity to flow and nitroglycerin stimuli, assessed as percent change from baseline (NCT01950039)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionpercent change from baseline (Mean)
Percent change in flow-mediated dilationPercent change in nitroglycerine-mediated dilation
Betaine-0.5-0.9
Placebo-1.9-0.9

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Fasting and 2 Hour Glucose Levels, Comparing Baseline and 12 Weeks.

Glucose levels were analyzed in the fasting state and two hours after glucose load, comparing baseline to 12 weeks. (NCT01950039)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionmg/dl (Mean)
fasting glucose2-hour glucose
Betaine-57
Placebo3-4

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Insulin Sensitivity

"Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp at baseline and at end of study (12 weeks) for assessment of:~glucose disposal (M) at low (25 mU/m2/min) and high (180 mU/m2/min) insulin infusion rates, reported as raw data~measurement of endogenous glucose production at basal and low insulin infusion (25 mU/m2/min), reported as change from measures at baseline of individual study days" (NCT01950039)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks

,
Interventionumol/kg/min (Mean)
Glucose Utilization (M), 25 mU/m2/min, baselineGlucose Utilization (M), 25 mU/m2/min, 12 weeksGlucose Utilization (M), 180 mU/m2/min, baselineGlucose Utilization (M), 180 mU/m2/min, 12 weeksEndogenous Glucose Production, basal insulinEndogenous Glucose Production, 25 mU/m2/min
Betaine90.4110.9406.8458.1.03-0.01
Placebo62.873.5332.6393.7-0.01-0.12

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Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of MLN9708 (Phase I)

The highest dose level that produces 1/6 dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in Cycle #1 will be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The RP2D of ixazomib and pomalidomide will generally be the MTD, but it may be less than the MTD based on a review of available data/cumulative toxicities from phase I. (NCT02119468)
Timeframe: From the initial treatment to Day 28 (Cycle #1)

Interventionmg (Number)
Dose Level #2 (4mg MLN9708)4

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Number of Patients With Dose-Limiting Toxicities (Phase I)

Dose Limiting Toxicity (DLT) is defined as any of the toxicities in Section 7.3 that are at least possibly related to either Pomalidomide or MLN9708 that occur during cycle 1. Toxicity graded according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03. The highest dose level that produces 1/6 dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) in course 1 will be the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The RP2D of ixazomib and pomalidomide will generally be the MTD, but it may be less than the MTD based on a review of available data/cumulative toxicities from phase I. (NCT02119468)
Timeframe: From the initial treatment to Day 28 (Cycle #1)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Dose Level #1: 3mg MLN97081
Dose Level #2: 4mg MLN97081

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One-Year Progression-Free Survival at the Recommend Phase II Dose (RP2D)

Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as time from initial treatment to recurrence, progression or death. In a clinical trial, measuring the progression-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Progression-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method; the 95% confidence interval was calculated using Greenwood's formula [Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research: volume II, the design and analysis of cohort studies. IARC Sci Publ 1987;82:1-406.] (NCT02119468)
Timeframe: Date of first dose of study drug to first documented disease relapse, progression or death from any cause, whichever occurs first, up to 24 months. And the median follow-up for the surviving patients is at least one year.

InterventionPercentage of Participants (%) (Number)
Dose Level #2 (4mg MLN9708)34

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Maximum-tolerated Dose of MLN9708.

Maximum-tolerated dose of ixazomib (MLN9708) will be determined from the incidence of dose limiting toxicities at each dosage. Results for both escalation phase cohorts (3.0 mg and 4.0 mg) were used to determine the maximum tolerated dose. (NCT02250300)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionmillligram (Number)
Maximum Tolerated Dose of Study Drug4

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Number of Participants Experiencing Dose-limiting Toxicity of MLN9708

A 3+3 design will be employed. At each dose, three patients will be initially evaluated. If no dose limiting toxicities are observed, the MLN9708 dose will be increased; if one dose limiting toxicity is observed, three additional patients will be treated at that dose. A dose at which two DLTs are observed in three or six patients are judged to be too toxic, the lower dose will be defined as the maximally tolerated dose (MTD). (NCT02250300)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventiondose limiting toxicity (Number)
MLN9708 Phase I (3.0 mg)0
MLN9708 Phase I (4.0 mg)0

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Cumulative Incidence of Chronic Graft-versus-host Disease.

The number of participants who have graft-versus-host disease. The two expansion phase cohorts (3.0 mg and 4.0 mg) were not included in this analysis. (NCT02250300)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MLN9708 Phase II Matched Sibling9
MLN9708 Phase II Matched Unrelated10

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Number of Participants Who Received Erythropoiesis-stimulating Agent (ESA) Rescue Therapy

ESA rescue therapy was administered in participants with Hgb ≤12.5 g/dL, and was stopped when Hgb reached ≥13.0 g/dL. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 16

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)4
Vadadustat 450 mg QD6
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)2

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Abnormal 12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings

A standard 12-lead ECG was performed following dosing in a supine position for approximately 5 minutes. ECGs were taken prior to vital sign assessments, circulatory access cannulation, and blood draws when possible. Clinical significance was determined by the investigator. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)0
Vadadustat 450 mg QD0
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0

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Change From Baseline in Hematocrit

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline Hematocrit was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
InterventionPercentage of red blood cells in blood (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)31.2-0.4-1.0-0.2-0.8
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)31.4-0.7-1.7-0.1-0.2
Vadadustat 450 mg QD31.6-1.4-1.6-0.8-1.2

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameter Values

Parameters assessed for laboratory values included hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, iron indices, C-reactive protein, lipid profile, biomarkers, and pregnancy tests. The investigator was responsible for reviewing laboratory results for clinically significant changes. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)0
Vadadustat 450 mg QD0
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0

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Number of Participants Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence (including a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding) that occurred in the protocol-specified AE reporting period. A TEAE included medical conditions, signs, and symptoms not previously observed in the participant that emerged during the protocol-specified AE reporting period, including signs or symptoms associated with pre-existing underlying conditions that were not present prior to the AE reporting period. A SAE included AEs that met one or more of the following criteria/outcomes: death, lifethreatening, in-patient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, persistent or significant disability/incapacity, and congenital anomaly/birth defect. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
TEAEsSAEs
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)262
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)265
Vadadustat 450 mg QD266

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Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-Acyl-Glucuronide Metabolite

Blood samples for determination of plasma levels of Vadadustat were drawn just before and 10 minutes after completion of the dialysis session. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dialysis and post-dialysis on Week 2 and Week 16

,
Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Week 2 pre-dialysisWeek 2 post-dialysisWeek 16 pre-dialysisWeek 16 post-dialysis
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)0.01360.01420.01290.0100
Vadadustat 450 mg QD0.02240.00950.02100.0087

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Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-Acyl-Glucuronide Metabolite

Blood samples for determination of plasma levels of Vadadustat were drawn just before and 10 minutes after completion of the dialysis session. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dialysis and post-dialysis on Week 2 and Week 16

Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Week 2 pre-dialysis
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0.0800

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Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat

Blood samples for determination of plasma levels of Vadadustat were drawn just before and 10 minutes after completion of the dialysis session. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dialysis and post-dialysis on Week 2 and Week 16

,,
Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Week 2 pre-dialysisWeek 2 post-dialysisWeek 16 pre-dialysisWeek 16 post-dialysis
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)12.8913.7211.4113.85
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)5.3295.2874.8133.998
Vadadustat 450 mg QD17.2718.6915.9817.38

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Change From Pre-dose Average in Hgb Level to The End-of-study Average

Change from pre-dose average was calculated by the end-of-study average minus the pre-dose average. The pre-dose average was defined as the average of the 3 Hgb values that were obtained before dosing at the first screening visit, the second screening visit, and the Baseline visit; the end-of-study average was defined as the average of the 2 Hgb values that were obtained at the Week 15 and Week 16 visits. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, Week 15, and Week 16

,,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Pre-dose AverageChange From Pre-dose average to The End-of-study Average
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)10.43-0.03
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)10.52-0.14
Vadadustat 450 mg QD10.55-0.07

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Change From Pre-dose Average in Hemoglobin (Hgb) Level to The Mid-study Average

Change from pre-dose average was calculated by the mid-study average minus the pre-dose average. The pre-dose average was defined as the average of the 3 Hgb values that were obtained before dosing at the first screening visit, the second screening visit, and the Baseline visit; the mid-study average was defined as the average of the 2 Hgb values that were obtained at the Week 7 and Week 8 visits. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Screening, Second Screening, and Baseline), Week 7, and Week 8

,,
InterventionGrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Mean)
Pre-dose AverageChange from pre-dose average to the mid-study average
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)10.430.00
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)10.52-0.36
Vadadustat 450 mg QD10.55-0.29

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Change From Mid-study Average in Hgb Level to The End-of-study Average

Change from mid-study average was calculated by the end-of-study average minus the mid-study average. The mid-study average was defined as the average of the 2 Hgb values that were obtained at the Week 7 and Week 8 visits; the end-of-study average was defined as the average of the 2 Hgb values that were obtained at the Week 15 and Week 16 visits. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Week 7, Week 8, Week 15, and Week 16

,,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Mid-study AverageChange From Mid-study Average to The End-of-study Average
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)10.41-0.18
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)10.19-0.07
Vadadustat 450 mg QD10.260.16

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Change From Baseline in Transferrin Saturation (TSAT)

Change from Baseline was calculated as (visit value minus the Baseline value)/ Baseline value x 100. Baseline TSAT was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
InterventionPercent change (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)34.65.42.99.12.5
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)37.53.63.33.72.5
Vadadustat 450 mg QD33.72.11.21.31.7

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Change From Baseline in Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC)

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline TIBC was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
InterventionMicrograms per deciliter (μg/mL) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)204.525.723.430.627.7
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)188.818.722.023.925.7
Vadadustat 450 mg QD196.722.030.334.824.9

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Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Hgb Content

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline reticulocyte Hgb content was defined as the average of the three samples obtained prior to dosing. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 16

,,
Interventionμg/dL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 2Change from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)32.39-0.13-0.070.410.15
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)30.991.011.021.13-0.18
Vadadustat 450 mg QD32.12-0.03-0.21-0.270.58

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Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline RBC Count was defined as the average of the three samples obtained prior to dosing. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
Intervention10^6 cells per microliter (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)3.34-0.06-0.09-0.01-0.05
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)3.49-0.16-0.16-0.10-0.08
Vadadustat 450 mg QD3.49-0.11-0.19-0.14-0.17

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Change From Baseline in Percent Reticulocyte Count

Change from Baseline was calculated as (visit value minus the Baseline value)/ Baseline value x 100. Baseline percent reticulocyte count was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
InterventionPercent change (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)2.14-0.16-0.15-0.04-0.01
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)2.190.070.030.170.15
Vadadustat 450 mg QD1.890.140.240.480.23

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Change From Baseline in Iron

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline iron was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
Interventionμg/dL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)70.620.714.331.714.0
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)75.413.315.015.514.0
Vadadustat 450 mg QD66.618.511.610.810.3

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Change From Baseline in Hgb

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline Hgb was defined as the average of the three samples obtained prior to dosing. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)10.50-0.06-0.140.02-0.03
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)10.50-0.35-0.37-0.06-0.06
Vadadustat 450 mg QD10.51-0.21-0.39-0.11-0.13

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Vital Signs

Parameters assessed for vital signs included sitting blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and body temperature. The investigator was responsible for reviewing laboratory results for clinically significant changes. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)0
Vadadustat 450 mg QD0
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0

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Change From Baseline in Hepcidin

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline hepcidin was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8, and Week 16

,,
InterventionNanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)102.59-6.46-15.11
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)105.35-9.14-4.87
Vadadustat 450 mg QD119.61-27.80-21.66

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Change From Baseline in Ferritin

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline ferritin was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
InterventionNanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)762.88-48.8046.85-15.70-56.67
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)807.75-10.29-48.710.92-39.03
Vadadustat 450 mg QD781.96-61.21-99.11-61.81-115.36

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Change From Baseline in Absolute Reticulocyte Count

Change from Baseline was calculated as the visit value minus the Baseline value. Baseline absolute reticulocyte count was defined as the last observation before the first dose of study medication. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, and Week 16

,,
Intervention10^6 cells per microliter (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline to Week 4Change from Baseline to Week 8Change from Baseline to Week 12Change from Baseline to Week 16
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)0.0704-0.0059-0.00540.0001-0.0009
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0.0742-0.0001-0.00180.00330.0040
Vadadustat 450 mg QD0.06610.00230.00410.01330.0048

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Number of Participants Who Received Blood Transfusion Rescue Therapy

Blood transfusion rescue therapy was administered in participants with Hgb ≤12.5 g/dL, and was stopped when Hgb reached ≥13.0 g/dL. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Up to Week 16

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)1
Vadadustat 450 mg QD1
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)0

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Mean Plasma Concentrations of Vadadustat-O-Glucuronide Metabolite

Blood samples for determination of plasma levels of Vadadustat were drawn just before and 10 minutes after completion of the dialysis session. (NCT02260193)
Timeframe: Pre-dialysis and post-dialysis on Week 2 and Week 16

,,
Interventionμg/mL (Mean)
Week 2 pre-dialysisWeek 2 post-dialysisWeek 16 pre-dialysisWeek 16 post-dialysis
Vadadustat 300 mg Once Daily (QD)16.668.72515.747.833
Vadadustat 450 mg 3 Times Per Week (TIW)6.2953.1017.8432.998
Vadadustat 450 mg QD26.3613.2617.198.408

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Muscle Glutathione Concentration

Muscle glutathione concentrations measured by liquid chromatography (NCT02348775)
Timeframe: 20-weeks

Interventionmicromol/g.Hb (Mean)
GlyNAC0.5
Control Arm2.2

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12-month PFS (Progression Free Survival) of Treatment With Ixazomib in Combination With DA-EPOCH-R (Phase II)

12-month PFS will be defined as the percentage of patients alive and progression free 12 months from start of therapy. Patients lost to follow up will be censored from last point of contact. PFS was calculated using a Kplan-meier estimation with the probability of patients being progression free at 12 months, presented as the percentage based on this probability. (NCT02481310)
Timeframe: Up to 12 months from initiation of treatment

Interventionprobability (%) of patients alive (Number)
Treatment (Combination Chemotherapy, Rituximab, Ixazomib)75.84

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Biologic Studies

The biologic impact of proteasome inhibition in the treatment of chronic GVHD will be assessed. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)0

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Cumulative Incidence of Primary Malignancy Relapse

Defined as hematologic relapse or any unplanned intervention to prevent progression of disease in patients with evidence (molecular, cytogenetic, flow cytometric, radiographic) of malignant disease after transplantation. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)1

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Incidence of Discontinuation of All Systemic Immune Suppressive Therapies

The incidence of complete discontinuation of all systemic immune-suppressive therapies will be determined at 1 year. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)0

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Probability of Failure-free Survival at 1 Year

Kaplan-Meier estimate assessed at 1 year for failure-free survival, defined as the absence of death from any cause, relapse or addition of secondary immune suppressive agents. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionprobability of failure-free survival (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)0.57

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Probability of Non-relapse Mortality at 1 Year

Kaplan-Meier estimate assessed at 1 year for probability of non-relapse mortality, defined as death in the absence of primary malignancy relapse after transplant. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionnon-relapse mortality probability (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)0.1

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Probability of Overall Survival at 1 Year

Kaplan-Meier estimate assessed at 1 year for overall survival, defined as absence of death from any cause. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionprobability of overall survival (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate).9

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Treatment Success

Treatment success will be estimated at 1 year with a composite outcome of complete resolution of all reversible chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) manifestations, discontinuation of all systemic immune suppressive agents, and freedom from death or primary malignancy relapse after transplant. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)0

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Overall Response Rate (ORR) (Complete Response + Partial Response)

ORR at 6 months will be determined by both clinician-defined categories of complete response and partial response, as well as separately calculated according to the proposed response definitions of the NIH Consensus Conference. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Physician impression ORRNIH ORR
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)1617

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Probability of Treatment Failure at 6 Months

Kaplan-Meier estimate assessed at 6 months for probability of treatment failure, defined as addition of a line of systemic immune-suppressive therapy, recurrent malignancy, or death. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 6 months

InterventionTreatment failure probability (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate).28

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Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Human Activities Profile (HAP)

"HAP subscales have min=0 and max=94; results given are actual 12mo scores, with higher scores indicating better functioning.~Maximum Activity Score (MAS) is highest item number answered still doing. Represents highest oxygen demanding activity that respondent still performs.~Adjusted Activity Score (AAS) is MAS minus total number of stopped doing responses below MAS. A measure of usual daily activities.~Modified AAS is MAS minus total number of stopped doing responses below MAS but not penalized for not doing activities not permitted post transplant. The following items are not counted against the score:11,15,19,20,22,25,34,41,42,47,49,50,52,53,54,57,72,73,77,78." (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
maximum activity scoreadjusted activity scoremodified adjusted activity score
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)747070

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Use of Additional Systemic Immune Suppressive Therapies

Addition of therapy after ixazomib constitutes failure, could occur at any time from baseline to 12mo. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)21

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Incidence of Adverse Events

According to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0 (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days following completion of study treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Serious Adverse EventsNon-Serious Adverse Events
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)1918

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Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACT)

"FACT-BMT subscales have various min/max, see below; results given are actual 12mo scores, with higher scores indicating better functioning.~FACT physical well-being (0-28) FACT social/family well-being (0-28) FACT emotional well-being (0-24) FACT functional well-being (0-28) FACT Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) subscale (0-40) FACT trial outcome index (0-96) FACT-General (G) (0-108) FACT-BMT total (0-148)" (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
physical well-beingsocial/family well-beingemotional well-beingfunctional well-beingBMT subscaleFACT-Gtrial outcome indexFACT-BMT total
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)2323.721183284.772114.1

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Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Lee Chronic GVHD Symptom Scale

Lee symptom scale (LSS) has subscales with min=0, max=100; results given are 12mo scores, with higher numbers indicating higher symptom burden. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
skin scaleenergy scalelung scaleeye scalenutrition scalepsychological scalemouth scaleoverall summary score
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)15251050016.7020.8

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Symptoms as Measured by Patient Self-report--Short Form-36 (SF-36)

SF-36 subscales have min=0 and max=100; results given are actual scores at 12mo, with higher scores indicating higher quality of life. (NCT02513498)
Timeframe: 1 year

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
norm-based physical functioningnorm-based role-physical scorenorm-based bodily pain scorenorm-based general health scorenorm-based vitality scorenorm-based social functioning scorenorm-based role-emotional scorenorm-based mental health scorestandardized physical component scorestandardized mental component score
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate)44.437.346.136.24951.448.152.839.753.8

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Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0

Number of patients with adverse events is reported here, the full list of those adverse events and their frequency is reported in the adverse event section. (NCT02547662)
Timeframe: 4 years 1 month

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone)17

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Confirmed Response Rate

A confirmed response is defined as a patient who has achieved a stringent complete response (sCR), complete response (CR), very good partial response (PR), or PR on two consecutive evaluations. The proportion of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated according to the approach of Duffy and Santner. Per Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors Criteria (RECIST v1.0) for target lesions and assessed by MRI: Complete Response (CR), Disappearance of all target lesions; Partial Response (PR), >=30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions; Overall Response (OR) = CR + PR. (NCT02547662)
Timeframe: 4 years

Interventionproportion of patients (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone)0.06

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Extramedullary Response Rate

Extramedullary response, defined as a response by extramedullary plasmacytoma or plasma cell count parameters. The extramedullary response rate will be estimated by the number of responders(patients that achieved a partial or complete response) divided by the number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial confidence intervals will be calculated. (NCT02547662)
Timeframe: 4 years

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone)0.40

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Progression-free Survival

The distribution of progression-free survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT02547662)
Timeframe: 4 years 8 months

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone)4.5

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Biochemical Response Rate

The biochemical response rate will be estimated by the number of responders(patients that achieved partial or complete response) divided by the number of evaluable patients who have measurable disease by serum M-protein, urine M-protein, or serum FLC assay at baseline. Exact binomial confidence intervals will be calculated. (NCT02547662)
Timeframe: 4 years

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone)0.25

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Overall Survival

all MM patients who got post autologous transplant study therapy (NCT02619682)
Timeframe: Median 4.6 years from start of therapy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Post Autologous Transplant Maintenance21

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events, Graded According to CTCAE Version 4.0

Adverse events Toxicity during the 24 months plus one month of post autologous transplant maintenance therapy (NCT02619682)
Timeframe: 2 years plus one month

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Post Autologous Transplant Maintenance30

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Disease Free Survival

(NCT02619682)
Timeframe: Median of 4.6 years from start of study therapy

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Post Autologous Transplant Maintenance11

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Rate of Confirmed Response, Defined as a Patient Who Has Achieved a Stringent Complete Response (sCR), Complete Response (CR), Very Good Partial Response (VGPR), or Partial Response (PR) on Two Consecutive Evaluations (Phase II)

Responses will be summarized by simple descriptive summary statistics delineating complete and partial responses as well as stable and progressive disease in this patient population. The proportion of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
PRSDNACRVGPRsCR
Phase II and MTD2614000

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Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03 (Phase II)

The maximum grade for each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine patterns. Additionally, the relationship of the adverse event(s) to the study treatment will be taken into consideration. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 3+ Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 3+ Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 3+ Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly Related
Phase 2: Dose Level 114131092013139900534220

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Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03 (Phase I)

Overall toxicity incidence as well as toxicity profiles by dose level, patient and tumor site will be explored and summarized. Frequency distributions, graphical techniques and other descriptive measures will form the basis of these analyses. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: 30 days after the last dose of study treatment, up to 3 years

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Grade 3+ Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 3+ Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 3+ Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 3+ Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 4+ Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 4+ Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly RelatedGrade 5 Non-heme Adverse Events, Regardless of AttributionGrade 5 Non-heme Adverse Events, At Least Possibly Related
Phase 1: Dose Level 0320000320000110000
Phase 1: Dose Level 1441100441100210000
Phase 1: Dose Level 2333200333200000000

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Rate of Complete Response (CR) (Phase II)

The rate of CR will be estimated by the number of patients with a sCR or CR or divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportions will be calculated. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase II and MTD0

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The Number of Participants Who Experienced Dose Limiting Toxicities. Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of Ixazomib Citrate and Idasanutlin in Combination With Dexamethasone (Phase I)

Defined as the dose level below the lowest dose that induces dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in at least one-third of patients (at least 2 of a maximum of 6 new patients). DLT is graded according to National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: 28 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase 1: Dose Level 00
Phase 1: Dose Level 10
Phase 1: Dose Level 22
Phase 2: Dose Level 11

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Rate of Partial Response (PR) (Phase II)

The rate of PR will be estimated by the number of patients with a VGPR or PR divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportions will be calculated. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phase II and MTD2

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Progression Free Survival (Phase II)

The distribution of progression-free survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 3 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase II and MTD3.8

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Overall Survival (Phase II)

The distribution of overall survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT02633059)
Timeframe: Up to 3 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Phase II and MTD21.0

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Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils,Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Platelet Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum leukocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelet levels were assessed as a clinical hematology laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
Intervention10^12 cells/L (Mean)
Leukocytes; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 19, 20, 21Leukocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Leukocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Leukocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 20, 19Neutrophils; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 19, 20, 21Neutrophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Neutrophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Neutrophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Basophils; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 19, 20, 21Basophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Basophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Basophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Eosinophils; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 19, 20, 21Eosinophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Eosinophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Eosinophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Lymphocytes; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 19, 20, 21Lymphocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Lymphocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Lymphocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Monocytes; Day 1; n= 18, 19, 20, 20, 21Monocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Monocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Monocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Platelet; Day 1; n= 16, 19, 20, 19, 21Platelet; Day 15; n= 17, 18, 17, 20, 21Platelet; Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 17, 17Platelet; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg6.075.856.597.254.0973.8874.5915.0490.0160.0260.0210.0180.1740.1660.1490.2101.3931.4161.4271.5090.3960.3520.4570.459189.9175.4174.7195.8
Dapro 15 mg5.886.215.886.003.5223.7073.5223.5450.0250.0220.0210.0200.1840.1920.1450.2321.7391.8421.7751.7360.4350.4360.4030.461198.0198.5187.5188.6
Dapro 25 mg6.446.526.336.773.9544.3463.9784.4770.0280.0250.0240.0250.1960.1870.2370.2431.7471.5261.6121.7210.5180.4460.6000.513196.0194.8198.9194.1
Dapro 30 mg5.905.876.116.423.7854.1294.2244.3430.0170.0240.0270.0240.2400.1860.1850.2171.4421.2061.1811.3990.4210.3840.4260.429192.3181.5194.8170.0
Placebo6.287.016.667.054.0304.6664.1234.6870.0180.0270.0350.0280.1890.1610.1760.2161.6311.7351.8701.6480.4010.4200.4440.461219.0205.4198.1220.8

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum MCH levels were assessed as a clinical hematology laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionPg (Mean)
Day 1; n= 18, 19, 20, 20, 21Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg30.952.10031.6031.04
Dapro 15 mg30.1930.7430.5630.49
Dapro 25 mg30.7030.8531.1630.67
Dapro 30 mg31.4631.7031.6831.84
Placebo31.1930.8330.9730.86

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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum MCHC levels were assessed as a clinical hematology laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Day 1; n= 18, 19, 20, 20, 21Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg321.7324.0329.6325.2
Dapro 15 mg319.5324.8325.4325.5
Dapro 25 mg321.5318.3323.6321.0
Dapro 30 mg327.6322.7323.9327.0
Placebo322.9321.5323.3321.9

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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum MCV levels were assessed as a clinical hematology laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionFemtoliter (fL) (Mean)
Day 1; n= 18, 19, 20, 20, 21Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg96.495.895.995.4
Dapro 15 mg94.794.894.193.7
Dapro 25 mg95.797.096.395.6
Dapro 30 mg96.198.397.897.5
Placebo96.795.995.896.1

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Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Treatment

Reasons of study treatment discontinuation included adverse events (AEs), protocol deviation, participants reached protocol defined stopping criteria, physician decision and withdrawal by participants. Number of participants who discontinued study treatment are presented. Analysis was performed on Safety Population which comprised of all participants who received at least one dose of study treatment. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
AEsProtocol deviationParticipant reached stopping criteriaPhysician decisionWithdrawal by subject
Dapro 10 mg00100
Dapro 15 mg10201
Dapro 25 mg01300
Dapro 30 mg12400
Placebo01011

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Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings at Indicated Time Points

Single measurements of 12-lead ECG were obtained in supine position using an ECG machine that automatically calculates the heart rate and measures PR, QRS, QT interval. Number of participants who had abnormal non clinically significant (NCS) and abnormal clinically significant (CS) ECG findings at Baseline (Week -4) and Day 29 are presented. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 29

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Baseline(Week -4);Abnormal; NCS;n=19,20,20,22,22Baseline(Week-4);Abnormal;CS;n=19,20,20,22,22Day 29; Abnormal; NCS; n=17,19,18,19,17Day 29; Abnormal; CS; n=17,19,18,19,17
Dapro 10 mg150140
Dapro 15 mg180160
Dapro 25 mg12181
Dapro 30 mg160120
Placebo100120

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Number of Participants With AEs and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability, is a congenital anomaly/ birth effect, other situations and is associated with liver injury or impaired liver function. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Any AEAny SAE
Dapro 10 mg103
Dapro 15 mg62
Dapro 25 mg71
Dapro 30 mg73
Placebo104

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Pulse Rate Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including pulse rate values were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair. Pulse rate was measured pre-dialysis and post-dialysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Pre-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22Pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21Post-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22Post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg69.967.370.369.968.767.769.969.1
Dapro 15 mg66.768.369.666.966.370.168.868.0
Dapro 25 mg71.472.170.871.373.273.072.271.9
Dapro 30 mg76.575.173.475.878.878.177.477.3
Placebo68.576.170.471.571.072.573.672.0

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Sodium, Potassium, Glucose, Calcium, Phosphate Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum sodium, potassium, glucose, corrected calcium and phosphate levels were assessed as a clinical chemistry laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionMillimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
Sodium; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Sodium; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Sodium; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Sodium; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Potassium; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Potassium; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Potassium; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Potassium; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Glucose; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Glucose; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Glucose; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Glucose; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Calcium corrected; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Calcium corrected; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Calcium corrected; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Calcium corrected; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Phosphate; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Phosphate; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Phosphate; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Phosphate; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg138.1137.5136.8138.14.734.774.874.686.667.167.496.722.2702.2192.2482.2351.5281.7101.5921.460
Dapro 15 mg138.7138.1137.9137.94.644.574.574.596.417.037.217.092.2412.2132.2442.2711.4981.6421.6441.472
Dapro 25 mg139.4138.0138.8138.84.794.824.864.767.057.267.776.272.2192.1882.1982.2011.3181.3481.4531.412
Dapro 30 mg138.4137.2137.1137.64.834.804.964.808.958.678.758.932.2152.2032.2252.2561.5661.6451.5501.398
Placebo138.8137.7137.8139.24.684.724.784.696.667.898.216.932.2862.2612.2052.2511.6081.6211.7091.550

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Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including SBP and DBP were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair at specific time points. SBP and DBP were measured pre-dialysis and post-dialysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionMillimeter of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21SBP; post-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22SBP; post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21SBP; post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17SBP; post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21DBP; post-dialysis; Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22DBP; post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21DBP; post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17DBP; post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg136.6138.3133.1137.968.870.063.566.8137.0135.5130.1135.867.970.164.467.4
Dapro 15 mg149.2139.0143.1142.073.370.170.969.9139.9137.7133.7130.468.767.867.967.4
Dapro 25 mg144.1146.6144.2149.071.873.573.377.9136.7137.4142.8145.271.171.372.472.9
Dapro 30 mg144.1142.3148.7147.172.269.772.772.8140.1140.9147.8137.571.571.172.975.3
Placebo142.5138.8143.0140.071.972.570.472.5138.6138.6135.7137.572.172.473.969.5

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Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) and Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Dapro

"Blood samples were collected at indicated time points for PK analysis of dapro. The data from each PK sampling day was combined to generate a single profile, and normalized to a 24-hour period to create a Day 1 profile for NCA. Metabolite plasma concentrations were analyzed but PK parameters could not be calculated as the metabolites were partially eliminated through dialysis and the dialysis start and end times were not consistent on both PK days. Therefore, a representative metabolite PK profile could not be generated. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles)." (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on Day 1; 6-10 hours, 7-11 hours, 8-12 hours, 9-13 hours post dose on Day 15; pre-dose and 1, 2, 3 hours post-dose on Day 29

,,,
InterventionHour (Geometric Mean)
Tmax; n= 19, 15, 16, 14T1/2; n= 12, 9, 8, 11
Dapro 10 mg2.4562.086
Dapro 15 mg2.1061.886
Dapro 25 mg2.2971.418
Dapro 30 mg1.7182.897

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Weight Values at Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including weight values were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair. Weight was measured post-dialysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionKilograms (kg) (Mean)
Day 1; n= 19, 20, 20, 22, 22Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg80.0480.0081.0480.21
Dapro 15 mg78.8379.8280.0279.25
Dapro 25 mg79.3879.4482.6680.64
Dapro 30 mg76.0375.5576.0773.66
Placebo82.3884.2483.2283.93

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Change From Baseline in ECG Mean Heart Rate

Single measurements of 12-lead ECG were obtained in supine position using an ECG machine to measure HR. Week -4 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values at Day 29 minus Baseline value. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Placebo-2.0
Dapro 10 mg0.5
Dapro 15 mg1.1
Dapro 25 mg2.2
Dapro 30 mg0.9

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Change From Baseline in Hematocrit Levels

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect Dapro three times weekly dose regimens on hematocrit. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-dose visit values minus Baseline value. The change from Baseline at Day 29 post-Baseline time point was calculated. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionProportion of red blood cells in blood (Mean)
Placebo-0.0218
Dapro 10 mg-0.0127
Dapro 15 mg-0.0149
Dapro 25 mg0.0150
Dapro 30 mg0.0215

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Change From Baseline in Hgb Levels at Day 29

Blood samples were collected from participants for measurement of Hgb values. Baseline is the average of Hgb measured at Week -2 and Day 1 visits. Change from Baseline at Day 29 was defined as post dose value at Day 29 minus Baseline value. The analysis was performed on intent-to-treat (ITT) Population which comprised of all randomized participants who received at least one dose of study treatment, had a Baseline and at least one corresponding on treatment assessment, including Hgb. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Placebo-0.61
Dapro 10 mg-0.19
Dapro 15 mg-0.13
Dapro 25 mg0.64
Dapro 30 mg0.55

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Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect Dapro three times weekly dose regimens on RBC count. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-dose visit values minus Baseline value. The change from Baseline at Day 29 post-Baseline time point was calculated. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

Intervention10^12 cells/L (Mean)
Placebo-0.19
Dapro 10 mg-0.12
Dapro 15 mg-0.13
Dapro 25 mg0.12
Dapro 30 mg0.15

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Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Count

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect Dapro three times weekly dose regimens on reticulocyte count. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. The change from Baseline at Day 29 post-Baseline time point was calculated. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionPercentage of reticulocyte (Mean)
Placebo-0.08
Dapro 10 mg-0.11
Dapro 15 mg-0.04
Dapro 25 mg0.43
Dapro 30 mg0.09

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Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Hemoglobin (CHr)

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect Dapro three times weekly dose regimens on CHr. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. The change from Baseline at Day 29 post-Baseline time point was calculated. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionPicograms (pg) (Mean)
Placebo-0.15
Dapro 10 mg0.23
Dapro 15 mg0.26
Dapro 25 mg0.23
Dapro 30 mg0.59

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Maximum Observed Change From Baseline in Plasma Erythropoietin (EPO)

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect of dapro three times weekly dose regimens on EPO. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. The change from Baseline at each given post-Baseline time point was calculated and the maximum change from Baseline was determined. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 29

InterventionInternational unit per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
Placebo53.761
Dapro 10 mg2.255
Dapro 15 mg73.369
Dapro 25 mg302.529
Dapro 30 mg477.644

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Maximum Observed Concentration of Dapro in Plasma (Cmax)

"Blood samples were collected at indicated time points for PK analysis of dapro. The data from each PK sampling day was combined to generate a single profile, and normalized to a 24-hour period to create a Day 1 profile for NCA. Metabolite plasma concentrations were analyzed but PK parameters could not be calculated as the metabolites were partially eliminated through dialysis and the dialysis start and end times were not consistent on both PK days. Therefore, a representative metabolite PK profile could not be generated." (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on Day 1; 6-10 hours, 7-11 hours, 8-12 hours, 9-13 hours post dose on Day 15; pre-dose and 1, 2, 3 hours post-dose on Day 29

Interventionng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Dapro 10 mg140.0
Dapro 15 mg141.4
Dapro 25 mg246.9
Dapro 30 mg387.3

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Maximum Observed Percent Change From Baseline in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect of dapro three times weekly dose regimens on VEGF. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. The percent change from Baseline at each given post-Baseline time point was calculated (expressed as geometric mean) and the maximum percent change from Baseline was determined. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 29

InterventionNanograms per liter (ng/L) (Geometric Mean)
Placebo20.35
Dapro 10 mg43.75
Dapro 15 mg32.16
Dapro 25 mg53.34
Dapro 30 mg76.09

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Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin at Day 29

Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 15 and Day 29 for pharmacodynamic analysis of effect of dapro three times weekly dose regimens on hepcidin. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. The Percent change from Baseline at Day 29 post-Baseline time point was calculated and expressed as geometric mean and the maximum change from Baseline was determined. (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

InterventionMicrograms per liter (µg/L) (Geometric Mean)
Placebo27.81
Dapro 10 mg35.37
Dapro 15 mg3.83
Dapro 25 mg-36.74
Dapro 30 mg-36.09

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Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (Alk. Phosph) Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum ALT, AST and alk. phosph. levels were assessed as a clinical chemistry laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionIU/L (Mean)
ALT; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22ALT; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20ALT; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17ALT; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21AST; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22AST; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20AST; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17AST; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Alk. phosph; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Alk. phosph; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22,20Alk. phosph.; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19,17Alk. phosph.; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21,21
Dapro 10 mg13.413.912.813.814.214.313.814.9112.3115.4120.2117.6
Dapro 15 mg14.612.412.212.817.215.016.017.2106.8114.5109.2113.8
Dapro 25 mg10.711.910.913.114.415.415.015.799.4101.593.5116.2
Dapro 30 mg11.58.48.611.213.612.413.514.3115.4110.0120.4108.6
Placebo12.616.524.414.314.917.126.815.997.0102.494.196.5

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Albumin and Protein Levels in Blood at Indicated Tme Points

Serum albumin and protein levels were assessed as a clinical chemistry laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventiongrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Albumin; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Albumin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Albumin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Albumin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Protein; Day 1; n= 18, 20 ,20, 22, 22Protein; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Protein; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Protein; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg38.638.137.238.166.966.565.767.4
Dapro 15 mg38.738.437.637.967.467.366.066.8
Dapro 25 mg38.838.437.439.066.465.665.566.7
Dapro 30 mg38.137.236.937.565.764.365.366.6
Placebo37.638.136.537.167.368.166.167.2

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Area Under the Curve (AUC) From Time Zero to the Time of the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC[0-inf]) of Dapro

"Blood samples were collected at indicated time points for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of dapro. The data from each PK sampling day was combined to generate a single profile, and normalized to a 24-hour period to create a Day 1 profile for non-compartmental analysis (NCA). Metabolite plasma concentrations were analyzed but PK parameters could not be calculated as the metabolites were partially eliminated through dialysis and the dialysis start and end times were not consistent on both PK days. Therefore, a representative metabolite PK profile could not be generated. The analysis was performed on PK Population, which comprised of all participants from whom a PK sample has been obtained and analyzed. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles)." (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Pre-dose on Day 1; 6-10 hours, 7-11 hours, 8-12 hours, 9-13 hours post dose on Day 15; pre-dose and 1, 2, 3 hours post-dose on Day 29

,,,
Interventionhour into nanograms/milliliter (h*ng/mL) (Geometric Mean)
AUC (0-t); n= 19, 15, 16, 14AUC (0-inf); n= 12, 9, 8, 11
Dapro 10 mg311.7348.2
Dapro 15 mg416.7383.5
Dapro 25 mg513.91214
Dapro 30 mg10101369

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Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Indirect Bilirubin Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Serum bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin levels were assessed as a clinical chemistry laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionMicromoles per liter (µmol/L) (Mean)
Bilirubin; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20 ,18, 21, 21Direct bilirubin; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Direct bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Direct bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19,17Direct bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21,21Indirect bilirubin; Day 1; n= 18, 20, 20, 22, 22Indirect bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Indirect bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Indirect bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg7.87.16.97.01.92.21.61.95.94.95.45.1
Dapro 15 mg6.67.27.67.22.02.42.72.34.64.84.94.9
Dapro 25 mg6.56.56.56.51.91.81.81.74.64.74.74.8
Dapro 30 mg7.27.87.87.52.42.62.42.34.85.25.45.2
Placebo6.66.76.86.01.81.52.51.34.85.24.44.7

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Change From Baseline in Albumin and Protein Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters including albumin and protein. Change from Baseline in clinical chemistry parameters at Day 15, Day 29 and Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Albumin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Albumin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Albumin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Protein; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Protein; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Protein; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg-0.5-1.3-0.6-0.4-0.80.6
Dapro 15 mg0.2-0.7-0.70.3-1.2-0.9
Dapro 25 mg-0.5-1.30.1-0.7-1.00.3
Dapro 30 mg-1.0-0.9-0.3-1.50.11.2
Placebo0.8-0.50.10.8-1.1-0.1

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Change From Baseline in ALT, AST, Alk. Phosph. Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters including ALT, AST, Alk. phosph. Change from Baseline in clinical chemistry parameters at Day 15, Day 29 and Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionIU/L (Mean)
ALT; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20ALT; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17ALT; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21AST; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20AST; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17AST; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Alk.phosph.; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Alk.phosph.; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Alk.phosph.; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg0.5-0.90.40.1-0.30.73.25.15.4
Dapro 15 mg-3.1-3.4-2.5-2.7-1.8-0.62.7-0.92.7
Dapro 25 mg1.1-0.22.21.00.91.52.10.918.0
Dapro 30 mg-3.4-3.6-0.4-1.6-0.30.7-4.7-1.2-8.4
Placebo3.611.80.92.311.50.63.2-0.4-1.5

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Change From Baseline in Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin, Indirect Bilirubin Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters including bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin. Change from Baseline in clinical chemistry parameters at Day 15, Day 29 and Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Direct bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Direct bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Direct bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Indirect bilirubin; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Indirect bilirubin; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Indirect bilirubin; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg-0.7-0.3-0.80.3-0.30.0-1.00.0-0.8
Dapro 15 mg0.81.00.60.60.70.30.20.30.2
Dapro 25 mg0.00.10.1-0.1-0.1-0.20.10.20.3
Dapro 30 mg0.50.20.40.2-0.1-0.10.30.40.5
Placebo0.20.2-0.1-0.10.7-0.10.4-0.50.0

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Change From Baseline in ECG Parameters Including PR Interval, QRS Duration, QT Interval and QTcB

Single measurements of 12-lead ECG were obtained in supine position using an ECG machine to measure PR interval, QRS duration, QT interval and QTcB. Week -4 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values at Day 29 minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 29

,,,,
InterventionMilliseconds (msec) (Mean)
PR interval; n= 17, 18, 18, 17, 16QRS duration; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17QT interval; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17QTcB; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17
Dapro 10 mg7.3-5.70.75.6
Dapro 15 mg-3.3-4.7-19.2-3.7
Dapro 25 mg2.11.7-1.41.1
Dapro 30 mg-11.52.5-8.2-5.7
Placebo7.8-1.410.50.0

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Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Distribution Width Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical hematology parameters including erythrocyte distribution width. Change from Baseline in clinical hematology parameters at Day 15, Day 29, Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionPercentage of width (Mean)
Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg-0.48-0.64-0.74
Dapro 15 mg-0.09-0.23-0.50
Dapro 25 mg0.540.580.23
Dapro 30 mg1.060.40-0.22
Placebo-0.18-0.310.18

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Change From Baseline in Leukocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Platelets Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical hematology parameters including leukocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets. Change from Baseline in clinical hematology parameters at Day 15, Day 29, Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
Intervention10^12 cells/L (Mean)
Leukocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Leukocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Leukocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 20, 19Neutrophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Neutrophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Neutrophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Basophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Basophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Basophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Eosinophils; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Eosinophils; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Eosinophils; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Lymphocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Lymphocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Lymphocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Monocytes; Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Monocytes; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 15Monocytes; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 19, 19Platelet; Day 15; n= 17, 18, 17, 20, 21Platelet; Day 29; n= 16, 18, 17, 17, 17Platelet; Day 43; n= 15, 19, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg-0.210.401.08-0.1460.4690.9040.0090.0060.001-0.017-0.0020.030-0.0190.0260.061-0.0420.0530.065-16.2-12.84.4
Dapro 15 mg0.400.000.230.280-0.0210.112-0.002-0.004-0.004-0.006-0.0060.0510.1060.0190.007-0.016-0.0310.026-3.2-18.1-10.4
Dapro 25 mg-0.03-0.140.210.259-0.0090.504-0.0020.000-0.001-0.0060.0250.021-0.208-0.074-0.064-0.0680.077-0.021-3.31.3-1.6
Dapro 30 mg-0.030.200.670.3440.2730.6910.0070.0120.007-0.0530.007-0.024-0.236-0.154-0.041-0.0370.0150.023-10.8-2.4-7.1
Placebo0.470.490.540.3910.2370.4230.0050.0130.0060.0090.0200.0610.0820.1940.018-0.0050.0270.033-14.2-17.1-4.9

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Change From Baseline in MCH Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical hematology parameters including MCH. Change from Baseline in clinical hematology parameters at Day 15, Day 29, Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionPg (Mean)
Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg0.190.580.13
Dapro 15 mg0.270.420.34
Dapro 25 mg0.160.410.11
Dapro 30 mg0.250.150.29
Placebo0.160.160.11

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Change From Baseline in MCHC Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical hematology parameters including MCHC. Change from Baseline in clinical hematology parameters at Day 15, Day 29, Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventiong/L (Mean)
Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg3.07.33.0
Dapro 15 mg3.57.66.0
Dapro 25 mg-3.20.8-1.0
Dapro 30 mg-5.0-4.4-0.3
Placebo2.65.63.9

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Change From Baseline in MCV Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical hematology parameters including MCV. Change from Baseline in clinical hematology parameters at Day 15, Day 29, Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionfL (Mean)
Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg-0.2-0.5-0.7
Dapro 15 mg-0.3-0.9-0.8
Dapro 25 mg1.30.90.6
Dapro 30 mg2.21.60.9
Placebo-0.4-1.4-0.8

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Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate Value at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including pulse rate were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair. Pulse rate was measured pre-dialysis and post-dialysis. Pre-dialysis Baseline value was defined as pulse rate value obtained pre-dialysis on Day 1. Post-dialysis Baseline value was defined as pulse rate value obtained post-dialysis at Week -2. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21Post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg-2.60.90.1-1.21.50.3
Dapro 15 mg2.33.40.81.1-0.8-0.8
Dapro 25 mg0.70.5-0.60.52.6-0.1
Dapro 30 mg-1.4-3.00.24.46.03.9
Placebo7.02.43.12.24.22.3

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Change From Baseline in SBP and DBP Values at Pre-dialysis and Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including SBP and DBP were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair. SBP and DBP were measured pre-dialysis and post-dialysis. Pre-dialysis Baseline value was defined as SBP and DBP value obtained pre-dialysis on Day 1. Post-dialysis Baseline value was defined as SBP and DBP value obtained post-dialysis at Week -2. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17SBP; pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21SBP; post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21SBP; post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17SBP; post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17DBP; pre-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21DBP; post-dialysis; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21DBP; post-dialysis; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17DBP; post-dialysis; Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg1.7-3.91.2-3.6-9.4-3.21.2-4.7-2.02.4-2.5-0.3
Dapro 15 mg-5.6-4.7-6.26.10.8-3.6-1.7-3.0-3.1-2.9-3.2-3.8
Dapro 25 mg2.51.33.35.79.312.01.81.45.23.64.14.5
Dapro 30 mg-1.44.54.3-0.74.04.7-2.1-0.12.1-0.80.24.8
Placebo-2.9-0.6-2.15.42.33.11.1-0.32.22.43.7-0.6

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Change From Baseline in Sodium, Potassium, Glucose, Calcium and Phosphate Levels

Blood samples were collected from participants to evaluate clinical chemistry parameters including sodium, potassium, glucose, calcium and phosphate. Change from Baseline in clinical chemistry parameters at Day 15, Day 29 and Day 43 are presented. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionMmol/L (Mean)
Sodium; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Sodium; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Sodium; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Potassium; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Potassium; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Potassium; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Glucose; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Glucose; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Glucose; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Calcium; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Calcium; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Calcium; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21Phosphate; Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 20Phosphate; Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Phosphate; Day 43; n= 15, 20, 18, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg-0.6-1.20.10.050.05-0.050.510.700.06-0.051-0.025-0.0350.1830.011-0.068
Dapro 15 mg-0.5-0.9-0.6-0.09-0.14-0.060.450.730.52-0.026-0.0090.0180.1110.069-0.053
Dapro 25 mg-1.4-0.5-0.50.030.02-0.060.210.61-0.81-0.031-0.0120.0010.0300.1290.102
Dapro 30 mg-1.0-1.2-0.6-0.080.11-0.02-0.03-0.36-0.12-0.0100.0010.0330.095-0.026-0.117
Placebo-0.9-1.10.70.040.200.041.141.480.23-0.011-0.054-0.015-0.0910.091-0.067

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Change From Baseline in Weight at Post-dialysis

Vital sign measurements including weight were taken in a seated or semi-supine position in the dialysis chair. Weight was measured post-dialysis. Post-dialysis Baseline value was defined as SBP and DBP value obtained post-dialysis at Week -2. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting post-Baseline visit values minus Baseline value. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
Interventionkg (Mean)
Day 15; n= 17, 20, 18, 22, 21Day 29; n= 17, 19, 18, 19, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 21
Dapro 10 mg0.16-0.050.37
Dapro 15 mg-0.01-1.23-1.39
Dapro 25 mg0.06-0.160.15
Dapro 30 mg-0.31-0.190.33
Placebo-0.16-0.11-0.21

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Erythrocyte Distribution Width Levels in Blood at Indicated Time Points

Erythrocyte distribution width levels were assessed as a clinical hematology laboratory parameter from Baseline up to follow up visit at Day 43. Day 1 values were considered as Baseline values. Only those participants available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02689206)
Timeframe: Up to Day 43

,,,,
InterventionPercentage of width (Mean)
Day 1; n= 18, 19, 20, 20, 21Day 15; n= 17, 19, 17, 21, 21Day 29; n= 16, 19, 17, 18, 17Day 43; n= 16, 20, 19, 21, 20
Dapro 10 mg16.4015.7715.6915.53
Dapro 15 mg15.4115.2615.3614.95
Dapro 25 mg15.8116.3015.7615.61
Dapro 30 mg15.6816.7416.2315.48
Placebo15.1315.0515.1515.53

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Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL

Number of PD participants who had an Hgb level of less than 7.5 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in PD Participants0

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Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit in ND Participants

Daprodustat dose level at each assessment visit for ND participants is presented using 25th percentile (P25), median, and 75th percentile (P75). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44 and 48

InterventionMilligrams per day (mg/day) (Median)
Day 1, n=108Week 4, n=106Week 8, n=106Week 12, n=106Week 16, n=103Week 20, n=100Week 24, n=96Week 28, n=94Week 32, n=92Week 36, n=89Week 40, n=88Week 44, n=88Week 48, n=87
Daprodustat in ND Participants4.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.04.0

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Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit in PD Participants

Daprodustat dose level at each assessment visit for PD participants is presented using 25th percentile (P25), median, and 75th percentile (P75). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44 and 48

Interventionmg/day (Median)
Day 1, n=55Week 4, n=55Week 8, n=52Week 12, n=52Week 16, n=51Week 20, n=50Week 24, n=48Week 28, n=45Week 32, n=45Week 36, n=45Week 40, n=44Week 44, n=43Week 48, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants4.06.06.06.06.06.08.08.06.08.06.06.06.0

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Epoetin Beta Pegol Dose Level by Visit in ND Participants

Dose of epoetin beta pegol at a scheduled visit was converted to dose per 4 weeks when the dose frequency was every 2 weeks. Epoetin beta pegol dose level at each assessment visit for ND participants is presented using 25th percentile (P25), median, and 75th percentile (P75). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44 and 48

InterventionMicrograms per 4 weeks (Median)
Day 1, n=109Week 4, n=109Week 8, n=107Week 12, n=105Week 16, n=104Week 20, n=100Week 24, n=97Week 28, n=92Week 32, n=90Week 36, n=88Week 40, n=87Week 44, n=84Week 48, n=82
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants50.075.0100.0100.075.075.075.075.075.075.075.0100.0100.0

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Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in ND Participants

Hgb values at each assessment visit for ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Day 1, n=108,109Week 4, n=107,109Week 8, n=107,109Week 12, n=106,107Week 16, n=104,105Week 20, n=102,103Week 24, n=99,99Week 28, n=96,93Week 32, n=92,90Week 36, n=92,88Week 40, n=88,87Week 44, n=88,86Week 48, n=87,83Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants10.4810.9511.1911.5111.9011.8411.8711.9812.0311.9311.8811.8712.0512.01
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants10.6810.9411.3411.8412.0711.9611.8011.8311.8011.8112.0011.7511.8011.99

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Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in PD Participants

Hgb values at each assessment visit for PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Day 1, n=55Week 4, n=55Week 8, n=54Week 12, n=52Week 16, n=51Week 20, n=50Week 24, n=49Week 28, n=48Week 32, n=45Week 36, n=45Week 40, n=44Week 44, n=43Week 48, n=43Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants10.8510.7710.8311.3611.4211.5411.6911.9512.0711.9012.1211.9212.1012.12

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Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks

Number of ND participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 2 g/dL over any 4 weeks is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in ND Participants17
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants11

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Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL in PD Participants

Number of episodes with Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionEpisodes (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants43

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Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL in ND Participants

Number of episodes with Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionEpisodes (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants76
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants88

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Number of PD Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit

Number of PD participants with Hgb level within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) are summarized at each assessment visit. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 1, n=55Week 4, n=55Week 8, n=54Week 12, n=52Week 16, n=51Week 20, n=50Week 24, n=49Week 28, n=48Week 32, n=45Week 36, n=45Week 40, n=44Week 44, n=43Week 48, n=43Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants2825263232383639343634333638

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Number of Dose Adjustments in PD Participants

Number of dose adjustments in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionNumber of dose adjustments (Median)
Daprodustat in PD Participants5.0

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Percentage of Time With Hgb Within the Target Range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in PD Participants

Mean percentage of time with Hgb within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) is summarized during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionPercentage of time (Mean)
Daprodustat in PD Participants85.73

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Number of Dose Adjustments in ND Participants

Number of dose adjustments in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionNumber of dose adjustments (Median)
Daprodustat in ND Participants5.0
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants6.0

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Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Treatment Period in PD Participants

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. Monthly average oral iron = Total oral iron dose (mg) / (duration in days / 30.4375 days). Monthly average dose of oral iron during the treatment period in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionMilligrams (Mean)
Daprodustat in PD Participants2468.68

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Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Treatment Period in ND Participants

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. Monthly average oral iron = Total oral iron dose (mg) / (duration in days / 30.4375 days). Monthly average dose of oral iron during the treatment period in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionMilligrams (Mean)
Daprodustat in ND Participants837.37
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants747.04

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Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period in PD Participants

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. Monthly average oral iron dose during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) = Total oral iron dose (mg) during the primary efficacy evaluation period / (duration in the period in days / 30.4375 days). Monthly average dose of oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionMilligrams (Mean)
Daprodustat in PD Participants3038.67

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Monthly Average Dose of Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period in ND Participants

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. Monthly average oral iron dose during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) = Total oral iron dose (mg) during the primary efficacy evaluation period / (duration in the period in days / 30.4375 days). Monthly average dose of oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionMilligrams (Mean)
Daprodustat in ND Participants967.41
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants777.69

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Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in ND Participants

The mean hemoglobin during the primary efficacy evaluation period in ND participants was estimated by a statistical model using Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionGrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Mean)
Daprodustat in ND Participants11.97
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants11.86

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Maximum Observed Concentration (Cmax) of Daprodustat for All Dose Levels in ND and PD Participants

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints. PK parameters of Daprodustat were calculated using non-compartmental method. Cmax is presented for combined Week 12 and 24. Geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation is presented. NA indicates that the data is not available since geometric coefficient of variation could not be calculated for a single participant. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours post dose at Weeks 12 and 24

InterventionNanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
Daprodustat 1 mg17.6522
Daprodustat 2 mg35.0709
Daprodustat 4 mg58.6098
Daprodustat 6 mg81.1851
Daprodustat 8 mg91.0731
Daprodustat 12 mg94.1242
Daprodustat 18 mg197.9290
Daprodustat 24 mg226.0000

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Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL in PD Participants

The duration (in days) of treatment interruption due to Hgb >13 g/dL per participant was summarized descriptively on participants with a period of treatment interruption due to Hgb >13 g/dL. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionDays (Median)
Daprodustat in PD Participants28.0

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Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL in ND Participants

The duration (in days) of treatment interruption due to Hgb >13 g/dL per participant was summarized descriptively on participants with a period of treatment interruption due to Hgb >13 g/dL. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionDays (Median)
Daprodustat in ND Participants28.0
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants28.0

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Change From Baseline in Hgb at Week 4 in PD Participants

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Data for change from Baseline in Hgb at week 4 in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Daprodustat in PD Participants-0.09

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Change From Baseline in Hgb at Week 4 in ND Participants

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Data for change from Baseline in Hgb at Week 4 in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Daprodustat in ND Participants0.47
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants0.26

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Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero Extrapolated to 4 Hours (AUC[0-4]) of Daprodustat for All Dose Levels in ND and PD Participants

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of Daprodustat were calculated using non-compartmental method. AUC (0-4) is presented for combined Week 12 and 24. Geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation is presented. NA indicates that the data is not available since geometric coefficient of variation could not be calculated for a single participant. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours post dose at Weeks 12 and 24

InterventionHour*nanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
Daprodustat 1 mg35.3199
Daprodustat 2 mg63.0175
Daprodustat 4 mg101.9293
Daprodustat 6 mg152.4966
Daprodustat 8 mg167.6515
Daprodustat 12 mg190.0962
Daprodustat 18 mg435.6847
Daprodustat 24 mg404.0567

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Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in PD Participants

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Data for change from Baseline in Hgb values at each assessment visit in PD participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Week 4, n=55Week 8, n=54Week 12, n=52Week 16, n=51Week 20, n=50Week 24, n=49Week 28, n=48Week 32, n=45Week 36, n=45Week 40, n=44Week 44, n=43Week 48, n=43Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants-0.09-0.060.440.520.630.741.001.130.951.130.901.081.10

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Change From Baseline in Serum Iron in ND Participants

Change from Baseline in serum iron in ND participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in Serum iron is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of treatment, Baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

,
InterventionMicromoles per liter (µmol/L) (Mean)
Week 4, n=107,109Week 16, n=104,105Week 28, n=96,93Week 40, n=88,87Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants0.50.30.30.90.7
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants-0.80.62.01.81.1

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Change From Baseline in Serum Iron in PD Participants

Change from Baseline in serum iron in PD participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in Serum iron is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of Baseline, visit and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Week 4, n=55Week 16, n=51Week 28, n=48Week 40, n=44Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants-1.2-2.4-1.0-0.41.0

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Change From Baseline in TIBC in PD Participants

Change from Baseline in TIBC in PD participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in TIBC is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of Baseline, visit and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Week 4, n=55Week 16, n=51Week 28, n=48Week 40, n=44Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants6.99.511.011.09.6

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Number of PD Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Number of participants by Hgb change from Baseline is categorized to <=-2.0, >-2.0 and <=-1.0, >-1.0 and <=0, >0 and <=1.0, >1.0 and <=2.0, >2.0 g/dL, then is additionally categorized to within +/- 1.0 g/dL and over +/- 2.0 g/dL. Number of participants have been included in more than one category at Week 4. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
<=-2.0>-2.0 and <=-1.0>-1.0 and <=0>0 and <=1.0>1.0 and <=2.0>2.0within +/- 1.0over +/- 2.0
Daprodustat in PD Participants010202041411

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Number of ND Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Number of participants by Hgb change from Baseline is categorized to <=-2.0, >-2.0 and <=-1.0, >-1.0 and <=0, >0 and <=1.0, >1.0 and <=2.0, >2.0 g/dL, then is additionally categorized to within +/- 1.0 g/dL and over +/- 2.0 g/dL. Number of participants have been included in more than one category at Week 4. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
<=-2.0>-2.0 and <=-1.0>-1.0 and <=0>0 and <=1.0>1.0 and <=2.0>2.0within +/- 1.0over +/- 2.0
Daprodustat in ND Participants142843292723
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants233356150901

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Change From Baseline in Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) in ND Participants

Change from Baseline in TIBC in ND participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in TIBC is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of treatment, Baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

,
Interventionµmol/L (Mean)
Week 4, n=107,109Week 16, n=104,105Week 28, n=96,93Week 40, n=88,87Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants6.99.99.98.07.8
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants0.51.91.40.20.1

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Number of ND Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit

Number of ND participants with Hgb level within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) are summarized at each assessment visit. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 1, n=108,109Week 4, n=107,109Week 8, n=107,109Week 12, n=106,107Week 16, n=104,105Week 20, n=102,103Week 24, n=99,99Week 28, n=96,93Week 32, n=92,90Week 36, n=92,88Week 40, n=88,87Week 44, n=88,86Week 48, n=87,83Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants2943647884888677797978717567
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants3648738580858573677072686259

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Number of ND Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)

ND participants with observed mean Hgb within the target range during the primary efficacy evaluation period were summarized. Responders were defined as the participants with the mean Hgb within target range during the primary efficacy evaluation period. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ResponderNon-Responder
Daprodustat in ND Participants817
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants807

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit

Percentage of PD participants with Hgb level within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) are summarized at each assessment visit. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Day 1, n=55Week 4, n=55Week 8, n=54Week 12, n=52Week 16, n=51Week 20, n=50Week 24, n=49Week 28, n=48Week 32, n=45Week 36, n=45Week 40, n=44Week 44, n=43Week 48, n=43Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants5145486263767381768077778488

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Percentage of PD Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Number of participants by Hgb change from Baseline is categorized to <=-2.0, >-2.0 and <=-1.0, >-1.0 and <=0, >0 and <=1.0, >1.0 and <=2.0, >2.0 g/dL, then is additionally categorized to within +/- 1.0 g/dL and over +/- 2.0 g/dL. Number of participants have been included in more than one category at Week 4. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
<=-2.0>-2.0 and <=-1.0>-1.0 and <=0>0 and <=1.0>1.0 and <=2.0>2.0within +/- 1.0over +/- 2.0
Daprodustat in PD Participants018363672752

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Percentage of ND Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)

The percentage of ND participants with observed mean Hgb within the target range during the primary efficacy evaluation period was summarized. Responders were defined as the participants with the mean Hgb within target range during the primary efficacy evaluation period. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
ResponderNon-Responder
Daprodustat in ND Participants928
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants928

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (11.0-13.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit

Percentage of ND participants with Hgb level within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) are summarized at each assessment visit. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
InterventionPercentage of Participants (Number)
Day 1, n=108,109Week 4, n=107,109Week 8, n=107,109Week 12, n=106,107Week 16, n=104,105Week 20, n=102,103Week 24, n=99,99Week 28, n=96,93Week 32, n=92,90Week 36, n=92,88Week 40, n=88,87Week 44, n=88,86Week 48, n=87,83Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants2740607481868780868689818677
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants3344677976838678748083797573

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Percentage of ND Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Number of participants by Hgb change from Baseline is categorized to <=-2.0, >-2.0 and <=-1.0, >-1.0 and <=0, >0 and <=1.0, >1.0 and <=2.0, >2.0 g/dL, then is additionally categorized to within +/- 1.0 g/dL and over +/- 2.0 g/dL. Number of participants have been included in more than one category at Week 4. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Week 4

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
<=-2.0>-2.0 and <=-1.0>-1.0 and <=0>0 and <=1.0>1.0 and <=2.0>2.0within +/- 1.0over +/- 2.0
Daprodustat in ND Participants142640272673
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants233051140831

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Percent Change From Baseline in TSAT in PD Participants

Percent change from Baseline in TSAT in PD participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Percent change from Baseline was calculated as 100*(exponential [mean change on log scale]-1). Adjusted geometric mean and 95% confidence interval for percent change from Baseline in TSAT is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of Baseline, visit and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Week 4, n=55Week 16, n=51Week 28, n=48Week 40, n=44Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants-19.2-29.1-22.6-19.5-14.7

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Percent Change From Baseline in Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) in ND Participants

Percent change from Baseline in TSAT in ND participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Percent change from Baseline was calculated as 100*(exponential [mean change on log scale]-1). Adjusted geometric mean and 95% confidence interval for percent change from Baseline in TSAT is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of treatment, Baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Week 4, n=107,109Week 16, n=104,105Week 28, n=96,93Week 40, n=88,87Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants-12.4-16.3-17.5-11.2-11.7
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants-5.4-0.310.612.57.0

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Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin in PD Participants

Percent change from Baseline in Hepcidin in PD participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Percent change from Baseline was calculated as 100*(exponential [mean change on log scale]-1). Adjusted geometric mean and 95% confidence interval for percent change from Baseline in Hepcidin is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of Baseline, visit and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Week 4, n=53Week 16, n=48Week 28, n=39Week 40, n=39Week 52, n=40
Daprodustat in PD Participants-49.79-62.59-65.37-67.91-54.77

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Percent Change From Baseline in Hepcidin in ND Participants

Percent change from Baseline in Hepcidin in ND participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Percent change from Baseline was calculated as 100*(exponential [mean change on log scale]-1). Adjusted geometric mean and 95% confidence interval for percent change from Baseline in Hepcidin is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of treatment, Baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

,
InterventionPercent change (Geometric Mean)
Week 4, n=99,100Week 16, n=86,99Week 28, n=81,85Week 40, n=76,80Week 52, n=76,74
Daprodustat in ND Participants-49.13-55.67-56.67-47.77-45.27
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants-19.20-3.737.619.5410.13

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL

Percentage of PD participants who had an Hgb level of less than 7.5 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants0

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Percentage of PD participants who had an Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants51

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The percentage of PD participants who used oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants50

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The percentage of PD participants who used oral iron during the treatment period were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants60

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Percentage of Time With Hgb Within the Target Range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52) in ND Participants

Mean percentage of time with Hgb within the target range (11.0 to 13.0 g/dL) is summarized during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52). (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionPercentage of time (Mean)
Daprodustat in ND Participants85.44
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants80.57

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Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit in ND Participants

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Data for change from Baseline in Hgb values at each assessment visit in ND participants is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Week 4, n=107,109Week 8, n=107,109Week 12, n=106,107Week 16, n=104,105Week 20, n=102,103Week 24, n=99,99Week 28, n=96,93Week 32, n=92,90Week 36, n=92,88Week 40, n=88,87Week 44, n=88,86Week 48, n=87,83Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants0.470.711.041.451.391.411.541.601.491.441.431.611.56
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants0.260.661.181.401.261.101.081.041.041.261.011.031.21

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Time to Reach the Lower Target Hgb Level (11.0 g/dL) in ND Participants

The time (in days) to reach the lower target Hgb level (11.0 g/dL) was summarized using 25th percentile (P25), median, and 75th percentile (P75) by Kaplan-Meier method. Participants who did not reach the lower Hgb target were considered as censored cases. Participants who were randomized as Hgb >= 11.0 g/dL were excluded in this summary. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionDays (Median)
Daprodustat in ND Participants58.0
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants57.0

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Time to Reach the Lower Target Hgb Level (11.0 g/dL) in PD Participants

The time (in days) to reach the lower target Hgb level (11.0 g/dL) was summarized using 25th percentile (P25), median, and 75th percentile (P75) by Kaplan-Meier method. Participants who did not reach the lower Hgb target were considered as censored cases. Participants who were randomized as Hgb >= 11.0 g/dL were excluded in this summary. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionDays (Median)
Daprodustat in PD Participants84.0

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Change From Baseline in Ferritin in ND Participants

Change from Baseline in Ferritin in ND participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in Ferritin is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of treatment, Baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

,
InterventionMicrograms per liter (µg/L) (Mean)
Week 4, n=107,109Week 16, n=104,105Week 28, n=96,93Week 40, n=88,87Week 52, n=87,81
Daprodustat in ND Participants-41.4-83.4-80.1-56.3-42.7
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants-29.0-29.3-16.6-16.0-14.0

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Percentage of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks

Percentage of PD participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 2 g/dL over any 4 weeks is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in PD Participants20

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The percentage of ND participants who used oral iron during the treatment period were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants52
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants45

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The percentage of ND participants who used oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants39
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants32

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Percentage of ND participants who had an Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants45
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants48

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL

Percentage of ND participants who had an Hgb level of less than 7.5 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants1
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants0

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Percentage of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks

Percentage of ND participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 2 g/dL over any 4 weeks is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat in ND Participants16
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants10

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Number of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The number of PD participants who used oral iron during the treatment period were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in PD Participants33

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Number of PD Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The number of PD participants who used oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in PD Participants22

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Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Number of PD participants who had an Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in PD Participants28

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Change From Baseline in Ferritin in PD Participants

Change from Baseline in Ferritin in PD participants was summarized at each assessment visit. The Baseline value was the latest pre-dose assessment (Day 1 pre-dose). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the post-dose visit value. Adjusted mean and 95% confidence interval for change from Baseline in Ferritin is presented. For adjusted values, analysis was performed by MMRM with covariates of Baseline, visit and Baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1 pre-dose) and Weeks 4, 16, 28, 40 and 52

Interventionµg/L (Mean)
Week 4, n=55Week 16, n=51Week 28, n=48Week 40, n=44Week 52, n=43
Daprodustat in PD Participants-36.4-81.8-89.1-74.6-63.6

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Number of PD Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks

Number of PD participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 2 g/dL over any 4 weeks is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in PD Participants11

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Number of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Treatment Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The number of ND participants who used oral iron during the treatment period were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in ND Participants56
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants49

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Number of ND Participants Who Used Oral Iron During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period

Supplemental iron therapy were received by participants if required during treatment period. Participants who used ferric citrate were counted as oral iron use. The number of ND participants who used oral iron during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) were summarized. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in ND Participants34
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants28

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Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Number of ND participants who had an Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in ND Participants49
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants52

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Number of ND Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL

Number of ND participants who had an Hgb level of less than 7.5 g/dL is presented. (NCT02791763)
Timeframe: Up to week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat in ND Participants1
Epoetin Beta Pegol in ND Participants0

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Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events

Number of treatment-emergent adverse events experienced by subjects as defined by NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.0 (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 7 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ixazomib 1 mg0
Ixazomib 2 mg0
Ixazomib 3 mg0
Ixazomib 4 mg0

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Absolute CD4 T Cell Count

Cells per microliter (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,,,
Interventioncells/mmˆ(3) (Median)
Baseline24 weeks
Ixazomib 1 mg724714
Ixazomib 2 mg914809
Ixazomib 3 mg1130765
Ixazomib 4 mg735632

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Absolute CD8 T Cell Count

Cells per microliter (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,,,
Interventioncells/mmˆ(3) (Median)
Baseline24 weeks
Ixazomib 1 mg508387
Ixazomib 2 mg803885
Ixazomib 3 mg1014689
Ixazomib 4 mg573416

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CD4/CD8 Ratio

CD4/CD8 T cell count ratio (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,,,
Interventionratio (Median)
Baseline24 weeks
Ixazomib 1 mg1.451.84
Ixazomib 2 mg1.140.92
Ixazomib 3 mg1.281.17
Ixazomib 4 mg1.581.75

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Cell Associated HIV DNA in CD4 T Cell Subsets

HIV copies per million CD4 T cells (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,,,
Interventioncopies per million (Median)
Baseline24 weeks
Ixazomib 1 mg378394
Ixazomib 2 mg626425
Ixazomib 3 mg664.8624
Ixazomib 4 mg416481

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Culturable HIV by Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay

Infectious units per million CD4 T cells (NCT02946047)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,,,
Interventionunits per million (Median)
Baseline24 weeks
Ixazomib 1 mg0.490.30
Ixazomib 2 mg0.300.48
Ixazomib 3 mg0.620.82
Ixazomib 4 mg1.541.31

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Change From Baseline in Hgb (Hgb Increase Rate) at Week 4

Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-dose Week 4 visit value minus the Baseline value. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Daprodustat-0.42
Darbepoetin Alfa0.08

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Duration of Treatment Interruption Due to Hgb >13 g/dL

Duration of treatment interruption due to Hgb >13 g/dL for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented for the daprodustat group. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionDays (Median)
Daprodustat28.0

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Mean Hemoglobin (Hgb) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)

The mean hemoglobin during the Evaluation Period was estimated by a statistical model. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionGrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Least Squares Mean)
Daprodustat10.89
Darbepoetin Alfa10.83

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Number of Dose Adjustments for Daprodustat

Number of dose adjustments has been presented only for daprodustat. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionDose adjustments (Median)
Daprodustat2.0

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Number of Episodes With Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Number of episodes with Hgb level of more than 13.0 g/dL for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users have been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionEpisodes (Number)
Daprodustat9
Darbepoetin Alfa12

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Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Increase of More Than 2 g/dL Over Any 4 Weeks

Number of participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 2 g/dL over any 4 weeks for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users have been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Daprodustat1
Darbepoetin Alfa2

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Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of Less Than 7.5 g/dL

If an initial Hgb value was less than 7.5 g/dL, measurement was repeated at the same study visit (using the same sample) to calculate the average. If the average met the Hgb stopping criteria, study treatment was permanently discontinued. Number of participants who had an Hgb level of less than 7.5 g/dL has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat0
Darbepoetin Alfa0

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Number of Participants Who Had an Hgb Level of More Than 13.0 g/dL

Number of participants who had an Hgb increase of more than 13 g/dL for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users have been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Up to Week 52

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Daprodustat7
Darbepoetin Alfa8

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Percentage of Time in Hgb Target Range (10.0 to 12.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)

Percentage of time in Hgb target range (10.0 to 12.0 g/dL) during the primary efficacy evaluation period (Weeks 40 to 52) for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

InterventionPercentage of time (Mean)
Daprodustat76.81
Darbepoetin Alfa80.23

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Area Under Plasma Concentration Curve From Time Zero to 4 Hours (AUC [0 - 4]) of Plasma Daprodustat

Blood samples for Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of daprodustat were collected as the time points provided. PK parameters were calculated by standard non-compartmental analysis according to current working practices and using the currently supported version of WinNonlin (version 6.3 or higher). NA indicates geometric co-efficient of variation could not be calculated as a single participant was analyzed. Data has been provided as a consolidated values for at all time-points (0,1,2,3,and 4 hours post-dose) as provided for a single value at Weeks 12 and 24 respectively. PK population comprised of all daprodustat-treated participants from whom PK samples were collected and analyzed. Data was not calculated for darbepoetin alfa group as the primary interest of analysis was Daprodustat and not comparator drug (darbepoetin alfa). Data is combined from Week 12 and Week 24 data. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose at Week 12 and Week 24

InterventionHours*nanograms per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
1 mg, n=82 mg, n=244 mg, n=916 mg, n=618 mg, n=3812 mg, n=1718 mg, n=5
Daprodustat27.5744.5272.68140.58170.41150.53488.93

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Distribution of Daprodustat Dose Level by Visit

Distribution of dose level by visit for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented for Daprodustat. Median along with the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile) has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44, and 48)

Interventionmilligrams per day (mg/day) (Median)
Day 1, n=133Week 4, n=133Week 8, n=126Week 12, n=125Week 16, n=123Week 20, n=123Week 24, n=123Week 28, n=123Week 32, n=122Week 36, n=121Week 40, n=119Week 44, n=117Week 48, n=117
Daprodustat4.04.04.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.06.0

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Distribution of Darbepoetin Alfa Dose Level by Visit

Distribution of dose level by visit for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented for Darbepoetin Alfa. Median along with the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentile) has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Day 1, Weeks 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46,48, and 50

Interventionmicrograms per week (ug/week) (Median)
Day 1, n=134Week 2. n=134Week 4, n=134Week 6, n=133Week 8, n=131Week 10, n=129Week 12, n=129Week 14, n=129Week 16, n=129Week 18, n=129Week 20, n=129Week 22, n=128Week 24, n=129Week 26, n=129Week 28, n=127Week 30, n=128Week 32, n=127Week 34, n=127Week 36, n=127Week 38, n=127Week 40, n=125Week 42, n=125Week 44, n=125Week 46, n=125Week 48, n=124Week 50, n=122
Darbepoetin Alfa15.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.015.0

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Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit

Hgb values at each assessment visit for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1), Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Baseline (Day 1), n=133, 134Week 4, n=133, 134Week 8, n=127, 132Week 12, n=125, 129Week 16, n=124, 129Week 20, n=123, 129Week 24, n=123, 129Week 28, n=123, 129Week 32, n=122, 127Week 36, n=121, 127Week 40, n=120, 125Week 44, n=117, 125Week 48, n=117, 124Week 52,n=115, 120
Daprodustat10.9410.5210.5010.5310.5710.8511.0110.9711.1011.1210.9710.9810.9410.79
Darbepoetin Alfa10.8210.9011.0111.0910.9210.9510.9210.8610.9610.9110.9010.8710.7610.79

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Maximum Concentration (Cmax) of Plasma Daprodustat

Blood samples for PK analysis of daprodustat were collected as the time points provided. PK parameters were calculated by standard non-compartmental analysis according to current working practices and using the currently supported version of WinNonlin (version 6.3 or higher). Data has been provided as a consolidated values for at all time-points (0,1,2,3,and 4 hours post-dose) as provided for a single value at Weeks 12 and 24 respectively. Data was not calculated for darbepoetin alfa group as the primary interest of analysis was Daprodustat and not comparator drug (darbepoetin alfa). Data is combined from Week 12 and Week 24 data. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours post-dose at Week 12 and Week 24

InterventionNanograms per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
1 mg, n=82 mg, n=244 mg, n=916 mg, n=618 mg, n=3812 mg, n=1718 mg, n=5
Daprodustat16.1125.1642.4583.60105.71108.58306.61

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Percentage of Participants by Hgb Change From Baseline Category at Week 4

Percentage of participants within each category were provided only for daprodustat and the categories were classified into 6 (i.e., <=-2, >-2 to -1, >-1 to 0, >0 to 1, >1 to 2, >2 grams per deciliter [g/dL]). In addition, 'within 1.0 g/dL (i.e., <=-1 and >=1) and over 2.0 g/dL (i.e., <-2 and >2) categories were provided. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Week 4

InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
<= -2.0> -2.0 and <= -1.0> -1.0 and <= 0> 0 and <= 1.0> 1.0 and <= 2.0> 2.0within +/- 1.0over +/- 2.0
Daprodustat521442740755

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Percentage of Participants Who Had Hgb Level Within the Target Range (10.0-12.0 g/dL) at Each Assessment Visit

Percentage of participants with Hgb within the target range was summarized at each assessment visit by treatment group have been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
Baseline (Day 1), n=133, 134Week 4, n=133,134Week 8, n=127,132Week 12, n=125,129Week 16, n=124,129Week 20, n=123,129Week 24, n=123,129Week 28, n=123,129Week 32, n=122, 127Week 36, n=121,127Week 40, n=120,125Week 44, n=117,125Week 48, n=117,124Week 52, n=115,120
Daprodustat7965656664828585797877747777
Darbepoetin Alfa8780848680818182807880827980

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Percentage of Participants With Mean Hgb in the Target Range (10.0-12.0 g/dL) During the Primary Efficacy Evaluation Period (Weeks 40 to 52)

The percentage of participants with observed mean Hgb within the target range during the primary efficacy evaluation period was summarized. Odds ratio was estimated using a logistic regression and provided along with its 95% CI and a one-sided p-value. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Weeks 40 to 52

,
InterventionPercentage of participants (Number)
ResponderNon-responder
Daprodustat8813
Darbepoetin Alfa9010

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Change From Baseline in Hgb Values at Each Assessment Visit

Baseline Hgb value was the value from the Day 1 visit. Change from Baseline was calcuated as the post-dose visit value minus the Baseline value. Change from Baseline Hgb values at each assessment visit for hemodialysis-dependent participants with anemia associated with chronic kidney disease who were currently ESA users has been presented. (NCT02969655)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) and Weeks 4,8,12,16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48 and Week 52

,
Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Week 4, n=133, 134Week 8, n=127, 132Week 12, n=125, 129Week 16, n=124, 129Week 20, n=123, 129Week 24, n=123, 129Week 28, n=123, 129Week 32, n=122, 127Week 36, n=121, 127Week 40, n=120, 125Week 44, n=117, 125Week 48, n=117, 124Week 52,n=115, 120
Daprodustat-0.42-0.45-0.42-0.38-0.090.070.030.160.170.030.03-0.01-0.16
Darbepoetin Alfa0.080.200.270.090.120.100.040.140.090.100.07-0.040.01

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Percentage of Participants With Greater Than or Equal to (>=) Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) Rate

Will be estimated by the number of patients who achieve a stringent complete response (sCR), complete response CR, or VGPR divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true overall >= VGPR will be calculated. (NCT03202628)
Timeframe: 30 months

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone, ASCT)25

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Percent of Patients Alive at 30 Months

The distribution of overall survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT03202628)
Timeframe: 30 months

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone, ASCT)75

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Overall Response Rate

Will be estimated by the number of patients who achieve a stringent complete response (sCR), complete response CR, very good partial response (VGPR), or partial response (PR) divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true overall response rate will be calculated. (NCT03202628)
Timeframe: 30 months

Interventionpercentage of patients (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone, ASCT)50

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Number of Patients Experiencing Adverse Events Graded According to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Version (v) 12.1

The number of patients experiencing a grade 3 or greater adverse event will be reported. The maximum grade for each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine patterns. Additionally, the relationship of the adverse event(s) to the study treatment will be taken into consideration. (NCT03202628)
Timeframe: 36 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone, ASCT)7

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Progression-free Survival at 18 Months (PFS18) Defined as the Proportion of Patients Alive and Free From Disease Progression at 18 Months From Study Entry

The proportion of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated. If patients are censored prior to 18 months post registration, a Kaplan Meier (Kaplan, E. and Meier, P., 1958) estimate for PFS18 along with the 95% confidence intervals will be reported. (NCT03202628)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib, Pomalidomide, Dexamethasone, ASCT)0.3750

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Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate

Respiratory rate was measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the pre-dose on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionBreaths per minute (Mean)
3 hours; n=6, 6144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6Day 8; n=0,6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution-0.33-0.330.00

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Cmax of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, for metabolite profiling. GSK2391220, GSK2506104, GSK2487818, GSK2506102, GSK2531398 and GSK2531401 were metabolites of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. Data were not collected for GSK1278863 metabolites following IV dose as analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of only parent compound following IV dose was of interest to calculate the bioavailability and not the metabolites. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

,
InterventionNanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK2391220GSK2487818GSK2506102GSK2506104GSK2531398GSK2531401
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution31.527825.45426.813930.425813.559021.9493
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet7.52196.03911.82337.36073.52796.4247

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Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings

Full 12-lead ECGs were recorded with the participant in a supine position. The number of participants with abnormal ECG findings at indicated time points were presented. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (on Day 1) and Day 8 in treatment period 2; 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
144 hours (Day 7); n= 6, 0
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion0

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Number of Participants With Abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings

Full 12-lead ECGs were recorded with the participant in a supine position. The number of participants with abnormal ECG findings at indicated time points were presented. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (on Day 1) and Day 8 in treatment period 2; 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Pre-dose (Day 1); n=0,6Day 8; n=0, 6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution00

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious AEs (SAEs)

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of a study treatment, whether or not considered related to the study treatment. A SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose which results in death, is life- threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent disability/incapacity, is a congenital anomaly/birth defect, associated with liver injury and impaired liver function or any other situations as per Medical or scientific judgment. Safety Population comprised of all participants who take at least 1 dose of study treatment. Participants were analyzed according to the treatment they actually received. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Up to 43 days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any AEAny SAE
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution20
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion20

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Number of Participants With AEs at a Particular Severity

An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participant, temporally associated with the use of a study treatment, whether or not considered related to the study treatment. Severity was categorized as mild, moderate and severe. The number of participants with AEs at any type of severity (mild, moderate and severe) has been presented. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Up to 43 days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MildModerateSevere
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution200
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion210

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Number of Participants With Worst Case Clinical Chemistry Results Relative to Normal Range

"Blood samples were collected from participants at indicated time points for the analysis of clinical chemistry parameters including Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Bilirubin, Calcium, Creatinine, Direct Bilirubin, Glucose, Potassium, Protein, Sodium and Urea. Participants were counted in the worst case category that their value changes to (low, normal or high), unless there was no change in their category. Participants whose lab value category was unchanged (example given [e.g.], High to High), or whose value became normal, are recorded in the To Normal or No Change category. Participants were counted twice if the participant had values that changed 'To Low' and 'To High', so the percentages may not add to 100%. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment." (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Up to 43 days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
ALT; To LowALT;To Normal or No ChangeALT; To HighAlk Phos; To LowAlk Phos; To Normal or No ChangeAlk Phos; To HighAST; To LowAST;To Normal or No ChangeAST; To HighBilirubin; To LowBilirubin; To Normal or No ChangeBilirubin; To HighCalcium; To LowCalcium; To Normal or No ChangeCalcium; To HighCreatinine; To LowCreatinine; To Normal or No ChangeCreatinine; To HighDirect Bilirubin; To LowDirect Bilirubin; To Normal or No ChangeDirect Bilirubin; To HighGlucose; To LowGlucose; To Normal or No ChangeGlucose; To HighPotassium; To LowPotassium; To Normal or No ChangePotassium; To HighProtein; To LowProtein; To Normal or No ChangeProtein; To HighSodium; To LowSodium; To Normal or No ChangeSodium; To HighUrea; To LowUrea;To Normal or No ChangeUrea; To High
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution060060060061060060060060060060060060
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion060060060051060060060060060060150060

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Number of Participants With Worst Case Hematology Results Relative to Normal Range

"Blood samples were collected from participants at indicated time points for the analysis of hematology parameters including Basophils, Eosinophils, Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Erythrocytes, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Leukocytes, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Platelets, Reticulocytes, and Reticulocytes/Erythrocytes. Participants were counted in the worst case category that their value changes to (low, normal or high), unless there was no change in their category. Participants whose lab value category was unchanged (e.g., High to High), or whose value became normal, are recorded in the To Normal or No Change category. Participants were counted twice if the participant had values that changed 'To Low' and 'To High', so the percentages may not add to 100%. High and low indicated that the participants had values flagged as high and low respectively for the particular parameter any time on-treatment." (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Up to 43 days

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Basophils; To LowBasophils; To Normal or No ChangeBasophils; To HighEosinophils; To LowEosinophils; To Normal or No ChangeEosinophils; To HighMCH; To LowMCH; To Normal or No ChangeMCH; To HighMCV; To LowMCV; To Normal or No ChangeMCV; To HighErythrocytes; To LowErythrocytes; To Normal or No ChangeErythrocytes; To HighHematocrit; To LowHematocrit; To Normal or No ChangeHematocrit; To HighHemoglobin; To LowHemoglobin; To Normal or No ChangeHemoglobin; To HighLeukocytes; To LowLeukocytes; To Normal or No ChangeLeukocytes; To HighLymphocytes; To LowLymphocytes; To Normal or No ChangeLymphocytes; To HighMonocytes; To LowMonocytes; To Normal or No ChangeMonocytes; To HighNeutrophils; To LowNeutrophils; To Normal or No ChangeNeutrophils; To HighPlatelets; To LowPlatelets; To Normal or No ChangePlatelets; To HighReticulocytes; To LowReticulocytes; To Normal or No ChangeReticulocytes; To HighReticulocytes/Erythrocytes; To LowReticulocytes/Erythrocytes; To Normal or No ChangeReticulocytes/Erythrocytes; To High
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution060060060060060150060060060060060060061052
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion060060060060150150150060150060060060060060

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Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Duodenal Bile Following a Single Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion

The bile string was swallowed by participants prior to oral dose and was removed 3 hours after the oral dose (1 hour after the end of the IV infusion) in treatment period-1. Duodenal bile string extracts were pooled to create a single pool sample to measure total radioactivity and to characterize the metabolite profiling of GSK1278863 following a single dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV infusion. Potential metabolites were M3 (GSK2506104), M2 (GSK2391220), M4 (GSK2487818), M6 (GSK2531398), M13 (GSK2531401), M5 (GSK2506102). Mean percent radioactivity recovered for each metabolite in bile following a single dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV infusion is presented. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: 3 hours post-oral dose in period 1

InterventionPercent radioactivity (Number)
M2 (GSK2391220)M3 (GSK2506104)M4 (GSK2487818)M6 (GSK2531398)M13 (GSK2531401)M5
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion12.320.015.56.32.411.1

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Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Feces Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg

Feces samples were collected in treatment period 2 to measure total radioactivity and to characterize the metabolite profiling of GSK1278863 following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg. Potential metabolites were M3 (GSK2506104), M2 (GSK2391220), M4 (GSK2487818), M6 (GSK2531398), M13 (GSK2531401), M5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined. One pooled feces sample was prepared by samples collected from 0 to 120 hours post dose from all participants. Percent radioactivity recovered for each metabolite in feces following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg is presented. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: 0-120 hours in period 2

InterventionPercent radioactivity (Number)
M2 (GSK2391220)M3 (GSK2506104)M4 (GSK2487818)M6 (GSK2531398)M13 (GSK2531401)M5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution19.814.117.06.24.97.7

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Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Plasma Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg

Blood samples were collected in treatment period 2 to measure total radioactivity and to characterize the metabolite profiling of GSK1278863 following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg. Potential metabolites were M3 (GSK2506104), M2 (GSK2391220) and M33 combined, M4 (GSK2487818), M6 (GSK2531398), M13 (GSK2531401), M5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined. 2 pooled plasma samples were prepared. Aliquots of plasma samples collected between 0 to 8 hours post-dose from each participant were pooled in proportion to the time intervals. An equal amount of the individual pools from each participant was then pooled to create 1 plasma sample that was representative of the mean area under curve over the range of 0-8 hour. The second pool (10-12 hours pool) was obtained by mixing equal volume of the plasma samples at 10 and 12 hour across all participants. Percent radioactivity recovered for each metabolite in plasma following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg is presented. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: 0-8 hours, 10-12 hours in period 2

InterventionPercent radioactivity (Number)
M2 (GSK2391220) and M33 combined, 0-8 hoursM2 (GSK2391220) and M33 combined, 10-12 hoursM3 (GSK2506104), 0-8 hoursM3 (GSK2506104), 10-12 hoursM4 (GSK2487818), 0-8 hoursM4 (GSK2487818), 10-12 hoursM6 (GSK2531398), 0-8 hoursM6 (GSK2531398), 10-12 hoursM13 (GSK2531401), 0-8 hoursM13 (GSK2531401), 10-12 hoursM5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined, 0-8 hoursM5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined, 10-12 hours
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution10.414.47.611.85.7NA3.6NA8.316.14.5NA

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Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Feces Over Time Following a Single, Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863

Fecal samples were collected at the indicated time points to determine the rate and extent of excretion of total radioactivity in feces. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and then over 24 hour collection periods as follows: 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96, 96-120, 120-144 and 144-168 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionPercent dose excreted (Mean)
Pre-dose; n=60-24 hours; n=524-48 hours; n=548-72 hours; n=672-96 hours; n=696-120 hours; n=5120-144 hours; n=5144-168 hours; n=4
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0.0000.09622.29849.98868.31273.45074.69873.553

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Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Urine and Feces Determined as Total Excretion Over Time

Urine and fecal samples were collected at the indicated time points to determine the rate and extent of cumulative excretion of total radioactivity in urine and feces. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and then over 24 hour collection periods as follows: 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96, 96-120, 120-144 and 144-168 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionPercent dose excreted (Mean)
Pre-dose; n=60-24 hours; n=624-48 hours; n=648-72 hours; n=672-96 hours; n=696-120 hours; n=6120-144 hours; n=6144-168 hours; n=5
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0.00020.53039.43370.99289.37794.17794.70594.582

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Percentage of the Total Radioactive Dose Excreted in Urine Over Time Following a Single, Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863

Urine samples were collected at the indicated time points to determine the rate and extent of excretion of total radioactivity in urine. All participants were asked to void their bladders before study treatment administration. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and then over 24 hours collection periods as follows: 0-24, 24-48, 48-72, 72-96, 96-120,120-144 and 144-168 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionPercent dose excreted (Mean)
Pre-dose; n=60-24 hours; n=624-48 hours; n=648-72 hours; n=672-96 hours; n=696-120 hours; n=6120-144 hours; n=6144-168 hours; n=5
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0.00020.45020.83821.00321.06521.06521.06521.434

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T1/2 of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, for metabolite profiling. GSK2391220, GSK2506104, GSK2487818, GSK2506102, GSK2531398 and GSK2531401 were metabolites of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). Data were not collected for GSK1278863 metabolites following IV dose as analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of only parent compound following IV dose was of interest to calculate the bioavailability and not the metabolites. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

,
InterventionHour (Geometric Mean)
GSK2391220; n=6,0, 5GSK2487818; n=6,0, 6GSK2506102; n=6,0, 6GSK2506104; n=6,0, 5GSK2531398; n=6,0, 6GSK2531401; n=6,0, 6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution3.15061.86442.27383.38701.97672.9197
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet1.98051.57442.00372.08491.70062.3217

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Tmax of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, for metabolite profiling. GSK2391220, GSK2506104, GSK2487818, GSK2506102, GSK2531398 and GSK2531401 were metabolites of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. Data were not collected for GSK1278863 metabolites following IV dose as analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of only parent compound following IV dose was of interest to calculate the bioavailability and not the metabolites. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

,
InterventionHour (Median)
GSK2391220GSK2487818GSK2506102GSK2506104GSK2531398GSK2531401
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution2.00002.00002.00002.00002.00002.0000
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet3.50003.50003.50004.00003.50004.0000

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AUC (0-Inf) of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of IV dose, both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled oral doses of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionHour*nanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet199.2552
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion2.6509
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution940.2011

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AUC(0-t) of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of IV dose, both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled oral doses of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionHour*nanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet198.1658
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion2.6368
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution938.5541

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CL of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following IV Dose Administration

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of radiolabeled IV dose of GSK1278863 to investigate the pharmacokinetics of GSK1278863 in plasma. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1

InterventionLiter per hour (Geometric Mean)
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion18.8612

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Cmax of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of IV dose, both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled oral doses of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionNanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet96.1190
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion2.0058
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution544.7022

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Percent Radioactivity Recovered for Each Metabolite in Urine Following a Single Oral Dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg

Urine samples were collected in treatment period 2 to measure total radioactivity and to characterize the metabolite profiling of GSK1278863 following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg. Potential metabolites were M3 (GSK2506104), M2 (GSK2391220) and M33 combined, M4 (GSK2487818), M6 (GSK2531398), M13 (GSK2531401), M5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined. One pooled urine sample was prepared by urine collected from 0 to 24 hours post dose from all participants. Percent radioactivity recovered for each metabolite in urine following a single oral dose of [14C]-GSK1278863 at 25 mg is presented. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: 0-24 hours in period 2

InterventionPercent radioactivity (Number)
M2 (GSK2391220) and M33 combinedM3 (GSK2506104)M4 (GSK2487818)M6 (GSK2531398)M13 (GSK2531401)M5 (GSK2506102) and M14 combined
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution15.816.07.95.816.510.4

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Number of Participants With Abnormal Urinalysis Findings

Urine samples were collected at indicated time points for the analysis of urinalysis parameters including specific gravity and PH of urine, presence of glucose, protein, blood, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte esterase in urine. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Up to 43 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion0
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0

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T1/2 of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of IV dose, both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled oral doses of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionHour (Geometric Mean)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet1.8786
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion2.0653
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution2.5037

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Tmax of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of IV dose, both radiolabeled and non-radiolabeled oral doses of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

InterventionHour (Median)
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet2.1167
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion0.983
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0.5000

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Vss of GSK1278863 in Plasma Following IV Dose Administration

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, after administration of radiolabeled IV dose of GSK1278863 to investigate the pharmacokinetics of GSK1278863 in plasma. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1

InterventionLiter (Geometric Mean)
[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion14.3387

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Absolute Bioavailability of GSK1278863 Following Oral Dosing

Absolute bioavailability is the amount of drug from a formulation that reaches the systemic circulation relative to an IV dose, computed as ratio of AUC(oral)/Dose(oral) with AUC(IV)/Dose(IV). Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points. Absolute bioavailability from the oral tablet and IV doses administered in treatment period 1 was analyzed using AUC(0-inf) and AUC(0-t) pharmacokinetic parameters. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1

InterventionRatio of dose normalized AUC (Geometric Mean)
AUC (0-inf); n=3AUC (0-t); n=6
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet0.65750.6263

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AUC (0-Inf) of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, for metabolite profiling. GSK2391220, GSK2506104, GSK2487818, GSK2506102, GSK2531398 and GSK2531401 were metabolites of GSK1278863.Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. Only those participants with data available at the specified data points were analyzed (represented by n= X in the category titles). Data were not collected for GSK1278863 metabolites following IV dose as analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of only parent compound following IV dose was of interest to calculate the bioavailability and not the metabolites. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

,
InterventionHour*nanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK2391220; n=6,0,5GSK2487818; n=6,0,6GSK2506102; n=6,0,6GSK2506104; n=6,0,5GSK2531398; n=6,0,6GSK2531401; n=6,0,6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution139.771392.055433.1332140.378561.7760124.1320
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet33.769921.72098.620734.118015.028534.4699

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AUC(0-t) of GSK1278863 Metabolites in Plasma Following Administration of IV and Both Oral Doses

Plasma samples were collected from participants at indicated time points, for metabolite profiling. GSK2391220, GSK2506104, GSK2487818, GSK2506102, GSK2531398 and GSK2531401 were metabolites of GSK1278863. Pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using standard non-compartmental methods. Data were not collected for GSK1278863 metabolites following IV dose as analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters of only parent compound following IV dose was of interest to calculate the bioavailability and not the metabolites. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 1; Pre-dose, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours post-dose in treatment period 2

,
InterventionHour*nanogram per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
GSK2391220GSK2487818GSK2506102GSK2506104GSK2531398GSK2531401
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution142.290790.995331.8897142.337260.2615122.7102
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet32.257421.29338.079832.312014.474331.7836

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Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure

Vital sign including systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the mean of the 3 pre-dose measurements (Average [Avg] Pre-dose) taken on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (Mean)
SBP; Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6SBP; Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6DBP; Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6DBP; Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion-0.175.061.223.61

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Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure

Vital sign including systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the mean of the 3 pre-dose measurements (Average [Avg] Pre-dose) taken on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionMillimeters of mercury (Mean)
SBP; Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6SBP; Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6SBP; Avg Day 8; n=0,6DBP; Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6DBP; Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6DBP; Avg Day 8; n=0,6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution-1.22-2.004.220.89-1.003.39

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Change From Baseline in Body Temperature

Body temperature measurement was performed in participants at indicated time points. Baseline is defined as the pre-dose on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionCelsius (Mean)
3 hours; n=6, 6144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion0.080.07

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Change From Baseline in Body Temperature

Body temperature measurement was performed in participants at indicated time points. Baseline is defined as the pre-dose on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionCelsius (Mean)
3 hours; n=6, 6144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6Day 8; n=0,6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution0.250.120.30

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Change From Baseline in Heart Rate

Heart rate was measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the mean of the 3 pre-dose measurements (Avg Pre-dose) taken on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion0.221.28

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Change From Baseline in Heart Rate

Heart rate was measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the mean of the 3 pre-dose measurements (Avg Pre-dose) taken on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Avg 3 hours; n=6, 6Avg 144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6Avg Day 8; n=0,6
[14C]-GSK1278863 25 mg Oral Solution1.673.784.72

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Change From Baseline in Respiratory Rate

Respiratory rate was measured in a semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest. Baseline is defined as the pre-dose on Day 1 in each treatment period. Change from Baseline was defined as any visit value minus the Baseline value. Data has been presented for participants with respect to the actual treatment received in respective treatment periods. (NCT03239522)
Timeframe: Baseline (Pre-dose on Day 1 in treatment period 1 and 2); 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) in treatment period 1; 3 hours, 144 hours (Day 7) and Day 8 in treatment period 2

InterventionBreaths per minute (Mean)
3 hours; n=6, 6144 hours (Day 7); n=6, 6
GSK1278863 6 mg Oral Tablet+[14C]-GSK1278863 50 µg IV Infusion-0.67-1.33

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Reticulocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; reticulocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionPraportion of reticulocytes in blood (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-0.0002
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-0.0010

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters Platelets, Leukocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; platelets, leukocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionBillion cells per liter (10^9/L) (Mean)
Platelets 24hoursLeukocytes 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.7-0.55
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*12.0-0.53

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophil. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionPercentage of cells (Mean)
Basophils 24hoursEosinophils 24hoursLymphocytes 24hoursMonocytes 24hoursNeutrophils 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-0.010.27-1.47-0.431.64
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.000.25-0.86-0.330.94

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hemoglobin (Hb), Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC)

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; Hb, EMCH concentration. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionGrams per Liter (g/L) (Mean)
Hb 24hoursMCHC 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*21.12.1
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.80.8

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate

Pulse rate was measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time points. Day 1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 3 and 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Pulse rate 3hoursPulse rate 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.00.1
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.71.0

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Temperature

Temperature was measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time points. Day 1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 3 and 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionCelcius (c) (Mean)
Temperature 3hoursTemperature 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.230.10
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.220.05

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters Platelets, Leukocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; platelets, leukocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionBillion cells per liter (10^9/L) (Mean)
Platelets, 24hoursLeukocytes, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-3.2-0.39
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-10.9-0.27

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Vital Signs; Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

DBP and SBP were measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time points. Day 1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 3 and 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
DBP 3hoursDBP 24hoursSBP 3hoursSBP 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-2.9-1.8-0.6-0.9
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-1.50.1-0.40.2

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Part 1: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. An SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect or is medically significant. Safety population comprised of all randomized participants who took at least one dose of study treatment. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Up to Day 16

,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Any AEAny SAE
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*230
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*110

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Part 1:Area Under Plasma Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Zero Hours to Last Measurable Concentration (AUC[0-t]) and AUC From Zero Hours Extrapolated to Infinity AUC [0-inf] of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. PK population comprised of all participants in the Safety population (all randomized participants) who received at least one dose of study intervention) who had at least 1 non-missing PK assessment. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

,
InterventionHour*nanogram/milliliter (Geometric Mean)
AUC (0-t)AUC (0-inf)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2182.8420183.0240
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1179.6940179.8710

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Part 1:Terminal Phase Half-life (T1/2) of Daprodustat and Mean Residence Time (MRT)

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

,
Interventionhour (Geometric Mean)
t1/2MRT
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*23.24272.8142
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*13.25792.9637

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Part 2: Change From Baseline Chemistry Parameters; Glucose, Calcium, Cholesterol, Chloride, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Potassium, Phosphate, Sodium, Triglycerides, and Urea

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; glucose, calcium, cholesterol, chloride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, potassium, phosphate,sodium, triglycerides, and urea. Day-1 (one day before the Pre-Dose) was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionMillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
Glucose, 24hoursCalcium, 24hoursCholesterol, 24hoursChloride, 24hoursHDL cholesterol, 24hoursLDL cholesterol, 24hoursPotassium, 24hoursPhosphate, 24hoursSodium, 24hoursTriglycerides, 24hoursUrea, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-0.018503-0.058217-0.0948202.1-0.148695-0.0668050.19-0.0807250.90.08475-0.14875
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-0.425577-0.076929-0.1724001.5-0.165935-0.1702450.06-0.0295990.30.253310.19040

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Albumin, Protein

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; albumin, protein. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionGrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Albumin 24hoursProtein 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-1.9-2.6
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-3.2-3.4

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters: Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT).

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; ALP, ALT, AST, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and GGT. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionInternational unit per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
ALP 24hoursALT 24hoursAST 24hoursCreatine kinase 24hoursGGT 24hoursLactate dehydrogenase 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-9.5-2.0-2.1-33.9-1.6-20.5
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-10.8-1.0-1.8-32.3-1.1-19.2

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Direct Bilirubin, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Urate

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; direct bilirubin, bilirubin, creatinine, urate. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionMicromoles per liter (umol/L) (Mean)
Direct bilirubin, 24hoursBilirubin, 24hoursCreatinine, 24hoursUrate, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.0001.425-1.105021.8093
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.0002.280-1.620723.2963

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Paremeters; ALP, ALT, AST, Creatine Kinase, Lactate Dehydrogenase, GGT

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; ALP,ALT, AST, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and GGT. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionInternational unit per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
ALP, 24hoursALT, 24hoursAST, 24hoursCreatine kinase, 24hoursLactate dehydrogenase, 24hoursGGT, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-13.3-3.5-2.7-15.3-18.4-1.6
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-18.9-3.1-2.8-28.3-21.0-1.0

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; Mean Heart Rate (HR)

Single 12-lead ECG's were obtained from using an ECG machine that automatically calculated the heart rate and measured PR Interval, QRS Duration, Uncorrected QT interval and Corrected QT (Fridericia's correction) interval at given time point. Day -1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1),3 and 24hours (pre-dose)

,
InterventionBeats/minute (Mean)
Mean HR, 3hoursMean HR, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.00.6
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)3.73.1

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Part 1: Change From Baseline Chemistry Paramters: Glucose, Calcium, Cholesterol, Chloride, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol, Potassium, Phosphate, Sodium, Triglycerides, and Urea.

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; glucose, calcium, cholesterol, chloride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, potassium, phosphate, sodium, triglycerides, and urea. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionMillimoles per Liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
Glucose 24hoursCalcium 24hoursCholesterol 24hoursChloride 24hoursHDL cholesterol 24hoursLDL cholesterol 24hoursPotassium 24hoursPhosphate 24hoursSodium 24hoursTriglycerides 24hoursUrea 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-0.007619-0.016144-0.0436070.9-0.1287930.0228180.04-0.1025680.20.21802-0.14000
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-0.004270-0.0158340.0467470.5-0.1113970.0994620.03-0.0912810.00.16385-0.29178

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Part 2: Vz/F of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionMilliliters (mL) (Geometric Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fed129676.9
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted119394.6

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Part 2: Tmax of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

Interventionhour (Median)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fed2.750
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted1.750

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Part 2: Percentage AUCex of Dapordustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionPercentage of AUCex (Geometric Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fed0.1071
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted0.0723

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Part 2: Kel of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionPer hour (Geometric Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fed0.2155
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted0.2140

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Part 2: Cmax of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12hours post-dose on Day 1, 24hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionNanogram/milliliter (ng/L) (Geometric Mean)
Daprodustat 4mg Fed67.8240
Daprodustat 4mg Fasted76.1944

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Part 2: CL/F of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionLiters per hour (Geometric Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fed27.9494
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted25.5512

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Specific Gravity

Urinary specific gravity measurement is a routine part of urinalysis. Urine specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. The concentration of the excreted molecules determines the urine's specific gravity. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of urine specific gravity by dipstick method up to 24 hours in Part 2. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionKilogram per cubic meter (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.0054
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.0013

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Potential of Hydrogen (pH)

Urinary pH measurement is a routine part of urinalysis. Urine pH is an acid-base measurement. pH is measured on a numeric scale ranging from 0 to 14; values on the scale refer to the degree of alkalinity or acidity. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. Normal urine has a slightly acid pH (5.0 - 6.0). Urine samples were collected for the measurement of urine pH by method up to 24 hours in Part 2. Day-1 (one day before the Pre-Dose) was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionpH (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.13
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.13

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; PR Interval, QRS Interval, QT Interval, QTcF Interval

Single 12-lead ECG's were obtained from using an ECG machine that automatically calculated the heart rate and measured PR Interval, QRS Duration, Uncorrected QT interval and Corrected QT (Fridericia's correction) interval at given time point. Day -1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1),3 and 24hours (pre-dose)

,
InterventionMilliseconds (msec) (Mean)
PR Interval, Aggregate, 3hoursPR Interval, Aggregate, 24hoursQRS Duration, Aggregate, 3hoursQRS Duration, Aggregate, 24hoursQT interval, Aggregate, 3hoursQT Interval, Aggregate, 24hoursQTcF Interval, Aggregate, 3hoursQTcF Interval, Aggregate, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-2.7-3.2-0.52.81.0-2.21.2-1.1
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-6.2-4.0-1.5-0.8-13.0-7.3-5.3-0.6

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hematocrit

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; hematocrit. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionPraportion of red blood cells in blood (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-0.0052
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-0.0025

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter: EMCH

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; EMCH. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

Interventionpicograms (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.10
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.03

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; erythrocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionTrillion cells/liter (10^12 cell/L) (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-0.083
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-0.044

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter EMCV

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; EMCV. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

InterventionFemtoliters (Mean)
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.5
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.3

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Part 1:Maximum Observed Drug Concentration (Cmax) of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionNanogram/milliliter (Geometric Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*288.8811
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*185.1365

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Part 1:Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter; Reticulocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; reticulocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionPraportion of reticulocytes in blood (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-0.0005
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-0.0001

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Part 1:Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter; Hematocrit

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; hematocrit, reticulocytes. Platelets. Day-1 (one day before the Pre-Dose) was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionProportion of red blood cells in blood (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.0005
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.0014

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Part 1:Apparent Oral Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionMilliliters (mL) (Geometric Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2102244.3
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1104522.8

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Part 1:Apparent Clearance (CL/F) of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionLiters per hour (Geometric Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*221.8551
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*122.2382

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Part 1: Time of Occurrence of Cmax (Tmax) of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

Interventionhour (Median)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*22.000
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*12.000

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Part 1: Percentage of AUC (0-inf) Obtained by Extrapolation (Percentage AUCex)

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 hours post-dose on Day 1, 24 hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionPercentage of AUCex (Geometric Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.0862
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.0836

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Part 1: Elimination Rate Constant (Kel) of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12hours post-dose on Day 1, 24hours post-dose on Day 2

InterventionPer hour (Geometric Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.2138
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.2128

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Specific Gravity

Urinary specific gravity measurement is a routine part of urinalysis. Urine specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the urine and provides information on the kidney's ability to concentrate urine. The concentration of the excreted molecules determines the urine's specific gravity. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of urine specific gravity by dipstick method up to 24 hours in Part 1. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionKilogram per cubic meter (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.0092
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.0088

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Urinalysis Parameter; Potential of Hydrogen (pH)

Urinary pH measurement is a routine part of urinalysis. Urine pH is an acid-base measurement. pH is measured on a numeric scale ranging from 0 to 14; values on the scale refer to the degree of alkalinity or acidity. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic. Normal urine has a slightly acid pH (5.0 - 6.0). Urine samples were collected for the measurement of urine pH by method up to 24 hours in Part 1.Day-1 (one day before the Pre-Dose) was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionpH (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-0.04
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-0.07

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter: Erythrocytes

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; erythrocytes. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionTrillion cells/liter (10^12 cell/L) (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.018
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.023

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionPercentage of cells (Mean)
Basophils, 24hoursEosinophils, 24hoursLymphocytes, 24hoursMonocytes, 24hoursNeutrophils, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-0.17-0.49-1.14-0.031.83
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-0.040.62-2.31-0.382.12

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Albumin, Protein.

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; albumin, protein. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionGrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Albumin 24hoursProtein 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-2.0-2.3
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-2.0-2.1

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameters; Hb, Erythrocyte MCHC

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameters; Hb, erythrocyte MCHC. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionGrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
Hb 24hoursEMCH concentration 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-1.2-0.6
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-2.10.4

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocyte Mean Corpuscular Volume (EMCV)

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; EMCV. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionFemtoliters (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-0.2
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-0.2

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Pulse Rate

Pulse rate was measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time points. Day -1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1),3 and 24hours (pre-dose)

,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Pulse rate, 3hoursPulse rate, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)-1.52.9
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)6.14.0

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Temperature

Temperature was measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time points. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1),3 and 24hours (pre-dose)

,
Interventioncelcius (Mean)
Temperature, 3hoursTemperature, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.130.03
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)0.280.02

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Part 2: Change From Baseline in Vital Signs; Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

DBP and SBP were measured in semi-supine position after 5 minutes rest for the participants at indicated time point. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1),3 and 24hours (pre-dose)

,
InterventionMillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
DBP, 3hoursDBP, 24hoursSBP, 3hoursSBP, 24hours
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)0.22.8-1.31.3
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)-4.8-0.60.71.4

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Part 2: T1/2 and MRT of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated time points and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12hours post-dose on Day 1, 24hours post-dose on Day 2

,
Interventionhour (Geometric Mean)
t1/2MRT
Daprodustat 4mg Fed3.21603.2420
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg Fasted3.23892.6695

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Part 2:AUC[0-t] andAUC [0-inf] of Daprodustat

Blood samples were collected at indicated timepoints and PK analysis was performed. PK parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods with Phoenix WinNonlin version 6.3. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12hours post-dose on Day 1, 24hours post-dose on Day 2

,
InterventionHour*nanogram/milliliter (Geometric Mean)
AUC (0-t)AUC (0-inf)
Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)142.9556143.1156
Daprodustat 4mg(Fasted)156.4222156.5481

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Hematology Parameter Erythrocyte MCHC

Blood samples were collected to analyze hematology parameter; EMCH. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

InterventionPicograms (pg) (Mean)
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.11
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.01

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Part 2: Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)

AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. An SAE is any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose results in death, is life-threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect or is medically significant. Safety population comprised of all randomized participants who took at least one dose of study treatment. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Up to Day 16

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Any AEAny SAE
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fasted)00
Part 2: Daprodustat 4mg (Fed)00

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Chemistry Parameters; Direct Bilirubin, Bilirubin, Creatinine, Urate

Blood samples were collected to analyze the chemistry parameters; direct bilirubin, bilirubin, creatinine, urate. Day-1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the Post-Dose visit value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 24hours post-dose

,
InterventionMicromoles per liter (umol/L) (Mean)
Direct bilirubin 24hoursBilirubin 24hoursCreatinine 24hoursUrate 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.2682.6151.716026.1245
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.1642.9601.411025.6222

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in ECG Parameter; PR Interval, QRS Interval, QT Interval, QT Duration Corrected for Heart Rate by Friderician Formula (QTcF) Interval

Single 12-lead ECG's were obtained from using an ECG machine that automatically calculated the heart rate and measured PR Interval, QRS Duration, Uncorrected QT interval and Corrected QT (Fridericia's correction) interval at given time point. Day -1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 3 and 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionMilliseconds (msec) (Mean)
PR Interval, Aggregate 3hoursPR Interval, Aggregate 24hoursQRS Duration, Aggregate 3hoursQRS Duration, Aggregate 24hoursQT interval, Aggregate 3hoursQT interval, Aggregate 24hoursQTcF interval, Aggregate 3hoursQtcF Interval, Aggregate 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*2-3.31.4-2.8-1.60.0-5.21.2-2.4
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*1-3.80.0-1.50.20.8-5.31.6-3.1

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Part 1: Change From Baseline in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Parameter; Mean Heart Rate (HR)

Single 12-lead ECG's were obtained from using an ECG machine that automatically calculated the heart rate and measured PR Interval, QRS Duration, Uncorrected QT interval and Corrected QT (Fridericia's correction) interval at given time point. Day -1 was considered as Baseline. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting Baseline value from the specified time point value. (NCT03493386)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -1), 3 and 24 hours (post-dose)

,
InterventionBeats per minute (Mean)
Mean HR 3hoursMean HR 24hours
Part 1: Daprodustat 2mg*20.61.2
Part 1: Daprodustat 4mg*10.20.8

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Incidence of Adverse Events

Graded according National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The maximum grade for each type of adverse event will be recorded for each patient, and frequency tables will be reviewed to determine patterns. Additionally, the relationship of the adverse event(s) to the study treatment will be taken into consideration. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 9 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)13

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Overall Response Percentage

Defined as a partial response or better noted as the objective status on two consecutive evaluations. The proportion of successes will be estimated by the number of successes divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Confidence intervals for the true success proportion will be calculated according to the approach of Duffy and Santner. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 9 months

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)0.077

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Progression-free Survival

The distribution of progression-free survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)1.6

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Survival Time

The distribution of survival time will be estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

InterventionMonths (Median)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)9

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>= Very Good Partial Response (VGPR) Response Percentage With Pembrolizumab Added to Ixazomib Citrate and Dexamethasone

Will be estimated by the number of patients who achieve a VGPR, complete response (CR), or stringent complete response (sCR) at any time divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success rate will be calculated. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 9 months

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)0

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Complete Response Percentage With Pembrolizumab Added to Ixazomib Citrate and Dexamethasone

Will be estimated by the number of patients who achieve a CR or sCR at any time divided by the total number of evaluable patients. Exact binomial 95% confidence intervals for the true success rate will be calculated. (NCT03506360)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Interventionpercentage of responders (Number)
Treatment (Ixazomib Citrate, Pembrolizumab, and Dexamethasone)0

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Number of Participants Experiencing a Dose Limiting Toxicity (Dose Escalation)

Number of participants experiencing a dose limiting toxicity to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) (NCT03770260)
Timeframe: At Day 28

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Experienced a Dose Limiting ToxicityDid Not Experience a Dose Limiting ToxicityWithdrew from Treatment
Dose Level 1030
Dose Level 2031
Dose Level 3010

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Number of Participants Requiring Erythropoiesis-stimulating Agent (ESA) Rescue

ESA rescue therapy was administered in participants with Hb ≥8.5 g/dL, and was stopped when Hb reached ≥9.0 g/dL. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg2
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg8
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg5
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg5
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa1
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg3
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa1

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Number of Participants Requiring Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion

RBC transfusion was administered as rescue therapy in the event of an acute or severe loss of blood. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg1
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg1
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg1
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa1

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Number of Participants With a Mean Increase in Hb From Baseline to the PEP ≥0.5 g/dL or With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the PEP

The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 g/dL. The PEP was comprised of Week 10 to Week 12. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 10 to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg14
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg19
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa18
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg1
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg6
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg6
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa8
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg0
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa1

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Number of Participants With a Mean Increase in Hb From Baseline to the SEP ≥0.5 g/dL or With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP

The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 grams per g/dL. The SEP was comprised of Week 18 to Week 20. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 18 to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Stratum 1 (Epoetin Alfa ≤90 U/kg/Week): Vadadustat 300 mg10
Stratum 1 (Epoetin Alfa ≤90 U/kg/Week): Vadadustat 450 mg11
Stratum 1 (Epoetin Alfa ≤90 U/kg/Week): Epoetin Alfa14
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg5
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa8
ESA Hyporesponder (Epoetin Alfa ≥300 U/kg/Week): Vadadustat 600 mg1
ESA Hyporesponder (Epoetin Alfa ≥300 U/kg/Week): Epoetin Alfa2

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameter Values

Parameters assessed for laboratory values included hematology (excluding the primary and secondary efficacy endpoint results related to Hb), clinical chemistry, lipid profiles, and glucose. The investigator was responsible for reviewing laboratory results for clinically significant changes. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg0
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa0

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Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Changes From Baseline in Vital Sign Values

Parameters assessed for vital signs included sitting (at rest for a minimum of 5 minutes) heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure. The investigator was responsible for reviewing vital sign values for clinically significant changes. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg0
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa0

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Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP

The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 g/dL. The SEP was comprised of Week 18 to Week 20. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 18 to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg6
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg7
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa9
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa6
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg1
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa1

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Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the SEP in Participants Who Transitioned to TIW Vadadustat Dosing

"The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 g/dL. The SEP was comprised of Week 18 to Week 20. For the Main Study, analysis is presented per dose level according to the starting dose in TIW regimen, as well as being presented as a combined arm for Vadadustat Total (TIW dosing regimen). For the ESA Hyporesponder Parallel Study, a starting dose classification for TIW dosing regimen was not applicable due to no participants switching from Vadadustat QD to TIW dosing." (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 18 to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Vadadustat 300 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)0
Vadadustat 450 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)2
Vadadustat 600 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)2
Vadadustat 750 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)3
Vadadustat Total (TIW Dosing Regimen)7

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Number of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

An adverse event (AE) was defined as any untoward medical occurrence (including a clinically significant abnormal laboratory finding) that occurred in the protocol-specified AE reporting period. An AE included medical conditions, signs, and symptoms not previously observed in the participant that emerged during the protocol-specified AE reporting period, including signs or symptoms associated with pre-existing underlying conditions that were not present prior to the AE reporting period. TEAEs, defined as AEs that began (or pre-existing AEs that worsened) on or after the first dose through each participant's last participation date, are reported. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 24

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg18
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg27
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg12
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg14
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa9
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg5
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa3

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Number of Participants With Hb Values Within the Target Range at the PEP

The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 g/dL, inclusive. The PEP was comprised of Week 10 to Week 12. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 10 to Week 12

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg12
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg13
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa15
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg1
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa6
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg0
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa0

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Number of Participants Classified as Hb Outliers

The target range for Hb was from 10.0 to 11.0 grams per deciliter (g/dL). Hb outliers included participants with a Hb increase of more than 12.0 g/dL or <8.0 g/dL and decline in Hb ≥0.5 g/dL from Baseline, and a Hb increase to more than 1.0 g/dL within any 2-week interval during the Study Period. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Weeks 13 - 20

,,,,,,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hb >12.0 g/dLHb >13.0 g/dLHb >14.0 g/dLHb <8.0 g/dL and decline in Hb ≥0.5 g/dL from BaselineHb increase >1.0 g/dL within any 2-week interval
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa00012
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg00010
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa10016
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg00014
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg10012
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg00033
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa31104
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg21124
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg20028

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Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Tmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11Week 13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg3.483.333.504.25
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg2.002.172.112.04
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg2.722.113.501.98

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Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Tmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,
InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg3.503.302.03
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg2.083.283.23

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Median Time to Reach Cmax (Tmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Tmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg3.283.42

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Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of t1/2 of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,
InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11Week 13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg11.014.65.655.01
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg10.58.8310.411.0

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Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of t1/2 of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,
InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg12.510.16.49
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg10.312.43.95
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg8.538.826.73

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Median Terminal Half-life (t1/2) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of t1/2 of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

InterventionHours (Median)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg9.0111.7

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Mean Change From Baseline in Total Iron Binding Capacity

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of iron indices, including Total Iron Binding Capacity. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16, and Week 20

,,,,,,,,
Interventionµg/dL (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa225.67.8-24.8-0.6-2.5-6.0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg211.044.256.058.042.566.7
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa218.2-0.5-7.4-3.8-13.7-5.4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg210.127.626.325.155.351.7
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg235.741.049.441.053.168.4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg223.648.258.854.560.967.9
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa234.8-13.4-1.1-9.9-3.0-9.5
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg237.835.930.342.435.038.0
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg230.727.737.037.227.844.9

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Mean Change From Baseline in Reticulocyte Count

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of reticulocyte count. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 1, Week 4, Week 8, Week 11, Week 12, Week 13, Week 16, and Week 20

,,,,,,,,
Intervention10^3 cells/microliter (µL) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 4Week 8Week 11Week 12Week 13Week 16Week 20
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa83.0-25.217.5-21.8-27.2-17.316.34.040.0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg77.6-35.8-26.8-3.3-6.73.82.0-31.5-3.3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa62.620.422.514.03.94.60.126.638.5
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg59.3-18.1-5.69.126.247.746.3-2.210.3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg48.4-3.92.920.432.520.315.99.716.4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg51.5-6.66.123.19.226.910.50.210.9
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa48.81.00.823.121.022.216.48.323.8
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg51.93.114.614.011.716.116.713.914.5
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg47.26.914.923.920.216.312.119.613.2

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Mean Change From Baseline in Iron Concentration

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of iron indices, including iron concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16, and Week 20

,,,,,,,,
Interventionmicrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa58.43.82.0-12.6-12.0-10.3
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg81.68.60.3-2.519.5-15.3
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa65.7-6.6-12.6-16.1-13.9-8.4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg57.73.34.5-2.8-0.728.7
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg80.99.6-5.9-0.45.2-3.1
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg73.11.711.7-5.1-4.613.4
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa90.1-18.3-8.6-26.0-17.9-16.6
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg87.4-8.0-5.5-2.7-22.8-14.2
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg93.9-11.2-15.0-22.2-18.3-9.5

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Mean Change From Baseline in Hepcidin Concentration

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of hepcidin concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 12 and Week 20

,,,,,,,,
Interventionnanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 12Week 20
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa74.748-1.062-9.023
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg239.958-128.587-152.243
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa143.519-62.787-80.680
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg185.852-55.283-93.412
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg215.608-34.868-83.012
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg160.760-74.797-43.701
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa259.161-66.646-83.685
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg194.870-50.565-86.025
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg208.816-53.675-38.627

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Mean Change From Baseline in Ferritin Concentration

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of iron indices, including ferritin concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16, and Week 20

,,,,,,,,
Interventionmicrograms per liter (µg/L) (Mean)
BaselineWeek 4Week 8Week 12Week 16Week 20
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa449.6-61.5397.8-35.062.3607.0
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg1182.234.8111.3-0.580.0249.0
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa723.6-145.6-78.3-195.3-81.8-104.8
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg910.241.429.4-68.0-144.0-199.4
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg745.2152.9-5.6-23.827.84.8
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg739.545.5-87.8-30.1-97.2-51.6
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa919.3-23.724.9-42.499.526.5
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg939.3-30.1-120.8-118.5-92.0-113.6
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg1043.6-101.9-185.4-194.8-70.9-166.6

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Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Cmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,
InterventionMicrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11Week 13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg26.523.832.411.5
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg56.560.141.260.2
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg40.837.624.430.6

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Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Cmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,
InterventionMicrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg47.044.238.1
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg26.020.128.6

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Geometric Mean Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Cmax of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

InterventionMicrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg44.231.6

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Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of EPO concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 1 (pre-dose), Week 1 +1 (Day 8; pre-dose), Week 11 (pre-dose), and Week 13 (pre-dose)

,
InterventionMilliunits per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg7.3312.115.614.2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg8.7714.118.020.6

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Mean Change in Hb Between Baseline and the SEP

Change from Baseline was calculated as the SEP value minus the Baseline value. The Baseline Hb value was defined as the average of the final two Hb values prior to start of dosing on Day 1. The SEP value was the average Hb value from Week 18 to Week 20. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 18 to Week 20

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg-0.197
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg-0.186
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0.070
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0.114
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg-0.421
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg-0.545
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa0.343
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg-0.283
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa-0.400

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Number of Participants Requiring at Least One Intravenous (IV) Elemental Iron Supplementation

Iron supplementation was performed to maintain ferritin ≥200 nanograms/milliliters (ng/mL) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) ≥20%. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Up to Week 20

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg23
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg21
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa16
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg10
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg14
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg18
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa10
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg4
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa5

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Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of EPO concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 1 (pre-dose), Week 1 +1 (Day 8; pre-dose), Week 11 (pre-dose), and Week 13 (pre-dose)

,,
InterventionMilliunits per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11Week 13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg9.9315.316.119.439.2
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg6.9820.217.417.310.5
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg9.5317.518.914.915.7

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Mean Serum Concentration of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Vadadustat Treatment Groups by Strata of Epoetin Alfa Dose Group

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of EPO concentration. Change from Baseline was calculated as the post-Baseline value minus the Baseline value. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 1 (pre-dose), Week 1 +1 (Day 8; pre-dose), Week 11 (pre-dose), and Week 13 (pre-dose)

InterventionMilliunits per milliliter (Geometric Mean)
BaselineWeek 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg8.0312.99.49

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Mean Change in Hb From the PEP to the Secondary Evaluation Period (SEP) in Participants Who Transitioned to Three Times Per Week (TIW) Vadadustat Dosing After Week 12

"Change from PEP was calculated as the SEP value minus the PEP value. The PEP value was the average Hb value from Week 10 to Week 12. The SEP value was the average Hb value from Week 18 to Week 20. For the Main Study, analysis is presented per dose level according to the starting dose in TIW regimen, as well as being presented as a combined arm for Vadadustat Total (TIW dosing regimen). For the ESA Hyporesponder Parallel Study, a starting dose classification for TIW dosing regimen was not applicable due to no participants switching from Vadadustat QD to TIW dosing." (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Week 10 to Week 12; Week 18 to Week 20

Interventiong/dL (Mean)
Vadadustat 300 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)-0.050
Vadadustat 450 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)-1.021
Vadadustat 600 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)-0.360
Vadadustat 750 mg (Starting Dose in TIW Dosing Regimen)-0.103
Vadadustat Total (TIW Dosing Regimen)-0.422

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Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of λz of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,
Intervention1/hour (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11Week 13
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg0.06080.04690.1160.138
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0.06650.06150.06870.0632

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Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of λz of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,
Intervention1/hour (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0.05600.07140.124
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0.06810.04690.175
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0.07970.07200.0925

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Geometric Mean Elimination Rate Constant (λz) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of λz of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11, Week 13: pre-dose, 2 hours (h), 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

Intervention1/hour (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg0.07710.0594

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Geometric Mean Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of AUC and AUC0-24 of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,,,
Interventionhours*µg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg342310402
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg605566450
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg786847588
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg338289344
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg518465338

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Geometric Mean Area Under the Concentration-time Curve (AUC) From Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of AUC and AUC0-24 of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

Interventionhours*µg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg464388

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Geometric Mean Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Vz/F of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,,,
InterventionLiters (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg13.717.410.1
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg12.115.38.24
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg13.815.68.76
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg10.912.510.2
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg14.313.710.7

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Geometric Mean Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of Vz/F of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

InterventionLiters (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg15.812.4

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Geometric Mean Apparent Total Body Clearance (CLss/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of CLss/F of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

,,,,
Interventionliters per hour (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)Week 11
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0.8770.9680.747
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0.7440.7951.00
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg0.7630.7081.02
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg0.8881.040.872
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg0.8690.9671.33

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Geometric Mean Apparent Total Body Clearance (CLss/F) of Vadadustat Following a Single Dose

Blood samples were collected from participants at defined time points for the assessment of CLss/F of Vadadustat following a single dose. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Day 1; Week 1, Week 1 +1 (Day 8), Week 11: pre-dose, 2h, 3.5h, and 5h post-dose, and additionally at 7h and 10.5h post-dose

Interventionliters per hour (Geometric Mean)
Week 1Week 1 +1 (Day 8)
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg1.291.55

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Mean Change in Hemoglobin (Hb) Between Baseline and the Primary Evaluation Period (PEP)

Change from Baseline in Hb value was calculated as the PEP Hb value minus the Baseline Hb value. The PEP value was the average Hb value from Week 10 to Week 12. The Baseline Hb value was defined as the average of the final two Hb values prior to start of dosing on Day 1. (NCT03799627)
Timeframe: Baseline; Week 10 to Week 12

,,,,,,,,
Interventiongrams per deciliter (g/dL) (Mean)
BaselineChange from Baseline at PEP
ESA Hyporesponder: Epoetin Alfa9.620-0.290
ESA Hyporesponder: Vadadustat 600 mg9.530-0.671
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa9.9500.268
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg9.778-0.911
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg10.288-0.284
High Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 600 mg10.095-0.418
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Epoetin Alfa10.1650.160
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 300 mg10.223-0.371
Low Dose of Epoetin Alfa: Vadadustat 450 mg10.0590.072

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		8.470O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
monoisopropanolamine
monoisopropanolamine: possible industrial pollutant; structure. 1-aminopropan-2-ol : Any amino alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0610amino alcohol;
secondary alcohol		Escherichia coli metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		3.3770C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		210dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-hydroxyglutarate
2-hydroxyglutarate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid.. 2-hydroxyglutaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.		5.29412-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-ketoisovalerate
alpha-ketoisovalerate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of isovaleric acid.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
provitamin c
provitamin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to (L-xylo)-isomer; structure		2.0610hexose
alpha-ketobutyric acid
alpha-ketobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-oxobutanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.		2.69302-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
short-chain fatty acid
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.		3.0750bisphosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		human metabolite
2-keto-4-methylvalerate
alpha-ketoisocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.. 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid (valeric acid) substituted with a keto group at C-2 and a methyl group at C-4. A metabolite that has been found to accumulate in maple syrup urine disease.		4.63612-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
branched-chain keto acid		algal metabolite;
human metabolite
alpha-ketoadipic acid
2-oxoadipic acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that is adipic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		1.9610oxo dicarboxylic acidhuman urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		4.1340catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-aminopropionaldehyde
3-aminopropionaldehyde: structure given in first source. 3-aminopropanal : A propanal having an amino substituent at the 3-position		2.9210omega-aminoaldehyde;
propanals
3-chloroalanine
3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.		2.6730chloroalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound
5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate
5-enolpyruvoylshikimate-3-phosphate: structure given in first source		3.4270
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		3.0310aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid
3-hydroxyisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 4-carbon, branched hydroxy fatty acid and intermediate in the metabolism of valine.		2.4203-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
3-hydroxykynurenine
3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.		3.6730hydroxykynureninehuman metabolite
acetoacetic acid
acetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing a 3-oxo substituent.		3.47803-oxo fatty acid;
ketone body		metabolite
3-mercaptopyruvic acid
3-mercaptopyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-mercaptopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.69302-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
thiol		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		4.58250non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		3.3670benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cysteine sulfinic acid
cysteine sulfinic acid: metabolite of sulfur-containing amino acids		3.69100
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		20.181,9158amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		3.7330monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		1.9610monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		6.687304-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid
5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.		3.3870amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		10.87190hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
phosphoribosyl-n-formylglycineamide
[no description available]		4.18170
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		3.98130ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		6.34500monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		12.37361aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.7330acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		6.25470ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
acetyl phosphate
acetyl dihydrogen phosphate : An acyl monophosphate in which the acyl group specified is acetyl.		7.6330acyl monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		8.8822606-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
adipic acid
adipic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.		7.940alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		food acidity regulator;
human xenobiotic metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		8.2860guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoic acid
allantoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allantoic acid : A member of the class of ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively.		2.110ureasmouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		3.91130imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
aminoacetone
aminoacetone: RN given refers to parent cpd. aminoacetone : A propanone consisting of acetone having an amino group at the 1-position.		8.580methyl ketone;
propanones		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate: unstable intermediate in threonine dehydrogenase-initiated pathway for threonine utilization; structure given in first source. 2-amino-3-oxobutanoic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is acetoacetic acid which is substituted by an amino group at position 2.		2.07103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		14.833306azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.3920aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arsenic acid
arsenic acid: RN given refers to orthoarsenic acid(H3AsO4); see also sodium arsenate. arsenic acid : An arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.		2.0110arsenic oxoacidEscherichia coli metabolite
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.3670acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		9.741420amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde
[no description available]		8.7100benzaldehydesEC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
fragrance;
odorant receptor agonist;
plant metabolite
benzene
[no description available]		4.15160aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		8.78631benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		7.8840benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		14.341906amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		9.58260halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
1-butanol
1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.		4.12160alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		8.4770fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine
[no description available]		3.2360alkane-alpha,omega-diamineDaphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		11.46580amino-acid anion
carbamic acid
carbamic acid : A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.		2.4220carbon oxoacid;
one-carbon compound;
organonitrogen compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
carbamyl phosphate
Carbamyl Phosphate: The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).		4.9891acyl monophosphate;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ureidosuccinic acid
ureidosuccinic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-carbamoylaspartic acid : An N-carbamoylamino acid that is aspartic acid with one of its amino hydrogens replaced by a carbamoyl group.		1.9710aspartic acid derivative;
C4-dicarboxylic acid;
N-carbamoyl-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		8.99611carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		7.22750monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		6.54370amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		11.77954amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		7.4920catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		7.52550alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
chlordecone
[no description available]		2.3110cyclic ketone;
organochlorine compound		insecticide;
persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		7.8940chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
choline
[no description available]		13.262231cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aconitic acid
Aconitic Acid: A tricarboxylic acid with the formula (COOH)-CH2-C(COOH)=CH-COOH.. aconitic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.		2.9540tricarboxylic acid
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		6.17410tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		13.863362halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		6.45580chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		8.4170coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde
cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.		2.4110benzaldehydesinsecticide;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
4-hydroxymandelic acid
4-hydroxymandelic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxymandelic acid : A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is mandelic acid bearing a phenolic hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.02102-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
phenols		metabolite
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.4220cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		5.93241monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid
Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.		2.7230phosphonic acids;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-cresol
3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.4120cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylate : Conjugate base of 4-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid.		2.6730phenols
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.3820benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde
2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		3.150amino aldehyde;
omega-aminoaldehyde		Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		4.3560trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		2.3820aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		11.3982medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
malyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		210
indoleacetamide
indoleacetamide: article does not mention position of acetamide group; amide of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the natural auxin found in plants. indole-3-acetamide : A member of the class of indoles that is acetamide substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2. It is an intermediate in the production of plant hormone indole acetic acid (IAA).		1.9810indoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia		bacterial metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		14.751440gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
nornicotine
nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure		2.0810
dihydrolipoic acid
dihydrolipoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihydrolipoic acid : A thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.. dihydrolipoate : The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.		1.9710thio-fatty acidantioxidant;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid
3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.		4.11150(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		human metabolite
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n(1)-methylnicotinamide
N(1)-methylnicotinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinium ion comprising nicotinamide having a methyl group at the 1-position. It is a metabolite of nicotinamide which was initially considered to be biologically inactive but has emerged as an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory agent.		2.0610pyridinium ionalgal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guaiacol
Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.		2.3520guaiacolsdisinfectant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
expectorant;
plant metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		10.77834N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		2.3720amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid
2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.		2.940diamino acid;
gamma-amino acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
4-aminoimidazole
4-aminoimidazole: structure in first source. 4-aminoimidazole : An aminoimidazole that is 1H-imidazole substituted by an amino group at position 4.		1.9410aminoimidazole
methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		7.68291C4-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid
gamma-guanidinobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-guanidinobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a guanidino group at position 4.. 4-guanidinobutanoate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-guanidinobutanoic acid.. 4-guanidinobutanoic acid : The 4-guanidino derivative of butanoic acid.		3.5890guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		fungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		3.6190alpha-amino acid
trimetaphosphoric acid
trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.		2.6830cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
inorganic heterocyclic compound;
phosphorus oxoacid
2-methylcitric acid
2-methylcitric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.940tricarboxylic acid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		8.782022-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde
propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.		2.420alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoglycolate
phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.		2.7430carboxyalkyl phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.		6.3480amino acid zwitterion;
monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		ethylene releasers;
plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		3.3770monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		5.9191catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
alpha-keto-delta-guanidinovaleric acid
5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 2-oxopentanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carbamimidamido group.		4.87812-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-methylthiopropionate
3-(methylthio)propionic acid : A thia fatty acid acid consisting of propionic acid with a methylthio substituent at the 3-position; an intermediate in mammalian methionine metabolism in vitro. The simplest known phytotoxin, it is a blight-inducing toxin produced by the cassava pathogen Xanthomonas campestris manihotis.		1.9510thia fatty acidphytotoxin
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		5.61181amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		1.9610dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.4820hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		17.9629528glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		6.8320aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanylalanine
alanylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.0750dipeptide
alanine
[no description available]		2.3920alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.399812-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: isomeric with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. prenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.		2.1310prenol phosphateepitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
diacetyl
butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.		2.940alpha-diketoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
diethyl phosphate
diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.		2.2510dialkyl phosphatehuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.		3.0910glycerone phosphates;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine
dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.		6.11301amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.4620methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.		7.3620dimethylbenzimidazoleEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		13.2501sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		4.29190ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		9.111261aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide
formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.		3.1150carboximidic acid;
formamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		solvent
3-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.		4.4670monophosphoglyceric acid;
tetronic acid derivative		algal metabolite;
fundamental metabolite
gamma-butyrobetaine
4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate : An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		3.4711amino-acid betaineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
glutaric acid
glutaric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glutaric acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.		3.4980alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		3.3570aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glyceric acid
glyceric acid: found in urine of patient with D-glyceric acidemia & hyperglycinaemia; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. glycerol ether : Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.. glyceric acid : A trionic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted at positions 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.		7.9640trionic acidfundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		7.561070alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.730glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolaldehyde
[no description available]		2.7630glycolaldehydesfundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		5.472502-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		5.094302-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycocyamine
glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.		18.7137541guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
carbonic acid
Carbonic Acid: Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.6830carbon oxoacid;
chalcocarbonic acid		mouse metabolite
hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom		4.11160hydracid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
poison
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		11.12982carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		8.47168
histamine
[no description available]		7.98740aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
toxopyrimidine
4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine : An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by methyl, amino, and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively.		2.1110aminopyrimidine;
aromatic primary alcohol		Escherichia coli metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
homogentisic acid
Homogentisic Acid: Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid with hydroxyls at the 2 and 5 positions of the phenyl ring.. homogentisic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.6830dihydroxyphenylacetic acid;
hydroquinones		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		8.171370elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		8.4980benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
hydroxylamine
amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.		4.3190hydroxylaminesalgal metabolite;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
nitric oxide donor;
nucleophilic reagent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		4.26180imidazole
indole
[no description available]		7.8840indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		4.01140indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		7251diatomic iodinenutrient
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate
[no description available]		3.1310
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		11.48360hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		7.99161aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		7.6530piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		11.03220dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
malonic acid
malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.		4.6380alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
racemethionine
Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.		5.9441alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
sulfur-containing amino acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylmercaptan
methylmercaptan: intermediate in the manufacturing of jet fuels, pesticides, fungicides, plastics, synthesis of methionine; odor may cause nausea; narcotic in high concentrations; depresses urea biosynthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0610alkanethiolhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		4.141502-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		8.771020alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid
Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.		5.5792inositol phosphate
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		8.6700cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		4.28180acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		6.9310N-acyl-hexosamine
n-acetylserotonin
N-acetylserotonin : An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.		2.4220acetamides;
N-acylserotonin;
phenols		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist
acetanilide
acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.3420acetamides;
anilide		analgesic
naphthalene
[no description available]		3.0650naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		8.47980metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		6.2440pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		7.32341pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		9.58812monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid
Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.		3.0750nitrogen oxoacidprotic solvent;
reagent
nitroxyl
nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.		2.7330nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		6.3371monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		8.3160gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4420octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
hydroxide ion
[no description available]		3.5680oxygen hydridemouse metabolite
hydroxypyruvic acid
hydroxypyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxypyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.		2.15102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		7.08670pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxaloacetic acid
Oxaloacetic Acid: A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.. oxaloacetic acid : An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.		3.2760C4-dicarboxylic acid;
oxo dicarboxylic acid		geroprotector;
metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		11.41131alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxamic acid
Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.		2.730dicarboxylic acid monoamideEscherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		6.48230aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.45204-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		4.23180long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		2.5520C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol
PENTA: structure given in first source		7.8840aromatic fungicide;
chlorophenol;
organochlorine pesticide;
pentachlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite
phenanthrene
phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'		7.4420ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon;
phenanthrenes		environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		3.92130phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylpyruvic acid
phenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenylpyruvate : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy group of either keto- or enol-phenylpyruvic acid.. keto-phenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.		1.93102-oxo monocarboxylic acidchromogenic compound;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		3.4680benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.730alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-phenylhydantoin, (+-)-isomer
5-phenylhydantoin: structure given in first source		1.9910
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		8.6390phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.		10.61240carboxyalkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		10.79100phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphorylethanolamine
phosphorylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. O-phosphoethanolamine : The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.		3.72100phosphoethanolamine;
primary amino compound		algal metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		3.1150benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		7.9340pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		5.19160aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid
diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.		2.6730acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid		Escherichia coli metabolite
pqq cofactor
PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.		4.0140orthoquinones;
pyrroloquinoline cofactor;
tricarboxylic acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.9130propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		9.27180saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pteridines
[no description available]		6.11170azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
purine
1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.		6.71581purine
putrescine
[no description available]		4.28190alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.9940monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridine
azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.		3.690azaarene;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
pyridines		environmental contaminant;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal
[no description available]		4.28190hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		11.261221methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		3.0750aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		10.27621hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.3820benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		6.975602-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		11.67171pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		9.28190divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
dithionite
Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.		210sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		14.852752N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
shikimic acid-3-phosphate
shikimic acid-3-phosphate: RN given refers to (3R-(3alpha,4alpha,5beta))-isomer; structure given in first source		5.53220
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		4.56260divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		5.18480polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		5.971070polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		11.53360alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
succinic semialdehyde
succinic semialdehyde: structure		2.2510aldehydic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulfuric acid
sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.		8.1350sulfur oxoacidcatalyst
sulfur dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.		2.6930sulfur oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
food bleaching agent;
refrigerant
taurine
[no description available]		17.449296amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		6.27490primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		6.67430pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol
2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanol: the thiazole portion of thiamine; imparts flavor to cooked meats; RN given is for parent cpd; structure. 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is thiazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4 and a 2-hydroxyethyl group at position 5.		2.52201,3-thiazoles;
primary alcohol		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		4.27190methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		8.04251tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
trimethylamine
[no description available]		3.75100methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylsulfonium
[no description available]		2.4120sulfonium compoundanimal metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		2.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		3.9940aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		5.25530pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		11.461384uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		14.743667isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uroporphyrinogen iii
Uroporphyrinogens: Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in heme biosynthesis. They have four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are formed from polypyrryl methane in the presence of uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase and uroporphyrin I synthetase, respectively. They can yield uroporphyrins by autooxidation or coproporphyrinogens by decarboxylation.		1.9910uroporphyrinogenEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		8.4880xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate
isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.		2.1310prenol phosphateantigen;
antioxidant;
epitope;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
phosphoantigen
isocitric acid
isocitric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. isocitric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.		3.3510secondary alcohol;
tricarboxylic acid		fundamental metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2,4-methanoglutamate
2,4-methanoglutamate: structure given in first source; selective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist; inhibits high affinity L-glutamic acid uptake into rat cortical synaptosomes; RN given for (trans)-isomer		1.9810
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		13.262620non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297
[no description available]		2.9840benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		3.2660phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		8.481820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
[no description available]		3.110
sk&f 82958
[no description available]		2.0110benzazepine
2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid
2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid: effective antagonist at all three types of excitatory amino acid receptors; does not depress responses to acetylcholine or substance P		2.940
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		4.98390
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.4620amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		7.1660
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		6.68430non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		3.1250benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.3520catecholamine
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		3.6490benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		3.74212-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		2.7130quinolone
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		8.1550p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; glutamate receptor agonist		4.74300alpha-amino acid
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		3.53802-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine
4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine: weak agonist at metabotropic glutamate receptors; occludes the action of 1-aminocyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylate in hippocampus		6.14410hydroxybenzoic acid
atrolactic acid
atrolactic acid: see also 3-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
1,10-diaminodecane
[no description available]		2.3820
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		8.78110phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.		7.6630hydrazinesalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		3.88120oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine: a positional isomer of H-7; inhibits protein kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase		2.3920
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.6730monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-amino-1-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is cyclohexanecarboxylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0510alpha-amino acid
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		6.1390aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		3.5580methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		2.4520imidazoles
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine
N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.		2.0710aralkylamine;
carboxamidine;
primary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.420oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		9.7390bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.		8.2360chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
trichlorobenzene		defoliant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		8.05630chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.		3.4880dinitrophenolallergen;
antiseptic drug;
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
geroprotector;
oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propandiol
2-amino-2-methylpropane-1,3-diol : An aminodiol that is propane-1,3-diol substituted ny an amino and a methyl group at position 2.		2.6530aminodiol
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.		2.0110monohydroxyquinoline
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.420organochlorine compound
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		6.31510alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		3.84110organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin : A member of the class of isocoumarins that is isocoumarin substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 4. It is a serine protease inhibitor.		1.9810isocoumarins;
organochlorine compound		geroprotector;
serine protease inhibitor
amitrole
Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		2.3720aromatic amine;
triazoles		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor;
herbicide
phaclofen
phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.6730organophosphate oxoanion;
zwitterion
3-aminobenzamide
[no description available]		1.9710benzamides;
substituted aniline		EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
tramiprosate
tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.		2.8940amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
aminopropionitrile
Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.		3.64100aminopropionitrileantineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
collagen cross-linking inhibitor;
plant metabolite
meglutol
Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.		2.73303-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid;
tertiary alcohol		anticholesteremic drug;
antimetabolite;
EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		2.110monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.3620ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitrobenzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		1.9710
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		8.1150C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6730
4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonylfluoride
[no description available]		2.0210
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.4220
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		5.78280aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.		2.3620chlorine molecular entity;
mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		3.86120guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide: metabolite of nifuroxazide. 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with hydrazine.		210carbohydrazide;
phenols
4-nonylphenol
4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.		2.7630phenolsenvironmental contaminant
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.37190imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		7.96640quinolines
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		2.0310
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.4420aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		1.9810tryptamines
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.3820indolyl carboxylic acid
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		4.0450medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		5.15150indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		2.0410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
6,7-dichloroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
[no description available]		3.4920quinoxaline derivative
7-chlorokynurenic acid
7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.		7.121120organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.4120
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		1.9910oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		2.6730
oxyquinoline
Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.		2.0810monohydroxyquinolineantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug;
iron chelator
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.2860acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		1.98101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator		2.0710monoazo compound
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		2.9840aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		8.15234acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.4570monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetochlor
acetochlor : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.		3.1750aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.7130acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
n-acetylphenylalanine
N-acetylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. N-acetylphenylalanine : The N-acetyl derivative of phenylalanine.		2.6830N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative		antidepressant;
metabolite
n-acetyltryptophan
N-acetyltryptophan : An N-acetylamino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of tryptophan.		7.1310N-acetyl-amino acid;
tryptophan derivative		metabolite
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea
beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.		2.0110
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid
1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid: structure given in first source		6.02360
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.9740aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		1.9810alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		7.7230aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		8.3144phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		2.0510organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		2.4820secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		3.83110amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		10.33100adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0710acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.4520dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4120guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		5.41200N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.		1.95103-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid
theophylline
[no description available]		7.05261dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		2.98401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.110aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		8.3360carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		5.4751dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.2160barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		8.1350dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.9440acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		2.0510nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.3920N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0410aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		3.4980pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version		10.58710
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		3.93130guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		3.0750enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		16.05689benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.3110benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.9840ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolepropionate: a glutamate agonist		2.0210alpha-amino acid
atrazine
[no description available]		6.65630chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		5.69112aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.4420monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene
azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.		2.4620azobenzenes
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
baclofen
[no description available]		8.52490amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		3.0750barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		3.3970(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bemegride
Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.		2.3620piperidones
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		2.0510indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benfluorex
[no description available]		1.9610benzoate ester
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		210carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		3.3260benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		7.6630benzamides
benzamidine
benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.		2.4320benzenes;
carboxamidine		serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.47201-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzethonium
Benzethonium: Bactericidal cationic quaternary ammonium surfactant used as a topical anti-infective agent. It is an ingredient in medicaments, deodorants, mouthwashes, etc., and is used to disinfect apparatus, etc., in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries, in surgery, and also as a preservative. The compound is toxic orally as a result of neuromuscular blockade.		2.3820alkylbenzene
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.4220ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.4420benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.6830pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
propiolactone
Propiolactone: Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.		1.9510propan-3-olide
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		2.0410guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		3.2960propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.0510biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.0410diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		3.470
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		3.6630secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		1.9710aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.3820organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4620organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.0510organic molecular entity
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		1.9510aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bumetanide
[no description available]		3.72100amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		3.3611quinazolines
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		9.5251aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.0410aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		3.1650azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		3.2360methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		1.9910benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
cacodylic acid
dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.		2.420organoarsenic compoundxenobiotic metabolite
caffeine
[no description available]		6.14311purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		5.7260aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		210glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
calmidazolium
calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.		1.9710imidazolium ionapoptosis inducer;
calmodulin antagonist
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.2510benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		3.1650bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		2.0510biphenyls
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.93130dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide
carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.		2.0810dibenzoazepine;
epoxide;
ureas		allergen;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420benzenes
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.64901-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carcinine
carcinine: structure. carcinine : A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the primary amino group of histamine.		2.5320beta-alanine derivative;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound		antioxidant;
crustacean metabolite
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.0510carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		3.1150N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.7230carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.		4.05150hydrazone;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
ionophore
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		1.9810carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.3160organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.110aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0510ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cetyltrimethylammonium ion
Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.		2.4920quaternary ammonium ion
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		5.18180benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		8.2460aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		3.9740aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		2.4320diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.5780benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		2.05101,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.02130aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		2.8940benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		7.93272organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		3.2460monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		6.14360chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.3411isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		2.0710lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		3.71100aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.4820cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.7430cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.680aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		2.9440benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		10.83812-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0610amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.7430monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.4980aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		2.940aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		2.0510tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.4720dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.771001,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		4.96120clonidine;
imidazoline
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.7630conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-cresol
4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.		2.4320cresolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.0710chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		2.0710
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.110carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclocreatine
cyclocreatine: structure given in first source		2.0210
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		2.0410organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		11.652090non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclo(leucylglycine)
cyclo(leucylglycine): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		3.71100benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		4.49210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.7830piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		3.0850organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
indibulin
indibulin: Tubulin Modulator/Antineoplastic Agent; structure in first source		2.0410
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		10.5690hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.9640indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		2.4720substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		2.4320carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.1150medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.43210acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		8.85120dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		4.07311,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		5.93330primary amine
racemethorphan
6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.		1.9810aromatic ether;
morphinane alkaloid;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		4.3641alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		9.235411,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		4.87100organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.9240benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		1.9910aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.2510diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dicamba
Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.		9.58220dichlorobenzene;
methoxybenzoic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		6.55134amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.		2.0210chlorophenylethylene;
monochlorobenzenes		human xenobiotic metabolite;
persistent organic pollutant
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		4.78100benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.940alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethyl pyrocarbonate
Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.		2.420acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		1.9410N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.5280pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.4820monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3,3'-diindolylmethane
3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist		2.2510indolesantineoplastic agent;
P450 inhibitor
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		7.0210benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.7330dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
dimethadione
Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.		2.3520oxazolidinone
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		3.1650monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		8.0950ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.5320organic cation
benzophenone
benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.		7.4720benzophenonesphotosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		7.7130piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.0240monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		3.150organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
ditercalinium
ditercalinium: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		4.42003-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.59490branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.2460
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		1.9910
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		3.0950N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.4820benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.9640aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
adtn
ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.3620
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.3411aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		2.0510dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.6930aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.0410oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.3420phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase		1.9610
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.0110indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.110trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		3.8100cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		8.3870ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.41201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		6.4320
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		2.0510triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		8.5790aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ethenzamide
ethenzamide: structure		2.0310organic molecular entity
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		7.8940ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethion
ethion: minor descriptor (73-82); online & Index Medicus search INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-82). ethion : An organic thiophosphate that is S,S'-methanediyl bis[dihydrogen (phosphorodithioate)] in which all the hydroxy groups have been converted to their corresponding ethyl esters respectively. Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide with inhibitory activity towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase ( EC 3.1.1.7).		2.2510organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
ethoprophos
ethoprop: structure		2.0210organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.0410phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		1.9510dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine
ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.		8.4170alkane-alpha,omega-diamineGABA agonist
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		2.07101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		2.74302-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		3.68100aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.25180carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.7430dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.110diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		7.8840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.9740aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		6.9810benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		4.8642resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.9281anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.4520aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		8.2250(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		2.4420carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.9740aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		2.110difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		3.4470conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.4520aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		3.1150aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.940N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		3.150ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.1103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		3.38701,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.37210nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		11.04152(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0410decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0410phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		4.45701,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		3.1250fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.110diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		2.4720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.0510pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furegrelate
furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d		2.0510benzofurans
furfurylamine
[no description available]		2.0410
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		9.49230chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		5.8871gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.7730benzoate ester
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		5.29100oxazole
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.0510ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.7230aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		8.7100
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		2.4720aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.7430N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.3411sulfonamide
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		5.97261dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.3820piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		7.27221monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate
glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).		20.312,7989glycine derivative;
phosphonic acid		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
herbicide
go 6976
[no description available]		2.4110indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		7.6730
granisetron
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		4.94120methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		2.3720azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		5.27520carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
guvacine
guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.		2.3720alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
beta-amino acid;
pyridine alkaloid;
secondary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		GABA reuptake inhibitor;
plant metabolite
gyki 52466
GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.9240benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.9140isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		4.31190isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004
N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source		2.0110isoquinolines
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.4420isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		7.74490aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		3.84120haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.8740harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.6730bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		4.5190quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.3920organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.8740barbiturates
hexoprenaline
Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.		3.4111
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		1.9710acetamides
homarine
homarine: structure		8.0450non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		4.17170phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
huprine x
huprine X: structure in first source		2.0310
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.0710thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.7530azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.9140benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.3820benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		310aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		3.4880one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.9640hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.110
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.1510pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.22111monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		4.7471primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		7.38340benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		2.110amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
ici 118551
[no description available]		2.0510indanes
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		6.27470piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		7.4220ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		5.62180dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.7430bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.0510indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		8.29351aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		3.2160
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.420benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.4120organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		2.1110amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.2160carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0510azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		3.711003-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		2.3420benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		3.97130organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine
isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		8.5180tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		11.26480carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.4120
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.0850secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		6.94370catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		2.4520alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		2.6930benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.420
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		6.42320cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		3.2760aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		10.8481dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		3.4270benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		2.4820amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0410cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.3820furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kinetin
Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.		2.41206-aminopurines;
furans		cytokinin;
geroprotector
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.36204-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		12.542661monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.		4.24180alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		human metabolite;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
mimosine
Mimosine: 3-Hydroxy-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinealanine. An antineoplastic alanine-substituted pyridine derivative isolated from Leucena glauca.		7.4120alpha-amino acid
2-phenylglycine
2-phenylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. alpha-phenylglycine : An amino acid with a structure in which a phenyl ring is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.		5.65740non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidhuman metabolite
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor		4.62100
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		3.1650benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		3.41701,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
lavendustin a
lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source		2.6930aromatic amine
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
qx-314
QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion		3.1350monocarboxylic acid amidelocal anaesthetic
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		2.110fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		2.4320N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.6830monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.0410benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.940benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.5180biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		2.7130dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		7.110cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		3.75100chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mafenide
Mafenide: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.		1.9510aromatic amine
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		10.52200diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.420isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		2.7630anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		2.4520pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.6290primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.3370nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		2.7330diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0610aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		8.1650aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		8.96130adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.45201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		3.0850ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		7.8540aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		2.4720piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		2.6530organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		2.7130amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		2.3520methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		2.4720phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		2.0510aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		8.09103guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		7.4920alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		2.4620benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methamidophos
methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.		2.4320organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide
methantheline
Methantheline: A quaternary ammonium compound that acts as an antimuscarinic agent. It has been used in the treatment of PEPTIC ULCER, in gastrointestinal disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm, and in the management of urinary incontinence, and may also be used for the treatment of HYPERHIDROSIS.		1.9310xanthenes
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methenamine
Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.3820polyazaalkane;
polycyclic cage;
tetramine		antibacterial drug
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.4620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.0510aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.6530ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		2.110amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.6830aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		3.1950benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methyl methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.3620methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		3.0850beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		3.2860benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolachlor
metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.		3.77100aromatic amide;
benzenes;
ether;
organochlorine compound
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		2.0510organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		5.9691aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		9.260C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		2.7230aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		2.7630aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.9440dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.9740imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		7.3920amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.9440dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		2.7130benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		2.0510diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.3341dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		2.7530monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		3.1250ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
monodansylcadaverine
monodansylcadaverine: inhibits cross linkage of fibrin. monodansylcadaverine : A sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid with one of the amino groups of cadaverine.		2.6730aminonaphthalene;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
protective agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		2.4520monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		9.21990alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.7130benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		1.9910naphthalenes;
organochlorine compound;
primary amino compound;
sulfonamide
n-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole
[no description available]		6.9910
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		5.05430maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		1.9710beta-carbolines
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.7130aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0610aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		3.3970purine nucleoside
n(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide
N(alpha)-(2-naphthylsulfonylglycyl)-4-amidinophenylalanine piperidide: thrombin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.420
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		7.4820methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nafamostat
nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic		2.2510benzoic acids;
guanidines
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.110piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		3.1501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		2.0210naphthalenes
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		3.1650aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		3.0750quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
netropsin
Netropsin: A basic polypeptide isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. It is cytotoxic and its strong, specific binding to A-T areas of DNA is useful to genetics research.		2.0210
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.4720cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.8740organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		2.420benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		5.89231C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		8.5180aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		2.7730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.7330aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		3.791102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.9240beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.7530C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		2.4120aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		2.91401,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		3.8110C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		2.0510nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		2.0410isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.0510catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.7971fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		2.7530organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist		3.4270nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		3.6630aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
o(6)-benzylguanine
O(6)-benzylguanine: a suicide inhibitor of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity		2.4220
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		3.4920phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		3.15503-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.8481aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		3.4270carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		2.4720ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.38201,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
1,2-cyclohexanediamine
1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110primary aliphatic amine
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.05101,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.0510benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		3.79301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		3.6390benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.3820organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.7330aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine m
oxotremorine M: structure given in first source		2.7430quaternary ammonium ionmuscarinic agonist
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		5.09140N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		2.9240aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		2.4920acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.4720phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		8.150aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
quinone
benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).		8.08501,4-benzoquinonescofactor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		4.5580phenylalanine derivative
p-fluorophenylalanine
p-Fluorophenylalanine: 3-(p-Fluorophenyl)-alanine.. 4-fluorophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		2.8640fluoroamino acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine derivative
4-nitrophenylacetic acid
4-nitrophenylacetic acid: don't confuse with 4-Nitrophenyl acetate, which is the ester of phenol and acetic acid. (4-nitrophenyl)acetic acid : A member of the class of phenylacetic acids that is phenylacetic acid in which the phenyl grup is substituted at the para- position by a nitro group.		2.1110C-nitro compound;
phenylacetic acids
palmidrol
palmidrol: a cannabinoid receptor-inactive eCB-related molecule used as prophylactic in helping to prevent respiratory viral infection. palmitoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.		2.110endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticonvulsant;
antihypertensive agent;
neuroprotective agent
pamidronate
[no description available]		2.520phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		3.7530benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		4.99400aromatic amine
methazole
methazole: structure. probe : A role played by a molecular entity used to study the microscopic environment.		210dichlorobenzene
patulin
Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.		2.3820furopyran;
gamma-lactone;
lactol		antimicrobial agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		3.5280aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		2.05101,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		2.3920aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		11.24470barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.9440oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.3860piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.110hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.4520N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		9.3160acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.3820aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.0410pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		12.03450barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.8840phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.67302,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		7.8940aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.4620primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
oxophenylarsine
oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.		2.0210arsine oxidesantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.0110guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		3.75110pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.		2.940acyl fluorideserine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin
[no description available]		2.3620dihydrochalconesantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
phorate
Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.		2.0410organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
o-phthalaldehyde
o-Phthalaldehyde: A reagent that forms fluorescent conjugation products with primary amines. It is used for the detection of many biogenic amines, peptides, and proteins in nanogram quantities in body fluids.. phthalaldehyde : A dialdehyde in which two formyl groups are attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring.		3.3870benzaldehydes;
dialdehyde		epitope
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		2.7730organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		1.9710benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.4720pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		4.3441indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		6.7683aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		9.250organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0510pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		531pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		1.9710aromatic ether
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		12.61100inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
potassium iodide
Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.		2.6430potassium saltexpectorant;
radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.7130aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.0510aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		3.4170arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.0510acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		1.9810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410pyridochromene
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.4620isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		591aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.3811amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		2.4820aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.3820pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		3.0510diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		9.16170benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.0510dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		4.2350benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		4.78100benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.4220benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.4720N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		2.4920pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0410benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.7730phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		2.7530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
prometone
prometone: structure. prometon : A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.		1.9810diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methoxy-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
prometryne
Prometryne: A triazine used as a selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). prometryn : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.		2.1110diamino-1,3,5-triazine;
methylthio-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.110aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propanil
Propanil: A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.. propanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.		2.7330anilide;
dichlorobenzene		herbicide
propazine
propazine: relatively non-toxic triazine herbicide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRIAZINES (75-82). propazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.110chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
propentofylline
[no description available]		1.9810oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		3.4270phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.4420diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		6.68292phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.4620aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		4.37210naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protoporphyrin ix
protoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7685. protoporphyrin : A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing four methyl substituents at positions 3, 8, 13 and 17, two vinyl substituents at positions 7 and 12 and two 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2 and 18. The parent of the class of protoporphyrins.		2.9140
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		2.4520carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		2.0710pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.7530aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.9140aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		2.0310piperazines;
pyridines
qx-222
QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure		1.9810amino acid amide
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		2.07101-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		2.7730aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.4220secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		7.8740benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.5251benzothiazoles
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		7.751431,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.0310organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		2.0410tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 15-4513
Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors		1.9710organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.9240imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.420methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4520butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.9540pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole
Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
carbamate ester;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
4-carboxyphenylglycine
4-carboxyphenylglycine: RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/93; glutamate receptor antagonist		6.65510alpha-amino acid
2-aminopropanol
2-aminopropanol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-aminopropan-1-ol : An amino alcohol that is alanine in which the carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding alcohol.		2.7330amino alcohol;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		4.34411,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		2.1710benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		7.8840phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		2.0410benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid: antineoplastic, Histone Deacetylase inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid
sebacic acid
sebacic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,8-dicarboxy derivative of octane.		2.3620alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		2.0410barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
carbamylhydrazine
carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720carbohydrazide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound;
ureas
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		3.1450ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		2.0510organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.1750pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.9740chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.1250morpholines
sk&f 97541
3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist		2.420
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		4.12160fluoride saltmutagen
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		6.9310haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
sodium iodide
Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.		2.4120inorganic sodium salt;
iodide salt
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.8940haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		2.0710pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.2960ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.6830aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.7230long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
streptonigrin
[no description available]		1.9410pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.7561dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylacetone
succinylacetone: inhibitor of heme biosynthesis. 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.		2.6730beta-diketone;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.0650quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		3.7830aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.0510sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.3870isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		8.0750substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.4720primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		5.39130
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.3820pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		8.35702-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.0510alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		3.2760benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.0510salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		2.7530sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		8.92130naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
4-methylglutamic acid
4-methylglutamic acid : A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		2.7230amino dicarboxylic acid;
glutamic acid derivative
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.4820N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tegafur
[no description available]		2.940organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		2.0510benzodiazepine
temefos
Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.		2.2510organic sulfide;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
ectoparasiticide
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.5320imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.7530furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.360phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.4820diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.6930benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		3.89120quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		1.9510monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide
Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.		1.9810phosphoramide
3-hydroxyaspartic acid
3-hydroxyaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyaspartic acid : A hydroxy-amino acid that is aspartic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.4980amino dicarboxylic acid;
aspartic acid derivative;
C4-dicarboxylic acid;
hydroxy-amino acid
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		15.174218phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		2.3720dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.44201,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		2.9540phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		3.0450aziridines
thiothixene
Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.		2.3820thioxanthenes
thymeleatoxin
thymeleatoxin: causes translocation & down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes		2.0410
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.2350monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.3920aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		5.15111N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		3.830benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6930trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0510N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		1.9710imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		3.2760N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		6.52134aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		1.9410monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.4520aromatic ketone
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.		2.9740N-substituted diamine;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		apoptosis inducer;
chelator;
copper chelator
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.7230
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		2.7430aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		8.3260amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.0510triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.3441monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triacetin
Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.		2.3110triglycerideadjuvant;
antifungal drug;
food additive carrier;
food emulsifier;
food humectant;
fuel additive;
plant metabolite;
solvent
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		1.9910pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		7.4520triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0410benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		1.9710polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.2360N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.3720aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		7.5420organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		3.1150(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trigonelline
trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.3520alkaloid;
iminium betaine		food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		1.9510amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.110phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		2.4520oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.61181aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		1.9710
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		2.4720dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.4120aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		3.1650chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		9.27190monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0410aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		2.0510piperazines
urethane
[no description available]		3.9130carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		3.1650cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		8.690gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0510aromatic ether
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		2.6830
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		4.8760aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
xanthurenic acid
xanthurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.		2.5420dihydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		animal metabolite;
iron chelator;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
vesicular glutamate transport inhibitor
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.5820aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.1131carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zinc chloride
zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.		2.9240inorganic chloride;
zinc molecular entity		astringent;
disinfectant;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
Lewis acid
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		3.1350imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		7.31101,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.2360mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium
Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.		2.0310acylcholine
corticosterone
[no description available]		4.6528011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		5.4320011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		3.065016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		5.43120ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		6.15321alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.940beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		5.14111imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		10.28606glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.8940pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid : A chlorobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid in which the ring hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by chloro groups.		2.110chlorobenzoic acid;
dichlorobenzene
thymidine
[no description available]		6.321570pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		3.76110nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
benzimidazole
1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.		2.0210benzimidazole;
polycyclic heteroarene
triethylenemelamine
Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.		2.85401,3,5-triazinesalkylating agent;
insect sterilant
2-aminophenol
[no description available]		1.9710aminophenolbacterial metabolite
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		12.7527814-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		4.352102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		1.9510
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		5.37721-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		9.95380ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.45203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.26603-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.4520barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		7.894011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		5.86320non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.1250organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.1150cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		11.2411111-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.589017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		4.073117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
androsterone
[no description available]		2.382017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		2.864017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		8.125017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
2-acetylaminofluorene
2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.		2.37202-acetamidofluorenesantimitotic;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope;
mutagen
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		7.3420indoles
camylofine
camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		5.62191alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		5.15480penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
idoxuridine
[no description available]		1.9410organoiodine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.3820phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		8.94130pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.7230N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		6.27480organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		2.0810aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		9.733102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine
Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.		2.7130nitrosaminecarcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
mutagen
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		210
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		6220dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		4.23180guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		4.11160chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		20.662,75419alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		22.582,43729L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene
benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.		1.9410ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		8701C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		20.031,71011aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		19.278921amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		17.031,1118aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate
allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.		710alkenyl isothiocyanate;
isothiocyanate		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
lachrymator;
metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		8.271220pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		5.62250carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		2.5220sulfamic acids
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		10.191473glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		4.7910017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
chlordan
Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9510cyclodiene organochlorine insecticideGABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		3.260steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		4.48240bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.420ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		9.88110aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		6.32121pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		4.135017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		2.3820benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.88403'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		5.49660adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		4.4570azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		3.1250tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		5.81940uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
uridine monophosphate
Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.		3.0650pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine diphosphate
Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.9640pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		3.2360kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		10.6240pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		7.77950D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		9.33462monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan
Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9510
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		5150phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		6.95273amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		7.841781ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tributyrin
tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.		1.9610butyrate ester;
triglyceride		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
protective agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)		3.9850azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.		2.5220benzenes;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
fragrance;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		16.87699amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		4.74310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
phlorhizin
[no description available]		3.96140aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		210aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		8.260amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		6.7750adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		3.0650penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.		1.9510tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.38201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.74110organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4520organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
zoxazolamine
Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.		2.0710benzoxazole
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		19.21,33215amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		3.1250methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		5.0552quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		7.6530anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.711calcium saltchelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid
2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.		4.432202,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion;
2,2-dialkylglycine
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		1.9410nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.743017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		3.87110carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.6530cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cytidine diphosphate
Cytidine Diphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate.		2.7130cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate
Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		2.3920pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		4.77320lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		18.0994511aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.		3.6490
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		17.349719amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		8.458020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		10.66310alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		3.0850
cytidine
[no description available]		3.66100cytidinesEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate
Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.2660cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		2.382014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		1.9410penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		6.94970antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		6.41540diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
barbituric acid
barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.		2.0210barbituratesallergen;
xenobiotic
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		4.45230chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
gliotoxin
Gliotoxin: A fungal toxin produced by various species of Trichoderma, Gladiocladium fimbriatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium. It is used as an immunosuppressive agent.. gliotoxin : A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.		2.4520dipeptide;
organic disulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
pyrazinoindole		antifungal agent;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
proteasome inhibitor
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.830organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
bromoacetate
[no description available]		2.2110carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		3.5890formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.683017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		16.14102164-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone
Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.		2.35201,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		2.0510aromatic ketone
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		2.3720isoindoles
tubercidin
Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.		2.420antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		11.72221beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		12.781088mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		11.17324beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid
Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.		4.28190nitrobenzoic acid;
organic disulfide		indicator
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		12.591732non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene
Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.		2.3620C-nitro compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
allergen;
chromatographic reagent;
EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor;
protein-sequencing agent;
spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		13.223633amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		16.257854amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol
n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.		3.5690pentanol;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
veratridine
[no description available]		2.0510steroidsodium channel modulator
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		15.511,0162L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		16.758309amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.693017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.6530organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		7.89403'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		17.016129erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		14.474693aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		2.4220monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
n,n'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine
N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine: in veterinary medicine, has been used to prevent vitamin E deficiency in lambs; structure. N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.		1.9910N-substituted diamine;
secondary amino compound		antioxidant
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		20.851,55826arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		1.9510bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		2.9540alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
ethylene
Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges		5.58690alkene;
gas molecular entity		plant hormone;
refrigerant
acetylene
[no description available]		8.1150alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
methyl iodide
methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.		1.9410iodomethanes;
methyl halides		fumigant insecticide
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		8.96130methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
boranes
Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.		3.2560boranes;
mononuclear parent hydride
methylacetylene
methylacetylene: structure		2.0410alkyne;
gas molecular entity;
terminal acetylenic compound
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		3.1250primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		8.790aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
ethanethiol
ethanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ethanethiol : An alkanethiol that is ethane substituted by a thiol group at position 1. It is added to odorless gaseous products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to provide a garlic scent which helps warn of gas leaks.		210alkanethiolrodenticide
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		2.9240chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
isocyanic acid
isocyanic acid: structure. isocyanic acid : A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology.		2.4920hydracid;
one-carbon compound
cyclopropane
cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.		2.7130cycloalkane;
cyclopropanes		inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide
Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.		8.0950gas molecular entity;
oxacycle;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		allergen;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen
2-bromopropane
2-bromopropane: used as a substitute for freon		2.3110
2-propylamine
2-propylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3260alkylamines;
primary aliphatic amine
phosgene
Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.		2.0810acyl chloride
fluoroform
fluoroform: structure		2.0310fluoromethanesrefrigerant
nitromethane
nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.		6.9710primary nitroalkane;
volatile organic compound		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
explosive;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		1.9910epoxide
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylthiol
tert-butylthiol: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.4320alkanesulfonic acid;
one-carbon compound		Escherichia coli metabolite
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
trichloroacetaldehyde
trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.		2.4120aldehyde;
organochlorine compound		mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol
Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.		3.6490fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		3.580alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
dalapon
dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		3.91130monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		8.4370fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
bromthymol blue
Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.		2.93402,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
gibberellic acid
gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.		3.1350C19-gibberellin;
gibberellin monocarboxylic acid;
lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		9.641110benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
caramiphen
caramiphen: structure		2.4120benzenes
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
divinyl sulfone
divinyl sulfone: cross-linking reagent for agarose gels. divinyl sulfone : A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.		2.3110sulfonecross-linking reagent
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		5.77890primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		4.4970
3-mercaptopropionic acid
3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.		3.85120mercaptopropanoic acidalgal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0310
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		2.5720pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.3820stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		7.520monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isobutyraldehyde
isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		1.98102-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde;
propanals		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		2.3620butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylamide
[no description available]		5.85170acrylamides;
N-acylammonia;
primary carboxamide		alkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen;
neurotoxin
chloroacetamide
[no description available]		1.9610
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		4.8471alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
n-methylacetamide
N-methylacetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the N-methyl derivative of acetamide.		8.1450acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		metabolite
methyl chloroformate
[no description available]		2.0210
isobutyric acid
isobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isobutyric acid : A branched fatty acid comprising propanoic acid carrying a methyl branch at C-2.		1.9910branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
fatty acid 4:0;
methyl-branched fatty acid		Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
methacrylamide
[no description available]		7.7230acrylamides;
primary carboxamide
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		4.0340monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		3.76110pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.0440bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.		2.0510enoate ester;
methyl ester		allergen;
polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.382012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		5.23510amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		3.1140organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
pyridoxic acid
Pyridoxic Acid: The catabolic product of most of VITAMIN B 6; (PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; and PYRIDOXAMINE) which is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxic acid : A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.. 4-pyridoxate : A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.3110hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
skatole
[no description available]		2.6730methylindolehuman metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		9.32326-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		9.11160organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
9,10-phenanthrenequinone
9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure		1.9710phenanthrenes
diquat
Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.		3.3460organic cationdefoliant;
herbicide
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
pyocyanine
Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.0810iminium betaine;
phenazines		antibacterial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
virulence factor
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.110organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid
1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.		2.0810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid;
naphthols		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
fungal xenobiotic metabolite
fluorene
[no description available]		1.9610ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
1-naphthaleneacetic acid: a plant growth regulator; RN given refers to parent cpd. naphthylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.. 1-naphthaleneacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.		2.420naphthylacetic acidsynthetic auxin
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		3.0850penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.4220glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
gramine
gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.		7.4110aminoalkylindole;
indole alkaloid;
tertiary amino compound		antibacterial agent;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
penicillanic acid
Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.		4.13160penicillanic acids
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene: a potent nephrotoxicant in rats; structure		1.9710organochlorine compound
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		9.94120
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.5890pyrrolidin-2-ones
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid
2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid: inhibitor of auxin transport; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 are replaced by iodine atoms. It is an auxin polar transport inhibitor.		2.0610benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		antiauxins
picric acid
picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.6830C-nitro compoundantiseptic drug;
explosive;
fixative
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.3520monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		7.7730hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
1-naphthylphenylamine
N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine: RN given refers to 1-naphthylamine cpd; structure		2.0210naphthalenes
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		1.9810aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde
3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #2995		1.9610
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.		2.3110aldono-1,5-lactone;
gluconolactone		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		7.4420phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		8.941650mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified		2.0310isoquinolines
quinoline
[no description available]		2.0810azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
isatin
tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;		2.3520indoledioneEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
3,3'-diaminobenzidine
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.		210biphenyls;
substituted aniline		histological dye
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		2.6630
phenylpiperazine
phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
proflavine
Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.		2.3720aminoacridinesantibacterial agent;
antiseptic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
chromophore;
intercalator
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		6.55610xanthene
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.110naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
quinaldic acid
[no description available]		6.9410quinolinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyleugenol
methyleugenol: structure		2.110phenylpropanoid
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		3.2860aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4820ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		3.0750benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.5220carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		4.08150chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
benzothiophene
[no description available]		2.04101-benzothiophenes;
benzothiophene
benzothiazole
benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.		7.2110benzothiazolesenvironmental contaminant;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
pseudocumene
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		1.9510trimethylbenzeneneurotoxin
3,4-dichloroaniline
3,4-dichloroaniline : A dichloroaniline having the two chloro-substituents at the 3- and 4-positions.		2.0410dichloroanilineepitope;
xenobiotic
2,4,5-trichlorophenol
2,4,5-trichlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol : A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.		2.1310trichlorophenol
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4620epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
1,3-dimethylurea
N,N'-dimethylurea : A member of the class of ureas that is urea substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.		1.9510ureas
methyl acrylate
[no description available]		2.0210enoate ester
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.6930butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		2.7730phosphonic ester
phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate: The key substance in the biosynthesis of histidine, tryptophan, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.. 5-phosphoribosyl diphosphate : A ribose diphosphate carrying an additional phosphate group at position 5.. 5-O-phosphono-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphate : A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.		6.52605-O-phosphono-D-ribofuranosyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		9.61100aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl chloride
[no description available]		2.420
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		7.084605-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.4220acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
nitrobenzene
nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.		2.3420nitroarene;
nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.		2.0610aminobenzoic acid
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		7231trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 5 are replaced by nitro groups.		7.0110benzoic acids;
C-nitro compound
sym-trinitrobenzene
Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.		3.0750trinitrobenzeneexplosive
carvone
carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.		2.1510botanical anti-fungal agent;
carvones		allergen
1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene
[no description available]		1.9810
4-bromophenacyl bromide
4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure		210
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.6830parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyacetophenone
4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.		2.3110monohydroxyacetophenonefungal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-toluic acid
4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.		2.0110methylbenzoic acid
4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde carrying a dimethylamino substituent at position 4. Used as an indicator for detection of indoles and hydrazine.		210benzaldehydes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		chromogenic compound
2-diethylaminoethanol
2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.		1.9510ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
benzyl bromide
benzyl bromide: structure given in first source. benzyl bromide : A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.		2.0110benzyl bromideslachrymator
ethylbenzene
[no description available]		2.5220alkylbenzene
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.9440styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
benzylamine
aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.		2.0310aralkylamine;
primary amine		allergen;
EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
methylaniline
methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.		6.9310methylaniline;
phenylalkylamine;
secondary amine
phenylhydrazine
[no description available]		2.3520phenylhydrazinesxenobiotic
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.4420quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclamic acid
Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.. cyclohexylsulfamic acid : A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.		4.8521sulfamic acidsenvironmental contaminant;
human xenobiotic metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		1.9510pyridinium salt
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane
4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane : An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.		2.0410aromatic amineallergen;
carcinogenic agent
diphenylmethane
diphenylmethane : A diarylmethane that is methane substituted by two phenyl groups.		2.0310diarylmethane
ethyl phenylacetate
[no description available]		2.1710benzenes
normorphine hydrochloride
1,1',1'',1'''-(ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-2-propanol: an ingredient of anti-aging cosmetics; sensitive coating on piezoelectric crystal detectors of SO2; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620amino alcohol
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9810amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
boric acid
[no description available]		3.150boric acidsastringent
2-phenylethyl acetate
phenethyl acetate : The acetate ester of 2-phenylethanol.		2.1710acetate estermetabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylbenzylamine
N-methylbenzylamine: precursor of carcinogen benzylmethylnitrosamine; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
phenylisothiocyanate
phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.		3.2460isothiocyanateallergen;
reagent
4-nitroacetanilide
[no description available]		2.0710
3-phenylpropanal
3-phenylpropanal : A benzene which is substituted by a 3-oxopropyl group at position 1.		2.0210aldehyde;
benzenes		flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
methylhexaneamine
[no description available]		3.2310alkylamine
methyl acetoacetate
methyl acetoacetate: structure		1.9710oxo carboxylic acid
n-methyldiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0210
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		7.5320caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
butane
butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.		2.110alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant;
refrigerant
acrolein
[no description available]		3.3970enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
propanethiol
propanethiol: RN given refers to parent cpd. propane-1-thiol : An alkanethiol that is propane substituted by a thiol group at position 1.		710alkanethiolplant metabolite
2-bromoethylamine
[no description available]		7.4120
allyl alcohol
allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.		2.0110primary allylic alcohol;
propenol		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
herbicide;
insecticide;
plant metabolite
glyoxal
[no description available]		3.5780dialdehydeagrochemical;
allergen;
pesticide;
plant growth regulator
isethionic acid
Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		3.7730alkanesulfonic acidhuman metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		2.1510alkane
3-hydroxybutanal
[no description available]		3.3260
propylene glycol methyl ether
propylene glycol methyl ether: RN given refers to unspecified methoxypropanol; structure		2.4110
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		3.0550ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
biuret
Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.		2.3820condensed ureas
acetic anhydride
acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.		1.9610acyclic carboxylic anhydridemetabolite;
reagent
maleic anhydride
Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.		3.2110cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride;
furans		allergen
mesitylene
mesitylene: structure. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.		1.9510trimethylbenzene
melamine
melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.		3.6320triamino-1,3,5-triazinexenobiotic metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		2101,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
bromobenzene
[no description available]		710bromoarene;
bromobenzenes;
volatile organic compound		hepatotoxic agent;
mouse metabolite;
non-polar solvent
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		6.43510cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
3-hydroxypyridine
3-hydroxypyridine: RN given refeirs to parent cpd. 3-pyridinol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It has been detected as a thermal degradation product from the smoke of the burning leaves of Salvia divinorum, a Mexican psychoactive plant.		1.9410monohydroxypyridine
4-methylmorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.9240
n-pentanoic acid
n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.		2.2110short-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		2.7230alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.110primary aliphatic amine
dicyanmethane
malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.3720aliphatic nitrile;
dinitrile
n-butyl mercaptan
n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd		210alkanethiol
n-methylaminoethanol
N-methylaminoethanol: structure. N-methylethanolamine : An ethanolamine compound having an N-methyl substituent.		1.9810ethanolamines
2-hydroxyethylhydrazine
2-hydroxyethylhydrazine: inhibitor of phospholipid methylation in yeast		2.0210hydrazinesherbicide
methyl cellosolve
methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710glycol etherprotic solvent;
solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		12.5311217pyrrole;
secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.4220cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.4620furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		11.44695mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione
2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone		7.0310diketone;
methyl ketone		human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
succinamide
[no description available]		210
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		2.1510alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
n-amylamine
n-amylamine: strong irritant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pentan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is n-pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by an amino group. A water-soluble liquid with boiling point 104degreeC, it is a strong irritant.		2.1710primary aliphatic amine
pentanal
pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.		1.9810saturated fatty aldehydeplant metabolite
2-ethoxyethanol
2-ethoxyethanol : A hydroxyether that is the ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.		2.3720glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent;
teratogenic agent
cyclohexane
Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.		2.6830cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
cyclohexene
cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.		2.0610cycloalkene
piperidine
[no description available]		2.7330azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		7.3720morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol
1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.6830hexanol;
primary alcohol		alarm pheromone;
antibacterial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.940polyazaalkane;
triamine
diethanolamine
diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.		2.3820ethanolamineshuman xenobiotic metabolite
diethylene glycol
glycol ether : A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.		7.7430hydroxyether
hexahydroazepine
hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.110azacycloalkane;
azepanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
octylamine
octylamine: RN given refers to 1-octylamine. octan-1-amine : An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.0310primary aliphatic aminemetabolite
dodecyltrimethylammonium
dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.1710quaternary ammonium ion
pelargonic acid
pelargonic acid: K salt acts as cariostatic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nonanoic acid : A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.		2.5820medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antifeedant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
plant metabolite
triethylene glycol
triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		7.1110diol;
poly(ethylene glycol);
primary alcohol		plasticiser
methyl palmitate
[no description available]		8.830fatty acid methyl estermetabolite
n-dodecane
dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).		7.4920alkaneplant metabolite
dodecanol
Dodecanol: A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). dodecanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twelve carbon atoms.. dodecan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is dodecane in which a hydrogen from one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is registered for use in apple and pear orchards as a Lepidopteran pheromone/sex attractant, used to disrupt the mating behaviour of certain moths whose larvae destroy crops.		1.9810dodecanol;
primary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
cosmetic;
insect attractant;
insecticide;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
tetraethylenepentamine
[no description available]		1.9910polyazaalkanecopper chelator
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		6.0591peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0410steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		1.9310ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.7530bromide salt
n(1)-acetylphenylhydrazine
[no description available]		1.9610
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.3820biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
bromphenol blue
Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.		2.03102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
acetol
hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.110methyl ketone;
primary alcohol;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
propanones		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-methylbutanoic acid
2-methylbutanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylbutyric acid : A methylbutyric acid comprising a butyric acid core carrying a 2-methyl substituent. Produced from amino acid leucine during nutrient starvation in bacteria.		2.4520methylbutyric acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4220diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		6.92104-pyranonesmetabolite
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.3920aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
2-chlorobenzoic acid
2-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. chlorobenzoic acid : Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.. 2-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid having the chloro group at the 2-position.		2102-halobenzoic acid;
monochlorobenzoic acid		plant hormone;
plant metabolite
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		6.58282aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0310benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
tetralin
tetralin: structure given in first source. tetralin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.		1.9310ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon;
tetralins
isoquinoline
[no description available]		1.9910azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
dianisidine
Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.		1.9610biphenyls
anthracene
acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.		2.0810acene;
anthracenes;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
sulfoxide
sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).		2.1710benzodioxoles
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.2110dichlorophenol
n-methylpyrrolidine
N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		2.610methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
triethylamine
[no description available]		7.9240tertiary amine
4-nitrobenzoyl chloride
[no description available]		1.9310
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.7530anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		3.5380hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
monobutyl phthalate
monobutyl phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4110phthalic acid monoester
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.0510quinolines
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid
alpha-naphthylphthalamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. naptalam : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide which results from addition of one equivalent of 1-naphthylamine to phthalic anhydride.		2.4120carboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
N-(1-naphthyl)carboxamide		herbicide
captan
Captan: One of the phthalimide fungicides.. captan : A dicarboximide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethyl group. A non-systemic fungicide introduced in the 1950s, it is widely used for the control of fungal diseases in fruits, vegetables, and ornamental crops.		2.3920isoindoles;
organochlorine compound;
organosulfur compound;
phthalimide fungicide		antifungal agrochemical
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.110benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9910benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.		2.730UDP-D-glucosefundamental metabolite
3,5-diiodosalicylic acid
3,5-diiodosalicylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920
methyl anthranilate
methyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.		1.9810benzoate esterflavouring agent;
metabolite
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.0210naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		1.9710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		3.76110naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		7.561000alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		3.88120NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine
N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine : A bicine that is a Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.35 at 20 degreeC.		10.69260bicine
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		8.2860dihydroxybenzaldehyde
benzyl acetate
benzyl acetate : The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.		1.9810acetate ester;
benzyl ester		metabolite
n-butyl acrylate
butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.		2.0210acrylate ester
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.9440acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine
hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.3620monohydroxypyridineplant metabolite
hexanoic acid
hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		3.2660medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cupric acetate
[no description available]		1.9610
iminodiacetic acid
iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.		5.0291amino dicarboxylic acid;
glycine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		chelator
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.0610alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		2.730cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone
[no description available]		3.8812020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		4.4870methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose
3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.		2.420D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.3820purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.6830hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.730dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
D-proline
[no description available]		2.4120D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
proline		mouse metabolite
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1310organic molecular entity
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt
Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.		2.0310organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		5.34180cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
aziridine
[no description available]		2.6730azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		2.3920acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
D-tryptophan
[no description available]		2.4620D-alpha-amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		bacterial metabolite
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		5.15140catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.		3.66100organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
homoarginine
L-homoarginine : An L-lysine derivative that is the L-enantiomer of homoarginine.		12.18152homoarginine;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		biomarker;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.8740amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
perylene
Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.		2.4420ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene;
perylenes
fluoranthene
fluoranthene: structure. fluoranthene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.		3.1450ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		5.85221azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		5.12150acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		8.63204indazole
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.06101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		7.94401,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
triethylenediamine
triethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethylenediamine : An organic heterobicylic compound that is piperazine with an ethane-1,2-diyl group forming a bridge between N1 and N4. It is typically used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions.		2.0810bridged compound;
diamine;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent;
tertiary amino compound		antioxidant;
catalyst;
reagent
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		11.42120adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		8.09441cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		10.412060isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		19.6126111,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		11.628001,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole
1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole		3.83301,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine
pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.		8.67100diazine;
pyrimidines		Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		10.13491diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate
Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		1.9510steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
estrogen receptor modulator;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0410xanthenes
nitroblue tetrazolium
Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.		3.0850organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.4220organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		1.9610azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
calcium gluconate
[no description available]		2.420calcium saltnutraceutical
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		8.3770phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		3.3470
3-methoxytyrosine
3-O-methyldopa : A L-tyrosine derivative that is the 3-methoxy derivative of L-dopa.		210aromatic L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monomethoxybenzene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite
muscarine
Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.		4.4770monosaccharide
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		9.941151azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		2.6430diarylmethane
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
perfluorodecalin
perfluorodecalin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. perfluorodecalin : A fluorocarbon that is decalin in which every hydrogen is replaced by fluorine. Capable of dissolving large quantities of oxygen, it has been used as the basis of an artificial blood substitute.		7.0310fluorocarbonblood substitute;
solvent
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.3720aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		2.6530
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4520organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.2110pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.0510heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.110dibenzodiazepine
5-fluorouridine
[no description available]		1.9910organofluorine compound;
uridines		mutagen
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.6630mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		14.42298N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
flurothyl
Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.		1.9710ether
diazomethane
Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.		2.1510diazo compoundalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
poison
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.4520benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		1.9510purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
5-fluorotryptophan
5-fluorotryptophan: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. 5-fluorotryptophan : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is tryptophan in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the indole ring is replaced by a fluoro group.		1.9710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organofluorine compound;
tryptophan derivative
3-acetylpyridine
3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors		1.9510aromatic ketone
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.9640benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		2.0510steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		3.5990aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		3.4680ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
thymidine monophosphate
Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).		3.580thymidine 5'-monophosphatefundamental metabolite
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.2110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cyanoacetic acid
cyanoacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acetic acid bearing a cyano substituent.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		17794amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.110
perfluorobutyric acid
perfluorobutyric acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorobutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.		1.9910fluoroalkanoic acidchromatographic reagent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.0410diarylmethane
3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene
3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: affects mitochondria isolated from rat liver; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.4520
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid
5-methylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acid: structure. 5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid : A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
pyrazoles		metabolite
silicon carbide
silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses		2.1510organosilicon compound
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.442020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		6.64300bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.643017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.8330alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		2.38202-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
2-fluoroethylamine
2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source		2.110
cyanogen
cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.		2.7630dinitrile;
pseudohalogen
dicyandiamido
dicyandiamido: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanoguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a cyano group. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, explosives, oil well drilling muds, and dyestuffs.		2.0210guanidines;
nitrile		curing agent;
explosive;
fertilizer;
flame retardant;
nitrification inhibitor
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		4.35210imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.9440monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine
[no description available]		10.42120amino acid zwitterion;
homocystines		human metabolite
hydantoic acid
hydantoic acid: norallophanic acid; structure		2.3620monocarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine;
ureas		rat metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
carbonyl sulfide
carbonyl sulfide: structure. carbonyl sulfide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.		2.0610one-carbon compound;
organosulfur compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.75301-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		3.99140guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
limestone
Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.		7.72191calcium salt;
carbonate salt;
inorganic calcium salt;
one-carbon compound		antacid;
fertilizer;
food colouring;
food firming agent
oxamide
oxamide: induces hydronephrosis in rat kidneys; structure. oxamide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide of oxalic acid.		210dicarboxylic acid diamide
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.4720cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		8.01691bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid
Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.79330bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
nuciferine
nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure		1.9610
fusarium
Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.		4.34200
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
cdta
CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1710organooxygen compound
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.8840isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		2.4520phthalazines
reticulin
Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.		1.9510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline;
isoquinolinol		plant metabolite
cytisine
[no description available]		2.4220alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
ninhydrin
Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.		8.4680aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone;
indanones;
ketone hydrate		colour indicator;
human metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		9.553080benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
quinoline-4-carboxylic acid
quinoline-4-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		2.1310quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
salicylurate
salicylurate: RN given refers to parent cpd. salicyluric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl.. salicylurate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of salicyluric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.49161N-acylglycine;
secondary carboxamide		human xenobiotic metabolite;
uremic toxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		13.431780dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone
thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.		2.15101,4-benzoquinonesadjuvant;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
hydratropic acid
hydratropic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. hydratropic acid : A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon.		1.98102-arylpropionic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.4220amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		210
dithiol
dithiol: structure		210
sodium carbonate
sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure		2.4820carbonate salt;
organic sodium salt
monomethyl succinate
methylsuccinic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. methylsuccinic acid : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methylsuccinic acid. 2-methylbutanedioic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is butanedioic acid substituted at position 2 by a methyl group.		2.3920dicarboxylic acid
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.6830citraconoyl group
isomaltose
[no description available]		2.0110
dipicolinic acid
dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.730pyridinedicarboxylic acidbacterial metabolite
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		3.2160quinone iminedye
phloretic acid
phloretic acid: structure. N-hydroxysuccinimide ester : An ester of N-hydroxysuccinimide.. phloretic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.		1.9810hydroxy monocarboxylic acidplant metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.55204-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
azetidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isovaleric acid
isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.		6.43220branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methylbutyric acid;
short-chain fatty acid		mammalian metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		11.21233
1,3-propanediol
propane-1,3-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,3-diols, consisting of propane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. A colourless, viscous, water-miscible liquid with a high (210degreeC) boiling point, it is used in the synthesis of certain polymers and as a solvent and antifreeze.		2.0210propane-1,3-diolsmetabolite;
protic solvent
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		7.6241thiazolidine
suberic acid
suberic acid: used in plastics industry; inhibits activity of some enzymes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. suberic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,6-dicarboxy derivative of hexane.		2.8840alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite
cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.		11.07400
cyanogen chloride
cyanogen chloride: structure		7.0310
thioacetic acid
ethanethioic S-acid : A thioacetic acid that is acetic acid in which the oxygen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a sulfur atom.		2.0310thioacetic acid
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		8.35142hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
tetranitromethane
[no description available]		7.8840organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		3.7821ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
cadmium carbonate
cadmium carbonate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-CO3		1.9810
dithiazanine
Dithiazanine: 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye.. dithiazanine : A cationic C3-cyanine dye with 3-ethylbenzothiazol-2-yl groups at both ends.		1.9410benzothiazoles;
benzothiazolium ion		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
hematoxylin
Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.		2.0610organic heterotetracyclic compound;
oxacycle;
polyphenol;
tertiary alcohol		histological dye;
plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.6730furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.49203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		3.216017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate
1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid: a nonpermeable electron acceptor. 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is 1,2-naphthoquinone substituted at position 4 with a sulfonic acid group. Used principally as a reagent in colorimetric determinations.		2.0310arenesulfonic acid;
naphthalenone		colorimetric reagent
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.4720
hemimellitene
hemimellitene: structure. 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene : A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in Centaurium erythraea.		1.9510trimethylbenzeneneurotoxin;
plant metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		4.7971gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		7.78211organic molecular entity
thiophene-2-carboxylate
thiophene-2-carboxylic acid : A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2.		3.3611thiophenecarboxylic acid
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.420C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.		2.6630
arsenamide
Arsenamide: Proposed chemotherapeutic agent against filaria and trichomonas.		1.9910
thiamine monophosphate
Thiamine Monophosphate: Thiamine dihydrogen phosphate ester. The monophosphate ester of thiamine. Synonyms: monophosphothiamine; vitamin B1 monophosphate.. thiamine(1+) monophosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) monophosphate.		2.3820organic chloride salt;
vitamin B1
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		8.0750thiazoles
hydroxyhydroquinone
benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.		2.0510benzenetriolmouse metabolite
pyrithiamine
Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.		1.9510
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		5.58690methoxybenzenes;
phenols
phenylacetylene
phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS		2.0410benzenes
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		8.77100amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		3.67100carbodiimideATP synthase inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
peptide coupling reagent
aminoacetonitrile
Aminoacetonitrile: Cyanomethylamine.		3.2560
uranyl acetate
uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		2.0410carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
ethyl chloroformate
[no description available]		2.1310
maleimide
[no description available]		1.9910dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		8.93475dialdehydebiomarker
aceturic acid
aceturic acid: structure. N-acetylglycine : An N-acylglycine where the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		6.31361N-acetyl-amino acid;
N-acylglycine		human metabolite
myristic acid
Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		11.57370long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
n-hexadecane
n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.		2.610long-chain alkanenon-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
magnesium carbonate
magnesium carbonate: RN given refers to parent cpd (1:1). magnesium carbonate : A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals.		2.1310carbonate salt;
magnesium salt;
one-carbon compound;
organic magnesium salt		antacid;
fertilizer
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		3.4880arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys)
Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.		2.7930organic sodium salt;
organobromine compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.3720organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
resazurin
resazurin: used as indicator in detection of hyposulfite (sulfoxylate); in food research (reductase test); structure		2.420phenoxazine
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		3.87120amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
2-nitrobenzaldehyde
2-nitrobenzaldehyde: structure given in first source. 2-nitrobenzaldehyde : Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.		7.0710benzaldehydes;
C-nitro compound
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
neutral red
Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.		2.7830hydrochlorideacid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		8.2260carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		3.0650arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		4.72290tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
glycylglycine
[no description available]		8.14781dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite
18-hydroxycorticosterone
[no description available]		1.971011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycerylphosphorylcholine
Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)		3.0850glycerophosphocholine
diepoxybutane
diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		1.9810epoxidemutagen
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
isoserine
isoserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
malachite green
malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.		7.4110organic chloride saltantibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
teratogenic agent
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		3.0950bis(azo) compound
lactulose
[no description available]		2.4620glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
2,6-xylenol
[no description available]		2.0210hydroxytoluene
docusate
Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.		2.0810diester;
organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.4620flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
2-naphthylacetic acid
2-naphthylacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthylacetic acid : A naphthylacetic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.3720naphthylacetic acid
2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene
[no description available]		210
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid
alpha-hydroxy-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2510thia fatty acid
potassium carbonate
potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.		2.0210carbonate salt;
potassium salt		catalyst;
fertilizer;
flame retardant
succinimide
succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.		2.3920dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
allethrins
Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.110cyclopropanecarboxylate esterpyrethroid ester insecticide
2-chloroacetanilide
[no description available]		2.0210
levulinic acid
levulinic acid: inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5316. 4-oxopentanoic acid : An oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.		9.2180oxopentanoic acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		plant metabolite
allyl acetate
allyl acetate: potential fumigant for treating stored grains		2.0510
methylisonitrile
methylisonitrile: structure		1.9710isocyanide
1-methylcyclopropane
1-methylcyclopropane: do not confuse with MCP cpd (1-methylcyclopropene)		210
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid
2-hydroxyisobutyric acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is a metabolite of methyl tertiary-butyl ether.		2.39202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
2-chloropropionic acid
2-chloropropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified chlorine locant; structure		2.3920
1,1-dimethylurea
[no description available]		2.3720
ethylmalonic acid
ethylmalonic acid: don't confuse with diethyl malonate, which is a diester. ethylmalonate : A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of ethylmalonic acid.. ethylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid obtained by substitution of one of the methylene hydrogens of malonic acid by an ethyl group.		3.0850dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		human metabolite
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.6730aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3620
toyocamycin
Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.		1.9610antibiotic antifungal agent;
N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine;
nitrile;
ribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite
galactitol
[no description available]		1.9710hexitolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-aminoanthracene
[no description available]		2.0110anthracenamine
phenylglyoxylic acid
phenylglyoxylic acid: styrene metabolite. phenylglyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.		3.39702-oxo monocarboxylic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: structure. (2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-methylbenzimidazole
5-methylbenzimidazole: structure in first source. 5-methyl-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted by a methyl group.		6.9310imidazoles
2-methylbenzimidazole
[no description available]		1.9310benzimidazoles
1-methyluracil
1-methyluracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group substituent at position 1.		7.4620nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		metabolite
diethylmethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
2-pyrrolidone
2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).		210pyrrolidin-2-onesmetabolite;
polar solvent
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		11.9545acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
chorismic acid
Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.		2.76305-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		5.12450
diazoacetic ester
diazoacetic ester: structure		2.4420
ethylurea
[no description available]		1.9810
3-methylglutaric acid
[no description available]		2.4720alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidmetabolite
n-methylpiperidine
N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
ethoxyacetic acid
[no description available]		7.3720carboxylic acid
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.3520dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		3.83110
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4620
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6630pyrrolecarboxylic acidplant metabolite
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
fluoroacetamide
2-fluoroacetamide : Acetamide substituted at C-2 by a fluorine atom.		2.13102-fluoroacetamides
glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.		3.3570bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.110aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		9.07150cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
isocaproic acid
isocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocaproic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is pentanoic acid with a methyl group substituent at position 4. It is a metabolite of 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol		1.9810branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
medium-chain fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid		human metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.		2.934017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate
2'-deoxy-5'-adenosine monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.		1.98102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		fundamental metabolite
homoserine
homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.		10.27170amino acid zwitterion;
homoserine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitrosoguanidines
Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.		2.6430
2-piperidone
2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.730delta-lactam;
piperidones		EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
diethyl methanephosphonate
[no description available]		2.4920
empigen bb
empigen BB: dipolar ionic detergent		2.1710
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		7.6730N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
hadacidin
hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.		5.4610aldehyde;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1510C-nitro compound;
furans
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.0710N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
ethyl mandelate
ethyl hydroxy(phenyl)acetate : The ethyl ester of mandelic acid.. ethyl mandelate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-ethyl mandelate.		2.0210ethyl ester;
secondary alcohol
o,p'-ddt
o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.		2.1510diarylmethane
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin
Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.		1.9410
calcium citrate
Calcium Citrate: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed). calcium citrate : An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.		2.4820organic calcium saltflavouring agent;
food additive;
food preservative;
nutraceutical
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate
hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.		2.0410diisocyanateallergen;
hapten
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		2.110piperidones
4-nitrophenyl acetate
[no description available]		2.3620C-nitro compound;
phenyl acetates
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		2.4520
potassium citrate
Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.		2.1310potassium saltdiuretic
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source		1.9710organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.		8.580enoate esterallergen;
polymerisation monomer
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione: structure. androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione : A steroid that consists of androstane having double bonds at positions 1 and 4 and two keto groups at positions 3 and 17.		21017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
amaranth dye
Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.4420
1,1,1-trichloroacetone
[no description available]		2.0510
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		7.5920organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
3-cyanoalanine
3-cyanoalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-cyanoalanine : An alanine derivative obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens in alanine with a cyano group		4.2160alanine derivative;
aliphatic nitrile;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
omega-aminoenantic acid
[no description available]		2.0610medium-chain fatty acid
1-methylpyridinium
1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110methylpyridines
alpha-methylepinephrine
alpha-methylepinephrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #1401		1.9610
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.7830organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		8.55142pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		10.36110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2,6-dichloroindophenol
2,6-Dichloroindophenol: A dye used as a reagent in the determination of vitamin C.. 2,6-dichloroindophenol : A quinone imine that is indophenol substituted by chloro groups at positions 2 and 6.. N-3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone imine : 1,4-benzoquinone imine having a 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		1.9510dichlorobenzene;
quinone imine
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.0510steroid ester
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.0710
methylphosphonic acid
methylphosphonic acid : A one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group.		3.4470one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
oxalic acid hydrazide
[no description available]		2.0710
chlormequat
Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.		3.0950quaternary ammonium ionplant growth retardant
deoxycytidine monophosphate
Deoxycytidine Monophosphate: Deoxycytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A deoxycytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety in the 2'-,3'- or 5- positions.. 2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.01102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ammonium bicarbonate
ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)		7.1510organooxygen compound
1-aminomethylphosphonic acid
1-aminomethylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid substituted by an aminomethyl group. It is a metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate.		6.96380one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids
acetylhydrazine
acetylhydrazine: metabolite of isoniazid in animals and humans; RN given refers to parent cpd. acetohydrazide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		6.9310carbohydrazide;
carbohydrazonic acid		drug metabolite
allylglycine
Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.		4.41220
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.4120ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyanoacetylene
cyanoacetylene: structure in first source		7.0510
phenylglyoxal
[no description available]		3.2360phenylacetaldehydes
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine
[no description available]		1.9710
4-acetylpyridine
[no description available]		6.9710
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.2110alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
n-benzyloxycarbonylglycine
N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine: structure given in first source. N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine : A derivative of glycine having a benzyloxycarbonyl protecting group attached to the nitrogen.		8.1150N-acylglycine
ethylenediamine-n,n'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)
ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid): synthetic iron chelator; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 3rd source		2.3920
1,6-hexanedithiol
1,6-hexanedithiol: structure in first source		2.0610alkanethiol
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one: in a releaser significantly reduced trap catches and spruce beetle attacks on standing live spruce by 96 and 87%, respectively		2.1510cyclic olefin
citiolone
citiolone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9810N-acyl-amino acid
2-hydroxyquinoxaline
quinoxalin-2-ol : A hydroxyquinoxaline that consists of quinoxaline having a single hydroxy substituent located at position 2.		1.9810hydroxyquinoxalinemetabolite
2,2'-dipyridylamine
dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source		7.0710
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		4.31190
cadmium sulfide
[no description available]		2.4520cadmium molecular entity
potassium hydroxide
potassium hydroxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-OH		2.4320alkali metal hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		9.59270alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide
[no description available]		3.2710manganese molecular entity;
metal oxide
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		3.6790zinc molecular entity
dioxouranium(vi)
[no description available]		2.0310uranium oxide
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		2.0610
hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.		2.3520hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		NMR chemical shift reference compound
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.72300glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346
sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.		1.9610nucleoside analogueprotein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		6.21101enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		11.67482alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
tocopherols
[no description available]		4.3341
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.7130selenoamino acid;
selenomethionines		plant metabolite
1,3-xylenediamine
1,3-xylenediamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate
Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.		4.8881diarylmethane
phenylphosphonic acid
phenylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM same as N1		2.0210benzenes
dodecyldimethylamine oxide
dodecyldimethylamine oxide: zwitterionic detergent. dodecyldimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the amino group of dodecyldimethylamine.		2.4120tertiary amine oxidedetergent;
plant metabolite
metaxalone
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ether
digoxigenin
Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.		1.991012beta-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol		hapten;
plant metabolite
bromoxynil
bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.		2.5320dibromobenzene;
hydroxynitrile;
phenols		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		2.7230cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.4620organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
decane
decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.		2.4920alkane
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		2.110
n-benzyloxycarbonylglycine 4-nitrophenyl ester
N-benzyloxycarbonylglycine 4-nitrophenyl ester: hydrolyzed by papain		2.6530
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: 0		3.1150cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid
5-methyltryptamine
5-methyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410tryptamines
stearylamine
stearylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. octadecan-1-amine : An 18-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.2110primary aliphatic aminefilm-forming compound
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide
Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.		4.22180
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.		2.4820aromatic fungicide;
dinitrile;
tetrachlorobenzene		antifungal agrochemical
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		6.13390organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
picloram
Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.		2.9640aminopyridine;
chloropyridine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid		herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate
2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.05102'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		4.44200tertiary amine
nitrapyrin
[no description available]		1.9810chloropyridineagrochemical;
antibacterial agent;
nitrification inhibitor
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0710quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		5.6130benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		4.04150methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
2,4-d amine
2,4-D amine: (1:1) combination of above cpds		2.5820
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.54240aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
meldrum's acid
Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source		2.0210
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.9440benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
1,6-diaminohexane
1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.		2.0610alkane-alpha,omega-diaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.		3.3870azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
fluometuron
fluometuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. fluometuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in cotton.		2.0410(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
xenobiotic
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.0510benzodioxine
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
n-isopropylacrylamide
N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands		7.4420
octachloronaphthalene
Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.		2.0810
5-phenylvaleric acid
5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		4.64612-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fast green fcf
Fast Green FCF: structure. Fast green FCF : An organic sodium salt having 2-{(4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino}phenyl)[4-{ethyl[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]iminio}cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl}-5-hydroxybenzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used as a substitute for Light green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome as it is less likely to fade, and is more brilliant in colour. Also used as a food colouring agent.		2.0210organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
food colouring;
histological dye
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		3.4270organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.3820thioxanthenes
1,4-bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy)butane
[no description available]		2.1510
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		4.47240fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glyphosphine
glyphosine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of glycine bearing two N-phosphonomethyl substituents.		3.470glycine derivative;
phosphonic acids;
tertiary amino compound		plant growth retardant
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.7530pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
tetrapentylammonium
tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210quaternary ammonium ion
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.		2.0610UDP-D-glucuronic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethamsylate
Ethamsylate: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.		3.1110organosulfur compound;
sulfonic acid derivative
acadesine
[no description available]		2.44201-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.		1.9610organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		disinfectant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sensitiser;
xenobiotic
1-o-tolylazo-2-naphthol
C.I. Solvent Orange 2: structure; see also record for Orange II		1.9610
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.0410N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		2.0110imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
thymine glycol
thymine glycol: forms photodimers (thymine dimers) under UV; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4320hydroxypyrimidine
methyl methanethiosulfonate
S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.		2.3620sulfonic acid derivative;
thiosulfonate ester		metabolite
uridine diphosphate galactose
Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.. UDP-alpha-D-galactose : A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.		2.0310UDP-D-galactosemouse metabolite
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.9540dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
4-phthalimidobutyric acid
4-phthalimidobutyric acid: teratogen; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9510
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.5420primary alcohol
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		3.8110fluorescein isothiocyanate
mepiquat
mepiquat : A quaternary ammonium ion has that has two methyl groups and a pentamethylene-1,5-diyl group attached to the nitrogen. Its salts are used as plant growth inhibitors.		2.4220quaternary ammonium ionagrochemical;
Maillard reaction product;
plant growth retardant
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		3.5170thujeneplant metabolite
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		5410D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		54001,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.110penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine
[no description available]		2.0310
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.3820beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
phenoxyacetic acid
phenoxyacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the O-phenyl derivative of glycolic acid. A metabolite of 2-phenoxyethanol, it is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, fungicides and dyes.		3.3460aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant growth retardant
acedoben
4-acetamidobenzoic acid : A amidobenzoic acid that consists of benzoic acid bearing an acetamido substituent at position 4.		1.9810amidobenzoic acid
furaneol
furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits.		3.140cyclic ketone;
enol;
furans		flavouring agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.87402-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
3-phenoxybenzoic acid
3-phenoxybenzoic acid: metabolite associated with exposure to pyrethroid insecticides. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid : A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.		7.3920phenoxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.25190antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates
Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.		6.73330carbon oxoanion
l 451167
L 451167: structure given in first source		2.4620
calcium propionate
[no description available]		2.1110dicarboxylic acid
valnoctamide
[no description available]		210fatty amide
cladribine
[no description available]		2.0510organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210phthalic acid monoester
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
fructosamine
Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.		3.1150
acetylthiocholine
Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.		2.1510
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		6.9510penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
n-phthalylglycine
[no description available]		8.150
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
metanephrine
Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.		2.3920catecholamine
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		5.4541aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		9.07150diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
trioctylmethylammonium
trioctylmethylammonium: used in high performance liquid chromatography for the separation of tRNA; RN given refers to chloride. methyltrioctylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion with three octyl groups and one methyl group attached to the nitrogen.		210quaternary ammonium ion
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0410isoquinolines
norleucine
Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.		8.771102-aminohexanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carboxin
Carboxin: A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. carboxin : An anilide obtained by formal condensation of the amino group of aniline with the carboxy group of 2-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiine-3-carboxylic acid. A fungicide for control of bunts and smuts that is normally used as a seed treatment.		1.9510anilide fungicide;
anilide;
enamide;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
secondary carboxamide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410acridines
5-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.1110
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate
Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.		2.3420
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.730beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
diadenosine tetraphosphate
P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.		2.0510diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		2.0410indoles
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate
[no description available]		2.2510
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		5.1662dioxolane
furoylglycine
furoylglycine: structure given in first source. N-(2-furoyl)glycine : A glycine derivative that is the carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with 2-furoic acid.		3.150furans;
N-acylglycine		human metabolite
6-n-hydroxylaminopurine
N(6)-hydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurinnes that is adenine in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.94106-aminopurines;
hydroxylamines;
nucleobase analogue		mutagen;
teratogenic agent
maleic hydrazide
Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.		2.730pyridazinone
2,3-Dimethylpyrazine
2,3-dimethylpyrazine: an odorant that stimulates Grueneberg ganglion neurons; structure in first source		2.5820pyrazines
terbutylazine
terbutylazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		3.1850chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.0310cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		2.4520azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
4-pentynoic acid
4-pentynoic acid: structure		2.110
chlorphenamidine
Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.		1.9810
4-deethylatrazine
desethylatrazine: a chlorotriazine herbicide; structure in first source. deethylatrazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a propan-2-yl group.		2.1110chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		marine xenobiotic metabolite
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		15.146382amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate: structure. ammonium nitrate : The ammonium salt of nitric acid.		3.1350ammonium salt;
inorganic molecular entity;
inorganic nitrate salt		explosive;
fertilizer;
oxidising agent
enbucrilate
Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.		1.9510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
nitrile
dodicin
dodicin: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.22180
d-glutamate
[no description available]		1.9610D-alpha-amino acid;
glutamic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
tert-butyl isocyanide
tert-butylisonitrile: structure in first source		2.0410
dimethylpropiothetin
dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.		2.3320sulfonium betainemarine metabolite;
osmolyte
hepes
[no description available]		4.09150HEPES;
organosulfonic acid
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		3.5320indoles
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.69100f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
lutetium
Lutetium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175.		2.0410d-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		5.85960elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		6.19450elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		10.39141chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		2.9740f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		2.0210monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
niobium
Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.		2.3720vanadium group element atom
osmium
Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.		2.3520iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		5.11420metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		4.23170elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
plutonium
Plutonium: A naturally radioactive element of the actinide metals series. It has the atomic symbol Pu, and atomic number 94. Plutonium is used as a nuclear fuel, to produce radioisotopes for research, in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers, and as the agent of fission in nuclear weapons.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
praseodymium
Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.		2.3920f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
rhenium
Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.		4.04140manganese group element atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		3.2860cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		3.99130iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
samarium
Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		2.6830f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
scandium
Scandium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45.		1.9410d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		5.96330copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		4.55250manganese group element atom
terbium
Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.		2.6830f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
thorium
Thorium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol Th, atomic number 90, and atomic weight 232.04. It is used as fuel in nuclear reactors to produce fissionable uranium isotopes. Because of its radioopacity, various thorium compounds are used to facilitate visualization in roentgenography.		2.940actinoid atom;
f-block element atom
thulium
Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93.		2.0410f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		7.1390titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		2.5920chromium group element atommicronutrient
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		8.4980monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		6.5590cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
cerium
Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.		2.9940f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		5.29170chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.7730f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		4.22170f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		6.41510copper group element atom;
elemental gold
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		3.79110monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		3.260actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
vanadium
Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.		8.0850elemental vanadium;
vanadium group element atom		micronutrient
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		3.75100monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
yttrium
Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.		7.6830d-block element atom;
rare earth metal atom;
scandium group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		10.19111titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		3.3711aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
cupric chloride
cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.		2.420copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		2.4220pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		3.68100magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		7.8940mercury coordination entitysensitiser
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		3.79110N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		5.74280D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.9440sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		9.1331inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		3.1150inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride
2-nitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride: structure		2.0810
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		9.01140chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		9.47220delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		3.2560iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate
ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.		9.11289iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		reducing agent
phosphine
phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.		2.610mononuclear parent hydride;
phosphanes;
phosphine		carcinogenic agent;
fumigant insecticide
isopentenyladenosine
Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.		1.9510N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
plant growth regulator;
plant metabolite
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		4.47240diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate
[no description available]		7.7930
barium sulfate
Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.		2.3720barium salt;
inorganic barium salt;
metal sulfate		radioopaque medium
monoethylglycinexylidide
monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		3.5930amino acid amidedrug metabolite
s-methylcysteine
S-methylcysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. S-methylcysteine : A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.		2.940S-alkyl-L-cysteine zwitterion;
S-alkyl-L-cysteine		human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		4.11150metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
potassium nitrate
potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.		7.3720inorganic nitrate salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
sodium sulfate
[no description available]		2.4120inorganic sodium salt
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		1.9710inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite		2.6930calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous
calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05		2.3720calcium phosphatefertilizer
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		9.32200calcium phosphate
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820iron coordination entity
lead chloride
lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.		1.9810inorganic chloride;
lead coordination entity
chromates
Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.		2.8640chromium oxoanion;
divalent inorganic anion		oxidising agent
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		4.981metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
tungstate
[no description available]		2.0610divalent inorganic anion;
tungsten oxoanion
silver nitrate
Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.		4.29190inorganic nitrate salt;
silver salt		astringent
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.830inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate
Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.		2.7330calcium salt;
inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		1.9510potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
potassium sulfate
potassium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-H2SO4		1.9410inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt
zinc phosphate
zinc phosphate: RN given refers to unspecified Zn salt; see also record for ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT RN 7779-90-0; hopeite was non-print entry term to ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT 1982-91		1.9610
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		8.451291dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		11.2450diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		8.55630diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.6430nitrogen oxoacid
silver iodide
silver iodide: RN given refers to silver iodide [1:1]		2.0810
beryllium fluoride
beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.		2.110beryllium molecular entity;
fluoride salt
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		4.7290deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid
perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer		1.9910sulfur oxoacidNMR solvent
molybdate ion
molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid		2.0510divalent inorganic anion;
molybdenum oxoanion		Escherichia coli metabolite
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.01101-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
phenmedipham
phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.		2.4220carbamate esterenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		5.89400
sodium hydride
[no description available]		2.1110
hexadimethrine bromide
Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.		1.9510
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		1.9510
barium nitrate
barium nitrate: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium nitrate : An inorganic nitrate salt of barium.		7.110inorganic barium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		4.5270elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ferric sulfate
ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.		2.0710iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		astringent;
catalyst;
mordant
aluminum sulfate
aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.		2.5320aluminium sulfate
ammonium ferric sulfate
ammonium ferrous sulfate: supplies nutritional iron. ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.		2.420ammonium salt;
iron molecular entity;
metal sulfate		ferroptosis inducer
chlorine dioxide
chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant		1.9610chlorine dioxide
lead nitrate
lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate		2.0610inorganic nitrate salt;
lead coordination entity
sodium selenite
disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0310inorganic sodium salt;
selenite salt		nutraceutical
tellurous acid
tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1960tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		4.12150cadmium coordination entity
cadmium sulfate
cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4		2.0710cadmium salt
calcium nitrate
calcium nitrate: an amylopsin activator. calcium nitrate : Inorganic nitrate salt of calcium.		8.5820calcium salt;
inorganic nitrate salt		fertilizer
cobalt sulfate
cobalt sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. cobalt(2+) sulfate : A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.		7.0310metal sulfate
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.		3.2560benzoxadiazole;
C-nitro compound;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor;
fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.0410diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
n-methylisatoic anhydride
N-methylisatoic anhydride: structure given in first source; used to prepare N-methylanthranilyl (Mantyl) peptide derivatives. N-methylisatoic anhydride : A 3,1-benzoxazin-1,4-dione having an N-methyl substituent.		2.0310benzoxazine
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.0410barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone
camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.		1.9910bornane monoterpenoid;
carbobicyclic compound
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		6.45141
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
rhamnose
[no description available]		3.0450L-rhamnose
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.51201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
chloramine
[no description available]		3.1150halide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.830benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
coformycin
[no description available]		1.9610coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		5.34580ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
ancymidol
ancymidol : A tertiary alcohol that is methanol in which the hydrogens attached to the carbon are replaced by cyclopropyl, p-methoxyphenyl and pyrimidin-5-yl groups. By inhibiting gibberellin biosynthesis, ancymidol reduces plant growth, resulting in reduced internode elongation and thus more compact plants. It is used in the commercial production of a wide variety of container-grown bedding and foliage plants, including chrysanthemums, Easter lilies and poinsettias.		2.1710pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol		cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510oxopurine
ethionine
L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.		5.75290S-ethylhomocysteineantimetabolite;
carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid
Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.		3.2260alanine derivative;
amino sulfonic acid;
carboxyalkanesulfonic acid;
cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		animal metabolite
kitazine
kitazine: see also record for kitazin P; structure given in first source		2.0610
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol
benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3820pyrenes
sodium tetrametaphosphate
sodium tetrametaphosphate: RN given refers to metaphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt		1.9710
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		5.66230titanium oxidesfood colouring
sodium tungstate(vi)
sodium tungstate(VI): inactivates molybdoenzymes in Anabaena; RN given refers to tungstic acid [H2WO4], di-Na salt. sodium tungstate : An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.		2.0610inorganic sodium saltreagent
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
menthone
menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).		210menthone
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		5.43550
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		3.8110selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine
2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine: key aroma compound in beef extract. trimethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which three hydrogens at positions 2, 3 and 5 have been replaced by methyl groups.		2.2110pyrazinesanimal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
flavouring agent;
pheromone;
plant metabolite
urobilinogen
Urobilinogen: A colorless compound formed in the intestines by the reduction of bilirubin. Some is excreted in the feces where it is oxidized to urobilin. Some is reabsorbed and re-excreted in the bile as bilirubin. At times, it is re-excreted in the urine, where it may be later oxidized to urobilin.. urobilinogen : A member of the class of bilanes that is a colourless product formed in the intestine by the reduction of bilirubin.		3.7330bilaneshuman metabolite
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		4.02406-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
methyl acetimidate
methyl acetimidate: affords intermediate protection for amino group; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9510
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.6930monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		9140beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline
2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline: fluorescent oxalic acid deriv.		3.0810
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.6830organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		2.4520glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		1.9510
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		2.0410iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		7.1430acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		4.22170phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
sodium bisulfide
sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)		6.82410
fluorides
[no description available]		6.02380halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
edifenphos
edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.		1.9910organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
n-acetylglycinamide
[no description available]		4.871
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		2.733017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
18-crown-6
18-crown-6 : A crown ether that is cyclooctadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 and 16 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.		2.4720crown ether;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		phase-transfer catalyst
benomyl
[no description available]		2.7630aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
stannic oxide
tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.		2.5220tin oxide
cresyl violet
cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.		1.9910
chromium
chromium hexavalent ion: a human respiratory carcinogen		3.460chromium cation;
monoatomic hexacation
mecysteine
mecysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer. methyl L-cysteinate : An L-cysteinyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of L-cysteine with methanol. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough.		1.9410L-cysteinyl ester;
primary amino compound;
thiol		mucolytic
molybdenum dioxide
[no description available]		7.3110
oryzalin
oryzalin: a dinitroaniline; preemergence herbicide; structure. oryzalin : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.		2.0210aromatic amine;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		agrochemical;
antimitotic;
herbicide
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		2.04102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide
Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.		2.0510
daba
[no description available]		2.0510
oxadiazon
oxadiazon: manufactured by the Societe Rhone-poulenc, France; structure		210aromatic ether
methoxuron
3-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea: structure in first source. metoxuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a plant growth regulator and a pre- and post-emergence herbicide used for the control of grasses and broad-leaved weeds in carrots and cereals (e.g. wheat, barley and rye).		2.21103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
plant growth regulator;
xenobiotic
iodine
[no description available]		4.38210halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
osmium tetroxide
Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.		2.0210osmium coordination entityfixative;
histological dye;
oxidising agent;
poison
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		7.26120aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
metribuzin
metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.		3.37601,2,4-triazines;
cyclic ketone;
organic sulfide		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		4.35200N-alkylpiperazine
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		2.0410nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		8.4170L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
mercuric oxide
mercuric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Hg-O		1.9710
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.47201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.420indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		2.0110C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		13.054093benzenes;
phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine
[no description available]		5.66240aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		9.84122chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
2,5-dimethylpyrazine
[no description available]		2.5420pyrazines
acetylacetone
acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.		7.3920beta-diketone
paraldehyde
Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		1.9410trioxanesedative
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.7430azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
butyl acetate
butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.		2.0110acetate estermetabolite
1,4-dioxane
1,4-dioxane: dehydrating agent; polar solvent miscible both with water & most organic solvents. dioxane : Any member of the class of dioxanes that is a cyclohexane in which two carbon atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms.. 1,4-dioxane : A dioxane with oxygen atoms at positions 1 and 4.		3.2560dioxane;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
non-polar solvent
isoamyl acetate
isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.		2.0110acetate estermetabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.683011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		2.0510indoles
methacrylonitrile
methacrylonitrile: lacrimator; preparation of polymers & homopolymers; structure		2.1110
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
n-chlorosuccinimide
N-chlorosuccinimide : A five-membered cyclic dicarboximide compound having a chloro substituent on the nitrogen atom.		1.9710dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		15.55373bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.53803-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0710phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.0210alkylbenzene;
phenols		antioxidant
laurotetanine
laurotetanine: isolated from Tetranthera & Lindera benzoin L. from family Lauraceae; structure		2.0810isoquinoline alkaloid
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.9540ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		2.110acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0410organic molecular entity
pirimicarb
pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4620aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.7830aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.8940
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.0710benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		3.5180delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		3.5803',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		11.89484
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
propamocarb
propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.		2.110carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tridemorph
tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.		2.0110morpholines;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
2-chlorodibenzofuran
2-chlorodibenzofuran: structure		2.0710
alkenes
[no description available]		4.57250
calcium oxalate
Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).		4.7190organic calcium salt
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		20.941,76415glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		3.4711glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate
Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.		3.0950adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane
Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.		7.7330
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.7130beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
ethofumesate
ethofumesate: structure in first source. ethofumesate : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-ethofumesate.. 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 2-ethoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group.		2.03101-benzofurans;
ether;
methanesulfonate ester
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		3.3870
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
7-amino-3-methyl-delta(3)-cephem-4-carboxylic acid: key intermediate in preparation of several semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotics; structure. 7beta-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid : A cephem monocarboxylic acid derivative having a structure based on cephalosporanic acid, deacetoxylated and carrying a 7beta-amino group.		3.4170cephalosporin;
monocarboxylic acid
2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
octhilinone : A member of the class of 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3-one substituted on the nitrogen (position 2) by an octyl group. A fungicide and antibacterial agent, it is used for treatment of canker and other fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit trees. It is no longer approved for use within the European Union.		2.05101,2-thiazolesantibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sodium azide
Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).		2.9140inorganic sodium saltantibacterial agent;
explosive;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mutagen
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		5.26530pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		3.0750ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.09150penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		10.7371timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0410tryptamines
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
norflurazone
norflurazone: structure. norflurazon : A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.		2.4420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
pyridazinone;
secondary amino compound		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
oxovanadium iv
oxovanadium IV: forms complexes with simple sugars		2.420vanadium oxide
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		210monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
nigericin
Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.		3.4880polycyclic etherantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
enterobactin
[no description available]		2.420catechols;
crown compound;
macrotriolide;
polyphenol		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.0510cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC		4.32180
dibromothymoquinone
Dibromothymoquinone: At low concentrations, this compound inhibits reduction of conventional hydrophilic electron acceptors, probably acting as a plastoquinone antagonist. At higher concentrations, it acts as an electron acceptor, intercepting electrons either before or at the site of its inhibitory activity.		1.95101,4-benzoquinonescytochrome-b6f complex inhibitor
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		2.0410carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
s-adenosylmethionine
acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		6.83181sulfonium betainehuman metabolite
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		2.0510amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		3.2860azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0410organic molecular entity
acetylgalactosamine
Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.		2.6930N-acetyl-D-hexosamine;
N-acetylgalactosamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		2.4720pyrroline
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.		2.0310dichlorobenzene;
tetrachlorobiphenyl
4-ipomeanol
4-ipomeanol: lung-toxic furanoterpenoid produced in moldy sweet potatoes in response to fungus infection; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0310aromatic ketone
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		2.7330amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.9581taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide
[no description available]		10.49151beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		7.78590peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		2.4320organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
isoproturon
isoproturon : A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.		3.14503-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureaagrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
promegestone
Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.		1.961020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		antineoplastic agent;
progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		3.8540catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source		2.110
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl
[no description available]		2.4520hexachlorobiphenyl
diflubenzuron
Diflubenzuron: An insect growth regulator which interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. It is effective in the control of mosquitoes and flies.. diflubenzuron : A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.		7.6830benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes		insect sterilant
enilconazole
enilconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. enilconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-enilconazole. A fungicide used to control a wide range of fungi including Tilletia and Helminthosporium spp. on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals. In veterinary medicine, it is used topically for the treatment of fungal skin infections in cattle, dogs, and horses; it is also used by inhalation for the treatment of aspergillosis in ostriches.. 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.0410phenanthrenes
butaclamol
[no description available]		2.0510amino alcohol;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
iprodione
iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.		2.2110benzenes;
dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide;
imidazole fungicide;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		antifungal agrochemical;
nematicide
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		6.75711-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
rhodamine wt
[no description available]		2.0210
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		2.730alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		3.2660butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine
Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.		2.1510
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.110
fluorescamine
Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.		3.2160
10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone
10-carboxymethyl-9-acridanone: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110acridines
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		2.4720aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
pendimethalin
pendimethalin : A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.		2.4520C-nitro compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		8.7100L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
metamitron
metamitron : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, a methyl group at position 3 and a phenyl group at position 6.		2.43201,2,4-triazinesenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
bezafibrate
[no description available]		7.7430aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.7630
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		3.29605-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
oxyfluorofen
oxyfluorofen: structure		2.7930aromatic etherEC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
triadimefon
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
triazoles
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.1150pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		1.9910dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		5.99410alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		2.05101,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
hexazinone
hexazinone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		2.69301,3,5-triazines
dichlorfop-methyl
dichlorfop-methyl: structure; herbicide for control of wild oat & foxtails in cereal crops. diclofop-methyl : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diclofop-methyl. A proherbicide for diclofop, it is used for the control of wild oats and annual weeds in wheat, barley, rye and broad-leaved crops.. methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.		2.4320aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
diether;
methyl ester
deoxynivalenol
deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.		2.0310cyclic ketone;
enone;
primary alcohol;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
trichothecene;
triol		mycotoxin
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure		1.9610
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		3.4370cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		6.88880non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.8830aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		3.620pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4620chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
1-carboxyglutamic acid
1-Carboxyglutamic Acid: Found in various tissues, particularly in four blood-clotting proteins including prothrombin, in kidney protein, in bone protein, and in the protein present in various ectopic calcifications.		3.2560
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine
T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor		2.7220
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.		2.3920epoxideintercalator
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties		2.49201-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
triclopyr
trichlopyr : A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.		4.8981aromatic ether;
chloropyridine;
monocarboxylic acid		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		2.110anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.4720aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		3.8430aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.0510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		2.0410aromatic ether
thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid : A thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine substituted by a carboxy group at position 2.		4.0721thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid
forphenicine
forphenicine: alkaline phosphatase inhibitor from Actinomycetes; structure		6.03120
metalaxyl
metalaxyl: RN given refers to (DL-Ala)-isomer. metalaxyl : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.. methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate : An alanine derivative that is methyl alaninate in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a methoxyacetyl group, while the other is substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl group.		2.0610alanine derivative;
aromatic amide;
carboxamide;
ether;
methyl ester
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		3.92130
Flamprop
[no description available]		2.110benzamides
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		2.0410anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
laurocapram
laurocapram: enhances percutaneous absorption of different chemicals; structure given in first source		2.940
fluridone
[no description available]		2.7630phenylpyridinecarotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		2.3920
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		4.1150conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
st 1059
ST 1059: metabolite of midodrine (ST-1085); RN given refers to parent cpd. deglymidodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. The immediate and active metabolite of midrodine, it is a direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity. Midrodine is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for deglymidodrine, which acts as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states.		6.9510aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
nitroacetic acid
nitroacetic acid: inhibits succinate dehydrogenase; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4320
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.7730aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
acifluorfen
[no description available]		1.9810aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
C-nitro compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		3.6190alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		3.0610diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		2.7230cephalosporinantibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
2-guanidinoethanol
2-guanidinoethanol: from human urine; RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure given in first source		1.9710
ethylcholine aziridinium
ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits		2.3820
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.5620diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
triflumuron
triflumuron: insect growth inhibitor		2.1510aromatic ether;
benzoylurea insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyactic acid 2-butoxyethyl ester
[no description available]		2.3920
chlorsulfuron
chlorsulfuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. chlorsulfuron : An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.		2.7430methoxy-1,3,5-triazine;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		agrochemical;
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
herbicide
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.0510cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.4320nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0410diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		6.32590acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.9340cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		2.0510benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
metazachlor
metazachlor: alpha-chloroacetamide herbicide. metazachlor : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a 2,6-dimethylphenyl and a (1H-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl) group at the nitrogen atom.		2.0410aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazoles		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
buprofezin
buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.		2.0510thiadiazinane;
ureas
haloxyfop
haloxyfop: RN given refers to parent cpd. haloxyfop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of haloxyfop-P (the more active, R enantiomer) and (S)-haloxyfop (the less active enantiomer). A post-emergence herbicide used to control annual and perennial grass weeds. Commercial use of the racemate was phased out in favour of the most active enantiomer, used as the proherbicide esters haloxyfop-P-methyl and haloxyfop-P-etotyl.. 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl ring has been replaced by a [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy group.		2.1710aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines
fluazifop-butyl
fluazifop-butyl: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. fluazifop-butyl : A racemate that is the butyl ester of fluazifop. It is used as a post-emergence herbicide for the control grass weeds in various broad-leaved crops.. butyl 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.		2.0810aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
pimonidazole
pimonidazole: structure given in first source		1.9910
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent		2.6630
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.9340cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0210
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		7.06630aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		2.0510piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		2.4120organic molecular entity
sulfometuron methyl
sulfometuron methyl: structure given in first source. sulfometuron methyl : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of 2-{[(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)carbamoyl]sulfamoyl}benzoic acid.		2.0610benzoate ester;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrimidines		EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
herbicide
metsulfuron methyl
metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.		3.41701,3,5-triazines;
benzoate ester;
N-sulfonylurea		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		2.4520
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.0510
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.9540delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		1.9710naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.		2.3820imidazoquinolinecarcinogenic agent
quizalofop-ethyl
quizalofop-ethyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. quizalofop-ethyl : A racemate coprising equimolar amounts of quizalofop-P-ethyl and its enantiomer, (S)-quizalofop-ethyl. A proherbicide for quizalofop.. ethyl 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.		2.3110aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
organochlorine compound;
quinoxaline derivative
milacemide
milacemide: ampakine activity at AMPA Receptors; structure given in first source		9.02252
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		2.0510aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		7.27245N-acyl-amino acid
mebrofenin
[no description available]		561amino acid amide
ethyl 2-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl)oxiran-2-carboxylate
[no description available]		1.9810
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		4.5751delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		2.4920dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		3.2660pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.97403-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
imazapyr, (+-)-isomer
imazapyr: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. imazapyr : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-imazapyr. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (generally as the isopropylamine salt, known as imazapyr-isopropylammonium) as a herbicide, particularly for the control of perennial grasses, broad-leaved weeds, woody plants, brambles, etc., on non-crop land. It is not approved for use within the European Union.. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-yl group, which in turn is substituted at positions 4, 4, and 5 by isopropyl, ethyl, and oxo groups, respectively.		3.1550imidazolines;
imidazolone;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
pyridines
imazethapyr
imazethapyr: do not confuse with imazapyr, which is the 5-desethyl analog of imazethapyr		2.7830aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester
fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester: XRM-5084 is made up of 34.9% fluroxypyr methylheptyl ester and 65.1% proprietary emulsifier; used for the control of broadleaf vegetation		1.9810
2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-chloro-n-methyl-n'-glycylglycinanilide
2-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-4-chloro-N-methyl-N'-glycylglycinanilide: used in the detection & analysis of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.4680
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0510isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.0510hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		2.110aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.7130dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		7.4420imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		210hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.44203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.0510
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.4641aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
gusperimus
gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride		210N-acyl-amino acid
quinpirole hydrochloride
[no description available]		210
spiradoline
spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0210
chlorimuron ethyl
chlorimuron ethyl: structure in first source. chlorimuron-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of chlorimuron with ethanol. A proherbicide for chloimuron, it is used as herbicide for the control of broad-leaved weeds in peanuts, soya beans, and other crops.		2.7630aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
N-sulfonylurea;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyrimidines;
sulfamoylbenzoate		agrochemical;
EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor;
proherbicide
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.4320(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		6.6154naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.5920aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		5.83300
eticlopride
eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		2.730salicylamides
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		3.54203-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		2.0410aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		2.47201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		1.9910stilbenoid
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.8230methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		2.0510phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		2.4520beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.4620tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
eliprodil
1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.		450monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.0510
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		2.4720aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		8.28102organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
technetium tc 99m mertiatide
Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.		3.1150
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		3.4311aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.5551alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		5.472aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		2.9540monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine
[no description available]		2.0510duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		3.4370carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.7530biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		2.45201,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		2.0610organoiodine compound
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		2.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		7.45940adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
n,n-diethylethylenediamine
N,N-diethylethylenediamine: structure in first source		2.0610
trichloroacetamide
[no description available]		2.0510
nitroaniline
nitroaniline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for nitro moiety. nitroaniline : A substituted aniline that carries one or more nitro groups.		2.4220
1-octen-3-one
1-octen-3-one: structure in first source		2.0410olefinic compound
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		1.9910benzofurans
terbium chloride
terbium chloride: RN given refers to the parent compound		1.9810
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		3.3970gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
potassium thiosulfate
[no description available]		7.0310
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.72302-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
nitrogen trioxide
[no description available]		2.0210nitrogen oxide
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		4.31190trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dolomite
calcium magnesium carbonate: mineral recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium & magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals		3.711
dimethylhydrazines
Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.		2.3520
edda
EDDA: RN given refers to parent cpd. ethylenediaminediacetic acid : An ethylenediamine derivative in which two of the four amine protons of ethylenediamine are replaced by carboxymethyl groups.		3.6790amino dicarboxylic acid;
ethylenediamine derivative;
glycine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
chelator
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate
3-iodo-2-propynylbutylcarbamate: RN & structure given in first source. 3-iodoprop-2-yn-1-yl butylcarbamate : A carbamate ester that is carbamic acid in which the nitrogen has been substituted by a butyl group and in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is replaced by a 1-iodoprop-2-yn-3-yl group. A fungicide, it is used as a preservative and sapstain control chemical in wood products and as a preservative in adhesives, paints, latex paper coating, plastic, water-based inks, metal working fluids, textiles, and numerous consumer products.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
organoiodine compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.		2.6630aromatic amine;
imidazoquinoxaline		carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
Maillard reaction product;
mutagen
thiolactic acid
thiolactic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0610mercaptopropanoic acid
sudan iii
sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.		2.610azobenzenes;
bis(azo) compound;
naphthols		carcinogenic agent;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.41206-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.		2.420one-carbon compound;
perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
4-vinylphenol
4-vinylphenol: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified. 4-hydroxystyrene : A member of the class of phenols that is styrene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.		2.0510phenolshuman urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
ammonium peroxydisulfate
ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.		1.9810
cuprous chloride
cuprous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. copper(I) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.		2.1510copper molecular entity;
inorganic chloride		agrochemical;
molluscicide
sodium persulfate
sodium persulfate: RN given refers to peroxydisulfuric acid, di-Na salt		2.0510
potassium phosphate
potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.		3.5280inorganic phosphate salt;
inorganic potassium salt
tenocyclidine
tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.		6.29490piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		3.1810diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.5120hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		6.76780hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		2.4820
cefprozil
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		2.0510acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: induces convulsions; inhibitor of GABA; structure		2.3720
u 37883a
U 37883A: an antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers; structure given in first source		2.0810
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
methionine methyl ester
[no description available]		2.0810
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		5.92241D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.5120hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
3-aminoisobutyric acid
3-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-aminoisobutyric acid : A beta-amino-acid that is isobutyric acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an amino group.		2.0810amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		metabolite
xanthosine
[no description available]		7.7930purines D-ribonucleoside;
xanthosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.		2.3820beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
cyclen
cyclen: macrocyclic polyamine metal-complexing agent. 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane : An azacycloalkane that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.4620azacycloalkane;
crown amine;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		3.1250organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate
thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.		3.1250pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate;
thymidine phosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-methylhistidine
3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.		7.82163L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.7830hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.0210azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		2.0510carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
beta-lysylmethanediamine
beta-lysylmethanediamine: from Streptomyces nashvillensis; structure given in first source		1.9810
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		2.4620acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
allicin
[no description available]		4.0810botanical anti-fungal agent;
sulfoxide		antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.		2.2110methylcytosine;
pyrimidines		human metabolite
diacetylfluorescein
[no description available]		2.4420
2'-deoxyuridylic acid
2'-deoxyuridylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.1950flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		7.07301N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
deoxyuridine triphosphate
[no description available]		210deoxyuridine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
homocitrulline
L-homocitrulline : A L-lysine derivative that is L-lysine having a carbamoyl group at the N(6)-position. It is found in individuals with urea cycle disorders.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ureas		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate
cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.		2.4620steroid sulfatehuman metabolite
5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide
[no description available]		1.9810
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		3.2560xanthene dyefluorochrome
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		2.41202'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
25-hydroxycholesterol
[no description available]		2.051025-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol		human metabolite
norvaline
norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure. L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.		8.731002-aminopentanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		bacterial metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-phosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		3.09501-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrophenylgalactoside
4-nitrophenylgalactoside: RN refers to (beta-D)-isomer. 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside : A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.4110beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative		affinity label
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.		2.1110beta-D-galactoside;
D-aldohexose derivative;
indolyl carbohydrate;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound		chromogenic compound
nile red
nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.		2.0510aromatic amine;
cyclic ketone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		fluorochrome;
histological dye
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		4.25190iodine oxoacid
lissamine rhodamine b
lissamine rhodamine B: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lissamine Rhodamine B refers to Na salt		2.4420
rhodamine 110
rhodamine 110: RN given refers to chloride		7.2110
fluorophosphate
fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9310fluorine molecular entity;
phosphoric acid derivative
fructose-1-phosphate
fructose-1-phosphate: RN in Chemline for alpha-D-fructopyranose-cpd:126-25-0; RN given refers to (D)-isomer. D-fructose 1-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of fructose 1-phosphate.. keto-D-fructose 1-phosphate : The open chain form of D-fructose 1-phosphate.		2.0110D-fructose 1-phosphate
n-acetylserine
acetyl-L-serine : An acetyl-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine.. N-acetyl-L-serine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		2.3720acetyl-L-serine;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		human metabolite
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: analog of 5-oxoproline in which the 4-methylene moiety is replaced by sulfur; acts as 5-oxo-L-prolinase substrate; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; Procysteine is a trade name		2.0110
o-(6)-methylguanine
O-(6)-methylguanine: structure. 6-O-methylguanine : A methylguanine in which the methyl group is positioned on the oxygen at position 6. Formed in DNA by alkylation of the oxygen atom of guanine, most often by N-nitroso compounds and sometimes due to methylation by other compounds such as endogenous S-adenosylmethionine, it base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to A:T transition in DNA.. methylguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is guanine bearing a single methyl substituent.		2.420methylguaninemutagen
peroxynitric acid
[no description available]		2.420nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		4.21170glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid
[no description available]		1.9510
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine
4-nitrobenzylthioinosine: inhibitor of nucleoside transport; acts on ENT1		2.6930purine nucleoside
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.3820adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		4.66280cephalosporinfungal metabolite
2,2'-dithiodiethanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.0610
bendamustine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
st 679
[no description available]		9.853615N-acyl-amino acid
metapramine
metapramine: structure		1.9910dibenzooxazepine
solanidine
solanidine: derivative of DIOSGENIN that can rearrange to SOLANINE		1.97103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
solanid-5-en-3-ol;
steroid alkaloid fundamental parent		plant metabolite;
toxin
rufigallol
rufigallol: structure given in first source		2.0110hexahydroxyanthraquinone
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		2.0210acetamides
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
bepafant
bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist		1.9810
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.0510pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
melarsomine
melarsomine: structure given in first source		2.2110
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		2.7830benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
inogatran
inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor		11.023512
methacycline
[no description available]		2.03101,2-diglyceride
n-phenylglycine
N-phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-phenylglycine : A glycine carrying an N-phenyl substituent.		8.01401non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidallergen
omega-aminocaprylic acid
8-aminooctanoic acid : An omega-amino fatty acid that is octanoic acid which carries an amino group at position 8.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		human metabolite
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
boron nitride
[no description available]		2.1510nitride
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.0510fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.83017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hexaconazole
2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)hexan-2-ol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hexyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the hydrogens at position 2 of the hexyl chain are replaced by hydroxy and 2,4-dichlorophenyl groups.. hexaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		chelator
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		2.5520
toxoflavin
toxoflavin: azapteridine antibiotic; structure. toxoflavin : A pyrimidotriazine that is 1,6-dimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine with oxo groups at positions 5 and 7.		2.110carbonyl compound;
pyrimidotriazine		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
toxin;
virulence factor;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		210hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
n-acetylvaline
N-acetylvaline: RN given refers to the (DL)-isomer		2.9140L-valine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid
benzeneboronic acid
[no description available]		1.9710boronic acids
porphine
porphine: structure given in first source		2.1310
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		1.9710guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
pyrocatechol violet
[no description available]		2.3110
rhodizonic acid
[no description available]		2.2110
thiamorpholine
thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.		2.110saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
thiomorpholines
bromosuccinimide
Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).		2.6830dicarboximide;
organobromine compound;
pyrrolidinone		reagent
n-acetyl-l-arginine
N-acetyl-L-arginine: has effect on convulsive seizures. N(alpha)-acetyl-L-arginine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-arginine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.4720N-acetyl-L-amino acidhuman metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		4.94380phenanthroline
benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole
[no description available]		2.4920
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		12.0210021,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole
tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.		2.7230one-carbon compound;
tetrazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid
diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920
cystine
L-cystine : The L-enantiomer of the sulfur-containing amino acid cystine.		2.0610cystine zwitterion;
cystine;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.2.1.11 (aspartate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanidinopropionic acid
guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure. 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels		3.79110guanidines;
zwitterion		hypoglycemic agent
perfluorobutane sulfonate
perfluorobutanesulfonic acid: a surfactant; structure in first source. perfluorobutanesulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.		2.610perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidsurfactant
azauracil
azauracil: minor descriptor (64-72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search URACIL (66-74); URACIL/AA (75-86); INDEX MEDICUS search URACIL (64-72); AZAURACIL (73-86). 6-azauracil : A 1,2,4-triazine compound having oxo-substituents at the 3- and 5-positions.		1.93101,2,4-triazines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone
monoacetylphloroglucinol: structure in first source. 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone : A benzenetriol that is acetophenone in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 6 on the phenyl group are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides.		2.110aromatic ketone;
benzenetriol;
methyl ketone		MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isocoumarins
Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.		1.9810isocoumarins
phenylacetylglycine
phenylacetylglycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.		7.94412monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hydracrylic acid
3-hydroxypropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the terminal carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.61903-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
omega-hydroxy-short-chain fatty acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coproporphyrin i
coproporphyrin I: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants; see also record for coproporphyrin III; zinc coproporphyrin I is fluorescent and a characteristic component of meconium		1.9710
n-acetyltyrosine
N-acetyl-L-tyrosine : An N-acetyltyrosine in which the chiral centre has L configuration.		2.4120N-acetyltyrosine;
N-acyl-L-tyrosine		biomarker;
EC 2.1.1.4 (acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite
guanidinoethane sulfonate
[no description available]		3.5790guanidines;
organosulfonic acid;
zwitterion
silver
[no description available]		2.0810
bromonitromethane
bromonitromethane: structure in first source		2.4820
nicotinuric acid
nicotinuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-nicotinoylglycine : An N-acylglycine having nicotinoyl as the acyl substituent.		3.0350N-acylglycinehuman urinary metabolite
2-bromohydroquinone
2-bromohydroquinone: metabolite of bromobenzene & 2-bromophenol; structure given in first source		1.9810
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate
methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate: structure		2.3920
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.4220imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		3.83212-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		840dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		4.52240non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.		3.82110
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.2110organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
propacetamol
propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90		7.3110alpha-amino acid ester
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		2.0110dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
vinconate
vinconate: synthetic hexa-hydrocanthane alkaloid; RN given refers to (+ -)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avai lable 8/89		6.9910
forphenicinol
[no description available]		7.79331
1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate
cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid: inhibits 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; structure in first source		2.0110
glycine amide
glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.11090amino acid amide;
glycine derivative
glycolamide
[no description available]		2.3110acetamides
4-hydroxyquinoline
4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
n-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine
[no description available]		2.4520
glycine methyl ester
glycine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl glycinate : A glycinyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with methanol.		4.73300glycinyl estermetabolite
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene
1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene : A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.		2.1310methoxybenzenesbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid
3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.		4.332003-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.		1.9310quinolines
phenylpropiolic acid
phenylpropiolic acid: structure. phenylpropiolic acid : An acetylenic compound that is propynoic acid in which the acetylenic hydrogen is replaced by a phenyl group.		210acetylenic compound;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		3.4170
ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate
[no description available]		2.1110
fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.		2.0110D-fructose 6-phosphate
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde
2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde: from African medicinal plants: Mondia whitei (Apocynaceae), Rhus vulagaris (Anacardiaceae), Sclerocarya caffra (Anacardiaceae)		2.0710methoxybenzenes;
phenols
n'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide
N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: structure. N-methyl-6-pyridone-3-carboxamide : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted with a carboxamide group at C-5 and a methyl group at N-1.		3.9421methylpyridines;
pyridinecarboxamide;
pyridone		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5-fluoroorotic acid
5-fluoroorotic acid: inhibits the dietary induction of serine dehydratase. 5-fluoroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic that is orotic acid which is substituted by fluorine at position 5. It is used in yeast molecular genetics to detect expression of the URA3 gene, which encodes orotine-5'-monophosphate dicarboxylase. A yeast with and active URA3 gene converts 5-fluoroorotic acid to fluorodeoxyuridine, which is toxic to cells.		2.0210
8-hydroxyoctanoic acid
8-hydroxyoctanoic acid: has been identified in the urine of children with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency. 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid : An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9810omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid
cyclopropylamine
cyclopropylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. cyclopropylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that consists of cyclopropane bearing a single amino substituent.		210primary aliphatic aminemouse metabolite
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
ethanolamine o-sulfate
[no description available]		2.3920
3-chloroperbenzoic acid
3-chloroperbenzoic acid: oxidizing agent		2.5320monochlorobenzenes;
peroxy acid
ethyl tyrosine ester
ethyl tyrosine ester: RN given refers to L-isomer. ethyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is L-tyrosine in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group has been replaced by an ethyl group.		1.9710ethyl ester;
L-tyrosyl ester
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
leucyltyrosine
leucyltyrosine: RN given refers to L-Tyr,L-Leu-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 4/93		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
tyrosyltyrosine
tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.		2.0310tyrosyltyrosineMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
5-imidazolepropionic acid
5-imidazolepropionic acid: competitive inhibitor of urocanase reaction which catalyzes conversion of urocanate into imidazolone propionate; structure. dihydrourocanic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.		2.0610imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid
tyrosine methyl ester
tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.		2.9140L-tyrosyl ester;
methyl ester
n-4-tosylglycine
N-4-tosylglycine: facilitates insulin release		1.9610
dansylglycine
[no description available]		3.78110
glutarimide
[no description available]		1.9710dicarboximide;
piperidones
5-hydroxymethylcytosine
5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine : A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.2110aminopyrimidine;
aromatic primary alcohol;
nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid
3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.		2.3720MOPS;
morpholines;
organosulfonic acid
leucyl-glycyl-glycine
leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.		2.6330tripeptidemetabolite
acetylleucine
[no description available]		1.9710L-leucine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		metabolite
n-acetylglutamic acid
N-acetylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid : An N-acyl-L-amino acid that is L-glutamic acid in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		2.0810N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-glutamic acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bicinchoninic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
1,2-benzisoxazole
1,2-benzisoxazole: structure in first source. 1,2-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,2-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzisoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.08101,2-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
D-serine
[no description available]		4.8760D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine
[no description available]		3.150alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
D-alpha-amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
copper histidine
[no description available]		2.4620D-alpha-amino acid;
histidine;
polar amino acid zwitterion		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
D-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.4620D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.9240fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.0510
nefiracetam
[no description available]		2.4320organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		7.4220acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
aminoquinuride
[no description available]		2.2510
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		210
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.2110cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		2.110chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		2.0710aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		2.830razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.3920nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
loperamide oxide
loperamide oxide: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer		1.9810
D-valine
D-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine.		2.5120D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
valine
phenylalanine
[no description available]		2.7330D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine
acetylisoniazid
acetylisoniazid: Antitubercular Agent. N'-acetylisoniazid : A carbohydrazide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of isonicotinic acid with hydrazine and subsequent acetylation of the monosubstituted nitrogen atom.		1.9510carbohydrazidemetabolite
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		2.5220conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
clobuzarit
[no description available]		1.9610biphenyls;
organochlorine compound
penicillin n
penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887		2.3620penicillin
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0210benzofurans
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.110carbazoles
mdl 11939
alpha-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinemethanol: class III antiarrythmic agent; structure given in first source		2.0810primary amine
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410
minaxolone
minaxolone: RN given refers to parent cpd(2beta,3alpha,5alpha,11alpha)-isomer		2.0210
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.4420glycoside
quindoxin
quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702		2.110quinoxaline derivative
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
tiemonium iodide
[no description available]		2.1110aralkylamine
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
zetidoline
zetidoline: structure given in first source		1.9610
ubenimex
ubenimex: growth inhibitor		7.23130
zidovudine triphosphate
[no description available]		210
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		2.110phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
phorbol-12,13-diacetate
phorbol-12,13-diacetate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		2.0510
magnolol
[no description available]		2.0510biphenyls
honokiol
[no description available]		2.5320biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
betulin
betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.		2.1110diol;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
metabolite
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
n-myristoylglycine
N-myristoylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-myristoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as myristoyl (tetradecanoyl).		8.0950fatty amide;
N-acylglycine		human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
10,11-methylenedioxy-20-camptothecin
10,11-methylenedioxy-20-camptothecin: structure given in first source		210
leupeptin
[no description available]		2.3820aldehyde;
tripeptide		bacterial metabolite;
calpain inhibitor;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.110oleandomycins
1,2-bis(3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)ethane
[no description available]		1.9910
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
benzoylpropionic acid
benzoylpropionic acid: structure in first source. 4-oxo-4-phenylbutyric acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid bearing oxo and phenyl substituents at position 4.		2.02104-oxo monocarboxylic acidhapten
indole-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		8.3770indolyl carboxylic acid
xylenol orange
xylenol orange: carboxylate anion which exhibits characteristic visible spectrum when attached to a metal		2.6530
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
h 0294
H 0294: structure given in first & second source; CNI-H0294 is the chloride salt		210
tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone
Tosyllysine Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. Acts as an alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.		2.6930sulfonic acid derivative
bes
2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.38201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
amino sulfonic acid;
BES
nicosulfuron
nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.		3.3660N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		2.110carbapenems
fr 109615
cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus		2.420
o(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine
O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. O(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having O(6)-methylguanine as the nucleobase.		2.4220purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.4420amino acid amide
bilobalide
[no description available]		8.2760sesquiterpene lactone
glycyl-histidyl-lysine
glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.		2.0710tripeptidechelator;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite;
vulnerary
isoxaben
isoxaben : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.		2.0210benzamides;
isoxazoles		cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		3.1750carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
glutamic acid diethyl ester
glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9910
ceric oxide
ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.		2.6620cerium molecular entity;
metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.		2.610perfluoroalkanesulfonic acidantilipemic drug;
persistent organic pollutant
n-propyl methane sulfonate
[no description available]		2.0310
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		210hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
tetramethylrhodamine iodoacetamide
tetramethylrhodamine iodoacetamide: fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent		1.9910
n-formylglycine
glycal : A cyclic enol ether derivative of a sugar having a double bond specifically between carbon atoms 1 and 2 in the ring.		8.19380N-acylglycine;
N-formyl amino acid
n-acetylhistidine
N-acetylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetylhistidine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens of the alpha-amino group is substituted by an acetyl group.. N-acetyl-L-histidine : A histidine derivative that is L-histidine having an acetyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.		2.4220L-histidine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acetylhistidine		animal metabolite
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid
alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.		5.02130alanine derivative;
alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		human urinary metabolite
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.110oligopeptide
4-nitrophenyl butyrate
p-nitrophenyl butyrate : A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.		2.110butyrate ester;
C-nitro compound
2-chlorodiazepam
[no description available]		1.9610
phenylglycine nitrile
phenylglycine nitrile: structure in first source		7.0110
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610pyridines
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.110
dimethylaminopropanol
dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor		2.110
6-carboxyfluorescein
6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein		2.9640monocarboxylic acid
leucylleucine
Leu-Leu : A dipeptide formed from two L-leucine residues.		2.3920dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanylleucine
phenylalanylleucine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		plant metabolite
isoguanine
isoguanine: structure. isoguanine : An oxopurine that is 3,7-dihydro-purin-2-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by an amino group.		2.0210oxopurine
5-chlorotryptamine
[no description available]		2.0410
monomethyl succinate
monomethyl succinate: RN given refers to parent cpd. monomethyl succinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups has been converted to its methyl ester.		1.9710dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine
tris(2-aminoethyl)amine: structure given in first source		2.0310tetramine
methyl tryptophan, (l-trp)-isomer
[no description available]		2.6830
ribose-5-phosphate
ribose-5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210D-ribose 5-phosphate
rivastigmine
[no description available]		2.110carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.38100aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
methyl mandelate
methyl mandelate: RN given for (DL)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210benzenes
2-(n-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 6.15 at 20 degreeC.		2.0510MES;
organosulfonic acid;
zwitterion
boc-glycine
BOC-glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3970
methylthioethanol
2-methylthioethanol : A primary alcohol that is the S-methyl derivative of mercaptoethanol. It is found as a volatile component in Cucumis melo Var. cantalupensis.		2.0210aliphatic sulfide;
primary alcohol		plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
valinol
valinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.7230amino alcohol
alpha-acetolactate
alpha-acetolactate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
alanylglycine
alanylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.8740
phenylglycine chloride
phenylglycine chloride: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.83110
6-chloronicotinic acid
[no description available]		7.6620aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
tricine
N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.		9.551031tricine
n-hydroxysuccinimide
N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure		2.6830
hydroxyguanidine
N-hydroxyguanidine : A member of the class of guanidines that is guanidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9610guanidines;
one-carbon compound		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent
3,7-dimethyl-7-octen-1-ol
Geranium: A plant genus of the family GERANIACEAE. Geranium is also used as a common name for PELARGONIUM.		2.3110
bistris
Bistris: structure given in first source		2.730pentolbuffer
leucyl-alanine
Leu-Ala : A dipeptide composed of L-leucine and L-alanine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.3520dipeptidemetabolite
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide
gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9610
tes
2-((1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl)amino)ethanesulfonic acid: structure in first source. N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.5 at 20 degreeC.		1.9610amino sulfonic acid;
ethanolamines;
TES
tryptophan ethyl ester
tryptophan ethyl ester: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		1.9710
acetylglycyl-n-methylamide
acetylglycyl-N-methylamide: structure given in first source		8.6490
2-bromopalmitate
2-bromopalmitate: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-bromohexadecanoic acid : A bromo fatty acid that is hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid carrying a single bromo substituent at position 2.		1.96102-bromocarboxylic acid;
bromo fatty acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid		fatty acid oxidation inhibitor
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.071011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
alanine methyl ester
alanine methyl ester: RN refers to (L-Ala)-isomer		2.5120
leucyl-leucyl-leucine
leucyl-leucyl-leucine: RN given refers to (L-Leu-L-Leu-L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Leu-Leu : A tripeptide formed from three L-leucine residues.		1.9710tripeptidemetabolite
5-chloroindole-2-carboxylate
5-chloroindole-2-carboxylate: N-methyl-D-aspartate glycine site antagonist		1.9810indolyl carboxylic acid
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.110benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
sarcosine methyl ester
sarcosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0750
aminomethanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		2.7430
biocytin
biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.		2.9540azabicycloalkane;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-lysine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thiabicycloalkane;
ureas		mouse metabolite
biotinamide
biotin amide : A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from biotin.		210biotins;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
d-aspartic acid
[no description available]		3.6490aspartic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid		mouse metabolite
albendazole sulfoxide
albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		7.0110sulfoxide
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.6161macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
isoxaflutole
isoxaflutole: structure in first source. isoxaflutole : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazole substituted by a 2-(methanesulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group and a cyclopropyl group at positions 4 and 5, respectively. It is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor which is used as a herbicide for weed control in maize and sugarcane.		2.1710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopropanes;
isoxazoles;
sulfone		agrochemical;
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor;
proherbicide
hydrazinoacetic acid
hydrazinoacetic acid: structure given in first source		4.3260
phenylalanylphenylalanylamide
[no description available]		2.0310
2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate
2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate: structure given in first source		1.9610
tebuconazole
Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.		340monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles
raptors
imazamox: an experimental imidazolinone herbicide; structure in first source. 2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-5-(methoxymethyl)nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which is substituted substituted at position 5 by a methoxymethyl group and at position 2 by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group, that in turn is substituted by isopropyl, methyl, and oxo groups at positions 4, 4, and 5, respectively.. imazamox : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.		3.7290ether;
imidazolines;
imidazolone;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile
fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		2.3110monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
triazoles
difenoconazole
difenoconazole : A member of the class of dioxolanes that is 1,3-dioxolane substituted at position 2 by 2-chloro-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)phenyl and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups. A broad spectrum fungicide with novel broad-range activity used as a spray or seed treatment. It is moderately toxic to humans, mammals, birds and most aquatic organisms.		2.6920aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dioxolane;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carfentrazone-ethyl
carfentrazone-ethyl: structure in first source. carfentrazone-ethyl : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-carfentrazone-ethylcarfentrazone-ethyl. A proherbicide for the herbicide carfentrazone (by hydrolysis of the ester group to the corresponding acid), it is used to control broad-leafed weeds in potatoes and cereal crops.. ethyl 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloro-3-{2-chloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]-4-fluorophenyl}propanoic acid with ethanol.		2.2110ethyl esterproherbicide
n-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide: FP 846 is purified form of sulfentrazone; protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor. sulfentrazone : A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.		2.6620dichlorobenzene;
organofluorine compound;
sulfonamide;
triazoles		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
mosher's acid
Mosher's acid: structure in first source		2.0110
n-benzylglycine
[no description available]		3.1350
tyrosylleucine
[no description available]		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
methanesulfinic acid
methanesulfinic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. methanesulfinic acid : An organosulfinic acid that is methane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a sulfino group.		2.0110organosulfinic acid
coenzyme a
[no description available]		6.83870adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphatecoenzyme;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycinexylidide
glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.940amino acid amidedrug metabolite
n-acetylalanine
N-acetylalanine: immunodominant determinant of acidic surface antigen from culture filtrate of human strain of Staph aureus. N-acetyl-L-alanine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.3920L-alanine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-butyrylglycine
butyrylglycine : A N-acylglycine obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the amino group of glycine.		3.2360N-acylglycinehuman urinary metabolite
5-thio-d-glucose
5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose		1.9410
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.730dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		2.110N-arylpiperazine
n-acetyltyrosine, (dl)-isomer
N-acetyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-acetyltyrosine : An N-acetyl-amino acid that is tyrosine with an amine hydrogen substituted by an acetyl group.		2.3920N-acetyl-amino acid;
phenols;
tyrosine derivative		human urinary metabolite
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		8.54703-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid
1-aminocyclobutanecarboxylic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		4.5980L-alpha-amino acid
n-methylglycinamide
[no description available]		2.3820
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		8.931012iditolfungal metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxal
4-hydroxyphenylglyoxal: used to determine available arginine residues in proteins		2.3920
moexipril
[no description available]		2.0410peptide
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
cadmium telluride
cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device		2.110
goethite
[no description available]		9.19160
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		5.57680catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate		210nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		141457amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside
[no description available]		2.4420
1,5-i-aedans
1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.		2.0710aminonaphthalenesulfonic acidfluorescent probe
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt		1.9810
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		1.97103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
2-methylhippuric acid
2-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of o-xylene. o-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the ortho-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.		1.9610N-acylglycinemetabolite
3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid
3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7230organochlorine compound
4-n,n-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride
4-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl chloride: chromophoric labelling reagent for amino acids, peptides, proteins; structure		2.6730
raiser
raiser: an herbicide		2.2510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
organochlorine compound;
pyrrolidines		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
herbicide
diflufenican
diflufenican : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen and a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 2.		2.7430(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
pyridinecarboxamide		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
quinclorac
quinclorac: an herbicide. quinclorac : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.		2.8530monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		agrochemical;
herbicide;
synthetic auxin
sulcotrione
sulcotrione: a bleaching herbicide. sulcotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted by a 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoyl group at position 2.		2.4420aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
cyclohexanones;
sulfone		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.0310hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
dpx e9636
DPX E9636: chemical compound used as a pesticide. rimsulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-3-(ethylsulfonyl)pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen atom.		2.4620aromatic ether;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
1-methylhistidine
1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1.. N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.		2.420L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite
succinyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		8.88120omega-carboxyacyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
L-2-aminoadipic acid
L-2-aminoadipic acid : The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.		3.1102-aminoadipic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylglycine
4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.		7.631100hydroxy-amino acidbacterial metabolite
phospho-l-arginine
phospho-L-arginine: inhibits pyruvate kinase. N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine : An arginine derivative that is L-arginine substituted by a phosphono group at N(omega)-position.		1.9510L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		animal metabolite
acetoacetyl coa
[no description available]		2.39203-oxo-fatty acyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glycyltryptophan
glycyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Trp : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-tryptophan residues.		2.6730dipeptidemetabolite
bisphenol a epoxy resin diacrylate ester
bisphenol A epoxy resin diacrylate ester: prepolymer in ultraviolet curing inks; structure given in first source		1.9610
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: endogenous amine from rat brain		2.0310isoquinolines
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.46207-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
isometamidium chloride
isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames		1.9510organic molecular entity
3-(-methoxyphenyl)glycidic acid methylester
3-(-methoxyphenyl)glycidic acid methylester: structure given in first source		2.0210
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid
N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source		2.110diarylmethane
trinexapac-ethyl
trinexapac-ethyl: structure in first source. trinexapac-ethyl : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trinexapac with ethanol.		2.2110
mci 9038
[no description available]		6.65150peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		7.520amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
gamma-tocopherol
gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.		9.0540tocopherol;
vitamin E		algal metabolite;
food antioxidant;
plant metabolite
11-hydroxyprogesterone
11-hydroxyprogesterone: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer		2.0510
propionyl-coenzyme a
propionyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320acyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid
alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid: alpha-hydroxy analog of leucine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxy-4-methylvaleric acid : A valeric acid derivative having a hydroxy substituent at the 2-position and a methyl substituent at the 4-position; an alpha-hydroxy analogue of leucine. A bacterial metabolite, it has also been isolated from amniotic fluid, was found in a patient with dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase deficiency and is present in the urine of patients with short bowel syndrome.		2.25102-hydroxy fatty acid;
branched-chain fatty acid		metabolite
uvaol
uvaol: from Vauquelinia corymbosa (Rosaceae)		2.1310triterpenoidmetabolite
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.		2.071020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
C21-steroid hormone		human metabolite;
progestogen
glycyltyrosine
Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.		5.1862dipeptidemetabolite
glycylleucine
Gly-Leu : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-leucine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.3920dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
5-methyltryptophan
5-methyltryptophan: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5-methyltryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a methyl group at position 5 of the indole ring.		2.0410non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tryptophan derivative
gamma-glutamylglutamate
gamma-glutamylglutamate: an endogenous dipeptide in the rat olfactory bulb which activates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/93		1.9810dipeptidehuman metabolite
histidine methyl ester
histidine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. histidine methyl ester : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of histidine.		1.9710histidine derivative
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.110alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin
Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.		2.25101,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
benzothiazoles;
imidothioate		luciferin
2-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
[no description available]		1.9910
alanyltyrosine
alanyltyrosine: tyrosine source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Ala-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of L-alanine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
glycyl-l-phenylalanine
glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.		3.3870dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		human metabolite;
metabolite
beta-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid
beta-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid: benzoic acid metabolite in urine. 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid : A 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid in which one of the hydrogens beta to the carboxy group is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.98103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		2.9240catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
isopelletierine
isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer		2.110citraconoyl group
quebrachamine
quebrachamine: an indole alkaloid; isolated from Aspidosperma tree; structure given in first source		2.0310alkaloid
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		6.81830
n-(9h-(fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl)glycine
N-(9H-(fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl)glycine: in contrast to a closely related analog NPC 15669, this compound is inactive as an inhibitor of neutrophil recruitment		3.150
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		3.77110dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer
l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source. L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.		2.0610thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid;
thioproline		geroprotector;
metabolite
4-desacetylvinblastine-3-carboxhydrazide
[no description available]		1.9810
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate)
dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate): used to study interactions of structural proteins; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		210
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.7730alkylbenzene
n-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-n'-phenylurea
forchlorfenuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.		2.0510monochloropyridine;
phenylureas		plant growth regulator
flazasulfuron
flazasulfuron: vineyard herbicide in freshwater algae; structure in first source		2.5820pyridines;
sulfonamide
4-decenoate
4-decenoic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88		1.9810
beta-hydroxyphenylalanine
beta-hydroxyphenylalanine: RN given refers to beta cpd		1.9510
arabitol
arabitol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. arabinitol : A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.. D-arabinitol : The D-enantiomer of arabinitol.		2.1710arabinitol
erythrose
D-erythrose : The D-enantiomer of erythrose.		2.0410erythroseplant metabolite
n-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester
N-acetylphenylalanine ethyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9710
n-acetyltryptophanamide
[no description available]		2.0610acetamides;
L-tryptophan derivative;
primary carboxamide;
secondary carboxamide
3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid
3,7-dihydroxy-12-oxocholanoic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,7alpha)-isomer		1.9510oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
leucylleucine
leucylleucine: RN given refers to (DL-Leu-DL-Leu)-isomer		1.9610peptide
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
npg-gma
NPG-GMA: dental coupling agent which bonds filling material to tooth		8.3570
pyrroline
pyrroline: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for dihydro moiety. pyrroline : Any organic heteromonocyclic compound with a structure based on a dihydropyrrole.		2.0210pyrroline
dansyl hydrazine
[no description available]		1.9610
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		5.68191D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
isovaline
isovaline: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer		2.7130
6-fluorotryptophan
6-fluorotryptophan: an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510indolyl carboxylic acid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.		2.4110aromatic carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenazines		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
2-phenylsuccinate
[no description available]		2.0610
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine
[no description available]		4.4380
imidazoleacetic acid
imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.		4.1850imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
septacidin
septacidin: structure		2.110
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM		210
alanylphenylalanine
alanylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Ala-L-PheAla)-isomer		2.3920dipeptidemetabolite
glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine
glycyl-leucyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source		1.9710oligopeptide
prolyl-glycyl-glycine
prolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first source		7.0310oligopeptide
tryptophylglycine
Trp-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and glycine residues.		7.730dipeptidemetabolite
phencyclone
phencyclone: structure in first source		210cyclic ketone
glycylaspartic acid
glycylaspartic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
benzoylphenylalanine
N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.		2.42202-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
4-methylhippuric acid
4-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of p-xylene. p-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 4-methylbenzoyl.		2.3920N-acylglycinemetabolite
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.		1.9810glutathione conjugate
adenosine 5'-carboxamide
adenosine 5'-carboxamide: structure		2.0110
beta-guanidinobutyric acid
beta-guanidinobutyric acid: creatine antagonist		2.0310
3,4-dehydroproline
3,4-dehydroproline: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation		1.9810
alanine-beta-naphthylamide
alanine-beta-naphthylamide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		2.3720
3-methylhippuric acid
3-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of m-xylene. m-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 3-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.		1.9610N-acylglycinemetabolite
n-glycylglutamic acid
N-glycylglutamic acid: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Glu : A dipeptide formed from glycyl and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.4120dipeptidemetabolite
n-caproylglycine
N-hexanoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as hexanoyl.		5.63181N-acylglycinemetabolite
diosgenin
[no description available]		1.97103beta-sterol;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
sapogenin;
spiroketal		antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
s-2-aminoethyl cysteine
S-2-aminoethyl cysteine: inhibits protein synthesis in mammalian cells; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. L-thialysine : A cysteine derivative that is the S-(2-aminoethyl) analogue of L-cysteine; reported to have cytotoxic effects.		2.0710L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 5.4.3.2 (lysine 2,3-aminomutase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
beta-aspartylglycine
beta-aspartylglycine: found in cecum of germ-free & antibiotic-treated mice; RN given refers to (L-beta)-isomer		2.6530dipeptide
2-hydroxyisovaleric acid
2-hydroxyisovaleric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid : A valine derivative that is valine in which the amino group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4202-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite
phorbolol myristate acetate
[no description available]		2.4320
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		210
gamma-glutamylglycine
gamma-glutamylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; note that tau here is used by some publishers in place of gamma and so does not mean position 20 on the carbon skeleton		2.4320
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		1.9610
2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.0210
coumarin 6
coumarin 6: structure in first source		2.07107-aminocoumarinsfluorochrome
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester
disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent		1.9810
n,n-bis(carboxymethyl)glutamic acid
N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)glutamic acid: a biodegradable chelating agent for heavy metals		3.4260
pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		1.9810pyrrolecarboxylic acidmetabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
n-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine
N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine: RN given for (L)-Leu-isomer		2.6730
serine hydroxamate
serine hydroxamate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. serine hydroxamate : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of serine with the amino group of hydroxylamine.		2.7630hydroxamic acid;
serine derivative		EC 6.1.1.11 (serine--tRNA ligase) inhibitor
histidylglycine
histidylglycine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. His-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and glycine residues.		7.4320dipeptidemetabolite
beta-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propionic acid
beta-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propionic acid: structure given in first source		210aromatic ketone
benzoylamidoacetonitrile
benzamidoacetonitrile: a powerful competitive inhibitor of papain		1.9510
n-diphenylacetylglycine
N-diphenylacetylglycine: structure given in first source		1.9610
glycine hydrazide
glycine hydrazide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		10.1650
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.0710(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer		2.131021-hydroxy steroid
carbobenzoxyproline
carbobenzoxyproline: an inhibitor of prolidase		2.1110
glycylleucine
glycylleucine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		3.9130
2-amino-4-phenylbutyric acid
2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid: structure in first source		2.3920
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).		2.0810nitrile;
phenols		estrogen receptor agonist
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol
2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol: structure in first source		2.0310
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		7.051070cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine
3,4,8-trimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxalin-2-amine: structure given in first source		1.9710quinoxaline derivative
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.286017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.7430sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		4.53240polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		7.671930
chlorates
Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.		2.4120chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source		3.0950organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		2.6930heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.71100aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		4.66260oligopeptide
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)		2.1510calcium salt;
hydrate
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		6.01140
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4110beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		2.0110
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		3.2560corticosteroid hormone
sr141716
[no description available]		4.3860amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione
[no description available]		2.730glutathione derivative;
nitrosothio compound		bronchodilator agent;
nitric oxide donor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		2.0510primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		3.6190
diacetyldichlorofluorescein
diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein		2.4220
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		3.1150ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		4.2150xanthene dyefluorochrome
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		1.9810aromatic ketone
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		7.4420diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione
benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dione: a metabolite of benzo(a)pyrene; structure given in first source. benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione : An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.		1.9910orthoquinones;
pyrenes		genotoxin;
xenobiotic metabolite
fructose 2,6-diphosphate
fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.0210D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
cyanates
Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).		9.21180
glyphosate-trimesium
[no description available]		2.9640
s-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)cysteine
S-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl)cysteine: toxic to human proximal tubular cells		1.9810
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		3.1410indolesfluorochrome
pregnenolone sulfate
pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer		3.88120steroid sulfateEC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine
beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.		8.4670diamino acid;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		bacterial metabolite;
neurotoxin
fura-2-am
fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2		2.4220
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester
Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source		1.9710
valylvaline
valylvaline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Val-Val : A dipeptide formed from two L-valine residues.		2.6930dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n-benzyloxycarbonyllysine 4-nitrophenyl ester
N-benzyloxycarbonyllysine 4-nitrophenyl ester: hydrolyzed by papain; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
methyllycaconitine
methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer		3.1250
thiamethoxam
Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.		2.85301,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
organochlorine compound;
oxadiazane		antifeedant;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
fluorocitrate
fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.9340carbonyl compound
s-ethyl glutathione
[no description available]		1.9910oligopeptide
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		2.39201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist		1.9810
l-lactic acid
(S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.		2.110(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
2-hydroxypropanoic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
cgp 35348
CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors		2.9440
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		1.9710beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		18.2331128N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		5.632O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.4120N-acyl-amino acid
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.		2.0210inositol phosphate
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.7530hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol
[no description available]		2.0610
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets		1.9910
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer		2.7330
6-hydroxydopa
6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
miserotoxin
miserotoxin: toxin from Emory milkvetch; measured by nitro moiety. miserotoxin : A beta-D-glucoside having 3-nitropropyl as the anomeric alkyl group.		210beta-D-glucoside;
C-nitro compound		phytotoxin
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		2.4520alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
hypotaurine
[no description available]		7.9740aminosulfinic acid;
zwitterion		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810benzodiazepine
procyanidin
Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.		3.6120proanthocyanidin
dihydrokainate
[no description available]		3.1250dicarboxylic acid
sr 95531
[no description available]		10380methoxybenzenes
dityrosine
dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.		2.4120biphenyls;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		biomarker
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.0310catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.9540phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis		3.81110
1,9-dideoxyforskolin
[no description available]		210acetate ester;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		plant metabolite
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure		1.9510pyridazines;
ring assembly
s-methylthiocitrulline
S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.		2.0210imidothiocarbamic ester;
L-arginine derivative;
L-ornithine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
triptolide
[no description available]		2.5520diterpenoid;
epoxide;
gamma-lactam;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		antispermatogenic agent;
plant metabolite
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine
[no description available]		2.5220N-arylpiperazine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors		9.472871alpha-amino acid
n-chlorotaurine
N-chlorotaurine: inhibits both inducible nitric oxide synthase and IkappaB kinase		2.4220
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain		2.3820
alpha-methylphenylalanine
alpha-methylphenylalanine: induces chronic hyperphenylalaninemia in suckling rats; models for the study of inborn errors of metabolism; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.0610benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
proanthocyanidin
proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.		8.6120
acromelic acid a
acromelic acid A: isolated from poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelaga; structure given in first source. acromelic acid A : A pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid that is siolated from the poisonous mushroom Clitocybe amoenolens.		1.9810pyridone;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		fungal metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor agonist
npc 12626
NPC 12626: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; NPC 17742, the (2R,4R,5S)-isomer, is the most potent isomer in the mixture NPC 12626		2.6930
benzamil
[no description available]		2.0210guanidines;
pyrazines
dynorphin (1-8)
dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin		1.9810
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
kt 5823
KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.4220gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		4.48702-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
octopine
D-octopine : The (1R)-1-carboxyethyl derivative of L-arginine. It is a metabolite released by plant tumours.		1.9610amino acid opine;
amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-arginine derivative;
guanidines;
secondary amino compound		animal metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		1.9910biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
ci 988
PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source		1.9910
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		4.38210
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (L-Phe-L-Glu)-isomer. gamma-Glu-Phe : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of L-glutamic acid with the amino group of L-phenylalanine.. gamma-glutamylphenylalanine : A dipeptide composed of glutamic acid and phenylalanine joined together by a peptide linkage.		210dipeptidehuman urinary metabolite
prolinamide
prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.		7.0210amino acid amide;
L-proline derivative;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide
leucinol
leucinol: RN given for (L)-isomer		2.4420
anserine
Anserine: A dipeptide containing BETA-ALANINE.. anserine : A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.		1.9510beta-alanine derivative;
dipeptide;
zwitterion		animal metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leucinamide
leucinamide: leucine aminopeptidase alternative substrate to leucyl beta naphthylamide; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		2.4920
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.3520
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410catecholamine
valerates
Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.		6.981000short-chain fatty acid anion;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		plant metabolite
u 73343
U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122		2.0210
3-deoxyglucosone
3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.		2.0610deoxyglucose;
deoxyketohexose
higenamine
higenamine: structure; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer		3.2310norcoclaurine
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.110ibuprofen
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		2.1310
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside
dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.		2.0210disaccharide derivative;
glycoside		detergent
monochlorobimane
monochlorobimane: marker for glutathione		2.0610organochlorine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
s-sulphocysteine
S-sulphocysteine: residues in physiologically significant proteins treated with sulfite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. S-sulfo-L-cysteine : An S-substituted L-cysteine where the S-substituent is specified as a sulfo group.		2.6730organic thiosulfate;
S-substituted L-cysteine		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate
1-(9-fluorenyl)ethyl chloroformate: chiral reagent; structure given in first source		1.9710
2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine
[no description available]		7.521630
benzoyl glucuronide
benzoyl glucuronide: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.3720glucosiduronic acid
icrf 193
4,4'-(1,2-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-2,6-piperazinedione: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. ICRF-193 : An N-alkylpiperazine that is butane which is substituted by a 3,5-dioxopiperazin-1-yl group at positions 2 and 3. The meso isomer.		1.9910
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK		3.7930
brassinolide
brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.071022-hydroxy steroid;
23-hydroxy steroid;
2alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
brassinosteroid		plant growth stimulator;
plant hormone
delta-philanthotoxin
delta-philanthotoxin: from wasp Philanthus triangulum; blocks transmission postsynaptically at excitory synapses		2.420
fr 41565
heptanoyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-L-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanine: synthetic cpd; also immunoactive peptide isolated from Streptomyces active against multiplication of HSV-1 & HSV-2 virus		3.0710
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate
3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source		2.9440purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
ginkgolide a
[no description available]		2.2110diterpene lactone
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane
1-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4-propyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo(2.2.2)octane: GABA(A) receptor ligand for autoradiography		2.420
stachydrine
stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.		2.0610alkaloid;
amino-acid betaine;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycolithocholic acid
glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		1.9610bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine
4'-phosphopantetheine
D-pantetheine 4'-phosphate : Pantetheine 4'-phosphate with D (R) configuration at the 2' position.		2.610pantetheine 4'-phosphateprosthetic group
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		2.6630monoterpenoid
2-iodomelatonin
[no description available]		210acetamides
nitisinone
[no description available]		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
chymosin
Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.		2.7130
4'-hydroxydiclofenac
4'-hydroxydiclofenac: metabolite of diclofenac; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxydiclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.		2.0710dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
secondary amino compound		allergen;
drug metabolite
methyl phenylglycine
methyl phenylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		4.55240
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
3-mercaptopicolinic acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		2.420
nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate
nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110
thiodigalactoside
thiodigalactoside: RN given refers to beta-D-galactopyranoside (D-Gal)-isomer		2.2510
clofarabine
[no description available]		4.3730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
sr 48692
SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist		1.9910N-acyl-amino acid
n-gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9910
n-(9h-(2,7-dimethylfluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl)leucine
N-(9H-(2,7-dimethylfluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl)leucine: RN given refers to the (L-Leu)-isomer		1.9810
mozavaptan
mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210benzamidesaquaretic
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		7.4252fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		2.2110phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
4,5-dioxovaleric acid
4,5-dioxopentanoic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid consisting of a valeric acid core with the two oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions.		2.3620dioxo monocarboxylic acid
ah 6809
6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD		2.0510xanthones
muricholic acid
muricholic acid: internal standard in analysis of fecal bile acids; RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta)-isomer		3.34603alpha-hydroxy steroid;
6-hydroxy steroid;
7-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid
muramylnac-ala-isogln-lys-tripeptide
muramylNAc-Ala-isoGln-Lys-tripeptide: Ala-Ala dipeptide is added to this tripeptide by MurF synthetase to make the peptidoglycan pentapeptide; often called muramyl tripeptide but that term is ambiguous, confused with other tripeptides of muramic acid; the phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate is sometimes used		2.0210
buthionine sulfoximine
L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine : A 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid which has S-configuration. It is a inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and is capable of enhancing the apoptotic effects of several chemotherapeutic agents.		2.06102-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acidEC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		2.1510benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		2.110
2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one
2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one: a Maillard reaction product of glucose and glycine; structure in first source		6.9910
angustmycin a
angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis		2.36206-aminopurines
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.		2.0110azamacrocyclechelator;
copper chelator
n-(4-tolyl)glycine-glycidyl methacrylate
N-(4-tolyl)glycine-glycidyl methacrylate: dental bonding material; structure given in first source		1.9610
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.1110carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin
[no description available]		1.9710
egta acetoxymethyl ester
EGTA acetoxymethyl ester: membrane-permeable form of EGTA		2.4520
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure given in first source; selective antagonist for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor		4.29190
6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4h-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide
6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; taurine antagonist		2.6830
4-o-alpha-d-galactopyranosyl-d-galactose
4-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-galactose: carbohydrate part of receptor on human uroepithelial cells; RN given refers to (alpha-D,D)-isomer		210O-acyl carbohydrate
l 658758
L 658758: structure & chemical name given in UD		2.9340
2-aminoacridone
[no description available]		1.9710acridines
dup 734
DuP 734: structure given in first source		1.9810
thymidine 3',5'-diphosphate
[no description available]		1.9710
fk 156
FK 156: structure given in first source; RN given refers to ((L)(R)-isomer		3.9820
bw a868c
BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorescein 5-maleimide
[no description available]		2.0310
4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole
4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source		2.0210
n-myristoyl glycinal diethylacetal
[no description available]		3.0910
pn 202-791
PN 202-791: (+)-isomer is calcium channel agonist; (-)-isomer is calcium channel blocker; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		1.9810benzoxadiazole;
isopropyl ester
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole
[no description available]		210
dx 9065a
(2S)-2-(4-(((3S)-1-acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl)oxy)phenyl)-3-(7-amidino-2-naphtyl)propanoic acid: structure given in first source		2.0210
a 82846a
[no description available]		2.0310
saclofen
saclofen: GABA-A receptor antagonist		2.4420organochlorine compound
flavin semiquinone
flavin semiquinone: chromophore found in methanol oxidase		2.0510
benzoyl-coenzyme a
benzoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		3.1650
(3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium
(3-dimyristyloxypropyl)(dimethyl)(hydroxyethyl)ammonium: a cationic lipid; RN refers to bromide salt		2.0110
tryptophan methyl ester
tryptophan methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL)-isomer		2.6730
2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-biphosphate
[no description available]		210ribonic acid phosphate
dansylsarcosine
[no description available]		2.3820
1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide methiodide
[no description available]		1.9610
dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone
dansylglutamyl-glycyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone: inactivates bovine factor Xa		1.9810
efegatran
efegatran: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd (D)-isomer		4.5240
chlorodimedone
[no description available]		210
butyryl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9710butanoyl-CoAsEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
argiotoxin-636
argiotoxin-636: from the venom of Argiope aurantia; blocks neuromuscular transmission in insects; structure in first source.		2.3920N-acyl-amino acid
acetylphenylalanyl-prolyl-boroarginine
Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH : A C-terminal boronic acid petide that is N-acetyl-D-phenylalanyl-L-prolyl-L-arginine in which the C-termnal carboxy group has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.. DuP-714 : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of Ac-(D)Phe-Pro-boroArg-OH and hydrogen chloride. A thrombin (Factor IIa) inhibitor, thereby acting as an anticoagulant.		3.0910acetamides;
C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
guanidines		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
emoxypine succinate
emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects		2.0610
glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine
glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine: from sponge & sea anemone collagen		1.9610
ursocholic acid
ursocholic acid: see also records for allocholic and cholic acids. ursocholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three hydroxy substituents at positions 3alpha, 7beta and 12alpha.		1.971012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7beta-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		EC 1.1.1.159 (7alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite
ud cg 212 cl
UD CG 212 Cl: pimobendan metabolite; structure given in first source		1.9710
n-succinimidyl propionate
[no description available]		2.7430
n-acetylputrescine
N-acetylputrescine : An N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine that is the N-monoacetyl derivative of putrescine.		2.1310N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine;
N-substituted putrescine		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
o-carbamylserine
O-carbamylserine: RN given refers to (D)-iosmer		2.3420
astragaloside a
[no description available]		2.0810
dehydroacetic acid
[no description available]		1.9310ketone;
pyran-2,4-dione		antibacterial agent;
fungicide;
plasticiser
stannane
[no description available]		7.0710mononuclear parent hydride;
tin hydride
carbene
carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).		8.2260carbene;
methanediyl
cyclopropene
cyclopropene: structure. cyclopropene : A cycloalkene that consists of cyclopropane having a double bond in the ring. The parent of the class of cyclopropenes.		2.4920cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes
disiloxane
[no description available]		2.2510siloxane
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.9740nitrogen oxoacid
1,3-indandione
1,2-indanedione: use for detection of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces; structure in first source		2.0210
1-aminoindan
[no description available]		2.0610
fullerene c60
Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.		3.86110fullerenegeroprotector
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		3.0640methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		3.1450penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		2.7630aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
2-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
chromozym th
chromozym TH: synthetic substrate for thrombin which acts on it to liberate p-nitroaniline (yellow color)		2.0110
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate
ribulose-1,5 diphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate : A ribulose phosphate that is D-ribulose attached to phosphate groups at positions 1 and 5. It is an intermediate in photosynthesis.		2.4320ribulose phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
rhod-2
rhod-2: calcium indicator		3.7930
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.		7.0610tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide		metabolite
cdp ethanolamine
[no description available]		1.9810nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphoethanolamine		mouse metabolite
nnc 711
NNC 711: structure in first source		2.730
n,n',n''-triacetylchitotriose
N,N',N''-triacetylchitotriose: used for affinity chromatography of potato lectin when coupled to Sepharose; structure		1.9910N-acyl-hexosamine
acth (4-10)
ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd		210
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		210
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.420
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate)
[no description available]		2.110
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells		2.1110
5-iodoacetamidofluorescein
[no description available]		1.9910
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		3.6190dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-n,n,o-triacetic acid
2-(2-(5-carboxy)oxazole)-5-hydroxy-6-aminobenzofuran-N,N,O-triacetic acid: structure given in first source		4.0140
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source		2.0210
glycerophosphoethanolamine
glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine: a membrane lipid degradation product		2.2110phosphoethanolamine;
sn-glycerol 3-phosphates
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.		4.38210dichlorobenzene;
differentiation-inducing factor;
monomethoxybenzene;
resorcinols		eukaryotic metabolite;
signalling molecule
gk 101e
[no description available]		4.0520
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		2.7130
glycylglutamine
glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.9240dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite;
protective agent
indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester
Indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester: calcium-specific chelating agent; calcium ion fluorescent probe		210
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate
methyl 4-mercaptobutyrimidate: used as a cross-linking agent to study ribosomal proteins, by making disulfide linkages; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9510organonitrogen compound;
oxoacid derivative
3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate)
3,3'-dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate): structure given in first source		1.9910
alanylglutamine
alanylglutamine: RN refers to (L-Glu)-isomer; dipeptiven is for parenteral use. Ala-Gln : A dipeptide formed from L-alanyl and L-glutamine residues.		6.1143dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
gamma-glutamylcysteine
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine : A molecular entity formed when L-cysteine amino group binds to the gamma-carbonyl of L-glutamic acid.		9.08150gamma-glutamylcysteineEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid
3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid: structure in first source. 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid : A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases.		1.9710dicarboxylic acid;
furoic acid		human metabolite;
uremic toxin
kelatorphan
kelatorphan: inhibitor of enkephalin metabolism; structure given in first source		1.9610
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		3.1150
e 64
E 64: cysteine protease inhibitor of microbial origin, which inhibits cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) and cathepsin L (EC 3.4.22.-)		2.4420dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
guanidines;
L-leucine derivative;
zwitterion		antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
protease inhibitor
dehydroalanine
2-ammonioprop-2-enoate : An amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of 2-aminoacrylic acid.. 2-aminoacrylic acid : A 2,3-dehydroamino acid that is alanine which has been dehydrogenated to introduce a double bond between positions 2 and 3.		7.72302,3-dehydroamino acid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
enamine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		alkylating agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cp 93129
3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source		2.0110pyrrolopyridine
ferric bleomycin
iron bleomycin: iron-bleomycin complexes		1.9710
2',6'-dimethyltyrosine
2',6'-dimethyltyrosine: structure given in first source		1.9810
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine
4-azido-7-phenylpyrazolo-(1,5a)-1,3,5-triazine: structure given in first source		1.9910
demethoxyviridin
demethoxyviridin: blocks phospholipase C & D activation in human neutrophils; RN from Toxlit		2.0510
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
azetidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: activates neuronal metabotropic receptors; RN given refers to (trans-isomer); RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 10/93		3.2460
(3-(n-hydroxy)carboxamido-2-benzylpropanoyl)glycine
[no description available]		1.9610
3-amino-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
[no description available]		2.1710
n(delta)-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-ornithine
[no description available]		1.9810
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.9340
1,3-bis(tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino)propane
bis-tris propane : A water-soluble buffer substance used for the preparation of the biochemical and biological buffer solutions; pKa = 6.8 at 20 degreeC.		2.0810hexolbuffer
16-(9-anthroyloxy)palmitic acid
16-(9-anthroyloxy)palmitic acid: RN & structure given in first source; RN not in Chemline 1/86		210
beta-lipotropin, gln(9)-
corynebactin: a triscatechol derivative of a cyclic triserine lactone; siderophore synthesized by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. corynebactin : A crown compound that is enterobactin in which the pro-R hydrogens at positions 2, 6 and 10 of the trilactone backbone are replaced by methyl groups, and in which a glycine spacer separates the trilactone backbone from each of the catecholamide arms. It is the endogenous siderophore of Bacillus subtilis, used for the acquisition of iron.		2.0310catechols;
crown compound;
macrocyclic lactone		bacterial metabolite;
metabolite
2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(3-(carboxymethoxy)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: glutamate receptor antagonist; protects against kainic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebral cortex neurons		1.9710
hydantocidin
hydantocidin: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces hydroscopicus		2.3920
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde
3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection; structure given in first source		2.1110benzoic acids;
quinolines		fluorochrome
l 687414
L 687414: RN given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer		2.3920
pyrrolidin-3-yl-methanesulfonic acid
[no description available]		210
dibromobimane
dibromobimane : A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two bromomethyl substituents at positions 3 and 5.		2.0710organobromine compound;
pyrazolopyrazole		fluorochrome
neominophagen c
neominophagen C: contains above 3 cpds		8.2122
ectoine
[no description available]		3.11501,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
monocarboxylic acid;
zwitterion		osmolyte
cyclo(prolylglycyl)
cyclo(prolylglycyl): RN given is for 17O-labeled cpd		3.1250
7-(gamma-glutamyl)-4-methylcoumarylamide
7-(gamma-glutamyl)-4-methylcoumarylamide: fluorogenic substrate for glutamyl transpeptidase when used with glycylglycine		210
glicentin
Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.		1.9910
s 2366
S 2366: chromogenic substrate for Factor XI in plasma		2.0210
lysyl-lysyl-glycyl-glutamic acid
lysyl-lysyl-glycyl-glutamic acid: beta endorphin C-terminal tetrapeptide; RN given for all-(L)-isomer		1.9910
(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine
(tetrazol-5-yl)glycine: potent NMDA receptor agonist; structure given in first source		3.94130non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
n-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine
N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine: RN given for (R)-isomer		3.4980
icrf 198
ICRF 198: hydrolysis product of dexrazoxane; ADR-925 is the (S)-enantiomer of ICRF-198; structure given in first source; ADR 925 is identical to N,N'-((1S)-1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)-bis(N-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl))glycine		4.4210
pepsinogen (1-12)
[no description available]		1.9610
1-amino-3-(phosphonomethylene)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid
1-amino-3-(phosphonomethylene)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid: potently inhibits evoked field potentials in the rat lateral perforant path; structure given in first source		210
gyki 53655
GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist		2.4320
4-(2-amino-6-chloro-9h-purin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol
4-(2-amino-6-chloro-9H-purin-9-yl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-methanol: RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source		3.1350
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.21500dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
n-(3-hydroxyaminocarbonyl-2-benzyl-1-oxopropyl)glycine
N-(3-hydroxyaminocarbonyl-2-benzyl-1-oxopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; RN refers to tritium labeled cpd		3.0750
estrone-3-o-sulfamate
estrone-3-O-sulfamate: a steroid sulfatase inhibitor		210
(3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine
(3-nitrobenzoyl)alanine: inhibits kynurenine hydroxylase; structure in first source		210
2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid
2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-phenylisoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid: RN refers to (R-)-isomer; structure in first source; AMPA receptor antagonist		1.9810
adenosine tetraphosphopyridoxal
adenosine tetraphosphopyridoxal: RN given from first source		1.9910
glycyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
glycyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: an immunostimulatory peptide; RN given refer to all (L)-isomer		2.0310oligopeptide
lysyllysine
lysyllysine: RN given refers to (L-Lys)-isomer. Lys-Lys : A dipeptide formed from two L-lysine residues.		2.4220dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
4-methyoxybenzoyl-n-glycine
[no description available]		2.3920N-acylglycine
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetate
[no description available]		1.9810
1-naphthylacetylspermine
[no description available]		2.0710naphthalenes
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
cgp 36742
(3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)		210
cgp 46381
3-aminopropyl-cyclohexylmethylphosphinic acid: GABA-B receptor antagonist		2.0210
tyrosyl-glycyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalanyl-glycine
tyrosyl-glycyl-tryptophyl-methionyl-aspartyl-phenylalanyl-glycine: glycine-extended post-translational processing intermediate of progastrin		2.3920
dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine
dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine: a lipospermine used to coat DNA to facilitate gene transfer into mammalian primary endocrine cells; structure given in first source		4.96380
ovothiol a
ovothiol A: structure given in first source. ovothiol A : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively.		1.9910aryl thiol;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-histidine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antioxidant;
marine metabolite;
radical scavenger
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.0510penicillanic acids
fr 900482
FR 900482: isolated from Streptomyces sandaensis; structure given in above source		2.0110
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.4220
glucuronic acid 3-sulfate
D-glucuronic acid 3-sulfate : A monosaccharide sulfate that is D-glucuronic acid esterified at O-3 by sulfuric acid.		1.9710monosaccharide sulfate
talotrexin
N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-L-ornithine: RN refers to (S)-isomer		1.9810
1-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)-1-naphthoxy)-2,3-propanediol
1-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxy)-1-naphthoxy)-2,3-propanediol: structure given in first source		2.420
5,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
[no description available]		2.940
1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: structure given in first source; a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+)-isomer		2.3820
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		2.0510biphenyls
n-(((4-benzoylamino)phenyl)sulfonyl)glycine
N-(((4-benzoylamino)phenyl)sulfonyl)glycine: structure given in first source		3.3870
3-pyridylalanine
[no description available]		2.4320
bd 737
BD 737: structure given in first source; BD737 and 738 are enantiomers; have high affinity for sigma receptors		1.9810
dioctadecylamidospermine
[no description available]		1.9710
uk 21
UK 21: structure given in first source		3.0850
ly 274614
LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer		2.6930
cgp 52432
[no description available]		3.1750dichlorobenzene
glyantrypine
glyantrypine: structure given in first source; an anthranilic acid-containing metabolite isolated from Aspergillus clavatus		1.9810quinazolines
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
l 703606
L 703606: structure given in first source		2.0110
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		3.2560amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
3-(4-chlorophenyl)glutamic acid
[no description available]		1.9710
calcium specific chelator
calcium specific chelator: structure in first source; do not confuse with MAPTAM		4.3460
imidazolecarboxamide
imidazolecarboxamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also related record for imidazole-4-carboxamide		6.9210
n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide
N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide: hydrophilic ligand for preparation of active esters		1.9610
fr 66973
FR 66973: antitumor antibiotic from Streptomyces sandaensis; more potent against B16 melanoma & P388 leukemia than mitomycin C; structure given in first source		2.0110
carbapenems
[no description available]		2.8430
sk&f 7172-a2
fluphenazine-N-mustard: dopamine antagonist		2.0510phenothiazines
4-methylumbelliferylguanidinobenzoate
[no description available]		2.0310
triiodothyronine
L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.		1.9310tetrahydrothiophenes;
thiolactone		human metabolite
aspartame
[no description available]		9.4180carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
pomalidomide
3-aminophthalimidoglutarimide: structure in first source		8.9982aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source		2.4620
lanthanum hydroxide
lanthanum hydroxide: RN given refers to unspecified lanthanum hydroxide		2.0110
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		5.37590D-xylose
d-apv
[no description available]		3.110
cystathionine ketimine
cystathionine ketimine: structure given in first source. cystathionine ketimine : A 1-thia-4-azacyclohepta-3-ene-3,5-dicarboxylic acid that has R-configuration. It is cyclic sulfur-containing imino acid detected in bovine brain extracts.		2.4201-thia-4-azacyclohepta-3-ene-3,5-dicarboxylic acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid		human urinary metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
rat metabolite;
reactive oxygen species generator
tolmetin glycinamide
[no description available]		4.8542
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		3.580beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
n-phenyliminodiacetic acid
[no description available]		1.9910
perrhenate
perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re		2.0110monovalent inorganic anion;
rhenium oxoanion
sperm motility inhibitor 2
[no description available]		2.0310
phenyldiazene
phenyldiazene: structure		2.420
methylenecyclopropylglycine
methylenecyclopropylglycine: structure given in first source		4.4190
phytol
[no description available]		1.9410
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		19.21,3129amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.		2.9540
pitrazepin
pitrazepin: effects are not tissue specific; induced a bursting discharge pattern in cultures derived from hippocampus & hypothalamus; structure given in first source		7.6730N-arylpiperazine
tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium
tris-(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium: (103)Ru-labeled indigestible marker for large intestine studies; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
azidohomoalanine
azidohomoalanine: structure in first source		3.88110
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		2.1110N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		2.0510hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.4820secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
perifosine
[no description available]		3.1910ammonium betaine;
phospholipid		EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
bdp 12
1-(quinoxalin-6-ylcarbonyl)piperidine: modulates AMPA receptor desensitization ; an analog of 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)piperidine		3.1210N-acylpiperidine
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		2.0510carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
tariquidar
[no description available]		2.0610benzamides
peptide elongation factor 2
Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.		2.3920
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		2.98409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
aclacinomycin
aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.3920aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
polyketide;
tertiary alcohol;
tetracenequinones;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0510azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
methylenecyclopropylacetic acid
methylenecyclopropylacetic acid: metabolite of hypoglycin A; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420
2-methylacetoacetic acid
2-methylacetoacetic acid : A 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetoacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group.		2.71303-oxo monocarboxylic acid
n-palmitoylglycine
N-hexadecanoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).		5.85120fatty amide;
N-acylglycine 16:0		human metabolite;
marine metabolite
n-benzoyltyrosine
N-benzoyltyrosine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine : An N-acyl-L-tyrosine that is L-tyrosine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.		1.9310benzamides;
N-acyl-L-tyrosine
3-o-methylmannose
3-O-methylmannose: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910
3-methylaspartic acid
3-methylaspartic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
1-methylcyclopropene
1-methylcyclopropene: do not confuse with 1-methylcyclopropane. 1-methylcyclopropene : A member of the class of cyclopropenes that is cyclopropene in which the hydrogen at position 1 has been replaced by a methyl group. A gas at room temperture and pressure, it is a (synthetic) ethylene perception inhibitor and is used to prolong the life of cut and potted flowers, other ornamental plants, and fruit.		2.0310cycloalkene;
cyclopropenes		agrochemical;
plant growth regulator
aspartylglycine
Asp-Gly : A dipeptide composed of L-aspartic acid and glycine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.4720dipeptidemetabolite
threonic acid
threonic acid: RN given refers to (R*,S*)-isomer		210threonic acid
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4620
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.0510
o-phosphohomoserine
O-phosphohomoserine: RN given refers to L-isomer		2.6830O-phosphorylhomoserineEscherichia coli metabolite
2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid
2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid: a sweetness inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0110aromatic ether;
carboxylic acid
glycine tert-butyl ester
tert-butyl glycinate: structure in first source		3.5280
4-methylphenylalanine
4-methylphenylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.1710
copper bis(histidinate)
copper bis(histidinate): RN given refers to N,N(3),O(L)-isomer		2.9140
methylmercury cysteine
methylmercury cysteine: degradation product of methylmercury glutathione; RN given refers to (L-cysteinato)-isomer		1.9610L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
zinc glycinate
zinc glycinate: glycoprotein marker of gastrointestinal cancer		8.36225
arginylarginine
Arg-Arg : A dipeptide formed from two L-arginine residues.		2.0310dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
prolyl-prolyl-glycine
prolyl-prolyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.4120oligopeptide
beryllium trifluoride
[no description available]		210beryllium coordination entity;
perfluorometallate anion
prolyl-tyrosine
prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source. Pro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
n-(mercaptoacetyl)glycine
[no description available]		3.96130
n-methacryloyl glycine
N-methacryloyl glycine: the aqueous ethanolic solution used as dentin primer		4.03140
2',4'-dinitrophenylglucopyranoside
2',4'-dinitrophenylglucopyranoside: substrate of exoglucanase		1.9910
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		9.4141aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
cyc 682
sapacitabine: structure in first source. sapacitabine : A nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).		3.1610nitrile;
nucleoside analogue;
secondary carboxamide		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
ruboxistaurin
ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source		3.1310
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
potassium diazoacetate
potassium diazoacetate: it is a stable nitrosated derivative of glycine, one of the most common dietary amino acids		3.2860
hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.		2.5520tropane alkaloid
ro 136680
N-anisoyl-GABA: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; metabolite of aniracetam		210
vinylglycine
vinylglycine: irreversible inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase; structure. L-vinylglycine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid with a structure in which a vinyl group is bonded to the alpha-carbon of glycine.		4.79320glycine derivative;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 4.4.1.14 (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) inhibitor
ym 09151-2
nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0310N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		8.5680methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.8321(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
alpha-methylhistamine
(R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).		2.0510aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		H3-receptor agonist
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		4.94360oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.0710biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
rhodioloside
[no description available]		2.2110glycoside
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate
adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate : An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.		2.0710adenosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gadolinium oxide
gadolinium oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Gd2-O3		2.0710
2-amino-5-phosphonomethyl(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-propanoic acid
2-amino-5-phosphonomethyl(1,1'-biphenyl)-3-propanoic acid: structure in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist		1.9810
philanthotoxin 343
philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3		2.7130N-acyl-amino acid
resiquimod
S 28463: structure given in first source		2.0510imidazoquinoline
glucosone
glucosone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0610ketoaldohexose
hirudonine
hirudonine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
alpha-ketocaproic acid
alpha-ketocaproic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-oxohexanoic acid : A straight-chain fatty acid consisting of hexanoic acid having an oxo group at position 2.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
medium-chain fatty acid;
oxo fatty acid;
straight-chain fatty acid		human blood serum metabolite
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		7.4820chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
lombricine
L-lombricine : The L-enantiomer of lombricine.		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
lombricine
5-deazariboflavin
5-deazariboflavin: deaza analog of riboflavin used to elucidate chemical role of the flavin coenzyme; structure		1.9510
eritadenine
eritadenine: isolated from Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom); inhibits S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase activity		2.0310
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
apovincaminic acid
apovincaminic acid: structure in first source		2.110
fenton's reagent
Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols		3.1650
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.05102,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		4.9370carbodiimide
argininic acid
[no description available]		4.4851organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
carbazic acid
[no description available]		2.6930monocarboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound
alpha-methyl-beta-hydroxybutyrate
2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid: metabolite from isoleucine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid which is substituted by a methyl group and a hydroxy group at positions 2 and 3, respectively.		3.861203-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid
coclaurine
coclaurine: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. (S)-coclaurine : The (S)-enantiomer of coclaurine.		2.0810coclaurine
abrine
abrine: from seeds of Abrus precatorius; structure in first source. N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan : A N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid that is the N(alpha)-methyl derivative of L-tryptophan.		2.4120L-tryptophan derivative;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
4-acetylaminohippuric acid
[no description available]		1.9810
3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate
3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate: do not confuse with 5-DAHP (5-dehydro-3-deoxyarabinoheptulosonic acid-7-phosphate) or with 2,4-DAHP (2,4-diaminohypoxanthine) which are also referred to as DAHP. 7-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid : A ketoaldonic acid phosphate consisting of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonic acid having a phospho group at the 7-position.		1.9710ketoaldonic acid phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
dimethylsulfonioacetate
dimethylthetin: synthetic analog of glycine betaine; structure in first source		3.5490sulfonium betaine
glycineamide ribonucleotide
glycineamide ribonucleotide: structure		2.3720
zirconium phosphate
zirconium phosphate: reagent for carcinoembryonic antigen determination in plasma from patients having benign or malignant disease; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified ratio		2.5120
pyropheophorbide a
pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer		2.3110
leonurine
leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure		2.4110trihydroxybenzoic acid
aminoimidazole ribotide
5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole that is 5-aminoimidazole in which the proton at position 1 has been replaced by a 5-phospho-beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.		2.13101-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole;
aminoimidazole		bacterial metabolite
glycine chloramine
glycine chloramine: removes dental caries		12.01141
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.7730C-nitro compound
sangor
sangor: mixture of picloram, 2,4-D; used as an herbicide		1.9910
phenaridine
phenaridine: central analgesic, more powerful than morphine; synthesized in the USSR		2.0610
glyceollin
glyceollin: found in plants; structure		2.1510organic heteropentacyclic compound
3,3-diphenylalanine
3,3-diphenylalanine: a conformationally restricted phenylalanine; structure in first source		1.9810
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		2.05105-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
3-aminopyridine-1,n(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide phosphate
3-aminopyridine-1,N(6)-ethenoadenine dinucleotide phosphate: fluorescent reagent for NADP-requiring enzymes		210
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)-
substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist		2.0510
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4h-1,2,4-triazole
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole: structure given in first source; selectively reverses strychnine-induced seizures		1.9810
ly 300164
talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist		210benzodioxoles
5-fluorotryptamine
5-fluorotryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
serine o-sulfate
serine O-sulfate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-serine O-sulfate : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is the O-sulfo derivative of L-serine.		1.9410L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-sulfoamino acid
calcium pyrophosphate
[no description available]		2.3720
cupric hydroxide
copper hydroxide: used as an antifungal agent		2.1510organic molecular entity
5-deoxypyridoxal
5-deoxypyridoxal: structure		2.4620
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		3.0750heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
sedoheptulose 7-phosphate : A ketoheptose phosphate consisting of sedoheptulose having a phosphate group at the 7-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway.		2.5920ketoheptose phosphate;
sedoheptulose derivative		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-guanidinophenylalanine
[no description available]		1.9510
arginine glutamate
[no description available]		2.1310glutamic acid derivative
histidinol
L-histidinol : An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).		1.9510amino alcohol;
imidazoles		EC 2.3.1.97 (glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isovaleryl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9610methylbutanoyl-CoA;
short-chain fatty acyl-CoA		mouse metabolite
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		2.4620amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
phenylacetyl-coenzyme a
phenylacetyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid.		2.1110acyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-nitrocatechol sulfate
4-nitrocatechol sulfate: RN given refers to 2-sulfate moiety locant. 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is 4-nitrocatechol in which the hydroxy group that is meta to the nitro group has been converted into the corresponding hydrogen sulfate. It is used (commonly as its dipotassium salt) as a chromogenic substrate for sulphatase.		2.4204-nitrophenols;
aryl sulfate		chromogenic compound
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		2.8840iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
thiophosphoric acid
thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810phosphorothioic acid
ferrioxalate
ferrioxalate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester
protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester: RN given refers to protoporphyrin IX 18-monomethyl ester. protoporphyrin monomethyl ester : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is the monomethyl ester of protoporphyrin.		1.9610
palladium(ii) acetate
[no description available]		2.1110
n-valyltryptophan
N-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.0310peptide
vinylphosphonic acid
[no description available]		3.4411
symmetric dimethylarginine
N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid
3-(2-carboxyindol-3-yl)propionic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA antagonist		2.3820
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		9.2180dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
vasopressin, 9-des-gly-nh(2)-lys-
[no description available]		1.9410
beta-methylcrotonylglycine
beta-methylcrotonylglycine: structure. 3-methylcrotonyl glycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 3-methylbut-2-enoyl.		6.24270N-acylglycinemetabolite
bathocuproine disulfonate
bathocuproine sulfonate: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd. bathocuproine disulfonic acid : A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.. copper chelator : A chelator that is any compound containing a ligand (typically organic) which is able to form a bond to a central copper atom at two or more points.		2.6630arenesulfonic acid;
phenanthrolines		chelator
aminoquinolone
aminoquinolone: metabolite of peptido-aminobenzophenone; structure given in first source		1.9510
5-hydroxyhexanoic acid
5-hydroxyhexanoic acid : A medium-chain fatty acid that is hexanoic acid substituted at position 5 by a hydroxy group.		1.9510(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid;
medium-chain fatty acid		human urinary metabolite
4(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
4(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: metabolite of haloperidol; much less potent neuroleptic agent than haloperidol; structure in first source		2.420aromatic ketone
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol: glycine antagonist; see also record for (4,5-c) cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		6.38530biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		10.06430amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
cystinylglycine
cystinylglycine: found in human blood plasma		6.9510
beta-methyleneaspartate
beta-methyleneaspartate: inhibits glutamate-aspartate transaminase; structure in first source		1.9610
4-chlorokynurenine
4-chlorokynurenine: about 80x sweeter than sucrose; structure in first source		5.0531
3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid
3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0210
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium
1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium: structure given in first source. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is ethyl.		2.1101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		11.66541
stronger neominophagen c
stronger neominophagen C: consists of glycyrrhizin, cysteine, and glycine		8.16182
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		3.5980
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		7.0110piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
mesotrione
mesotrione: brandname is after the Callistemon (MYRTACEAE) plant it was found in; structure in first source. mesotrione : An aromatic ketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(methanesulfonyl)-2-nitrobenzoyl group.		2.1510aromatic ketone;
beta-triketone;
C-nitro compound;
sulfone		carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sb 203580
[no description available]		3.360imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
gacyclidine
gacyclidine: non-competitive NMDA antagonist		210
zm 241385
ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor		3.1350diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.811hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
homocysteic acid
homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.		5.28170homocysteic acidNMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		11.311881divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
spirodiclofen
spirodiclofen: an acaricide		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
gamma-lactone;
organochlorine acaricide;
oxaspiro compound
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		2.110acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alpha-aminobutyric acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group. It is a potent and selective agonist for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4/6/7/8).		3.110non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
phosphonic acids		metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist
limonin
[no description available]		2.1110epoxide;
furans;
hexacyclic triterpenoid;
lactone;
limonoid;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		inhibitor;
metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel monoxide
[no description available]		2.1110
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.3820secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
cyhalofop-butyl
cyhalofop-butyl: structure in first source		2.2510aromatic ether
gvs 111
[no description available]		2.1710
melagatran
[no description available]		14.5911127azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
s-benzoylmercaptoacetyltriglycine
[no description available]		3.1250oligopeptide
propargylglycine
propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		9.192560
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.4420aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
glycitin
glycitin: structure in first source. glycitin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
methoxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0310
7-ketodeoxycholic acid
7-ketodeoxycholic acid: RN given refers to (3 alpha,5 beta,12 alpha)-isomer		1.95107-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid
perhydro-1,4-thiazepine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.420
isospaglumic acid
isospaglumic acid: mediator in the sensitivity of animals to hyperbaric oxygenation; Naaxia is the tradename; apparently can have both a neuroprotective and a neurotoxic effect. Ac-Asp-Glu : A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.		4.01140dipeptidehuman metabolite
2-ethylhydracrylic acid
2-ethylhydracrylic acid: newly described urinary organic acid; a metabolite of L-isoleucine; structure. 2-ethylhydracrylic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that is butanoic acid substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite derived from the isoleucine metabolism.		2.7330branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
hydroxy fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		human metabolite
phosphoglycocyamine
phosphoguanidinoacetic acid : A guanidinoacetate having a phospho group attached to the primary amino part of the guanidine moiety.		3.0350guanidinoacetic acids;
phosphoramide
cysteine thiosulfonate
cysteine thiosulfonate: has role in cystine metabolism; structure given in first source		1.9710S-conjugate
monoacetylcadaverine
monoacetylcadaverine: found in higher levels in blood of schizophrenic patients; substrate for rat liver monoamine oxidase & hog kidney diamine oxidase; RN from Vol 90, CA Chem Form Index. N-acetylcadaverine : An N-substituted cadaverine that is cadaverine in which one of the amino groups has been converted to the corresponding acetamide.		1.9610acetamides;
N-substituted cadaverine;
primary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		human metabolite
maltotriose
Porcelite: a light-cured composite resin. alpha-maltotriose : A maltotriose trisaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the pyranose ring form and has alpha configuration at the anomeric carbon atom..		2.0110maltotriose trisaccharidehuman metabolite
beta-leucine
beta-leucine : A beta-amino acid that is pentanoic acid substituted at positions 3 and 4 by amino and methyl groups respectively.		2.610beta-amino acidhuman metabolite
beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide
beta-mercaptolactate cysteine disulfide: structure		1.9610organic molecular entity
lactosylurea
lactosylurea: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		2.0210
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.4120L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
2-methylbutyrylglycine
2-methylbutyrylglycine: metabolite of L-isoleucine. N-(2-methylbutanoyl)glycine : A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted by a 2-methylbutanoyl group at the N atom.		8.4980N-acylglycinehuman metabolite
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid
aziridine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source		3.110
bursopoietin
bursopoietin: cell differentiation agent in extracts of chicken bursa of fabricus		2.0110
prolylglutamic acid
Pro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
homoibotenic acid
homoibotenic acid: structure given in first source		2.0210
l 35
L 35: a negative effector of hemoglobin; RN & structure given in first source		1.9410
gadusol
gadusol: isolated from roe of cod & other marine fish; properties similar to ascorbic acid; structure given in first source		2.110cyclohexenones
ketosteril
ketosteril: alpha-keto analogs of Ile,Leu,Phe,Val & alpha-hydroxy analogs of Met,Lys,Thr,Trp,His,Tyr		1.9710
palmarumycin cp(1)
palmarumycin CP(1): a type of spirobisnaphthalene, which contain two naphthalene-derived c10 units bridged through a spiroketal linkage with two oxygen bridges; structure in first source		2.0310
chlorite
[no description available]		7.5320chlorine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
fe(iii)-edta
Fe(III)-EDTA: iron fortifying agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.1150iron coordination entity
coriolin
coriolin: sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from Coriolus consors; structure in third source		3.4620
trichogin a iv
trichogin A IV: has been sequenced		6.9810
rpr 104632
RPR 104632: structure given in first source		3.4920
magnesium green
magnesium green: RN given for the pentapotassium salt		4.7590organic potassium saltfluorochrome
cadmium metallothionein
cadmium-binding protein: metallothionein which serves in a metal-sequestering mechanism		1.9710
amythiamicin d
amythiamicin D: isolated from Amycolatopsis		2.0210
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4720acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
anabasine
Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.		2.0810anabasine
muraglitazar
muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE		18.7265101,3-oxazoles
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		5.6470
aminopyralid
aminopyralid: structure in first source. aminopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated 4-aminopicolinic acid structure.		2.4920aromatic amine;
organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		7.1710carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
eglumetad
eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source		4.97120L-alpha-amino acid
butyrylcarnitine
butyrylcarnitine: structure in first source. O-butanoyl-L-carnitine : An optically active form of O-butanoylcarnitine having L-configuration.. O-butanoylcarnitine : A C4-acylcarnitine that is the O-butanoyl derivative of carnitine.		2.0310O-butanoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		metabolite
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		2.0510benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		4.0420aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510benzodioxoles
sorafenib
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ono 6818
ONO 6818: structure in first source		2.0610
lenalidomide
[no description available]		16.325825aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
alanyl-glutamyl-aspartyl-glycine
epithalamin: epiphysial polypeptoid extract		2.0110
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene
hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		10.7528012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cymarine
Cymarine: A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside found in STROPHANTHUS. The aglycone is STROPHANTHIN.		1.9510
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol
[no description available]		9.260butane-1,2,3,4-tetrolantioxidant;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		13.41621bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.251017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		4.2419011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.110
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		3.55802-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		3.8840arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
sodium sulfide
sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae		3.4770
propargylamine
propargylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		6.9610
lanosterol
[no description available]		2.442014alpha-methyl steroid;
3beta-sterol;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uleine
uleine: from the bark of Plumeria lancifolia; structure in first source		2.0210
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		3.4270monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		5.11140
potassium bromide
potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.1510potassium salt
sodium bromide
sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.		1.9910bromide salt;
inorganic sodium salt
corticosterone acetate
[no description available]		1.9610corticosteroid hormone
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		2.05101-benzofurans
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
calendula
Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.		2.3110
metribolone
Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.		2.382017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		androgen
tricaine
tricaine: request from searcher; RN given refers to parent cpd. tricaine : A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.. tricaine methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of tricaine with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. Used as an anaesthetic for fish.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltgeneral anaesthetic
solanine
Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].		2.2510
poly ao-79
[no description available]		1.9610
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4720penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose
3-deoxy-glycero-pentos-2-ulose: derived form poly(ADP-ribosyl)histones		2.0110
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.420alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
2-formylphenylboronic acid
2-formylphenylboronic acid: structure in first source		2.0610
acivicin
[no description available]		5.58240isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid
tert-butylglycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine with a tertiary butyl group at position 2.		2.1710non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		3.2860acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
n-ethylglycine
[no description available]		7.4920N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		1.9810
menthofuran
menthofuran: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; derives from cyclization of pulegone. menthofuran : A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.07101-benzofurans;
monoterpenoid		nematicide;
plant metabolite
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline
2-guanidine-4-methylquinazoline: structure given in first source		2.0810
arphamenine b
arphamenine B: from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in second source		3.9840
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.0410
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
taurochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.		3.5990bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bortezomib
[no description available]		19.85677amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
calcein am
calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.		2102-benzofurans;
acetate ester;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		2.49201,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
mrs 1191
MRS 1191: a selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510cinnamate ester
mequindox
Mequindox: a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative which can effectively improve growth and feed efficiency in animals; structure in first source		2.0610
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		7.9140
protoverin
Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.		2.8640
methylmercuric chloride
methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9610chlorine molecular entity;
mercury coordination entity;
one-carbon compound
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		3.2460
p-hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester
p-hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester: structure in first source		3.1350
permanganate
[no description available]		7.0810manganese oxoacid
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		3.5280
carboplatin
[no description available]		5.0931
n-(2-aminoethyl)glycine
N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.02210
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.0510catechols
anatoxin a
anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)		210tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.96130inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		11.72211adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
5'-methylthioadenosine
5'-methylthioadenosine: structure. 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine : Adenosine with the hydroxy group at C-5' substituted with a methylthio (methylsulfanyl) group.		2.6830thioadenosinealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		6.55650
5'-deoxyadenosine
5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.		2.93405'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ribulose 5-phosphate
ribulose 5-phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-ribulose 5-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway.. ribulose 5-phosphate : A ribulose phosphate in which the phosphate group is attached at position 5.		3.5320ribulose 5-phosphatemouse metabolite
sorbose
sorbopyranose : The pyranose form of sorbose.. L-sorbopyranose : The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.		3.5690L-sorbose;
sorbopyranose
arabinose
[no description available]		4.15170L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dithiothreitol
[no description available]		2.06101,4-dithiothreitol
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		3.8110N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate
beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.110D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		8.9683peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		5.81300oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
canavanine
L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.		3.5890amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
amylopectin
Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.		2.2510
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		5.71850D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		2.0210D-galacturonic acid
glucosamine 6-phosphate
glucosamine 6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.07102-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphatehuman metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
elastin
[no description available]		5.08440oligopeptide
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		10.21160amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid
Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.		4.761003,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
formiminoglutamic acid
Formiminoglutamic Acid: Measurement of this acid in the urine after oral administration of histidine provides the basis for the diagnostic test of folic acid deficiency and of megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy.. N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid : The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid		2.6530dicarboxylic acid;
L-glutamic acid derivative
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		4.25180raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pantoic acid
pantoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810pantoic acid
n-acetyllactosamine
N-acetyllactosamine: RN given refers to D-isomer. N-acetyllactosamine : A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.		1.9910beta-D-Galp-(1->4)-D-GlcpNAc
diaminopimelic acid
Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.		5.932002,6-diaminopimelic acid;
amino acid zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		7.1480heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
d-tagatose
D-tagatopyranose : The pyranose form of D-tagatose.		2.3110D-tagatose
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
pantetheine
Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.		7.6830pantetheines;
thiol		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-dehydroquinic acid
3-dehydroquinic acid: structure in first source. 3-dehydroquinic acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from quinic acid by oxidation of the hydroxy group at position 3 to the corresponding keto group.		2.06102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
4-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
5-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		Escherichia coli metabolite
dithioerythritol
[no description available]		2.07101,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diolreducing agent
pantolactone
pantolactone: degradation product of pantothenic acid in liver; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure. (R)-pantolactone : A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3 and two methyl groups at position 4 (the R-stereoisomer).		1.9810butan-4-olideSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
theanine
theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.		2.9410amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine		geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.6102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		4.89110myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		8.4170dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glutamyl-glutamic acid
glutamyl-glutamic acid: RN given for (L,L)-isomer. Glu-Glu : A dipeptide composed of two L-glutamic acid units joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0310dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		7.58110011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
amastatin
amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence		4.4940tetrapeptideEC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
protease inhibitor
casein hydrolysate
casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein		2.3720
D-leucine
[no description available]		2.4620D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
leucine		bacterial metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		6.75810puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose
stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.		1.9910raffinose family oligosaccharide;
tetrasaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0510taxifolinmetabolite
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		3.2860tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		3.6290alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		1.9610coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-formylmethionine
N-formyl-L-methionine : A L-methionine derivative in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group.		2.8740L-methionine derivative;
N-formyl amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		metabolite
taurolithocholic acid
Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.		2.3820bile acid taurine conjugate;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
alanopine
alanopine: imino acid produced by a dehydrogenase found in the adductor muscle of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2,2'-iminodipropanoic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is 2,2'-iminodiacetic acid substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 2'.		3.0650amino acid opine;
amino dicarboxylic acid
n-glycolylneuraminic acid
N-glycolylneuraminic acid: RN given refers to (all-D)-isomer		1.9810N-acylneuraminic acid
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		3.8110guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
trimethyllysine
trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		7.4110alpha-amino-acid cationhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate
adenosine 5'-phosphoramidate : The phosphoramadite analogue of AMP.		1.9510organic phosphoramidateMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.		3.150nucleoside triphosphate analogue
dehydroascorbic acid
Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.. L-dehydroascorbate : An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.. L-dehydroascorbic acid : Dehydroascorbic acid having the L-configuration.		2.0510dehydroascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
mouse metabolite
acetyl adenylate
acetyl adenylate: used to acetylate histones in chromatin		2105'-acylphosphoadenosinhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nivalenol
nivalenol: RN given refers to 3alpha,4beta,7alpha-isomer		2.0310trichothecene
fructans
(2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.		4.0820
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		3.4570cellotriose
iduronate
Iduronic Acid: Component of dermatan sulfate. Differs in configuration from glucuronic acid only at the C-5 position.. iduronic acid : A member of the class of iduronic acids that is the major uronic acid component of the dermatan sulfate and heparin.. idopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of iduronic acid.. L-idopyranuronic acid : The L-stereoisomer of idopyranuronic acid.. L-iduronic acid : Any iduronic acid having L-configuration.		1.9910idopyranuronic acid;
L-iduronic acid
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		15.268781monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		4.8100cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
thienamycin
thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610carbapenems
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.7430alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		2.88401-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
actinorhodin
actinorhodin: structure. actinorhodin : A member of the class of benzoisochromanequinone that is produced by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and exhibits antibiotic activity.		210
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		3.2360cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
mycothiol
mycothiol: a glyco-inositol-cysteine found in MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS which conjugates exogenous compounds for detoxication; it is a microbe counterpart to eucaryotic GLUTATHIONE; acted on by mycothiol disulfide reductase and mycothiol S-conjugate amidase and MDF dehydrogenase;. mycothiol S-conjugate : Any S-conjugate of mycothiol.. mycothiol : A pseudodisaccharide, 1D-myo-inosityl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, in which the hydroxy group at the 2-position of the glucose moiety is replaced by an (N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido group.		2.0210
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		7.6630beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		2.7130cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.6930L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		2.3920benzazocine
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		3.53113alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.4520
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		2.0710L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		7.4320amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
phalloidine
Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		3.6190homodetic cyclic peptide
indican
[no description available]		4.570beta-D-glucoside;
exopolysaccharide;
indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		3.81110
brucine
brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94		2.4120monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound
ingenol
[no description available]		2.0410cyclic terpene ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid
stevioside
stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
diterpene glycoside;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
lenticin
lenticin: found in extracts of lentils. hypaphorine : An amino acid betaine obtaine by exhaustive methylation of the alpha-amino group of L-tryptophan with concomitant deprotonation of the carboxy group.		3.4720amino-acid betaine;
indole alkaloid;
L-tryptophan derivative		fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
picrotin
picrotin: the less toxic component of PICROTOXIN lacking GABA activity. picrotin : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is picrotoxinin in which the olefinic double bond has undergone addition of water to give the corresponding tertiary alcohol. It is the less toxic component of picrotoxin, lacking GABA activity.		2.7430diol;
epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		plant metabolite
picrotoxinin
[no description available]		2.0510epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		GABA antagonist;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
genipin
[no description available]		2.4520iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin
[no description available]		7.4620(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ochratoxin a
ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.		7.3920isochromanes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acyl-L-phenylalanine;
organochlorine compound;
phenylalanine derivative		Aspergillus metabolite;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
mycotoxin;
nephrotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
teratogenic agent
alpha-chaconine
alpha-chaconine: glycoside of solanidine; structure in 5th source		2.2510glycoalkaloid;
steroid saponin
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.0510
bispyribac
bispyribac: acute human self-poisoning with bispyribac-containing herbicide Nominee has been reported; structure in first source. bispyribac : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrimidines		herbicide
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		1.9910aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate
2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source		2.0210tetritol phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		3.8110tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.42201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9510peptide
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
c(alpha)-formylglycine
C(alpha)-formylglycine: An unusual amino acid residue found at active site of sulfatases. It is created through the conversion of an active site cysteine or serine residue by C(alpha)-formylglycine (FGly)-generating enzyme. Although the term formylglycine has been used in the literature to refer to C(alpha)-formylglycine it is found in most chemical sources as a synonom for N-formyglycine.. L-3-oxoalanine : The L-enantiomer of 3-oxoalanine.		11.463303-oxoalanine;
amino acid zwitterion;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine
(S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine derivative that is L-alpha-phenylglycine substituted at positions 3 and 5 on the phenyl ring by hydroxy groups.		3.110amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
resorcinols
actinonin
actinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure		2.0210
ro 09-1437
cyclothialidine: a DNA gyrase inhibitor; isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis; MF C26-H35-N5-O12-S; structure in first source		2.0210peptide
tolterodine
[no description available]		2.4820tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		2.8640ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.8740cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.520alkaloidgeroprotector
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		4.04140cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0510amino cyclitol;
glycoside
formycin 5'-phosphate
[no description available]		1.9610
7-ketolithocholic acid
7-ketolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. 7-oxolithocholic acid : A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.		2.66303alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite
maleic acid
maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.		3.3970butenedioic acidalgal metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
argininal
[no description available]		210
acetyl coenzyme a
Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.		5.91390acyl-CoAacyl donor;
coenzyme;
effector;
fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.7130cinnamic acidplant metabolite
tapi-2
TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group		2.0510
ergosterol
[no description available]		3.3603beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.1310antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.55240retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
carboxymethyl-coenzyme a
carboxymethyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. carboxymethyl-CoA : An S-alkyl-CoA having carboxymethyl as the S-alkyl component.		2.6830S-alkyl-CoABrassica napus metabolite;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		4.44220icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		7.4220cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		4.6561butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
4-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine
p-nitrophenylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the 4-nitrophenyl ester of choline phosphate.		210phosphocholinesepitope;
hapten
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		7.23101resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		7.35211retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) : A A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+) that is the dilauroyl diester of phosphatidiylcholine.		2.21101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(1+)
ribothymidine
ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.		2.3920methyluridineantigen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
latrunculin a
latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.		7.9840cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		3.3560microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
palmitoleic acid
hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		2.1710hexadec-9-enoic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		4.04140octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		7.3121macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
om99-2
OM99-2: eight-residue memapsin 2 inhibitor; structure in first source		210
phenylalanine amide
phenylalanine amide: inhibits an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. L-phenylalanine amide : An amino acid amide derived from L-phenylalanine.		1.9310amino acid amide;
phenylalanine derivative
ferric hydroxide
ferric hydroxide: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9		2.0610
farnesyl pyrophosphate
farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.		8.5520farnesyl diphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		3.4970ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
pectins
Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.		5.41141D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0510dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		7.1450benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.4620icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.		8.163140non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		4.27180butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
sc 58272
SC 58272: inhibits myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase; structure given in first source		1.9910
cgs 27023a
CGS 27023A: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor		2.4220
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.81002-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		2.110peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0110alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		2.4520
keratan sulfate
Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.		1.9810
gw 6471
GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source		2.2110
mdl29,951
[no description available]		3.0810
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		2.9440epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.7530macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenylosuccinate
aspartyl adenylate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.1710
phenylalaninol
phenylalaninol: inhibits intestinal absorption of phenylalanine; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereochemistry. L-phenylalaninol : An amino alcohol resulting from the formal reduction of the carboxy group of L-phenylalanine to the corresponding alcohol.		2.4420amino alcohol;
amphetamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		3.5720
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		2.21103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0110aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.2560adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		2.3920prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.4551olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide: structure in first source		2.110
n-acetylmethionine
N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.		7.9140L-methionine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acetylmethionine		nutraceutical
epothilone a
Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).		2.0310epothilone;
epoxide		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
eptifibatide
[no description available]		2.0210homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
zeatin
Zeatin: An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)		2.0110zeatinplant metabolite
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		9.8421aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
L-cycloserine
L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.		2.06104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.26180N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
isoleucylvaline
isoleucylvaline: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ile-Val : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-valine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.420phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.4820azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
3-hydroxyhippuric acid
3-hydroxyhippuric acid: a kynureninase inhibitor; structure in first source. m-hydroxyhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group.		2.0710N-acylglycine;
phenols		metabolite
aclarubicin
Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.		2.6830aminoglycoside;
anthracycline;
methyl ester;
phenols;
polyketide;
tetracenequinones;
trisaccharide derivative;
zwitterion		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
sulfolithocholic acid
sulfolithocholic acid: RN refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. lithocholic acid sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.		7.3620steroid sulfate
decitabine
[no description available]		9.16842'-deoxyribonucleoside
pantethine
pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.		2.0810organic disulfidecoenzyme;
nutraceutical
teniposide
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		7.9540
kt 5720
KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.7130carboxylic ester;
gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.610anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.4320cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
diclazuril
[no description available]		210nitrile
glycylprolylglycine amide
glycylprolylglycine amide: structure in first source		2.7330
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		5.54720actinomycinmutagen
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.88403beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
atranol
atranol: an oak moss allergen		2.610hydroxybenzaldehyde
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid
5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0610
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		4.99410carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		3.66100L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		7.92580pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		3.1750amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0510nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
resorcinomycin a
resorcinomycin A: from Streptoverticillium roseoverticillatum; structure given in first source		2.1110
posaconazole
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartyl-aspartic acid
aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp). Asp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.		2.0310dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
carbobenzoxyphenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-glycine
carbobenzoxyphenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-glycine: RN given refers to (D)-Phe-(L)PheGly cpd; blocking group is on the amino-terminus		1.9810
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0510antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
oxanosine
oxanosine: from Streptomyces capreolus MG265-CF3; has weak anti-bacterial action; structure in first source		2.3720
2'-deoxyoxanosine
2'-deoxyoxanosine: structure given in first source		7.420
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.0210hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
vmip-ii
vMIP-II: encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; chemokine that blocks calcium mobilization induced by endogenous chemokines; binds to both CC and CXC chemokine receptors; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank U67775		210
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		10.91251flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
n,n'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid
N,N'-ethylenediamine disuccinic acid: from Actinomycetes MG417-CF17; structure given in first source		2.2510
likviriton
liquiritin: isoalted from Glycyrrhizae radix. liquiritin : A flavanone glycoside that is liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0810beta-D-glucoside;
flavanone glycoside;
monohydroxyflavanone;
monosaccharide derivative		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
plant metabolite
Phe-Tyr
Phe-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
potassium thiocyanate
potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.		2.6630potassium salt
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.8840
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		12.43284one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate
potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.		3.5611organic salt;
potassium salt		antifungal agrochemical;
buffer;
food acidity regulator;
raising agent
sodium chlorate
sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.		2.0710chlorate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		herbicide
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		4.8571organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		8.27201organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanate
sodium cyanate: used in treatment of sickle cell anemia; RN given refers to cyanic acid, Na salt		2.0310cyanate salt;
one-carbon compound
ammonium acetate
ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.		9.4770acetate salt;
ammonium salt		buffer;
food acidity regulator
methyl thioacetate
[no description available]		210thionoester
2-Acetylthiazole
2-acetylthiazole: rice flavoring compound		7.4110aromatic ketone
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		6.6112organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
sodium perchlorate
sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.		2.7230inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride
potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.		7.0610fluoride salt;
potassium salt		NMR chemical shift reference compound;
poison
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal: structure given in first source		2.0310enal
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
oxazolidine
oxazolidine: structure given in first source		3.9130oxazolidine
bromochloroacetic acid
Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.		8.075802-bromocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid
3-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid: GABA analog; RN given refers to cis-(+-)-isomer; structure		1.9610
n-isovalerylglycine
N-isovalerylglycine: urinary metabolite of isovaleric acid in isovaleric acidemia (sweaty feet syndrome). N-isovalerylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as isovaleryl.		5.2190N-acylglycinehuman urinary metabolite
dimethyloxalylglycine
dimethyloxallyl glycine: structure in first source		4.37170glycine derivative;
methyl ester;
secondary carboxamide		EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole
1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole: structure in first source		2.1510
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.9440triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
camalexin
camalexin : An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
indole phytoalexin		metabolite
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2.75303-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
anethole
anethole: an isomer of estragole; structurally similar to CAPSAICIN; has some neurological and insecticidal and skin absorption effects; RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer. anethole : A monomethoxybenzene that is methoxybenzene substituted by a prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.. trans-anethole : The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.		1.9910anetholeflavouring agent
glycosides
[no description available]		6.45350
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.3920chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
sinapinic acid
sinapinic acid: a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption technique for protein MW determination; a constituent of propolis. trans-sinapic acid : A sinapic acid in which the double bond has trans-configuration.		1.9910sinapic acidMALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		11.221372isomethyleugenol
beta-ionone
beta-ionone: stimulator of carotenogenesis; carotenoid inhibitor; intermediate in synthesis of Vit A; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. beta-ionone : An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.		1.9910iononeantioxidant;
fragrance
retinaldehyde
Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		3.4980retinal;
vitamin A		gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
squalene
Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate		2.3520triterpenehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		7.0991stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		1.9910
prolinol
prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.		2.7730
picibanil
Picibanil: A lyophilized preparation of a low-virulence strain (SU) of Streptococcus pyogenes (S. hemolyticus), inactivated by heating with penicillin G. It has been proposed as a noncytotoxic antineoplastic agent because of its immune system-stimulating activity.		1.9710penicillinate anion
alpha-cyanocinnamate
alpha-cyanocinnamate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.9440alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		5.9330flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		7.9340olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
malonyl coenzyme a
Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.		2.4220malonyl-CoAsEC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		2.3520cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		3.93130vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
pyrophosphate
Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.		5.94350diphosphate ion
palmitoyl coenzyme a
Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.		2.42011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
3-substituted propionyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA;
palmitoyl bioconjugate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dodecylphosphocholine
dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine		2.0510phosphocholinesdetergent
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal
acetyl-aspartyl-glutamyl-valyl-aspartal: a capase inhibitor. Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-H : A tetrapeptide consisting of two L-aspartic acid residues, an L-glutamyl residue and an L-valine residue with an acetyl group at the N-terminal and with the C-terminal carboxy group reduced to an aldehyde. It is an inhibitor of caspase-3/7.		2.0210tetrapeptideprotease inhibitor
imidazol-1-ylacetic acid
imidazol-1-ylacetic acid : An imidazolyl carboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an imidazol-1-yl group.		2.0610imidazolyl carboxylic acidmetabolite
azidopine
azidopine: structure given in first source		1.9810benzamides
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0410penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		2.0310
ferlixit
ferlixit: used to induce siderosis in femal Wistar albino rats		2.4220polymer
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		8.5180indolyl carboxylic acid
ly382884
[no description available]		2.0210benzoic acids
alphaxalone
RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source		3.075011-oxo steroid
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
isopropyl thiogalactoside
Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.		3.360S-glycosyl compound
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0710oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.0410
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.110purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		3.0850pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.5120
ipratropium
[no description available]		2.0710
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.420
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		5.2290
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		3.3870ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.55260aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.3420pyrimidone
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.3920
thioinosine
Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)		2.9240
thiobenzamide
thiobenzamide: structure; hepatotoxin in rats		1.9910benzenes
1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid
1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid: structure in first source		2.0110
rhodotorulic acid
rhodotorulic acid: RN given refers to (1S-cis)-isomer; structure. rhodotorulic acid : A member of the class of 2,5-diketopiperazines obtained by cyclodimerisation of N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithine.		1.95102,5-diketopiperazines;
hydroxamic acid;
L-ornithine derivative		fungal metabolite;
siderophore
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.5420caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone
isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone: isatizon believed to be Russian synonym		1.9410
n-acetyltryptophan
N-acetyl-L-tryptophan : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan.		2.6830L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		metabolite
5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol
5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazine-3-thiol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0210
1-(1-naphthylmethyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.2510
cinnamoylglycine
cinnamoylglycine: structure given in first source. N-cinnamoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as (2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl (cinnamoyl).		3.1950N-acylglycinemetabolite
n-benzoylalanine
N-benzoylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd (L-Ala)-isomer. N-benzoylalanine : An N-acylamino acid that is the N-benzoyl derivative of alanine.. N-benzoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.		1.9710N-acyl-L-alanine;
N-benzoylalanine		metabolite
phenylalanine methyl ester
phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.		2.9240alpha-amino acid ester;
L-phenylalanine derivative
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.0610urocanic acidhuman metabolite
vrt 532
VRT 532: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source		2.0510
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		3.3711N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
vu 0155041
VU 0155041: an mGluR4 agonist		2.1110
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		2.3920diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.0410N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		2.0510epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		7.7130aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
cct018159
CCT018159: structure in first source. CCT-018159 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole carrying 1,4-benzodioxane-6-yl and 5-ethyl-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively.		2.1110benzodioxine;
pyrazoles;
resorcinols		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
hypocrellin b
hypocrellin B: photosensitive pigments isolated from Hypocrella bambusae Sacc; structure given in first source		710
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.5120
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		4.2741diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.8840nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
thiohydantoins
Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.		2.940
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		2.45201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
urb 597
cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.7430biphenyls
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		2.7530monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		5.97251capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		2.3520imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		2.7530acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
tosylarginine methyl ester
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester: Arginine derivative which is a substrate for many proteolytic enzymes. As a substrate for the esterase from the first component of complement, it inhibits the action of C(l) on C(4).		2.3520guanidines;
L-arginine ester;
methyl ester;
sulfonamide
3-methylglutaconic acid
(E)-3-methylglutaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid comprising (E)-glutaconic acid carrying a 3-methyl substituent.		2.9440dicarboxylic acid
n-glycylalanine
Gly-Ala : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-alanine residues.		2.420dipeptidemetabolite
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source		3.5880
3-phenylpropionylglycine
3-phenylpropionylglycine: found in urine of patients suffering from medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency; RN refers to HCl		3.77110aromatic ketone
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		3.2960
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		2.730cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.741102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		3.150barbituratesallergen;
reagent
1,3-dimethylthiourea
[no description available]		3.1150
n-methylthiourea
N-methylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a methyl group.		1.9410thioureasdrug metabolite;
hepatotoxic agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		4.61270one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
safranine t
safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.		2.0610organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
histological dye
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.4820organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
indigo carmine
Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.		2.0410
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		7.2750cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol
4-amino-5-hydrazino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol: for detection of aldehydes as a spray reagent; structure		3.1310
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		2.6930
tempo
TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.		2.420aminoxyls;
piperidines		catalyst;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
tungsten carbide
tungsten carbide: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF		2.1110
n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide
N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-silyl compound;
trifluoroacetamide		chromatographic reagent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		2.4120dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		5.5851cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
buthionine
buthionine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
glycylvaline
glycylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		2.8840dipeptidehuman metabolite
epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine
epsilon-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.2110
streptozocin
[no description available]		2.0510
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.5120benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
fumonisin b1
fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.		2.4120diester;
fumonisin;
primary amino compound;
triol		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source		2.4420benzoic acid;
imidazolines;
organic radical		apoptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		2.0310
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.06140stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate
Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.		3.2460bile acid taurine conjugatehuman metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		chromogenic compound
lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide: structure in first source		2.110
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium : A 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium in which the alkyl substituent at C-1 is butyl.		7.07101-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
[no description available]		2.4320
nadp
[no description available]		7.67840
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		3.0140
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
[no description available]		1.9810
hc-067047
HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.1710
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.4920pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0610imidazolyl carboxylic acidhuman urinary metabolite
monastrol
monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0410enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
phenols;
racemate;
thioureas		antileishmanial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		8.216011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
hby 097
HBY 097: a quinoxaline derivative		1.9910
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		2.6530carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
nabam
mancozeb: complex of zinc & maneb, containing 20% manganese & 2.5% zinc. mancozeb : A mixture composed from maneb and zineb, which is used as a broad-spectrum contact fungicide.. ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) : A dithiocarbamic acid resulting from the formal addition of a molecule of carbon disulfide to each amino group of ethylenediamine.		4.2260dithiocarbamic acids
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		4.6270cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.8840barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
trovirdine
trovirdine: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor		2.0110
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.964017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
hmr 3647
[no description available]		2.0510
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		2.7430aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.9640aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
laccase
Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.		7.7330
glycylproline
Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.		9.17170dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide
4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.		2.0510iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		cholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid
6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxalinecarboxylic acid: antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and kainate receptors; structure given in first source		3.7830quinoxaline derivative
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		12950acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		6.66720alkali metal atom
zineb
Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.		4.2260dithiocarbamate salt;
macromolecule;
zinc coordination entity		antifungal agrochemical
fosfestrol
fosfestrol: Rx of prostatic carcinoma; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		3.3511aryl phosphate
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		4.99120cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		1.9910nitrogen oxide
maneb
Maneb: Manganese derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. It is used in agriculture as a fungicide and has been shown to cause irritation to the eyes, nose, skin, and throat.. maneb : A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.		4.3670
cupric glycinate
cupric glycinate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		6.01271
thiouridine
Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.. 4-thiouridine : A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.		2.7930nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine		affinity label;
antimetabolite
thiophanate
Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		2.4420benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal drug
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		1.9510amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
hydroxylysine
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid LYSINE that is present in certain collagens.. hydroxylysine : A hydroxy-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is lysine. A "closed" class.. erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine : A 5-hydroxylysine consisting of L-lysine having an (R)-hydroxy group at the 5-position.. 5-hydroxylysine : A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		5.942615-hydroxylysine;
hydroxy-L-lysine		human metabolite
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		2.9440salicylamides
or 1259
[no description available]		2.0510hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.0510steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.4920beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		10.1990cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
piridoxylate
piridoxylate: conjugation product of glyoxylic acid & pyridoxine; may be physiological regulator of cell respiration		1.9610
ra vii
RA VII: structure given in first source		2.0210
9-(n-butyl)-6-thioguanine
[no description available]		1.9310
beta-proline
beta-proline: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		7.420
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		3.5280
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide		2.4110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
methyl radical
[no description available]		7.0810organic radical
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		3.3870bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
mdl 72527
MDL 72527: RN given refers to di-HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 6/85; polyamine oxidase inhibitor		1.9710
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.4220
thiokynurenate
thiokynurenate: antagonist at the glycine site modulating NMDA receptor-mediated responses in the central nervous system		7.3920
7-chloro-thiokynurenate
7-chlorothiokynurenic acid: glycine site antagonist of NMDA receptor		4.3660
n-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl)-3-maleimidopropionamide
N-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl)-3-maleimidopropionamide: structure given in first source; a heterobifunctional photo-cross-linker		1.9810
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		2.0810
cystine
[no description available]		14.112373
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		7.3920dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
2-thiouridine
[no description available]		2.0810nucleoside analogue;
thiouridine
pc 12 ester
PC 12 ester: a prodrug mixed inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes		4.16160
sch 23390
SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.		2.5120benzazepine
methenolone
Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.		1.94103-hydroxy steroidandrogen
vx-745
[no description available]		2.0110aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
safingol
safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R*,S*))-isomer		2.1310amino alcohol
4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol
4-(3-3,4-p-menthadien-(1,8)-yl)olivetol: has vasodilating activity		340
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.86201,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
neboglamine
neboglamine: potential memory enhancer		1.9910
homoquinolinic acid
homoquinolinic acid: structure given in first source		1.9910
glycyllysine
glycyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-Lys : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-lysine residues.		2.9140dipeptidemetabolite
tert-butoxy
tert-butoxy: structure given in first source		2.0410
iminoglycine
dehydroglycine : A dehydroamino acid derived from glycine.. dehydroglycine zwitterion : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the imino group of dehydroglycine. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).		7.6630dehydroamino acid;
imine;
zwitterion		Escherichia coli metabolite
oxalylglycine
oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.		2.830amino dicarboxylic acid;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
mercuric perchlorate
[no description available]		1.9710
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid
glycyl-prolyl-glutamic acid: N-terminal cleavage product of IGF-1; has neuroprotective activity		2.0210oligopeptide
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine
1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)phosphatidylcholine: constituent of lipid tubules		2.0610
7-deoxy-13-dihydroadriamycinone
7-deoxy-13-dihydroadriamycinone: a metabolite of epidoxorubicin		210
sr 144528
SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).		2.0410bridged compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles;
secondary carboxamide		CB2 receptor antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
glutaryl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		1.9310glutaryl-CoAsmouse metabolite
fructosyl-glycine
[no description available]		3.87120fructosamine;
glycine derivative;
glyco-amino acid		human metabolite
cholecystokinin pentapeptide
cholecystokinin pentapeptide: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.0210
apramycin
apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.		7.03102-deoxystreptamine derivative;
aminoglycoside;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
calixarenes
Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.		2.0710
pactimibe
[no description available]		2.0310
4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol
[no description available]		2.1510phenols
phosphoribosylamine
[no description available]		3.0650ribose monophosphate;
ribosylamine
pimeloyl-coenzyme a
pimeloyl-CoA : An omega carboxyacyl-CoA that is the S-pimeloyl derivative of coenzyme A.		2.0710omega-carboxyacyl-CoAmetabolite
alumichrome
alumichrome: Al(3+) analog of ferrichrome		1.9510
tauropine
tauropine: RN given from CA Index Guide 1985; RN not in Chemline 12/86. tauropine : A derivative of L-alanine having a 2-sulfoethyl group attached to the alpha-nitrogen.		1.9710D-alanine derivative;
D-alpha-amino acid;
organosulfonic acid
schizokinen
schizokinen: iron siderophore from Bacillus megatorium; structure. schizokinen : A hydroxamic acid resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide (2 mol eq.) with the carboxy groups at positions 1 and 3 of citric acid. It is a siderophore produced by Bacillus megaterium and Anabaena species.		2.05102-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
hydroxamic acid		bacterial metabolite;
siderophore
leucinamide-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl ester
leucinamide-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.3720
sulfoenolpyruvate
sulfoenolpyruvate: RN & structure given in first source		2.610
18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid
18-crown-6 2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid: structure in first source; RN given for (2R*,3R*,11*,12*)-isomer		2.4220
sanorg 34006
idraparinux: a synthetic analogue of the pentasaccharide sequence in heparins		3.1410
lenabasum
lenabasum: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source		3.5520
albomycin
albomycin: iron containing antibiotic. albomycin : A mixture of iron(III) hydroxamate antibiotics produced by various Streptomyces species (e.g. Streptomyces subtropicus) and consisting of iron(III) complexed to pentapeptide trihydroxamate siderophores.		1.9810
5-chlorocytosine
5-chlorocytosine: structure in first source		2.0510
olivomycins
Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.		1.9410
amanitins
Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.		2.6730
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.8840
phosphonic acid
phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.		2.8930
acth (7-10)
ACTH (7-10): RN given refers to all L-isomer		2.3420
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		7.9440
tecoflex
Tecoflex: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.0810
urdamycin c
urdamycin C: angucycline antibiotic from Streptomyces fradiae; MF: C33-H30-O12; structure incomplete		1.9710
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.		3.1250adenosines;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
monocarboxylic acid		adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
anti-inflammatory agent
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
4-methylglutamic acid, threo-(l)-isomer
[no description available]		3.110
phosphothreonine
Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.		1.9810L-threonine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		4.93360naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		6.68440
3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine
3,4-dicarboxyphenylglycine: structure in first source		6.03350
anthraquinone sulfonate
anthraquinone sulfonate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified acid locant		1.9510
epoxiconazole
epoxiconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (2S,3R)- and (2R,3S)-epoxiconazole. A broad-spectrum fungicide for control of diseases caused by Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes. Epoxiconazole is moderately toxic to birds, honeybees, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.. 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.		2.520epoxide;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
triazoles
4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid
4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: an antinociceptive agent and metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure given in first source		3.88120
rink amide resin
Rink amide resin: does not yield protected peptide amides using the Fmoc chemical protocol		1.9910
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		7.28790organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
lithium acetate
lithium acetate : An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and lithium ions.		2.1110acetate salt;
organic lithium salt
rn 1734
RN 1734: a TRPV4 antagonist; structure in first source		2.1710
1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-ethoxyphenoxysulfonyl)urea
1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-(2-ethoxyphenoxysulfonyl)urea: herbicide; structure in first source		2.110aromatic ether
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0810
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine
2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine: activates mGlu(5) receptors; structure in first source		5.92970
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		6.371580quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
phenylhydrazines		reagent
6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid
6-hydrazinonicotinic acid: structure in first source		3.3160
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.4120
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		7.08420quinoxaline derivative
4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline
4-phenyl-2-propionamidotetraline: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0510tetralins
vu0155094
VU0155094: a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7; structure in first source		2.110
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		7.641170
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins		210
dm 235
DM 235: structure in first source		2.0810
17-ketosteroids
17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.		3.7521
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		3.580
d 609
[no description available]		2.0510
4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given is for (R)-isomer; inhibits spinal reflex-enhancing effects of methamphetamine, phenylethylamine, and nomifensine		210isoquinolines
am 281
AM 281: radioligand for cannabinoid CB1 receptors; structure in first source		2.4620pyrazoles;
ring assembly
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510N-acylindole
sc 560
SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.		3.0310aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride
sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd		8.3770inorganic sodium salt;
metal tetrahydridoborate
ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate
ethyl 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate: an optically active compound		2.5220
cathepsin g
Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.		2.6930
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.5120alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.4120organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2h)-furanone
4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-furanone : A member of the class of furans that is 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran with a hydroxy group at position 4 and a keto group at position 3.		2.4820cyclic ketone;
enol;
furans		metabolite
4-cresol sulfate
p-cresol sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.		2.8430aryl sulfategut flora metabolite;
human metabolite;
uremic toxin
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.45202-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		3.3770
tcn 201
[no description available]		2.830
merbarone
merbarone: structure given in first source		1.9910
4-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid
4-nitrobenzohydroxamic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
2-mercaptoacetate
2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.7930monocarboxylic acid anion
sib 1757
SIB 1757: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		3.110
noxythiolin
Noxythiolin: Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.		1.9510thioureas
methanethiosulfonate
methanethiosulfonate: used for measurement of rhodanese activity; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.9440
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		2.4220ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
ku 55933
2-morpholin-4-yl-6-thianthren-1-yl-pyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM; structure in first source		2.2510
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		3.2360sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		8.69907-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		11.95835biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		6.88360prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		3.6490monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		7.31104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
arachidonyltrifluoromethane
arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group		210fatty acid derivative;
ketone;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
tylosin
[no description available]		2.110aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
enone;
leucomycin;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		allergen;
bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.0210trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.		2.17104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antioxidant;
metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		3.3260octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		2.9340D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		6.35170
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		5.35131carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		4.48230retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		3.690dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4
Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.		2.0410leukotrienebronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		1.9810epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate
retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.		1.9710all-trans-retinyl ester;
retinyl palmitate		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
feruloyltyramine
feruloyltyramine: structure given in first source; isolated from Cannabis sativa seeds, roots, leaves, and resin; induces hypothermia and motor incoordination in mice; moupinamide is (E)-isomer		2.0310tyraminesmetabolite
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0310hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.3920fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
alprostadil
[no description available]		3.73100prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		2.3420hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2.06103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.8840D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		7.8940disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
leukotriene d4
Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).		7.730dipeptide;
leukotriene;
organic sulfide		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		1.9610amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
prostaglandin a2
prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer		1.9610prostaglandins Ahuman metabolite
prostaglandin g2
[no description available]		2.0210prostaglandins Ghuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		3.0850prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.0210linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		210prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		3.0650harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		4.171607-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		3.2560antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		3.5480oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.783011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		2.0510
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		2.4120dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4720aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.3820
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		2.05102-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		2.0610oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.9340carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.		2.4620carotenonebiological pigment;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fungal metabolite
echinenone
echinenone: structure in first source. echinenone : A carotenone that is beta-carotene in which the 4 position has undergone formal oxidation to afford the corresponding ketone. Isolated as orange-red crystals, it is widely distributed in marine invertebrates.		2.1710carotenoneanimal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
cofactor;
marine metabolite
lutein
Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.		2.3720carotenolfood colouring;
plant metabolite
genistin
genistin: glycoside of soy bean isoflavone, gentistein		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		1.9610harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		3.930alpha-humulene
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		210macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
baicalein
[no description available]		7.0510trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.0610beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.2110C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		2.21107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
coumestrol
Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.		2.3720coumestans;
delta-lactone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
diferulic acid
diferulic acid: structure of 8-5'-diferulic acid in first source		2.0510
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		2.6120rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.610stilbenoid
maytansine
Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.		1.9510alpha-amino acid ester;
carbamate ester;
epoxide;
maytansinoid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organochlorine compound		antimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
ellagic acid
[no description available]		2.4110catechols;
cyclic ketone;
lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol		antioxidant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		3.0140aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide
prostaglandin a1
[no description available]		1.9610prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.8721ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		5.29160endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
cerulenin
Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.		1.9610epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
mycotrienin i
mycotrienin I: from Streptomyces rishiriensis; MF C36-H48-N2-O8; structure given in first source		1.9810azamacrocycle;
lactam
l 683590
immunomycin: from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure given in first source		2.0210ether;
lactol;
macrolide;
secondary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
4',7-dihydroxyflavone
4',7-dihydroxyflavone: inducer of nod gene. 4',7-dihydroxyflavone : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.		1.9810dihydroxyflavonemetabolite
arachidonyl dopamine
arachidonyl dopamine: a ligand for the vanilloid receptor VR1		2.4720catechols;
fatty amide;
N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine;
secondary carboxamide
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.2510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.		3.69100stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.97104,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		2.9440L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate
glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.		3.59802-acylglycerol 20:4;
endocannabinoid		human metabolite
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 12/88. 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at C-1 and C-2 are palmitoyl and oleoyl respectively.		2.2110(18R,21S)-24-amino-21-hydroxy-21-oxido-15-oxo-16,20,22-trioxa-21lambdalambda(5)-phosphatetracosan-18-yl icosanoate;
phosphatidylethanolamine
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.0810menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.4520enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		2.4820retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		6.151
epoprostenol
[no description available]		2.0410prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.4720N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
fondaparinux
Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.		6.3390amino sugar;
oligosaccharide sulfate;
pentasaccharide derivative		anticoagulant
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
zinostatin
Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.		1.9710
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		2.0510
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		3.0950thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		2.7830HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2
8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.4520cyclic ketone;
diol;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.11504-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
oleylamide
oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.		4.0440primary fatty amidehuman metabolite;
plant metabolite
n-arachidonylglycine
N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source. N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide		7.46480fatty amide;
N-acylglycine
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.4620endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		1.98101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		3.0140
hyodeoxycholic acid
hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.		2.92405beta-cholanic acids;
6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		4.1650morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		2.4720homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
amsonic acid
amsonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		1.9410hydrochloride
phenylethyl 3-methylcaffeate
phenylethyl 3-methylcaffeate: a caffeic acid ester present in propolis, a natural resin produced by honey bees; structure given in first source		2.0410
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
tetrachlorvinphos
Tetrachlorvinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide. It has low mammalian toxicity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.8830alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine insecticide;
organophosphate insecticide;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		2.0510acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		2.462017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4820morphinane alkaloid
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		2.0410piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		2.4220aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0710morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		2.4320morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
iodopyracet
Iodopyracet: An ionic monomeric contrast medium that was formerly used for a variety of diagnostic procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). diodone : A 4-pyridone in which the pyridone is iodo-substituted at C-3 and -5 and has a carboxymethyl substituent on nitrogen; used as a radiocontrast agent urography.		1.9410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		2.7530pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		2.0510carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		1.9810morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		3.0650morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.78320morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		2.110organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		2.7530morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		2.0310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.0410organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.5480antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		7.7330cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin
gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		1.9910cyclodextrin
irosustat
irosustat: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; a tricyclic sulfamate ester; structure in first source		210
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.9340macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		3.6120dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.5220monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
glycinamide ribonucleotide
glycinamide ribonucleotide: structure in first source		3.5380organophosphate oxoanion
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.		3.18101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		1.9710
n-methylalanine
N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer. methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.		2.4120amino acid zwitterion;
methyl-L-alanine
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		7.96860morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
n-acetylglucosamine thiazoline
N-acetylglucosamine thiazoline: an analog of the oxazolinium bicyclic intermediate leading from N-acetylglucosamine to 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid		2.0310
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
l-2-(carboxypropyl)glycine
[no description available]		3.110
trans-metanicotine
metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0110
2r,4r-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate
[no description available]		3.110pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid
4-aminocrotonic acid
[no description available]		2.4120
7-benzylidenenaltrexone
7-benzylidenenaltrexone: structure given in first source; a highly selective delta1-opioid receptor antagonist		2.0210phenanthrenes
ah 23848
AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.		2.0510(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).		2.0810fatty amide;
organochlorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
synthetic cannabinoid		CB1 receptor agonist;
CB2 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.9830monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
upf 596
UPF 596: structure in first source		4.7190
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		2.4220
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		2.3920heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.110medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		2.0310oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		2.0310
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		5.623211beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
kallidin
Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.		1.9410peptide
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		210organic molecular entity
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.9440carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		2.420benzodiazepine
l 372662
L 372662: structure in first source		2.0210
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		11.3942isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.04101-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		3.54801-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.4420
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		3.2160cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
org 24598
org 24598: structure in first source		10.09130
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		2.0710organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.0710phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.9240
neurokinin b
Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.		2.3920polypeptide
alatriopril
alatriopril: shows promise for the treatment of various cardiovascular & salt-retention disorders		1.9710
calyculin a
calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R*(1S*,3S*,4S*,5R*,6R*,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R*),7beta(E(S*)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer		3.150
sib 1893
SIB 1893: a selective mGluR5 antagonist; structure in first source		4.0240
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		2.4620
alpha-methylserine-o-phosphate monophenyl ester
alpha-methylserine-O-phosphate monophenyl ester: a group II/III antagonist		2.0110
vinorelbine
[no description available]		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone
WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.		2.0510morpholines;
naphthyl ketone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
synthetic cannabinoid		analgesic;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
kn 93
KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.		2.7430monochlorobenzenes;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		3.6390piperazines
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid
7,7-dimethyl-5,8-eicosadienoic acid: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89		210long-chain fatty acid
mead acid
mead acid: also known as 20:3(n-9). (5Z,8Z,11Z)-icosatrienoic acid : A 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid in which all three double bonds adopt cis-configuration.		1.96105,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		3.1250phosphatidylcholine(1+)
glycitein
glycitein : A methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.		2.01107-hydroxyisoflavone;
methoxyisoflavone		fungal metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
2-oleoylglycerol
2-oleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is (9Z)-octadecenoyl.		2.1102-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol
neoisoliquiritin
neoisoliquiritin: inhibits angiogenesis; isolated from licorice root; isoliquiritin is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source; isoliquiritin is also available		2.0810flavonoids;
glycoside
malealdehyde
malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer		2.6930but-2-enedial
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
thebaine
Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.6530morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.5251(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2,6-dichloropurine
[no description available]		2.0510
casein kinase ii
Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.		2.9540
erbstatin
erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source		1.9810
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.35201,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		4.59260carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
tin
[no description available]		8.85120carbon group element atom;
elemental tin;
metal atom		micronutrient
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		1.9910monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.0310nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		2.4820dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		2.36201,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.4620
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		4.42220alkali metal atom
indoleacrylic acid
indoleacrylic acid: Russian drug; natural auxin from lentil roots; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.4820
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		5.68260alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
muconic acid
muconic acid: a metabolite of benzene; reported to be a reliable indicator of occupational exposure to benzene; structure given in first source. trans,trans-muconic acid : The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.. muconic acid : A hexadienedioic acid with unsaturation at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310muconic acidbiomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite
triphenyltin
triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds		8.9440
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		4.09160alkali metal atom
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		2.3820
codeine phosphate
[no description available]		2.110
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		5.94420boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2160morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		9.61100alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.74100metal atom;
pnictogen
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.9940boron group element atom
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		11.03281metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		2.3920boron group element atom
2-amino-6-chloropurine
6-chloroguanine: an antimalarial that inhibits hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source. 6-chloroguanine : An organochlorine compound that is 7H-purin-2-amine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		1.96102-aminopurines;
organochlorine compound
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.6861cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		6.462206-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		10.01130morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid
Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.		2.3620beta-hydroxy ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
oxanes;
oxolanes;
polyether antibiotic;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		bacterial metabolite;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		2.8840boron group element atom
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		2.7630morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefixime
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
delapril
delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		1.9710peptide
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.0431dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		2.0510azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
batimastat
batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.		3.6230hydroxamic acid;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
organic sulfide;
secondary carboxamide;
thiophenes;
triamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.4720dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		9.39522chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.730
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		2.0410styrenes
2-linoleoylglycerol
2-linoleoylglycerol: increases 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. 2-linoleoylglycerol : A 2-monoglyceride where linoleoyl forms the 2-acyl group.		2.03102-acylglycerol 18:2
methoprene
Methoprene: Juvenile hormone analog and insect growth regulator used to control insects by disrupting metamorphosis. Has been effective in controlling mosquito larvae.		2.420isopropyl 11-methoxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate;
isopropyl ester		juvenile hormone mimic
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.4420alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid: an inhibitor of peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide amidating enzyme); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4220
indolylacryloylglycine
indolylacryloylglycine: chromogen found in urine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		10.07223N-acyl-amino acid
5-deazaflavin
[no description available]		1.9810pyridopyrimidine
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		1.9810alkatrienefluorochrome
corymine
corymine: RN given refers to (3beta,16R,17R)-isomer; structure in first source		2.420
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		4.4470alkaloid
pleiocarpamine
pleiocarpamine: corymine compound is the main indole alkaloid; structure in first source		1.9910monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
virginiamycin factor s1
virginiamycin factor S1: a component of VIRGINIAMYCIN; was EP to VIRGINIAMYCIN 1992-2001. virginiamycin S1 : A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl-D-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-prolyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-4-oxo-L-pipecoloyl-L-2-phenylglycine in which the carboxy group of the 2-phenylglycine moiety has undergone formal intramolecular condensation with the hydroxy group of the N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl to give the corresponding 19-membered ring lactone. It is one of the two major components of the antibacterial drug virginiamycin, produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others.		2.0610cyclodepsipeptide;
macrolide antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		3.2660dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		7.3720
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).		3.52801,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine;
phosphatidylcholine 28:0;
tetradecanoate ester		antigen;
mouse metabolite
ecdysterone
Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.		2.42014alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
22-hydroxy steroid;
25-hydroxy steroid;
2beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ecdysteroid;
phytoecdysteroid		animal metabolite;
plant metabolite
deoxyribose
[no description available]		7.940deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		9.32253butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phycocyanobilin
phycocyanobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycocyanin protein. phycocyanobilin : A bilin that consists of 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-18-ethyl-3-ethylidene-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydrobilin bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.		2.2110
beryllium
Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.		2.8940alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental beryllium;
metal allergen		adjuvant;
carcinogenic agent;
epitope
bleomycin
[no description available]		2.0510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		18.791117cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		2.6530thyronine
silicon
Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].		4.4210carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
strombine
strombine: imino acid produced by a dehydrogenase found in the adductor muscle of the oyster, Crassostrea gigas. N-(carboxymethyl)-D-alanine : A derivative of D-alanine having a carboxymethyl substituent on the alpha-nitrogen.		3.0650D-alanine derivative
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		7.74900monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		4.02140boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
bialaphos
bilanafos : A tripeptide comprising one L-phosphinothricyl and two L-alanyl units joined in sequence.		2.9340phosphinic acids;
tripeptide		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.110morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		2.7630dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.8230
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
poricoic acid a
poricoic acid A: from Poria cocos (Polyporaceae); structure in first source. poricoic acid A : A tricyclic triterpenoid isolated from Poria cocos.		2.2110dicarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
tricyclic triterpenoid		fungal metabolite
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin
Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.		1.9510aryl sulfide;
cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		13.415822amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		2.05103-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		2.97401,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
ceftazidime
[no description available]		2.4620cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
monodehydroascorbate
semidehydroascorbic acid: structure		2.0510organic radicalmouse metabolite
alanylalanine
L-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.		2.0310dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
n-acetylalanyl-n-methylamide
N-acetylalanyl-N-methylamide: an alanine dipeptide; structure given in first source		1.9810
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		3.5120morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin
dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin		2.0110oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		3.3870
licostinel
licostinel: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		10.04130
stercobilin
stercobilin: RN given refers to (2R,3R,4S,16S,17R,18R)-isomer		2.6230
6-(1h-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1h,4h)-quinoxalinedione
6-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-7-nitro-2,3(1H,4H)-quinoxalinedione: inhibits AMPA receptor binding; structure given in first source		210
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine
3,3'-dipropyl-2,2'-thiadicarbocyanine: potent inhibitor of endogenous respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells; RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 10/24/83; structure		2.0210
litorin
litorin: nona-peptide similar to bombesin isolated from skin of Litoria aurea		2.0810
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9710
marfey's reagent
Marfey's reagent: structure given in first source		2.2110
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		2.1510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
vinaxanthone
vinaxanthone: structure given in first source		2.1110
phenylalanylalanine
phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Phe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.		2.4920dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
uroguanylin
uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)		2.0610
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.0510aromatic ketone
guanylin
guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)		2.0610
udp-n-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide
[no description available]		2.0510
oxyhyponitrite
oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid		210
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
vx680
[no description available]		7.0610N-arylpiperazine
alanyltyrosine
Tyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
oleoyl-coenzyme a
oleoyl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		2.7130octadecenoyl-CoAEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
arachidonyl-coenzyme a
arachidonoyl-CoA : An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of arachidononic acid.		2.0410arachidonoyl bioconjugate;
unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA
triolein
Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.		2.6630triglycerideCaenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
plant metabolite
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
n-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride
Ro 16-6491: structure given in first source		1.9710
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		4.432102-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.9540cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
virodhamine
virodhamine: arachidonic acid and ethanolamine joined by an ester linkage, like anandamide with oxygen and nitrogen reversed; an endocannabinoid from rat; structure in first source		2.0310fatty acid ester
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.69301,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		2.7530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
syntide-2
syntide-2: amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
levuglandin e2
levuglandin E2: secoprostanoid from prostaglandin endoperoxide; gamma-ketoaldehyde cpd; structure given in first source; related to prostaglandin E2		6.9710levuglandin
urobilin
[no description available]		3.4580
cinidon-ethyl
Lotus: A genus of the PEA FAMILY. The genus Lotus, formerly known as Tetragonolobus, is unrelated to other plants with the common name of lotus (NELUMBO and NYMPHAEA).. cinidon ethyl : A carboxylic ester and organochlorine compound that is the ethyl ester of cinidon.		2.4620ethyl ester;
isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		3.3870
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		2.9140
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		10410ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
ajmaline
Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.		3.0410
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer		8.3970
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		3.87120
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.4420biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
am-356
methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer		2.0110fatty amide
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporin
coomassie brilliant blue
[no description available]		8.2860
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.4620acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		2.4120oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		8.381680azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium
Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.		2.0510carbon group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		7.07350chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
selenocysteine
Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.		2.4620
methaneselenol
methaneselenol: RN given refers to (75)Se-labeled cpd. methylselenol : An organoselenium compound that is a selenium analogue of methanol, comprising a methyl group covalently bound to a selenol group.		2.0310
dimethyl hydrogen phosphite
dimethyl hydrogen phosphite: intermediate in production of insecticides or herbicides		2.0510
tellurium
Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.		3.5690chalcogen;
metalloid atom
triethoxysilane
[no description available]		2.0710
polonium
Polonium: A radioactive element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Po, atomic number 84, and the atomic weight of the isotope with the longest half-life (209Po) is 208.98. It decays by alpha-emission.. polonium atom : A radioactive metallic element discovered in 1898 by Marie Sklodowska Curie and named after her home country, Poland (Latin Polonia).		7.3420chalcogen;
metal atom
oxalates
Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.		12.041292
epoque 80
Epoque 80: a lathe cut single composition alloy containing 22.8% copper		1.9810
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
cgp 39551
CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210
diacetylmonoxime
diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.		1.9910
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.0510amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		10.933100maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a
Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.		4.49240amidobenzoic acid
pyrachlostrobin
pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.		2.3110aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
carbanilate fungicide;
methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor;
xenobiotic
prolylglycine
prolylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. L-prolylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-prolyl group attached to its alpha-amino nitrogen.		8.2360dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
3-methylbutyrylcarnitine
3-methylbutyrylcarnitine: affects 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity in intact mitochondria of rat muscle; RN given refers to (R)-isomer. O-isovalerylcarnitine : A C5-acylcarnitine having isovaleryl as the acyl substituent.		4.370C5-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
arginyllysine
Arg-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-arginyl and L-leucine residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
cobalt oxide
[no description available]		2.4110
cholestanol
Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.		1.9410cholestanoid
ferrous fumarate
ferrous fumarate: used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt		6.873dicarboxylic acid
s-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine: RN given refers to (L-Cys)-isomer; structure given in first source. S-(cis-1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine : An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.		1.9810S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine
glycine linoleamide
[no description available]		3.0650N-acyl-amino acid
hygromycin a
hygromycin A: a cinnamide derivative produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus; structure differs from HYGROMYCIN B		2.0110hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
bongkrekic acid
Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.		210ether;
olefinic compound;
tricarboxylic acid		apoptosis inhibitor;
ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
toxin
sdz eaa 494
midafotel : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a carboxy group at position 2R and a (1E)-1-phosphonoprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 4. It is an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and was in clinical development by Novartis for the treatment of cognition disorders and brain injuries (now discontinued).		3.110monocarboxylic acid;
olefinic compound;
phosphonic acids;
piperazinecarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer		3.75100
9-cis-retinal
9-cis-retinal : A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.		210retinal
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		3.150cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
himbacine
himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R*,6S*)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.		1.9810gamma-lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
piperidine alkaloid		muscarinic antagonist
aminoethoxyvinylglycine
aminoethoxyvinylglycine: RN given for (S-(E))-isomer		5.83890
n,n',n''-triacetylfusarinine c
N,N',N''-triacetylfusarinine C: from Mycelia sterilia; ferric ionophore for this organism; structure given in first source		2.110iron coordination entity;
organonitrogen compound
4-bromocrotonic acid
4-bromocrotonic acid: inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation & ketone body degradation in rat heart mitochondria; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		1.9710
ebelactone a
ebelactone A: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.9820
ebelactone b
ebelactone B: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source; see also ebelactone A		3.0610
n-oleoylglycine
oleoylglycine: long chain fatty acyl glycine. N-oleoylglycine : A fatty acid derivative that is the 9Z-octadecenoyl derivative of glycine. It is believed to be an intermediate in oleamide biosynthesis.		4.98110fatty amide;
N-acylglycine 18:1		metabolite
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol
[no description available]		1.99101,2-diglyceride
trans-2-en-valproate
2-propyl-2-pentenoic acid: valproate metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810methyl-branched fatty acid
involucrin
involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor		2.730
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.		2.0210HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid
SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.6730
myxothiazol
myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.		2.4920
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source		3.2460
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine
dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine: chemical name in article is incorrect - phosphatidylethandamine instead of phosphatidylethanolamine. dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine : A phosphatidylethanolamine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		1.9810phosphatidylethanolamine
cgp 39653
CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		9.34200
gephyrotoxin
gephyrotoxin: alkaloid from Colombian frog Dendrobates histrionicus		2.0410
concanamycin a
concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.		2.420carbamate ester;
concanamycin		antifungal agent;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
metabolite
gabalid
[no description available]		3.7630organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
thiazole orange
thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.		2.0410cyanine dyefluorochrome
n-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-n,n,n-trimethylammonium chloride
N-(1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium: cationic lipid; structure given in first source		3.0950
ono 4057
ONO-LB 457: LTB4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine
[no description available]		2.0610
fura red
fura red: structure given in first source; used as an intracellular calcium indicator. fura red : A 1-benzofuran substituted at position 2 by a (5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-ylidene)methyl group, and at C-5 and C-6 by heavily substituted oxygen and nitrogen functionalities respectively.		3.1410
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3-26,23-lactone
[no description available]		2.0310vitamin D
thermozymocidin
thermozymocidin: a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor; FTY720 is an analog		2.4920alpha-amino fatty acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sphingoid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
myxococcus xanthus antibiotic ta
Myxococcus xanthus antibiotic TA: polyketide wide-spectrum antibiotic produced by Myxococcus xanthus		2.3820
phomopsin
phomopsin: RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/18/83		2.4120oligopeptide
n-methyl-1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
[no description available]		1.9810phosphatidylethanolamine
n(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid
N(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid: inhibits glucosamine synthetase in E coli; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S-(E)-isomer). N(3)-(4-methoxyfumaroyl)-2,3-diaminopropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the terminal amino group of 3-amino-L-alanine with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid.		2.0710enoate ester;
methyl ester;
monocarboxylic acid amide		metabolite
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd		1.9410cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer		1.9710
bacteriochlorophylls
Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.		3.3570
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine: used for premature induction of labor in rabbits; RN given refers to (all Z)-isomer		2.0610
2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid
2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z-(+-))-isomer		2.730
liga 20
LIGA 20: a semisynthetic GM1 ganglioside with N-dichloroacetylsphingosine; about ten times more potent than the natural GM2 in protecting neurons in culture against glutamate toxicity		210
tiglylglycine
tiglylglycine: RN is from 9th CI. tiglylglycine : An N-acylglycine that is glycine with an amine hydrogen substituted by a 2-methylbut-2-enoyl (tiglyl) group.		4.34200N-acylglycinemetabolite
everolimus
[no description available]		2.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
pectenotoxin 6
pectenotoxin 6: isolated from scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis); structure in first source		1.9910polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		2.2110carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
11-hydroperoxyeicosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
tiglyl-coenzyme a
2-methylbut-2-enoyl-coenzyme A : An alk-2-enoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid.		2.4202-enoyl-CoA;
monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA
ixabepilone
[no description available]		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
cremimycin
cremimycin: isol from Strepromyces sp.MJ635-86F5; structure in first source		7.2110
18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
18-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: structure given in first source		1.9710
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a': RN refers to (SP-4-2-(3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21alpha)))-isomer		2.5520
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide
Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.		2.4120galactosylceramide sulfate;
N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
suberylglycine
suberylglycine: found in urine of patients with C(6)-C(10)-dicarboxylIC aciduria; RN is from 9th CI, Chem Subs Index; structure		3.4980N-acylglycine
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.0510penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
noladin ether
noladin ether: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist; structure in first source. 2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether : A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.		2.46202-alkylglycerol;
endocannabinoid;
monoalkylglycerol
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		3.58201,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
fm1 43
FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source		2.9340organic bromide salt;
pyridinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt;
tertiary amine		fluorochrome
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.4920
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		2.0510cephalosporinantibacterial drug
rosaramicin
rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.		2.110aldehyde;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
paclobutrazol
paclobutrazol: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer. paclobutrazol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol. It acts as a plant-growth retardant and fungicide via inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.		2.4820
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.6530
melibiose
alpha-D-Galp-(1->6)-alpha-D-Glcp : A glycosylglucose consisting of alpha-D-galactopyranose and alpha-D-glucopyranose residues joined in sequence by a (1->6) glycosidic bond.		2.0710glycosylglucose
mdl 105519
MDL 105519: a potent ligand at the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-associated glycine recognition site; structure given in first source		3.87120
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.9140nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		2.9440imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
l 689560
[no description available]		3.4920quinolines
am 404
[no description available]		2.0610anilide
ro 25-6981
Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.		3.8830benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
dinitrofluorobenzene
3,3'-difluorobenzaldazine: a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5 activity; structure in first source		2.4320
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.1710naphthyridine derivative
lactacystin
[no description available]		2.6930lactam;
S-substituted L-cysteine
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.0510nitrofuran antibiotic
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.0710
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.3420
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		3.0240gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
porphyra-334
porphyra-334: structure in first source		10.21440
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		1.9510isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		1.9510diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
carboxyl radical
[no description available]		2.0710carbon oxide;
organic radical anion		xenobiotic metabolite
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).		2.9440nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		4.19170cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
fostriecin
fostriecin: compound contains a conjugated triene and an unsaturated lactone; from Streptomyces pulveraceus; structure given in second source. fostriecin : A structurally unique, naturally-occurring phosphate monoester isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II as well as several protein phosphatase including PP2A and PPA4, and exhibits potent antitumor activity against several cancer cell lines.		2.08102-pyranones;
olefinic compound;
phosphate monoester;
polyketide;
primary allylic alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
topoisomerase II inhibitor
dantrolene
[no description available]		2.0710
ik 682
IK 682: inhibits TNF-alpha converting enzyme; structure in first source		2.0310hydroxamic acid;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
quinolines
fk 866
N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source		2.3110benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
2-thioribothymidine
[no description available]		2.1310thiouridine
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4820roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		2.110cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		2.420
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		2.0210
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
zatosetron
zatosetron: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		3.0910
n-valproyl glycinamide
TV 1901: structure in first source		4.3560
l 371257
L 371257: structure given in first source		2.0210
pd 184352
2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source		2.0710aminobenzoic acid
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.0510diarylmethane
jwh-133
1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.		2.0510benzochromene;
dibenzopyran;
organic heterotricyclic compound		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
CB2 receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
vasodilator agent
vildagliptin
[no description available]		4.0420amino acid amide
lepadin b
lepadin B: structure in first source		2.1110
belinostat
[no description available]		2.5820hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
on 01910
ON 01910: a Plk1 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine : A glycine derivative that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is substituted by a 2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl group.. rigosertib : An N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycine in which the double bond has E-configuration. It is a non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of PLK1 with an IC50 of 9 nM and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		18.119824N-[2-methoxy-5-({[2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]sulfonyl}methyl)phenyl]glycineantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.21 (polo kinase) inhibitor;
microtubule-destabilising agent
panobinostat
Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.		4.6940cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.5520beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
3-tyrosine
3-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-m-tyrosine : A hydroxyphenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine with a substituent hydroxy group at position 3.		2.1710hydroxyphenylalanine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
phenols		plant metabolite
3-hydroxyphenylacetate
[no description available]		2.1710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anionhuman xenobiotic metabolite
n-acetyl-leucine-methylamide
[no description available]		3.1650
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0610borneol
phenylalanylglycine
phenylalanylglycine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Phe-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and glycine residues.		8.0950dipeptidemetabolite
leucyl-phenylalanine
Leu-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-leucine and L-phenylalanine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
glycyl-alanyl-leucine
glycyl-alanyl-leucine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/91		1.9710peptide
methionylglycine
methionylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Met-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-methionine and glycine residues.		1.9910dipeptidemetabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.4120dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
histidylhistidine
histidylhistidine: RN given for L-,L-isomer		2.6830dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
valylleucine
valylleucine: RN given refers to all L-isomer. Val-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-leucine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
alanylglycine
[no description available]		1.9710dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
alpha-glutamyltryptophan
Trp-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-tryptophan and L-glutamic acid residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
lysylglutamic acid
lysylglutamic acid: a geroprotective agent. Lys-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-glutamic acid residues.		2.4220dipeptidemetabolite
Ala-Lys
Ala-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine.		2.0310dipeptidemarine metabolite
valyl-valyl-valine
[no description available]		2.0310peptide
phenylalanylproline
Phe-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-proline residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
lysylglycine
lysylglycine: structure in first source. Lys-Gly : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and glycine residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
glycylhistidine
glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.		2.4320dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		6.67220ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		3.9940
aminomethyltransferase
Aminomethyltransferase: A one-carbon group transferase that transfers lipoamide-linked methylamine groups to tetrahydrofolate (TETRAHYDROFOLATES) to form methylenetetrahydrofolate and AMMONIA. It is one of four components of the glycine decarboxylase complex.		6.83500
prolylisoleucine
prolylisoleucine: RN refers to (L)-isomer. Pro-Ile : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-isoleucine residues.		1.9710dipeptidemetabolite
prolyl-serine
Pro-Ser : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-serine residues.		2.0310dipeptidemetabolite
dioleoylphosphatidic acid
dioleoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.01101,2-bis(octadec-9-enoyl)phosphatidic acid
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		3.8630penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		7.21301phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,5-diketogluconate
2,5-diketogluconate: RN given refers to calcium salt. 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconate : Conjugate base of 2,5-didehydro-D-gluconic acid.		2.01102-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
9h-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-n-(1-methylethyl)-
9H-purine-9-propanamine, 6-amino-8-((6-iodo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)thio)-N-(1-methylethyl)-: an epichaperome (purine-scaffold) inhibitor; structure in first source		3.6120
sidnocarb
sidnocarb: Russian drug; structure		2.0310
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		9.93297biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
mannich bases
Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.		2.9540
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0510
phoxim
phoxim: structure		2.1710
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		7.17101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		2.4520
poloxin
poloxin: a polo-box domain inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510
ferrihydrite
ferric oxyhydroxide: an antiferromagnetic material; constitutes the core of natural ferritin; mol form 5Fe2O3.9H2O		2.610
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source		210
desvenlafaxine succinate
Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.1310
gw 311616
GW 311616: structure in first source		2.0810
az 11645373
AZ 11645373: InChIKey: VQEHBLGYANQWEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N		2.0510
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
macimorelin
[no description available]		2.5720
ym 60828
YM 60828: YM-466 is the mesylate salt		2.0110
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.1710
acth (4-7), pro-gly-pro-
[no description available]		2.4620
ly 341495
[no description available]		3.110xanthenes
kb r7943
2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source		2.4420
n-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-n-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine
N-(4-(2-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylsulfonyl)pyrid-3-ylmethylamine: a metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor potentiator; structure in first source		2.4220
metaflumizone
metaflumizone: an insecticide		2.110semicarbazone;
stilbenoid
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		5.6860benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
jasplakinolide
jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R*,4E,6S*,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.		210cyclodepsipeptide;
phenols		actin polymerisation inducer;
animal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
ipamorelin
[no description available]		2.4620
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		6.49171oligopeptide
ferrous bisglycinate
ferrous bisglycinate: an iron fortificant in bread for iron-deficient school children		6.9145
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		2.1510gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
reparixin
reparixin: inhibits CXCR1 to prevent polymorphonuclear cell recruitment		2.2110monoterpenoid
fructosyl-lysine
fructosyllysine : A glyco-amino acid consisting of a D-fructosyl residue attached to the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine.		2.6930fructosamine;
glyco-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
etomoxir
[no description available]		4.0740aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		2.6930
zd 9379
ZD 9379: structure given in first source		1.9910
muromonab-cd3
xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.		2.0610alkaloid;
macrocycle;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
marine metabolite
gw791343
GW791343: inhibits human P2X-7 receptor but is a positive allosteric modulator of rat P2X-7 receptor; structure in first source		2.7330
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		2.940bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
gm 109
GM 109: acts as motilin receptor antagonist in rabbit small intestine smooth muscle; structure given in first source		2.0510
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.13101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
4-anisyltetrazolium blue
tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.		1.9910organic chloride saltdye
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		8.76110organic molecular entity
flag peptide
FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.		2.4320peptide
gc 1 compound
GC 1 compound: structure in first source		2.0210diarylmethane
sm 346
SM 346: 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivative		2.0610
ferrous phosphate
[no description available]		3.4311
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		5.6700aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
tafluprost
tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.2510isopropyl ester;
organofluorine compound;
prostaglandins Falpha		prostaglandin receptor agonist
biphenyl-indanone a
biphenyl-indanone A: an mGluR2 agonist; structure in first source		2.0810biphenyls
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
jnj 10397049
JNJ 10397049: a selective orexin receptor-2 antagonist		2.1710
ssr 69071
SSR 69071: structure in first source		2.1510pyridopyrimidine
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		4.5640aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		5.37100dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
eslicarbazepine
[no description available]		2.110dibenzooxazepine
o-acetylcamptothecin
O-acetylcamptothecin: RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4820
hmr 1556
HMR 1556: an I(Ks) channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0310
nnc 05-2090
NNC 05-2090: structure given in first source		2.0610carbazoles
hmn-214
(E)-4-(2-(2-(N-acetyl-N-(4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)amino)stilbazole)) 1-oxide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		3.1410
gw 4064
[no description available]		2.520stilbenoid
4-(n-(s-glutathionylacetyl)amino)phenylarsenoxide
4-(N-(S-glutathionylacetyl)amino)phenylarsenoxide: structure in first source		3.4611glutathione derivative
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		7.4420ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
g(m2) ganglioside
G(M2) Ganglioside: A glycosphingolipid that accumulates due to a deficiency of hexosaminidase A or B (BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES), or GM2 activator protein, resulting in GANGLIOSIDOSES, heredity metabolic disorders that include TAY-SACHS DISEASE and SANDHOFF DISEASE.. ganglioside GM2 (18:0) : A sialotriaosylceramide that is N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the acyl group on the sphingosine nitrogen is octadecanoyl. A constituent of natural ganglioside GM2.		1.9710N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotriaosylceramide		antigen
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.4720
2-(3-chlorobenzyloxy)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyrazine
[no description available]		2.0810
bay36-7620
BAY36-7620: a potent non-competitive mGlu1 receptor antagonist with inverse agonist activity. ; structure in first source		2.4420
ro 48-8587
Ro 48-8587: structure in first source		210
ornithine alpha-ketoglutarate
[no description available]		2.6830
6''-o-malonyldaidzin
6''-O-malonyldaidzin: structure in first source. malonyldaidzin : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein substituted by a 6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.1510glycosyloxyisoflavone;
hydroxyisoflavone;
malonate ester;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		2.0110fatty acid ester
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.0610piperazines;
pyridines
n-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2h-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide
N-(4-chloro-2-((1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)methyl)phenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide: a positive allosteric modulator of mGluR5; structure in first source		3.8130
tae226
TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source		2.0410morpholines
ly517717
LY517717: an oral anticoagulant		6.2861
zeolites
[no description available]		8.6690
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
[no description available]		2.110
ro 67-4853
(9H-xanthene-9-carbonyl)carbamic acid butyl ester: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 agonist; structure in first source		2.830
3-iodothyronamine
3-iodothyronamine: a thyroid hormone derivative that may be involved in a fast response signaling pathway; structure in first source		2.0810aromatic ether
u 18666a
3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.		2.0210hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
nicotinic antagonist;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
cgp 55845a
CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer		3.9120
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		3.0850alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
sb 525334
6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor		2.2510quinoxaline derivative
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		4.11150
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
org 24461
Org 24461: structure in first source		9.2450
bicuculline methochloride
bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure		2.8840
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane
2-carbomethoxy-8-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(4-iodophenyl)tropane: used in PET and SPECT imaging of dopamine transporters; structure in first source		2.0810
deltorphin i, ala(2)-
deltorphin I, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		2.1310peptide
cereulide
cereulide: a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide; isolated from Bacillus cereus; a HEp-2 cell-vacuolation factor		2.0410
ly 389795
LY 389795: a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source		3.5120
methionine sulfoxide
methionine sulfoxide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-methionine (R)-S-oxide : The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.		2.4420amino acid zwitterion;
L-methionine S-oxide		Escherichia coli metabolite
candicidin
Candicidin: Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component.. candicidin D : A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.. candicidin : A mixture of the antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus. It is composed of candicidins A, B, C and D, with candicidin D being the major component. Candicidin is active against some fungi of the genus Candida, and has been used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.		2.3620macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal drug;
bacterial metabolite
phosphoramidite
phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.		2.4920
fmrfamide
FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)		1.9710
cystathionine
Cystathionine: Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.. cystathionine : A modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine.		8.01410cysteine derivative
huprine y
huprine Y: structure in first source		2.0310
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6411aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
sepantronium
sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.		2.3110organic cation
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
phenobarbital sodium
2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid: an N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase (NAALADase) antagonist		2.4120
n-benzyloxycarbonyl-aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester
N-benzyloxycarbonyl-aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L-alpha-Asp)-isomer; a precursor of aspartame		2.0510
dimethylarginine
dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.		2.7330
apixaban
[no description available]		3.5520aromatic ether;
lactam;
piperidones;
pyrazolopyridine		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
indantadol
indantadol: NMDA antagonist and nonselective MAO inhibitor for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain; structure in first source		7.8123
2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid
2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid: structure in first source		210
ly 379268
LY 379268: group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist; structure in first source. LY 379268 : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is (1R,5S)-2-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane carrying amino, carboxy, and carboxy groups at positions 4R, 4R and 6R, respectively. It is a potent agonist of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 (EC50 = 2.69 nM and 4.48 nM, respectively) that exhibits antipsychotic-like action in animal models of schizophrenia.		4.93110amino dicarboxylic acid;
bridged compound;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
fluorapatite
fluorapatite: RN refers to fluorapatite [Ca5F(PO4)3]). apatite : A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl.. fluorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3F.		7.0510
lr-90
LR-90: an advanced glycation endproduct inhibitor that prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats; structure in first source		2.2110
homocarnosine
homocarnosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. homocarnosine : A histidine derivative that is histidine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-amino group has been replaced by a 4-aminobutanoyl group.		1.9810dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
homocarnosine;
L-histidine derivative;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion;
N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid		human metabolite
decanoylcarnitine
decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.		2.110decanoate ester;
O-acylcarnitine		human urinary metabolite
edan
Edan: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810
aleglitazar
aleglitazar: a dual peroxisome PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonist for type 2 diabetes		4.3930
saracatinib
[no description available]		2.3110aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
diether;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
oxanes;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		9.36190
eledoisin
Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)		1.9510peptide
ngr peptide
[no description available]		3.1610
angiotensin amide
Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.		1.9310oligopeptide
lactonamycin
lactonamycin: isolated from Streptomyces rishiriensis; structure in first source. lactonamycin : An organic heterohexacyclic compound isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces rishiriensis. It is an antibiotic with antibacterial activity.		2.0410gamma-lactone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
phenols;
trideoxyhexose derivative		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
restricticin
restricticin: from Penicllium restrictum; structure given in first source; inhibits P450 lanosterol C-14 demethylase		3.0850
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.4620
hydroxyibuprofen
hydroxyibuprofen: major urinary metabolite of ibuprofen; structure in first source. 2-hydroxyibuprofen : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is ibuprofen in which the methine proton on the isobutyl group has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0710hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite
bacilysin
bacilysin: structure. bacilysin : A non-ribosomally synthesised dipeptide that consists of L-alanyl and anticapsin units linked by a peptide bond.		1.9510
snap 5114
[no description available]		2.4720
volasertib
BI 6727: a polo-like kinase inhibitor with broad antitumor activity; structure in first source		4.0920
renieramycin m
renieramycin M: from the Thai sponge Xestospongia sp.; structure in first source		7.3110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		9.69290
n-arachidonoyl l-serine
N-arachidonoyl L-serine: an endocannabinoid-like brain constituent with vasodilatory properties; structure in first source. N-arachidonoyl-L-serine : An N-acyl-amino acid resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of L-serine. It is an endocannabinoid-like lipid isolated from bovine brains.		2.0510N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acidcannabinoid receptor agonist;
mammalian metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent;
vasodilator agent
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
ly 341495
LY 341495: structure in first source		5380
n-isobutyrylglycine
N-isobutyrylglycine: found in urine of patients with glyceric acidemia. N-isobutyrylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as isobutryl.		3.0950N-acylglycinehuman urinary metabolite
baci-im
[no description available]		2.0510homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c
calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides		2.6930
benzene oxide
benzene oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		5.27540D-ribose;
ribopyranose
celogentin c
celogentin C: an antimitotic bicyclic peptide from the seeds of Celosia argentea; structure in first source		2.0110
acebutolol
alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.		9.24332alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
tafamidis
tafamidis: may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy. tafamidis : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.		2.1101,3-benzoxazoles;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		central nervous system drug
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		3.4111
negamycin
negamycin: broad spectrum hydrazide antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces species; action seems to be due to its binding to ribosomes & interference with amino coding in protein synthesis; precursor is probably leucyl-negamycin; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search AMINO ACIDS, DIAMINO (76-85); RN given refers to (threo-L)-isomer		2.0410
3-hydroxyproline
3-hydroxyproline: HM refers to 4-hydroxyproline; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxyproline : A monohydroxyproline in which the hydroxy substituent is located at position C3.		3.14103-hydroxyproline;
amino acid zwitterion;
D-proline derivative		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
barettin
barettin: isolated as a Z/E mixture from sponge Geodia barretti; structure in first source		2.0310organic molecular entity
erastin
erastin: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. erastin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.		2.2110aromatic ether;
diether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinazolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer;
voltage-dependent anion channel inhibitor
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.4920morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.9340
3-cyano-n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide
3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide: affects mGluR5 receptors; structure in first source		4.4160
fg-4592
roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).		18.3116635aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
N-acylglycine		EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
chlorantranilipole
chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.		2.1710monochlorobenzenes;
organobromine compound;
pyrazole insecticide;
pyrazoles;
pyridines;
secondary carboxamide		ryanodine receptor agonist
fucoxanthinol
fucoxanthinol: structure in first source		2.5820
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.3870nystatins
pegamotecan
pegamotecan: camptothecin-di-20-O-ester of PEG(40-kDa)Gly; structure in first source		1.9910
kaitocephalin
kaitocephalin: structure in first source		2.0510
marizomib
marizomib: a proteasome inhibitor from a marine bacterium Salinospora; structure in first source		5.3360beta-lactone;
gamma-lactam;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organochlorine compound;
salinosporamide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
bi 2536
[no description available]		3.5920
technetium tc 99m disofenin
Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin: A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)		5.1140
technetium tc 99m mebrofenin
technetium Tc 99m mebrofenin: hepatobiliary radiopharmaceutical		15.7420514
nutlin-3a
nutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first source		2.5520stilbenoid
rh 795
RH 795: a voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye		2.0210
karrikinolide
karrikinolide: a seed germination stimulant formed during burning of plant material; structure in first source		2.0610
arginine aspartate
arginine aspartate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer of aspartic acid with L-arginine (1:1)		2.0210
dorsomorphin
dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.		2.0410aromatic ether;
piperidines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyridines		bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist;
EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
incb 3284
INCB 3284: a CCR2 receptor antagonist		3.4220
quisinostat
[no description available]		2.3110indoles
monomethyl auristatin e
[no description available]		2.3110
hu 308
HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.		2.0410aromatic ether;
bridged compound;
carbobicyclic compound;
primary allylic alcohol;
synthetic cannabinoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
CB2 receptor agonist
carfilzomib
[no description available]		10.02361epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
a-841720
A-841720: structure in first source		2.0410
1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane
1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: structure in first source		2.4420
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		3.1310
chlorophyll b
[no description available]		2.7830chlorophyllcofactor
n-(1,3-diphenyl-1h-pyrazolo-5-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide
N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo-5-yl)-4-nitrobenzamide: an mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator; structure in first source		2.0310
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		4.29190
prolyl-proline
Pro-Pro : A dipeptide formed from two L-proline residues.		2.7430dipeptidehuman urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
glanatec
[no description available]		3.0130
n-coumaroyldopamine
N-coumaroyldopamine: structure in first source		2.0310
pd 0348292
N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(2-fluoro-4-(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidiine-1,2-dicarboxamide: structure in first source. eribaxaban : A member of the class of pyrrolidines that is (2R,4R)-N(1)-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamide in which the nitrogen of the 2-carbamoyl group has been substituted by a 2-fluoro-4-(2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl group. It is a synthetic organic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridone;
pyrrolidines;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
ru 66647
telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;		2.0310
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride
N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		3.5680hydrochloridegeroprotector;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		14.896116
hypoglycin a
hypoglycin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hypoglycin A : A diastereoisomeric mixture of (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)- hypoglycin A, found in the edible part of the fruit of the Ackee, Blighia sapida (where the 2S,4R diastereoisomer is more dominant (17% d.e.) than its 2S,4S counterpart) as well as in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus).		4.02130L-alpha-amino acid
glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline
glycyl-prolyl-hydroxyproline: the main component of the mixture of collagen type I degradation products		2.0610oligopeptide
granite
granite: crystalline rock of quartz, orthoclase, muscovite & biotite		2.7930triazolopyrimidines
imidazolone
imidazolone: a reaction product of arginine with 3-deoxyglucosone which markedly accumulates in uremic serum; structure in first source		7.1110organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
butafenacil
butafenacil: structure in first source. butafenacil : An organofluorine compound that is 1-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a 4-chloro-3-({[2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy}carbonyl)phenyl group at position 3. It is a herbicide which inhibits the protoporphyrinogen-oxidase enzyme in plant chloroplasts, resulting in rapid knockdown of various broadleaf and grass weeds.		2.0210benzoate ester;
diester;
monochlorobenzenes;
olefinic compound;
organofluorine compound		EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
bombinin h2
bombinin H2: bombinin H4 differs from bombinin H2 in having a D-alloisoleucine residue; isolated from Bombina species		7.0410
2-(n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose
2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose: fluorescent probe for glucose uptake activity in E coli; structure given in first source		2.0110
leucylproline
leucylproline: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Leu-Pro zwitterion : A peptide zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino terminus of Leu-Pro.		1.9610dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		metabolite
octanoylcarnitine
octanoylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-octanoyl-L-carnitine : The L-enantiomer of an O-octanoylcarnitine.		2.0510O-octanoylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		5.21160benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		4.96110
2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide
2-amino-5-ureidopentanamide: neuroprotective agent isolated from Parawixia bistriata spider venom; structure in first source		2.0310
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.		2.392011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		9.34200
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		6.78711,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		3.5280
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.1310imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		8.55511
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		7.0610
n4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4h-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-n2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine
N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid(1,4)oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine: a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor; structure in first source		2.3110
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
cyclohexylalanine
cyclohexylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910
enerbol
Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)		2.0410
glycoursodeoxycholic acid
glycoursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.. glycoursodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycoursodeoxycholic acid. obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.2260bile acid glycine conjugate;
N-acylglycine		human blood serum metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
dihydrotachysterol
Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.		1.9410
rifamycins
[no description available]		2.0510
ethidium homodimer
ethidium homodimer: structure		210
ethidium homodimer-1
[no description available]		1.9310
clove
Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)		2.3110
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.1110
ginsenoside rb3
[no description available]		2.021012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antidepressant;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		4.73310
eosine i bluish
Eosine I Bluish: A red fluorescein dye used as a histologic stain. It may be cytotoxic, mutagenic, and inhibit certain mitochondrial functions.		2.4820organic sodium saltfluorescent dye;
histological dye
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		2.0310
ants
Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)		3.1950
quinocarcin
quinocarcin: from Streptomyces melanovinaceus nov.sp.; structure given in second source		2.0210
ammonium citrate
[no description available]		2.3420ammonium salt;
citrate salt		buffer;
food emulsifier
ly 164846
LY 164846: effective against respiratory and dermal bacterial isolates; RN given is for (1:6R 2:6A,7B(R*)) isomer		2.3720
butaprost
butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.7220
ureidoglycine
ureidoglycine: structure in first source		3.1650
glyx-13 peptide
GLYX-13 peptide: a monoclonal antibody-derived peptide that acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulator		7.2332
discodermolide
discodermolide: a lactone-bearing polyhydroxylated alkatetraene from the marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta; microtubule-stabilizing agent like taxol		2.0310
cyclo[18]carbon
cyclo[18]carbon : An allotrope of carbon with molecular formula C18 existing as a ring of eighteen carbon atoms, connected by alternating triple and single bonds.		2.2110carbocyclic compound;
elemental carbon
jaw
[no description available]		8.3770indolecarboxamide
phenylglycinamide
[no description available]		3.71100
korormicin
korormicin: from marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp.; structure in first source		2.0110
hmr 1098
HMR 1098: KATP channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0110
methampicillin
brassinazole: a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. brassinazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by phenyl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl and p-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. An inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary alcohol;
triazoles		brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor
tosedostat
[no description available]		11.97227carboxylic ester;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide
streptolidine
streptolidine: RN given refers to (4S-(4alpha,5beta(S*)))-isomer; structure		2.0210
s-nitrosohomocysteine
S-nitrosohomocysteine: in contrast to homocysteine, the nitroso cpd does not support hydrogen peroxide generation & does not lead to endothelial dysfunction		210
s-adenosylethionine
[no description available]		1.9710
homopropargylglycine
homopropargylglycine: structure in first source		4.77270
thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine Triphosphate: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-4-methyl-5-(4,6,8,8-tetrahydroxy-3,5,7-trioxa-4,6,8-triphosphaoct-1-yl)thiazolium hydroxide, inner salt, P,P',P''-trioxide. The triphosphate ester of thiamine. In Leigh's disease, this compound is present in decreased amounts in the brain due to a metabolic block in its formation.. thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-) : Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.		1.9510organophosphate oxoanion;
vitamin B1		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		8.851110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
palythine
palythine: a mycosporine-like amino acid		4.29170
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7530
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		5.92320
cob(ii)alamin
cob(II)alamin : A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.		1.9910cobalamincofactor;
human metabolite
alx 1393
ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor		8.8930
sch 54292
SCH 54292: structure in first source		2.0510
feruloyldopamine
feruloyldopamine: a dopamine metabolite isolated from tomatoes after infection by Pseudomonas syringae; structure in first source		2.0310
calcitonin
[no description available]		7.420
melitten
Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.		3.2460
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		5.6240
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		3.2960oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		2.3620
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		3.6290
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		5.780polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		4.5980polypeptide
tachyplesin peptide, tachypleus tridentatus
tachyplesin peptide, Tachypleus tridentatus: isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus); cationic peptide; 17 amino acid residues given in first source		210
subtilin
subtilin: a linear type A lantibiotic; peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis; structure given in first source		3.1210
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus
magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)		2.0110
pleurocidin
pleurocidin: isolated from the skin secretions of the winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus; amino acid sequence in first source		2.4320
hirugen
hirugen: amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0110
(4-24)-ply(a)
peptide-Gly-Leu-amide: 21-amino acid peptide from skin secretion of Xenopus laevis; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.4320
hevein
hevein: 43-amino acid residue protein from the rubber tree; homology with thionins and WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS; not strictly a lectin since it does not act as an agglutinin but has the hevein motif characteristic of lectins;		2.1710
peptide nucleic acid, t10-lysine
peptide nucleic acid, T10-lysine: belongs to a new class of cpds known as peptide/polyamide nucleic acids (PNAs), which are oligodeoxynucleotides in which the phosphodiester backbone is replaced with a polyamide backbone; structure of a PNA and PNA T10-Lys sequence given in first source		1.9810
histogranin
histogranin: NMDA receptor antagonist isolated from bovine adrenal medulla; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9810
humanin
humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source		3.1450
nociceptin
[no description available]		3.1350organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
protegrin-1
protegrin-1: GenBank X84094		2.0210
alamethicin
Alamethicin: A cyclic nonadecapeptide antibiotic that can act as an ionophore and is produced by strains of Trichoderma viride. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.9340
protein kinase inhibitor peptide
protein kinase inhibitor peptide: 18 amino acid residues given in first source; corresponds to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor		1.9810
fibrinopeptide b
Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.		2.940
galanin (1-16)
galanin (1-16): N-terminal fragment of galanin; agonist at the hippocampal galanin receptor		210
anantin
anantin: atrial natriuretic factor antagonist; from Streptomyces coerulescens; consists of 17 natural amino acids which form a ring system; MF C90-H111-N21-O24; binds to receptor of atrial natriuretic factor; structure given in first source		2.0810
(prolyl-hydroxylprolyl-glycine)10
[no description available]		2.0610
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		8.43631
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		6.42330
cobrotoxin
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.		2.3820
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		11.78686peptide hormone
big gastrin
big gastrin: isolated from Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinomas & hog antral mucosa; have encountered tetratricontapeptide & nonadecapeptide gastrin; big-big gastrin significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcers; big gastrin refers gastrin which has a longer peptide chain than the normal heptadecapeptide gastrin		8.5990
anthopleurin-a
anthopleurin-A: cardiotonic agent from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica		1.9810
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		4.1650
emerimicins
Peptaibols: A group of peptides characterized by length of 1-2 dozen residues with a high proportion of them being non-proteinogenic, notably alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) and isovaline, and have a C-terminal amino alcohol and N terminal alkyl group. They are found in FUNGI and some are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. They form channels or pores in target organisms. The term is a contraction of peptide-Aib-alcohol.		2.7330
anthopleurin b
[no description available]		2.420
thymosin beta(4)
thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity		1.9710
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		4.8100
conotoxin gv
conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus		2.9140
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		1.9810
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		7.9740
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.4420
cucurbit(8)uril
cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges		2.1310
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		3.0950
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		11.77460
anticodon
Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.		4.17170
tritrpticin
tritrpticin: a 13-amino acid, tryptophan-rich cationic peptide		2.1310
ziconotide
ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.		2.4220
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		4.3670
conantokin-t
conantokin-T: from cone snail Conus tulipa; a 21-amino acid peptide which induces sleep-like symptoms in young mice; has N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
pardaxin
pardaxin: acidic protein from flatfish Pardachirus marmoratus; amino aicd sequence known		1.9710
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		5.6871
gastrin 17
gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		7.8940gastrinantineoplastic agent
beta-endorphin (1-27)
[no description available]		1.9710
ristocetin
Ristocetin: An antibiotic mixture of two components, A and B, obtained from Nocardia lurida (or the same substance produced by any other means). It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro.. ristocetin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is produced by species of Amycolatopsis and Nocardia.		3.5790glycopeptide;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
tetrasaccharide derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
platelet-activating factor receptor agonist
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.83581glycoside
sodium borate
borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.		2.0810
perovskite
calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.		2.1310
ferrous gluconate
ferrous gluconate: iron important in this cpd; RN given refers to ferrous cpd		8.8530
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		5.28121
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		7.637501,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		3.391121-hydroxy steroid
kn 92
KN 92: KN 93 isomer; a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II inhibitor;		2.0210
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.5220aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
gdc-0973
cobimetinib: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. cobimetinib : A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.		3.5111aromatic amine;
difluorobenzene;
N-acylazetidine;
organoiodine compound;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		11.9890chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
carbetocin
carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.		1.9910heterodetic cyclic peptideoxytocic
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		2.4620
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		2.4620organotin acaricide
dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate
dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate: synonym proacid refers to 1:1 mixture of title cpd with magnesium carbonate		4.21180
thimerosal
Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.		2.3110alkylmercury compoundantifungal drug;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
drug allergen
bi(otf)3
Bi(OTf)3: structure in first source		2.110
pha 848125
N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor		2.0510
pevonedistat
pevonedistat: a potent and selective inhibitor of NAE (NEDD8-activating enzyme). pevonedistat : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a (1S)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylnitrilo group at position 4 and by a (1S,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(sulfamoyloxy)methyl]cyclopentyl group at position 7. It is a potent and selective NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.7 nM, and currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes.		5.6341cyclopentanols;
indanes;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
sulfamidate		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
ku 0063794
Ku 0063794: an mTOR inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2510benzyl alcohols;
monomethoxybenzene;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
pyranonigrin a
pyranonigrin A: structure in first source. pyranonigrin A : A member of the class of pyranopyrroles that is 2-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-6,7-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrrole-4,5-dione carrying two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 7. Originally isolated from Aspergillus niger.		2.110cyclic ketone;
enol;
gamma-lactam;
pyranopyrrole;
secondary alcohol		antioxidant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
marine metabolite
nocistatin
nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source		2.4220
adenosine kinase
Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.		2.6730
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		9.5680organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		210
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.0510organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		9.8681
n-formylglycinamide
N-formylglycinamide: structure in first source		3.3870
alpha-amanitin
Alpha-Amanitin: A cyclic octapeptide with a thioether bridge between the cystine and tryptophan. It inhibits RNA POLYMERASE II. Poisoning may require LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.. alpha-amanitin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.		2.4110
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		3.99130
sodium cyanoborohydride
sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides		2.9140
arphamenine a
arphamenine A: from Chromobacterium violaceum; structure given in second source		4.4940
lucifer yellow
lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt		3.690organic lithium saltfluorochrome
dodecyl 2-(n,n-dimethylamino)propionate
dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionate: a transdermal penetration enhancer; RN refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9810
gv 196771a
GV 196771A: structure in first source		3.821
antamanide
antamanide: cyclic decapeptides otained from the green death cup toadstool (Amanita phalloides). Acts as an antidote against poisoning by phallotoxins by preventing accumulation & absorption of the toxin in the liver; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PEPTIDES, CYCLIC (75-86)		2.4620
2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate
3-sulfopropanediol(1-) : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3-sulfolactaldehyde, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.4110alkanesulfonate oxoanion
n-methylcarbamate
N-methylcarbamate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4720amino-acid anion
pyrazolopyridine
pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors		2.0510
chitosan
[no description available]		6.25311
diaminochlorotriazine
diaminochlorotriazine: a metabolite of the herbicide atrazine, it is a good biological marker of atrazine exposure; structure in first source		2.1110
2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine
2-(2'-carboxy-3'-phenylcyclopropyl)glycine: structure in first source		4.02140
volicitin
volicitin: an elicitor that triggers emission of volatile from plants		2.0210
esterastin
esterastin: inhibitor of esterases; structure		4.4940
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		2.4220
5-n-acetylardeemin
5-N-acetylardeemin: structure given in first source; reverses multiple drug resistance in tumor cells and potentiates cyctotoxicity of vinblastine; from Aspergillus fischeri var. brasiliensis		2.0110
15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid
15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
zinc methionine
[no description available]		2.2110
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.4120
mycosporine-2-glycine
mycosporine-2-glycine: structure in first source		5.79260
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.7130
butaclamol
Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.		1.9610
yil 781
YIL 781: an appetite suppressant and weight loss promoter; structure in first source		2.2110
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		2.9440organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		4.4241
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.281903',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
cyanotriphenylborate
cyanotriphenylborate: glycine receptor antagonist and chloride channel antagonist; structure given in first source; RN refers to sodium salt		7.0610organic sodium salt;
tetraorganoborate salt
sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.		4.6890inorganic sodium saltbleaching agent;
disinfectant
sodium bisulfite
sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.		2.1110inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		allergen;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
mutagen;
reducing agent
sodium tetradecyl sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		2.4720lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		2.0510
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
4-hydroxymercuribenzoate
[no description available]		2.3820
sodium nitrite
Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.		7.7130inorganic sodium salt;
nitrite salt		antidote to cyanide poisoning;
antihypertensive agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
food antioxidant;
poison
tubilicid
Tubilicid: bactericidal solution with cleaning & surface active effect on enamel & dentine; contains chlorhexidene digluconate 0.1 g, dodicin (9% solution) 1.0 g & sodium fluoride 3.0 g in water to 100 g		3.67100
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.4720organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
methyl orange
methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds		2.0810
stearates
Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.		2.0610
sodium iodate
sodium iodate: RN given refers to iodic acid, Na salt		1.9810organic molecular entity
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		5.46150monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
merocyanine dye
merocyanine dye: fluorescent dye used for studying axons 2 position on pyrimidine ring may be S or O; RN given refers to Na salt; structure		2.4110
2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid
2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to mono-Na salt; structure		2.4220
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt		2.9240
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9310
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		1.9710
chiniofon
Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.		3.6190
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate: RN given refers to Na salt		1.9710
arginine
Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.		210
thiostrepton
Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.		210
hygromycin b
[no description available]		2.3920
gelsemine
gelsemine: from Gelsemium sempervirens; structure given in first source		7.0410indole alkaloid
picrotoxinin
picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.		3.4980
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		2.0210
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		11.46683organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mln 8237
MLN 8237: an aurora kinase A inhibitor		2.1110benzazepine
snx 2112
SNX 2112: an orally available small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.4811
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.		2.6930UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
sgi 1776
SGI 1776: a Pim kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0710imidazoles
delanzomib
[no description available]		4.4860C-terminal boronic acid peptide;
phenylpyridine;
secondary alcohol;
threonine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
proteasome inhibitor
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		9.292320
2',3'-o-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate
2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate: analog of ATP; do not confuse with TNP-ATP record		2.9340C-nitro compound;
spiroketal		antagonist
pci 32765
ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.		2.3110acrylamides;
aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
arabinogalactan
[no description available]		1.9610
albiflorin
albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.		2.0810benzoate ester;
beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
gamma-lactone;
monoterpene glycoside;
secondary alcohol		neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
rg 1678
(4-(3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)(5-methanesulfonyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethoxy)phenyl)methanone: a GlyT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		4.560
mk 2206
MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent		2.3110organic heterotricyclic compoundEC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax
[no description available]		2.5320aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
egg white
Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		3.67100
belactosin a
belactosin A: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source		2.0110
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.5220BODIPY compound
ter 199
gamma-Glu-S-BzCys-PhGly diethyl ester: a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibitor; structure given in first source		3.1610
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		5.35190
oprozomib
ONX 0912: antineoplastic; an orally active proteasome inhibitor; structure in first source		5.5880
rimorphin
rimorphin: tridecapeptide NH2-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-COOH from bovine posterior pituitary gland; major leucine enkephalin containing peptide in tissue that contains dynorphin & alpha-neo-endorphin		2.1110
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		1.9910
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		5.87130peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a
Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.		3.0850
cerebellin
cerebellin: cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide marker for Purkinje cells		2.0510
mannans
[no description available]		3.1250
aspirin eugenol ester
aspirin eugenol ester: has antineoplastic activity		2.1510
alexa fluor 546
Alexa fluor 546: a fluorescent dye		2.1310organic heteropentacyclic compoundfluorochrome
glasdegib
glasdegib: a smoothened inhibitor. glasdegib : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a (2R,4S)-4-{[(4-cyanophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methylpiperidin-2-yl group at position 2. It is a hedgehog signalling pathway inhibitor that acts by binding to Smoothened (SMO) receptors and blocking signal transduction (IC50 = 5 nM). It is used in combination with low-dose cytarabine, for the treatment of newly-diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adult patients (aged >= 75 years), or who have medical conditions that prevent the use of standard chemotherapy.		6.6450benzimidazoles;
nitrile;
phenylureas;
piperidines		antineoplastic agent;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
SMO receptor antagonist
gsk 2126458
omipalisib: inhibitor of mTOR protein. omipalisib : A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.		2.3110aromatic ether;
difluorobenzene;
pyridazines;
pyridines;
quinolines;
sulfonamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
ixazomib
ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.		21.225276benzamides;
boronic acids;
dichlorobenzene;
glycine derivative		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
orphan drug;
proteasome inhibitor
nitrogenase
Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (CYANOBACTERIA). EC 1.18.6.1.		3.470
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate
taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.		2.0210steroid sulfate oxoanionhuman metabolite
tetrahydrozoline
2-methylserine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-methylserine zwitterion : An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 2-methylserine; major species at pH 7.3. 2-methylserine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is serine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
hydroxy-amino acid
guanidinosuccinic acid
guanidinosuccinic acid: a metabolite in uremia; metabolic product of amino acid metabolism; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. N-amidino-L-aspartate(1-) : Conjugate base of N-amidino-L-aspartate arising from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the guanidino group; major species at pH 7.3.		5.63181L-alpha-amino acid anion
phosphinothricin
phosphinothricin: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. phosphinothricin(1-) : Conjugate base of phosphinothricin arising from deprotonation of the phosphinate function.		5.8810organic anion
feglymycin
feglymycin: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source		2.1310
n-arachidonoylalanine
N-arachidonoylalanine: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase; structure in first source. N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-alanine with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0210N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-alanine		mammalian metabolite
peptones
Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)		4.1160
4-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl acetic acid
(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.4420monocarboxylic acid anion
adenosine diphosphate glucose
Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose: Serves as the glycosyl donor for formation of bacterial glycogen, amylose in green algae, and amylopectin in higher plants.. ADP alpha-D-glucoside(2-) : A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resutling from the deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate group of ADP alpha-D-glucoside.		2.3920NDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-);
ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate-alpha-D-glucose(2-)		human metabolite
plx4032
[no description available]		2.1710aromatic ketone;
difluorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrrolopyridine;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse
Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.		2.36203,3',5'-triiodothyronine;
amino acid zwitterion
phallacidin
phallacidin: bicyclic heptapeptide from Amanita (along with phalloidin). phallacidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.		2.0410homodetic cyclic peptide
5,15-dihydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
[no description available]		2.0210
glycolipids
[no description available]		6.41210
pf 04929113
[no description available]		7.91123
elafin
Elafin: A secretory proteinase inhibitory protein that was initially purified from human SKIN. It is found in a variety mucosal secretions and is present at high levels in SPUTUM. Elafin may play a role in the innate immunity (IMMUNITY, INNATE) response of the LUNG.		2.1110
arry 520
filanesib: a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor		3.2510
magnesium protoporphyrin
magnesium protoporphyrin(2-) : The conjugate base of magnesium protoporphyrin, formed by deprotonation of the carboxyethyl groups at C-13 and C-17. It is the principal species at pH 7.3.		1.9310
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		14.8616914
ornithine phenylacetate
[no description available]		8.6120
(4-(n-hydroxyamino)-2r-isobutyl-3s-methylsuccinyl)-l-phenylglycine-n-methylamide
KB R7785: structure in first source		5.6230
thymosin
Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.		1.9710
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		9.14316
1, 3-di-(n-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone
1, 3-di-(N-carboxybenzoyl-leucyl-leucyl)amino acetone: structure in first source		2.0110
grazoprevir
grazoprevir: has antiviral activity; component of Zepatier. grazoprevir : An azamacrocyclic compound that is a hepatitis C protease inhibitor used in combination with elbasvir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.2510aromatic ether;
azamacrocycle;
carbamate ester;
cyclopropanes;
lactam;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
quinoxaline derivative		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
shepherdin
shepherdin: a cell permeable peptidomimetic drug derived from a survivin peptide fragment K79-L87 that binds to ATP pocket of HSP90; anticancer agent		2.0310
4-fluoroglutamine
4-fluoroglutamine: a PET imaging agent		2.1710
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a
4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: thioester substrate of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; structure in first source. 4-coumaroyl-CoA(4-) : Tetraanion of 4-coumaroyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA(4-) : An acyl-CoA(4-) oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.		2104-coumaroyl-CoA(4-);
acyl-CoA(4-)
formylchromone
formylchromone: structure in first source		2.0210
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		2.730
hydroxocobalamin
Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.		3.3270
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		3.2110isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylserine
phenylserine: structure in first source		2.9840
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate
P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.		210organophosphate oxoanion
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		3.8230
2-deoxyribose 5-phosphate
[no description available]		3.0910phospho sugar
stemregenin 1
StemRegenin 1: structure in first source		2.1510
n-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1h-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide
N-((5-(methanesulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-6-methyl-5-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-oxo-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.0610
bisebromoamide
bisebromoamide: a potent cytotoxic peptide from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp.: structure in first source		2.110
oleoylcarnitine
oleoylcarnitine: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist; RN given refers to (Z)-(+-)-isomer. (R)-oleoylcarnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl.		2.0810monounsaturated fatty acyl-L-carnitineglycine transporter 2 inhibitor;
human metabolite
uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine
Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine(2-) : Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.. UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : A UDP-sugar having N-acetyl-D-galactosamine as the sugar component.		1.9510nucleotide-sugar oxoanionhuman metabolite
dinaciclib
[no description available]		2.1310pyrazolopyrimidine
diphthamide
[no description available]		1.9810quaternary ammonium ion
methylmalonyl-coenzyme a
[no description available]		210
balhimycin
balhimycin: a glycopeptide antibiotic; isolated from Amycolatopsis; structure given in first source		2.4220
gyy 4137
GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.570organic molecular entity
bix 01294
BIX 01294: structure in first source		2.0810
gilteritinib
gilteritinib: an FLT3/AXL protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. gilteritinib : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine-2-carboxamide which is substituted by {3-methoxy-4-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]phenyl}nitrilo, (oxan-4-yl)nitrilo and ethyl groups at positions 3,5 and 6, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and AXL tyrosine kinase receptors (IC50 = 0.29 nM and 0.73 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in patients who have a FLT3 gene mutation.		6.3451aromatic amine;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-methylpiperazine;
oxanes;
piperidines;
primary carboxamide;
pyrazines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		13.73111aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
gsk4112
GSK4112: a Rev-erbalpha agonist; structure in first source		4.07130
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		2.8640
penicilloate
penicilloic acid: metabolites of penicillins obtained by alkaline cleavage; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; structure. penicilloic acid : A thiazolidinedicarboxylic acid obtained via hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of a penicillin.		1.9610
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.		2101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
peptide a
[no description available]		2.2110
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		4.8460
n-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide
N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl)nicotinamide: an mGlu5 agonist; structure in first source		2.5120
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.830polypeptide
heme
Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.		11.572291
tak-960
4-((9-cyclopentyl-7,7-difluoro-5-methyl-6-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-pyrimido(4,5-b)(1,4)diazepin-2-yl)amino)-2-fluoro-5-methoxy-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)benzamide: a polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		3.2310
sr 8278
SR 8278: structure in first source		3.0440
leukotoxin
leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate		2.2110
chondroitin
Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		4.6590
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		3.2760
tuftsin
Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.		210peptide
neuromedin b
neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord		1.9810
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		12.48992ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		4.4470carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		10.95261
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		3.4780
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		3.260
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.4720
isoascorbic acid
isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure		210ascorbic acid
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		9.98662monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		8.0650hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.9181benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.46201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod
[no description available]		3.2110aromatic amide
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.7430heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		10.3402benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
metastat
tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source		2.1310
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		3.2760hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
choline magnesium trisalicylate
[no description available]		3.3411
l 701324
L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist		5.31170quinolines
antimycin
[no description available]		3.2460
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.8740
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
3-deazauridine
3-Deazauridine: 4-Hydroxy-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyridinone. Analog of uridine lacking a ring-nitrogen in the 3-position. Functions as an antineoplastic agent.		1.9510N-glycosyl compound
7-chloro-3-[cyclopropyl(oxo)methyl]-4-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-one
[no description available]		3.0810hydroxyquinoline;
quinolone
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4620heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
lfm a13
LFM A13: inhibits Bruton's tyrosine kinase; structure in first source		2.0710
clorobiocin
clorobiocin: chlorine-containing antibiotic related to novobiocin		210
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		2.0310
dolutegravir
[no description available]		2.2510difluorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
byl719
[no description available]		2.2110proline derivative
zinc gluconate glycine
zinc gluconate glycine: sugar-free lozenges for symptomatic relief of common cold		4.9640
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		2.6830
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9910
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		10.41190
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		2.1310peptide
gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.		2.730
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		3.8720
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		4.78100aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		8.89120
gluma
Gluma: bonding agent; aqueous solution of hydroxyethylmethacrylate & glutaral		4.8681
brevetoxin
brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis		2.4420
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.0410
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		7.44240
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		210
myotoxin a
[no description available]		1.9910
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.3820alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		8.8110ketal
ferricrocin
ferricrocin: close structural analog of ferrichrome, mediating iron uptake with same rate. ferricrocin : A member of the class of ferrichromes that is an iron(III) chelate of the homodetic cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(glycyl-L-serylglycyl-N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithyl-N(5)-acetyl-N(5)-hydroxy-L-ornithyl).		2.110
phosphatidylethanol
phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.		210
sr9009
[no description available]		2.2110
sr9011
SR9011: a REV-ERB agonist; structure in first source		2.2110
brine
brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above		2.6320
bay 85-3934
[no description available]		5.6540
pyrethrins
[no description available]		5.02370
silaproline
[no description available]		2.4420
hydrazino nicotinamide
[no description available]		3.0140
ledipasvir
ledipasvir : A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		3.2110azaspiro compound;
benzimidazole;
bridged compound;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
fluorenes;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor
merrifield resin
Merrifield resin: used as support for solid phase synthesis of thiol-terminated peptides		2.0110
tan 67
TAN 67: a non-peptidic selective delta-opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		210
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester
3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino(1',2'-1,6)pyrido(3,4-b)indol-3-yl)propionic acid tert-butyl ester: a breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0810
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.0510
methylmercury glutathione
methylmercury glutathione: major methylmercury derivative excreted in bile; RN given refers to (L-gamma-Glu-L-Ala)-isomer		1.9610
4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine
4-formylaminooxyvinylglycine: an herbicidal germination-arrest factor from Pseudomonas rhizosphere; structure in first source		3.6280non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidmetabolite
dcg 04
DCG 04: E-64 analog; structure in first source		2.0110
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.0710
maitotoxin
[no description available]		7.4220
3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine
3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine having 3-hydroxyisovaleryl as the acyl substituent.		2.7330O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
cysteine tryptophylquinone
cysteine tryptophylquinone: cofactor of quinohemoprotein amine dehydrogenase. cysteine tryptophylquinone : An L-tryptophan derivative that is L-tryptophan-6,7-dione in which a cysteine unit is attached at position 4 via its side-chain thiol group.		7.5920L-cysteine thioether;
L-tryptophan derivative;
orthoquinones
selinexor
selinexor: inhibits karyopherin XPO1		5.0821
lumacaftor, ivacaftor drug combination
Orkambi : A two-drug mixture consisting of lumacaftor and ivacaftor, which is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.1710
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		4.67290
cb-839
[no description available]		2.1710
technetium tc 99m lidofenin
Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.		2.3720
ivosidenib
ivosidenib: an inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). ivosidenib : A tertiary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-1-(4-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)-2-[(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)amino]acetamide. It is approved by the FDA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with an isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) mutation.		16.977620cyanopyridine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
mk-8742
elbasvir: inhibits NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus. elbasvir : A complex organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with grazoprevir (under the brand name Zepatier) for treatment of chronic HCV genotypes 1 or 4 infection in adults.		2.2510carbamate ester;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent
phleomycin d1
phleomycin D1 : A glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe.		2.1510bi-1,3-thiazole;
chelate-forming peptide;
disaccharide derivative;
glycopeptide;
guanidines		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
cobra cardiotoxin proteins
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.		1.9510
deposiston
Deposiston: depot estrogen containing 17 alpha-ethinyl-3-isopropylsulfonyloxy-estradiol + norethisterone		2.0110
fortimicin a sulfate
fortimicin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; Abbott-44747 is for disulfate; see also records for fortimicin B & fortimicins; structure in 8th source		1.9610aminoglycoside sulfate salt
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		6.93240
hectorite
hectorite: clay constituent of bentonite; approx. formula: Na0.67(Mg,Li)6Si8020(OH,F)4		7.6930
imetelstat
[no description available]		2.2510
glutaminase
[no description available]		10.81180
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		7.6122
vu0422288
VU0422288: a positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7; structure in first source		2.110
onc201
TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source		2.1710
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		10.481394
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid
Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.		2.4120
teferrol
[no description available]		3.4711
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		3.9130
toxin iii (anemonia sulcata)
toxin III (Anemonia sulcata): polypeptide with 27 amino acid residues; see also record for cytolysin III (Stoichactis helianthus)		1.9710
phthalocyanine
phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.		2.4820phthalocyanines;
tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor		2.9440
6,6-dideuteroglucose
[no description available]		1.9610
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		5.04430
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		3.4470cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
enasidenib
[no description available]		10.331421,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
bictegravir
bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.		2.2510monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide;
trifluorobenzene		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
glaucarubin
Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.		1.9510
lewis x antigen
Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.		2.0310
carboxypeptidase b
Carboxypeptidase B: A ZINC-dependent carboxypeptidase primary found in the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The enzyme catalyzes the preferential cleavage of a C-terminal peptidyl-L-lysine or arginine. It was formerly classified as EC 3.4.2.2 and EC 3.4.12.3.		7.3820
snx 482
SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source		2.0510
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		1.9710angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
gsk1278863
GSK1278863: a HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. daprodustat : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid substituted by cyclohexyl groups at positions 1 and 3, and by a (carboxymethyl)aminocarbonyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.		15.384517
ferric oxide, saccharated
Ferric Oxide, Saccharated: A glucaric acid-iron conjugate that is used in the treatment of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, including in patients with chronic kidney disease, when oral iron therapy is ineffective or impractical.		3.4711
ascophyllum
Ascophyllum: A BROWN ALGAE closely related to FUCUS. It is found attached to rocks and boulders on the middle shore, primarily in the North Atlantic basin.		7.2510
gadoxetic acid disodium
gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA: DTPA covalently linked to the lipoohilic ethoxybenzyl moiety; a contrast agent in MR imaging of hepatobiliary system		2.1110
zervamicin iib
zervamicin IIB: one of a family of 16 residue peptaibol channel formers; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
cobamamide
cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.		3.9840
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		3.0450
3-methylglutarylcarnitine
3-methylglutarylcarnitine: diagnostic metabolite of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase deficiency; structure given in first source. O-3-methylglutarylcarnitine : An O-methylglutarylcarnitine compound having 3-methylglutaryl as the acyl substituent.		1.9810O-methylglutarylcarnitinemetabolite
chloroeremomycin
chloroeremomycin: structure given in first source. chloroeremomycin : A complex glycopeptide antibiotic that is isolated from Amycolatopsis orientalis.. chloroeremomycin(2+) : An organic cation obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group and protonation of the three amino functions of chloroeremomycin; major species at pH 7.3.		2.730organic cation
pivaloylcarnitine
O-pivaloylcarnitine : A C5-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group specified is pivaloyl.		2.1110C5-acylcarnitinemetabolite
etamycin
etamycin: antibiotic substance (macrolide lactone) produced by Streptomyces griseus & allied Streptomyces; active against gram-positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis & some fungi & other coccal infections; see also neoviridogriseins; structure		1.9410
tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate
tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate: structure given in first source; used to activate thioglycosides towards glycosylation; do not confuse with BAHA cpd		2.2510
alpha-cobratoxin
alpha-cobratoxin: fron Naja nigricollis		1.9710
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		3.1150
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-28): binding of synthetic beta-amyloid peptide fragments to glycosaminoglycan is pH-dependent		1.9810
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid
13-hydroperoxylinoleic acid: inhibits glyoxalase II; RN given refers to (?,Z)-isomer		1.9810hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid
feldspar
feldspar: structure		2.4720
epoetin alfa
Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.		7.9375
lipofectamine
Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent		2.9140
nephrin
nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)		2.1110
muraymycin a1
muraymycin A1: a uridyl peptide; muraymycins have a core skeleton consisting of an unusual nucleotide disaccharide and a lipophilic derivative of glycine linked to a unique dipeptide urea; inhibits MraY synthesis of peptidoglycan; in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria; found in Streptomyces; structure in first source		2.0110
shinorine
shinorine: structure in first source. shinorine : A mycosporine-like amino acid that is the ketimine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-serine with the keto group of (5S)-5-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxycyclohex-2-en-1-one and in which the hydrogen at position 3 of the cyclohexenone moiety has been replaced by the amino group of glycine. It is an active ingredient found in environmentally friendly sunscreen creams.		10.22440
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		1.9510
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		8.1150
ganoderic acid a
ganoderic acid A: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source		7.3110
gibberellins
[no description available]		3.6490
clavanin a
clavanin A: histidine-rich, amidated, alpha-helical protein isolated from the hemocytes of Styela clava; amino acid sequence in first source		710
daptomycin
[no description available]		7.0310
aldrin
Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.		2.0510
ivalin
ivalin: from vomiting bush Geigeria; RN given refers to (3aR-(3aalpha,4aalpha,7alpha,8abeta,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9610
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.0810
antibiotic a 47934
antibiotic A 47934: from Streptomyces toyocaensis NRRL 15009; structure given in first source. A47934 : A cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis.		2.0710
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		12.02905
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		3.1250
refludan
lepirudin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.		3.2760
s 8932
[no description available]		2.4110aromatic amine;
C-nucleoside;
carboxylic ester;
nitrile;
phosphoramidate ester;
pyrrolotriazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
prodrug
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		2.6930
transforming growth factor alpha
Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.		3.1250
selamectin
selamectin: a broad-spectrum endectocide; structure in first source		2.0610
dodecaborate
dodecaborate: RN given for disodium salt; structure in first source		2.110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		11.55240
blasticidin s
blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.		2.0110
saponite
[no description available]		2.4620
flavin mononucleotide
Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.		9.42220
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.0510
triciribine
triciribine: structure. triciribine : A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.		1.9710
cytochalasin d
Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.		3.1250
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		7.4220
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		7.9240
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.4920
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica
crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica		2.0610
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.6430
catalpol
catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92		2.0110
alpha-solanine
[no description available]		2.2510
jarosite
[no description available]		7.0410
fusarenon-x
fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure		2.0310
carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid
carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid: a competitive NMDA receptor (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) antagonist		2.0210
carrabiose
carrabiose: repeating unit of kappa-carrageenan; structure given in first source		2.0810
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		3.1750
apyrase
Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.		2.4120
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		4.28190
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		8.281580
polident
Polident: contains sodium perborate & potassium monopersulfate		2.0510
ribosomal protein l7-l12
[no description available]		2.420
cyclolinopeptide a
cyclolinopeptide A: structure given in first source; cyclic nonapeptide; isolated from linseed oil		6.9810
rhamnogalacturonan i
rhamnogalacturonan I: pectic polysaccharide from sycamore cell walls; composed of galactosyluronic acid, rhamnosyl, galactosyl, arabinosyl & fucosyl residues. rhamnogalacturonan I : A family of polysaccharides that all contain a linear backbone composed of repeating units of the disaccharide alpha-D-GalpA-(l->2)-alpha-L-Rhap joined by alpha-(1->4) linkages.		7.0210
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		3.98130
fk 706
FK 706: structure in first source		2.0110
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		3.3870
noxiustoxin
noxiustoxin: fraction of venom of scorpion Centruroides noxius		2.0110
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		3.5180
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		210
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		2.4320
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.73302-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		7.142815-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		7.416403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin
sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase		2.1110sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		4.66100purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate
2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd.. 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		2.9640deoxyguanosine phosphate;
guanyl deoxyribonucleotide;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		6.23450guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine diphosphate glucose
guanosine diphosphate glucose: acts as a source of glucose for cellulose synthesis in some plants; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search GUANOSINE DIPHOSPHATE SUGARS (75-83); RN given refers to (alpha-D)-isomer. GDP-alpha-D-glucose : A GDP-D-glucose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9910GDP-D-glucose
guanosine diphosphate mannose
Guanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.. GDP-D-mannose : A GDP-mannose in which the mannose fragment has D-configuration.. GDP-alpha-D-mannose : The alpha-anomer of GDP-D-mannose.		1.9510GDP-D-mannoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
guanosine pentaphosphate
Guanosine Pentaphosphate: Guanosine 5'-triphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing five phosphate groups. Three phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis.. guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate : A guanosine bisphosphate having a diphosphate at the 3'-position and a triphosphate at the 5'-position.		1.9510guanosine 5'-phosphate;
guanosine bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine monophosphate
Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.		5.03130guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		6.5600guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		6.8810902-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine
ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.		4.22180guanosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		fundamental metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate
Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.		2.6930guanosine bisphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		5.74330nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosinic acid
Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.		4.29190inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		6.65300inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		2.4220inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inosine diphosphate
Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.		2.4720inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.42205,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		13.221754folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.6530heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		4.45220nucleoside triphosphate analogue
hyponitrite
hyponitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		1.9410nitrogen oxoacid
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		4.92330
neopterin
[no description available]		5.3431
5'-guanylylmethylenebisphosphonate
guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-methylene]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is guanosine substituted at position 5' by a (beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate group.		1.9810nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		6.07111cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		14.454414benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.7530dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		2.4720purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		3.11502-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		2.0510piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		6.9892benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.05102-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast
zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure		2.4220triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4420N-acyl-amino acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid: RN refers to parent cpd(L-Glu)-isomer		4.99150benzamides;
methylenetetrahydrofolic acid
salinazid
[no description available]		2.3720aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		11.91550nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
noc 7
3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine: inhibits the secretion of adrenal catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation through activation of BK(Ca) channels		2.0210
azaguanine
Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.		8.65100nucleobase analogue;
triazolopyrimidines		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		2.0510formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		4.5190nucleoside triphosphate analogue
5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate
(6R)-5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid : The 5,10-methenyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid arising from enzymatic cyclisation of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		2.4820methylenetetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,11-methenyltetrahydrohomofolate
[no description available]		1.9610
alanosine
[no description available]		2.8940
forodesine
forodesine: structure in first source		2.0410dihydroxypyrrolidine;
pyrrolopyrimidine
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.110dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone
pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone: acts as iron chelating agent		1.9610
buciclovir
buciclovir: structure given in first source		2.0110
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		2.9240nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		2.7730N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.0510aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
lometrexol
lometrexol: RN & structure given in first source;		1.9710
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0610citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
spd 502
SPD 502: structure in first source		210
rifabutin
[no description available]		2.0510
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		5.91190tetrahydrofolic acid
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		3.25603',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine
7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.		2.7330oxopurine
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		3.0750
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		3.2710
n-(4-((3-(2,4-diamino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)amino)benzoyl)glutamic acid
N-(4-((3-(2,4-diamino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-5-pyrimidinyl)propyl)amino)benzoyl)glutamic acid: RN & structure given in first source; inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase and aminoimidazole ribonucleotide transformylase; an anti-purine drug		1.9810
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		3.2260nitroso compoundalkylating agent
homofolic acid
homofolic acid: major descriptor (75-84); on-line search FOLIC ACID/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search HOMOFOLIC ACID/*analogs (75-84)		1.9610
cycloxydim
cycloxydim : A beta-diketone that is cyclohexa-1,3-dione which is substituted at position 2 by an N-ethoxybutanimidoyl group and at position 5 by a tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl group. A systemic herbicide effective against grasses, it is used in the cultivation of a variety of crops, including oil seed rape and potatoes.		2.1510
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid
[no description available]		2.1510cyclic purine dinucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		immunomodulator;
signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		4.0950guanosinesbiomarker
asoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.0810
7-methylguanosine
7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.		1.9510methylguanosine;
organic cation		metabolite
formycin b
formycin B: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		1.9610formycin
10-formyltetrahydrofolate
10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.		4.460formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prodigiosin
Prodigiosin: 4-Methoxy-5-((5-methyl-4-pentyl-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl)- 2,2'-bi-1H-pyrrole. A toxic, bright red tripyrrole pigment from Serratia marcescens and others. It has antibacterial, anticoccidial, antimalarial, and antifungal activities, but is used mainly as a biochemical tool.. prodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.		2.6530
scytonemin
scytonemin: an ultraviolet sunscreen pigment from the sheaths of cyanobacteria; structure given in first source. scytonemin : A ring assembly obtained by 1,1'-coupling of two molecules of (3E)-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]cyclopenta[b]indol-2(3H)-one. A UV-screening molecule produced by many strains of cyanobacteria.		2.830enone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polyphenol;
ring assembly		bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
ultraviolet filter
3,n(4)-ethanocytosine
[no description available]		1.9910organic heterobicyclic compoundmutagen
formycins
Formycins: Pyrazolopyrimidine ribonucleosides isolated from Nocardia interforma. They are antineoplastic antibiotics with cytostatic properties.		2.6830
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		3.0950
fr 167653
FR 167653: structure given in first source		4.9240
mocimycin
mocimycin: induces GTPase activity of EF-TU; N-demethyl analog of antibiotic X-5108; structure		2.3920C-glycosyl compound
volunteers
clethodim: structure in first source. clethodim : An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.		2.7930
sethoxydim
sethoxydim: structure given in Merck Index		2.1710organic hydroxy compound
8-hydroxyguanosine triphosphate
[no description available]		2.0810
undecylprodigiosin
prodigiosin 25C: red pigment produced by Streptomyces hiroshimensis; potent immunosuppressive agent with its primary effect on functions of T cells; structure given in first source. undecylprodigiosin : A member of the class of tripyrroles that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by (4'-methoxy-1H,5'H-[2,2'-bipyrrol]-5'-ylidene)methyl and undecyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a pigment produced by Stveptomyces coelicolor.		210alkaloid;
aromatic ether;
tripyrrole		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
biological pigment;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		3.84100imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
methanopterin
methanopterin: isolated from Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum. methanopterin : A member of the class of methanopterins obtained by formal dehydrogenation at positions 5, 6, 7 and 8 of tetrahydromethanopterin. The parent of the class of methanopterins		1.9610methanopterins
sta 9090
[no description available]		3.1810ring assembly;
triazoles
dibutyryl cyclic gmp
Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.		2.3920
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.1110ureas
(5)n,(8)n-deaza-(10)-n-methylfolate
(5)N,(8)N-deaza-(10)-N-methylfolate: structure		1.9810
clothianidin
clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.58201,3-thiazoles;
2-nitroguanidine derivative;
clothianidin;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
molybdenum cofactor
molybdenum cofactor: also see records for molybdopterin cytosine dinucleotide and molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) : An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor.. MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor : An Mo-molybdopterin cofactor in which the coordinated molybdenum species is MoO2.		8.1150Mo-molybdopterin cofactor;
organophosphate oxoanion
alcian blue
Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.		1.9610
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate)
[no description available]		1.9910
lipoteichoic acid
lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.		2.0410
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.74110
eye
[no description available]		9.85110
maltodextrin
maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.		5.3953
scorbamic acid
[no description available]		2.4120
ferric carboxymaltose
ferric carboxymaltose: effective for treatment of postpartum anemia		9.411
lariatin a
lariatin A: an antimycobacterial agent; isolated from Rhodococcus; structure in first source		2.0310
lacticin 481
lacticin 481: amino acid sequence given in first source; a lantibiotic; GenBank X71410 (L. lactis)		2.0210
prolyl-glycyl-proline
[no description available]		2.0610peptide
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		2.8840
pd 135158
PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source		1.9910
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		4.28190
technetium tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine
technetium Tc 99m-ethylenedicysteine: renal imaging agent; structure given in first source		2.1110
trypsinogen
Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)		8.9750
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		5.18150
peptaibolin
peptaibolin: a peptaibol from Sepedonium strains; structure in first source		2.110
dinitrobenzenes
Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.		4140
biphenylylacetic acid
biphenylylacetic acid: metabolite of BHD 7538; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants for acetic acid moities		2.110
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein
[no description available]		1.9810
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		5.73280
nartograstim
nartograstim: a mutein of recombinant human G-CSF		2.0310
octaarginine
octaarginine: structure in first source		2.110
phosphatidylbutanol
[no description available]		2.0310
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		2.9240
temporin
temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source		2.6620
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		6.6150
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		5.15140
tetrafluoroaluminate
tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation		2.0110
somatomedin b
somatomedin B: not the same as sulfation factor it is growth hormone dependent and has trypsin inhibitor activity; see also record for somatomedin A		2.2110
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		3.5380
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		05.43250
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		09.372480
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		09.372480
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.25500
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.25500
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		012.588913
Ache
[description not available]		014.011407
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		012.588913
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		014.011407
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		07.39251
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		07.39251
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		05.02160
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		05.02160
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.21121
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.21121
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		016.55591
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		03.5380
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		08.5380
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		020.327454
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		025.327454
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		06.48210
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		06.11440
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		016.4454710
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		020.7119479
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		025.7119479
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		07.3110
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		08.17342
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		08.17342
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		010.47640
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		08.4596
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		09.64136
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		08.4596
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		09.49277
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		09.64136
Aplasia Pure Red Cell
[description not available]		03.2340
Red-Cell Aplasia, Pure
Suppression of erythropoiesis with little or no abnormality of leukocyte or platelet production.		03.2340
Aura
[description not available]		09.11980
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		09.11980
Anoxemia
[description not available]		011.511223
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		011.511223
Malnourishment
[description not available]		06.0152
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		18.0152
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		019.5414863
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		019.5414863
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		07.51300
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.51300
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		09.99539
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		020.2520875
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		09.99539
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		010.52703
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		010.52703
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		04.4760
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		04.7360
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		09.7360
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		06.83460
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		06.83460
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		015.055127
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		06.5352
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		011.13234
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		011.72255
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		011.72255
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		011.13234
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		07.68133
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		07.68133
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		02.5220
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		013.311063
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		013.311063
Acute Mesenteric Arterial Embolus
[description not available]		03.9521
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.3770
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		03.3770
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		05.93241
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		05.93241
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		03.94130
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		03.94130
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		010.75532
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		09.79482
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		010.75532
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		09.79482
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		06.85142
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		011.982113
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		114.4439
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		06.85142
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		011.982113
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.74100
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		09.74100
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.01550
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		014.651482
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		010.45832
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		014.651482
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		013.01550
DDPAC
[description not available]		03.6170
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		07.6630
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		03.6170
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		020.0516513
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		013.67976
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		018.67976
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		011.46492
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		05.31200
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		011.46492
Emesis
[description not available]		09.98225
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		010.29228
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		09.98225
Hyperoxaluria
Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.		03.3160
Oxaluria, Primary
[description not available]		05.56120
Hyperoxaluria, Primary
A genetic disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of OXALATES in urine; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROCALCINOSIS; early onset of RENAL FAILURE; and often a generalized deposit of CALCIUM OXALATE. There are subtypes classified by the enzyme defects in glyoxylate metabolism.		05.56120
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		04.8671
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		04.8671
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		08.7280
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes
[description not available]		021.9115655
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.		021.9115655
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		08.591060
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		08.591060
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		0571
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		023.58351186
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		125.58351186
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		1771
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.7620
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		010.13552
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		010.13552
Apoplexy
[description not available]		012.735010
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		0147311
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		019.425211
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		0147311
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		012.735010
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		05.56270
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		07.87165
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		05.56270
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		07.87165
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		017.5118018
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		017.5118018
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		09.1960
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		04.1960
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		07.83430
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		07.83430
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.3111216
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		03.9140
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		06.15490
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		02.6620
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell
[description not available]		02.4320
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.		02.4320
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		02.6620
Congestive Ophthalmopathy
[description not available]		02.7220
Graves Ophthalmopathy
An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.		02.7220
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		013.06677
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		013.06677
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		017.29319
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		017.29319
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		08.68223
Infection
[description not available]		05.99150
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		010.99150
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		07.1784
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		04.71110
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		02.420
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		02.420
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		08.24251
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		016.1512918
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		016.1512918
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		013.3421911
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.4110
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		05.32131
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		05.32131
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive
A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.4110
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		011.4256
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		07.56111
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		012.74985
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		07.56111
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		05.6571
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		07.66201
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		05.6571
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		07.66201
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		05.02150
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.680
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.680
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		011.621141
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		016.621141
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		03.680
Infections, Rhabdoviridae
[description not available]		02.4110
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		010.1406
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		09.46525
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		013.04616
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		06.14111
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		013.04616
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		06.14111
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.04311
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		07.04311
Periimplantitis
[description not available]		08.45136
Peri-Implantitis
An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.		08.45136
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		09.15176
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		04.18170
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		04.1360
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		05.21190
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		04.18170
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		05.21190
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		09.15176
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		07.58171
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		07.58171
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		08.84721
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		08.84721
Lassitude
[description not available]		09.44169
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		05.12101
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		05.7542
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		09.44169
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		05.12101
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency
[description not available]		011.142713
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.94152
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.		011.142713
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.6180
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		06.6180
Polyploid
[description not available]		03.3870
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		05.21110
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		010.24442
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		05.21110
Arterial Inflammation
[description not available]		02.5520
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		07.98313
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		013.68240
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		05.12101
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		012.98313
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		08.68240
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		05.12101
Mucositis
An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).		05.9241
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		06.72221
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational
[description not available]		03.3460
Diabetes, Gestational
Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.		03.3460
Cancer of Eye
[description not available]		03.0850
Epiphora
[description not available]		02.4110
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases
Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.		02.4110
Glycine Encephalopathy
[description not available]		08.61780
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		08.54331
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		08.54331
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		0421
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		0421
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		03.620
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		05.99270
Recrudescence
[description not available]		015.095317
Febrile Neutropenia
Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.		04.7211
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.5720
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.6790
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		03.1250
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		03.1250
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		03.6790
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		03.1650
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		06.74230
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		011.74230
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		06.48450
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		011.48450
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		012.531614
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.02140
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.02140
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		09.21196
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.1975
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		09.21196
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		014.03671
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		012.531004
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		09.03671
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		012.531004
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic
[description not available]		05.7571
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive
Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.		05.7571
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.26351
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		07.26351
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		04.0721
Angiitis
[description not available]		03.1340
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		04.0721
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.1340
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		07.14191
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		07.14191
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		04.3660
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.31190
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.31190
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		04.3660
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.67100
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.67100
Exanthem
[description not available]		010.321311
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		010.321311
Low Tension Glaucoma
A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.		02.4110
Arachnodactyly
An abnormal bone development that is characterized by extra long and slender hands and fingers, such that the clenched thumb extends beyond the ulnar side of the hand. Arachnodactyly can include feet and toes. Arachnodactyly has been associated with several gene mutations and syndromes.		02.4110
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		06.27170
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		02.7130
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		04.66250
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		02.5220
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		07.04440
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		07.04440
Crow-Fukase Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8220
POEMS Syndrome
A multisystemic disorder characterized by a sensorimotor polyneuropathy (POLYNEUROPATHIES), organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and pigmentary skin changes. Other clinical features which may be present include EDEMA; CACHEXIA; microangiopathic glomerulopathy; pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY); cutaneous necrosis; THROMBOCYTOSIS; and POLYCYTHEMIA. This disorder is frequently associated with osteosclerotic myeloma. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1335; Rev Med Interne 1997;18(7):553-62)		02.8220
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		03.5770
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.57172
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		07.57172
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		05.7181
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		09.951
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		011.481175
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		04.951
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		011.481175
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		05.7181
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
Heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by frontal and temporal lobe atrophy associated with neuronal loss, gliosis, and dementia. Patients exhibit progressive changes in social, behavioral, and/or language function. Multiple subtypes or forms are recognized based on presence or absence of TAU PROTEIN inclusions. FTLD includes three clinical syndromes: FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA, semantic dementia, and PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE NONFLUENT APHASIA.		03.2250
Acrania
[description not available]		03.2960
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		08.2960
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		04.9481
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		04.9481
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		09.07165
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		03.2660
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.07150
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		05.3130
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		09.07150
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		05.3130
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		03.2660
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		05.72100
Dental Leakage
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.		02.9140
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		02.4110
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.4110
Barrett Epithelium
[description not available]		0340
Barrett Esophagus
A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.		0340
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.6920
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		08.3380
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.9240
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.6920
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.9240
AL Amyloidosis
[description not available]		06.8462
Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis
A nonproliferative disorder of the PLASMA CELL characterized by excessive production and misfolding of IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS that form insoluble amyloid fibrils (see AMYLOID DEPOSITS) in various tissues. Clinical features include LIVER FAILURE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY, and neuropathies.		06.8462
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		02.6620
Bleeding
[description not available]		011.43465
Blood Clot
[description not available]		09.78422
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		016.43465
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		09.78422
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		03.71100
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		04.360
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		04.360
Avian Flu
[description not available]		02.8930
Influenza in Birds
Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.		02.8930
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		010.22792
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		112.22792
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		04.78120
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		03.77100
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		03.1340
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		03.77100
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		08.5683
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		08.5683
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		03.3160
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		010.14533
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.14533
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		015.3925210
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		011.91724
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		03.3970
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		08.3970
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		06.54252
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		06.54252
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.4110
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.4110
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		011.663
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		06.663
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.9950
Benign Monoclonal Gammopathies
[description not available]		02.6920
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.9950
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.8230
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.8230
EBV Infections
[description not available]		04.2460
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).		04.2460
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3870
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.16310
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.16310
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		013.74726
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		013.74726
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.27190
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.27190
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		010.191131
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		010.191131
Carditis
[description not available]		05.6971
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		02.8220
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		05.6971
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.7930
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		05.5861
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		05.5861
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		03.5280
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		03.5280
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		07.93182
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		012.93182
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		06.88310
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin
Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.		06.88310
Crush Fractures
[description not available]		02.4110
Allodynia
[description not available]		09.58671
Binge Alcohol Consumption
[description not available]		02.7220
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		012.44466
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		017.44466
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		09.21165
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		02.8330
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		02.8330
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		06.67170
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		06.67170
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		05.41130
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		010.41130
Acidemia Propionic
[description not available]		03.6930
Propionic Acidemia
Autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in PROPIONYL-COA CARBOXYLASE genes that result in dysfunction of branch chain amino acids and of the metabolism of certain fatty acids. Neonatal clinical onset is characterized by severe metabolic acidemia accompanied by hyperammonemia, HYPERGLYCEMIA, lethargy, vomiting, HYPOTONIA; and HEPATOMEGALY. Survivors of the neonatal onset propionic acidemia often show developmental retardation, and intolerance to dietary proteins. Late-onset form of the disease shows mild mental and/or developmental retardation, sometimes without metabolic acidemia.		03.6930
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		011.99280
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		06.99280
Uveal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UVEA.		02.4110
Cyst
[description not available]		08.5480
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.9840
Carbohydrate-Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4520
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		05.55160
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.9840
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation.		02.4520
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		07.84415
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		07.84415
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.4320
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.4320
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.4920
Absence Status
[description not available]		03.5680
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.4920
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		08.5680
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.9376
Pancreatic Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.7330
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		113.9376
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.		02.7330
CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
[description not available]		03.1350
Dementias, Transmissible
[description not available]		0340
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome
A rare transmissible encephalopathy most prevalent between the ages of 50 and 70 years. Affected individuals may present with sleep disturbances, personality changes, ATAXIA; APHASIA, visual loss, weakness, muscle atrophy, MYOCLONUS, progressive dementia, and death within one year of disease onset. A familial form exhibiting autosomal dominant inheritance and a new variant CJD (potentially associated with ENCEPHALOPATHY, BOVINE SPONGIFORM) have been described. Pathological features include prominent cerebellar and cerebral cortical spongiform degeneration and the presence of PRIONS. (From N Engl J Med, 1998 Dec 31;339(27))		03.1350
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		013.54817
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		115.54817
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.4110
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.4110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		06.35151
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		06.35151
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		05.74131
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		05.74131
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		04.05140
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		06.33341
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		06.17210
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		06.17210
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		06.33341
Urinary Lithiasis
[description not available]		06.71140
Urolithiasis
Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.		06.71140
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		06.28230
Dermatoses
[description not available]		05.49260
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		011.28230
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		05.49260
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		018.8110210
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		013.8110210
Chickungunya Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		03.2260
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		03.82110
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		08.82110
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		04.231
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		08.9340
Small Fiber Neuropathy
Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).		02.610
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		09.84234
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		09.84234
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.9340
Infarct
[description not available]		02.420
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		02.420
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		07.9130
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.92130
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		08.92130
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.5820
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).		02.5820
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		09.37168
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		013.623718
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		09.37168
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		010.9191
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		05.9191
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		03.2650
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		03.2650
Astheno Teratozoospermia
[description not available]		02.610
Oculopharyngeal Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.5520
Muscular Dystrophy, Oculopharyngeal
An autosomal dominant hereditary disease that presents in late in life and is characterized by DYSPHAGIA and progressive ptosis of the eyelids. Mutations in the gene for POLY(A)-BINDING PROTEIN II have been associated with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.		02.5520
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		08.86221
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		013.86221
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type
[description not available]		02.610
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)		02.610
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		08.79103
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		08.79103
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		04.5290
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		04.5290
Caries, Dental
[description not available]		07.69212
Dental Caries
Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.		07.69212
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		013.594321
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		010.51151
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		05.51151
Placental Insufficiency
Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.		02.4320
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		04.4980
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		04.4980
Abnormal Spermatozoa
[description not available]		02.610
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		08.92130
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		012.65561
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.6320
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		05.21180
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		05.21180
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic
An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.		02.6320
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		06.73174
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		011.73174
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		03.150
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		03.150
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.8830
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis
[description not available]		02.610
Hashimoto Disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.		02.610
Bleb
[description not available]		04.5251
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		08.4570
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		07.69202
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		010.4882
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		07.69202
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		04.6161
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		05.21180
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		05.21180
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		02.6320
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.0140
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.6320
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.0140
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		06.73330
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		09.21273
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		03.7390
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		06.73330
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		09.21273
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		08.7390
Absence of Corpus Callosum
[description not available]		03.2760
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		03.3970
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		04.6260
T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		02.8430
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		04.6260
Lymphoma, T-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.		02.8430
Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.9430
Binge Eating
[description not available]		02.2110
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		02.2110
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.4120
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		013.06492
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		04.0250
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		04.0250
Psychoses
[description not available]		014.454226
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		116.454226
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		07.33230
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		04.231
Venous Insufficiency
Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.		02.2110
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		04.231
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		02.2110
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		03.1850
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		08.1850
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9840
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		02.9840
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		03.7290
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		03.7290
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
Persistent health symptoms which remain unexplained after a complete medical evaluation. A cluster of symptoms that consistently appear together but without a known cause are referred to as a MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYNDROME (MUS).		02.2510
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		05.1170
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		05.48250
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		05.1170
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		05.48250
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		08.02831
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		08.02831
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		04.18160
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.4720
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.92380
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		010.01192
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		010.01192
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.9440
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.4380
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.4380
Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute
An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.		02.2510
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.4120
Orbital Diseases
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.		02.2510
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		03.6411
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		06.271
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		015.3512724
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		015.3512724
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		06.271
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		017.948250
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.2510
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.2510
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.2510
Pulmonary Consumption
[description not available]		05.22121
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.		05.22121
Xeroderma
[description not available]		05.41100
Ichthyosis
Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.		05.41100
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		02.7230
Minimal Disease, Residual
[description not available]		09.475
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		04.16160
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		04.16160
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		03.83120
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		08.83120
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		05.93240
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		09.261051
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		07.58231
Aprosodia
[description not available]		04.9780
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central
[description not available]		04.8110
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		05.93240
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		09.261051
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		07.58231
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.5720
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).		02.5720
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.9740
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.9740
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.2510
Chondrosarcoma
A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.5511
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		015.321895
Brachydactylia
[description not available]		02.5720
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		04.5511
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		04.5511
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		06.29351
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		06.29351
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.24250
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.24250
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		04.4640
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		04.4640
Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.2510
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.84120
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.2550
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.1740
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.2550
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9540
Autism
[description not available]		05.9230
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		05.9230
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		05.52160
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		05.65180
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		06.07111
Grippe
[description not available]		05.0191
Microbial Superinvasion
[description not available]		02.2510
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		06.07111
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		05.0191
Mucopolysaccharidosis
[description not available]		05.7350
Sphingolipid Storage Diseases
[description not available]		04.8150
Juvenile Sulfatidosis
[description not available]		05.9680
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Group of lysosomal storage diseases each caused by an inherited deficiency of an enzyme involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The diseases are progressive and often display a wide spectrum of clinical severity within one enzyme deficiency.		05.7350
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.8330
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.8330
Hyperekplexia
A neurological disorder characterized by an excessive startle reaction with ABNORMAL REFLEX; MYOCLONIC JERKS; and MUSCLE HYPERTONIA.		03.4360
Infectious Diseases
[description not available]		03.1710
Communicable Diseases
An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.		03.1710
Bruise
[description not available]		04.5511
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		04.5511
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		04.5511
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		04.5511
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		08.63332
TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Diseases characterized by the presence of abnormally phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved DNA-binding protein TDP-43 in affected brain and spinal cord. Inclusions of the pathologic protein in neurons and glia, without the presence of AMYLOID, is the major feature of these conditions, thus making these proteinopathies distinct from most other neurogenerative disorders in which protein misfolding leads to brain amyloidosis. Both frontotemporal lobar degeneration and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS exhibit this common method of pathogenesis and thus they may represent two extremes of a continuous clinicopathological spectrum of one disease.		02.5320
Glucose Metabolic Disorder
[description not available]		02.4920
Leukemic Infiltration
A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.		02.2510
Infections, Parvoviridae
[description not available]		02.2510
ARSA Deficiency
[description not available]		05.1160
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic
An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.		05.1160
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		07.74430
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		07.74430
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.1850
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		09.89323
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		09.89323
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.420
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		014.96822
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		04.7971
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		03.4120
Refractory Anemia
[description not available]		05.1431
Anemia, Refractory
A severe sometimes chronic anemia, usually macrocytic in type, that does not respond to ordinary antianemic therapy.		05.1431
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia
[description not available]		06.9261
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.		06.9261
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		05.08100
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		05.08100
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		02.6630
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.5820
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		03.2560
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		03.2560
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		04.1960
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		08.94274
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
[description not available]		04.8842
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		08.94274
Prostatitis
Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.		04.8842
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		02.6630
Shingles
[description not available]		02.6730
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6630
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6730
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		04.1850
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		09.1850
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		02.5920
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
A bone tumor composed of cellular spindle-cell stroma containing scattered multinucleated giant cells resembling osteoclasts. The tumors range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. The tumor occurs most frequently in an end of a long tubular bone in young adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3110
Hepatic Infarct
[description not available]		02.3110
Pocket, Periodontal
[description not available]		015.575546
Periodontal Pocket
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.		015.575546
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4920
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)		02.4920
Allergy, Milk
[description not available]		02.6120
Milk Hypersensitivity
Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.		02.6120
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		04.130
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		02.3920
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		02.3920
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		08.16332
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.8330
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.16332
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.8330
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
A syndrome resulting from cytotoxic therapy, occurring generally in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. It is characterized by combinations of hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia.		02.2510
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		07.8940
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9740
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		07.9740
Adult Periodontitis
[description not available]		014.23332
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		04.85130
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		04.85130
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.6930
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		03.6930
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.520
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		04.0650
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		06.82141
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		06.82141
Pigmentary Retinopathy
[description not available]		04.87130
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.		09.87130
Neurovisceral Storage Disease with Vertical Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.2510
Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C
An autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder that is characterized by accumulation of CHOLESTEROL and SPHINGOMYELINS in cells of the VISCERA and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Type C (or C1) and type D are allelic disorders caused by mutation of the NPC1 gene, which encodes a protein that mediates intracellular cholesterol transport from LYSOSOMES. Clinical signs include hepatosplenomegaly and chronic neurological symptoms. Type D is a variant in people with a Nova Scotia ancestry.		02.2510
Acute Onset Aura Migraine
[description not available]		02.6730
Migraine with Aura
A subtype of migraine disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of reversible neurological symptoms (aura) that precede or accompany the headache. Aura may include a combination of sensory disturbances, such as blurred VISION; HALLUCINATIONS; VERTIGO; NUMBNESS; and difficulty in concentrating and speaking. Aura is usually followed by features of the COMMON MIGRAINE, such as PHOTOPHOBIA; PHONOPHOBIA; and NAUSEA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.6730
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		02.8630
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		05.8181
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		010.8181
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		03.9740
Amyoplasia Congenita
[description not available]		02.9940
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		03.9740
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		02.3110
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		06.54270
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		05.12180
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4520
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		03.4520
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		03.4520
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.81110
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		03.1150
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		03.1150
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		011.38280
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.2282
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.2282
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		03.1950
Coats Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		05.82160
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		09.811060
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		05.82160
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		09.811060
Retinal Telangiectasis
A group of rare, idiopathic, congenital retinal vascular anomalies affecting the retinal capillaries. It is characterized by dilation and tortuosity of retinal vessels and formation of multiple aneurysms, with different degrees of leakage and exudates emanating from the blood vessels.		02.3110
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		04.1760
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		04.1760
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		03.6430
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		03.6430
Aerobic Glycolysis, Oncologic
[description not available]		03.2310
Anasarca
[description not available]		08.67243
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		06.17190
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		07.72202
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		03.1750
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		08.67243
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		06.17190
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.72202
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		03.1750
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		08.06125
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		08.06125
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia
[description not available]		02.3110
Acne
[description not available]		02.6630
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.6630
Cancer of the Retina
[description not available]		02.3110
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		03.0750
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		03.0750
Fungal Diseases
[description not available]		04.651
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.7220
Mycoses
Diseases caused by FUNGI.		04.651
Chalazia
[description not available]		02.3110
Blepharitis
Inflammation of the eyelids.		02.3110
Chalazion
A non-neoplastic cyst of the MEIBOMIAN GLANDS of the eyelid.		02.3110
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7930
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		03.0140
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.7930
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		03.0140
Cutis Elastica
[description not available]		05.16180
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.		05.16180
Biliary Tract Cancer
[description not available]		03.4220
Biliary Tract Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		03.4220
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor
[description not available]		02.3110
Liposarcoma
A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.3110
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		02.3110
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		02.3110
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		04.59100
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		04.59100
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei
[description not available]		04.2260
Granulocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		05.86240
Leukemia, Myeloid
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.		05.86240
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.		02.6530
Clostridioides difficile Infection
[description not available]		02.830
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.		02.830
Erythro et Keratodermia Variabilis
[description not available]		03.5120
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.9740
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.9740
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		03.8340
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.2460
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		0590
Co-infection
[description not available]		02.6620
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.9440
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		05.68130
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		03.2160
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		05.68130
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		03.2160
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		04.2460
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		0590
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		04.2331
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		04.2331
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.0850
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
An idiopathic, rapidly evolving, and severely debilitating disease occurring most commonly in association with chronic ulcerative colitis. It is characterized by the presence of boggy, purplish ulcers with undermined borders, appearing mostly on the legs. The majority of cases are in people between 40 and 60 years old. Its etiology is unknown.		02.4110
Asymptomatic Multiple Myeloma
[description not available]		02.4110
Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
An asymptomatic and slow-growing PLASMA CELL dyscrasia characterized by presence of MYELOMA PROTEINS and clonal bone marrow plasma cells without end-organ damage (e.g., renal impairment). It is distinguished from MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE by a much higher risk of progression to symptomatic MULTIPLE MYELOMA.		02.4110
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.9440
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		07.9163
Hypomania
[description not available]		02.3110
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		05.15180
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		112.15180
Cockayne-Touraine Disease
[description not available]		06.56460
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica
Form of epidermolysis bullosa characterized by atrophy of blistered areas, severe scarring, and nail changes. It is most often present at birth or in early infancy and occurs in both autosomal dominant and recessive forms. All forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa result from mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE VII, a major component fibrils of BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPIDERMIS.		06.56460
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		07.08181
Wet Macular Degeneration
A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.		02.3110
Hypertrichosis
Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.		08.7821
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.4720
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.4720
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.6320
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.5120
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.5120
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.3110
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		03.2250
Nanism
[description not available]		03.4880
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		08.4880
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		08.2250
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Corneal Diseases
Diseases of the cornea.		02.3110
Craniofacial Abnormalities
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.		02.3110
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.3110
Osteoporotic Fractures
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.		02.3110
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		05.7981
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		05.7981
Onchocerciasis, Ocular
Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.		02.3110
Onchocerciasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.		02.3110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		010.7200
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		05.7200
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.19190
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.9640
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.9640
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		06.08162
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.9810
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.9810
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		05.07160
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		05.07160
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
[description not available]		04.4722
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		04.4480
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12
[description not available]		05.13180
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)		05.13180
Blast Injuries
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.5220
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		06.64292
Wasting Disease
[description not available]		05.721
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic
[description not available]		02.1510
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3470
Agricultural Worker Disease
[description not available]		04.77110
Halitosis
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.		010.0731
Pericementitis
[description not available]		013.4302
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		018.4302
Cancer of Intestines
[description not available]		02.1510
Intestinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.		02.1510
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		04.3141
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		011.1171
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		06.1171
Presbycusis
Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.		02.1510
Asystole
[description not available]		03.2660
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		03.2660
Anhedonia
Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).		02.1510
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		07.78251
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		07.78251
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		010.82643
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.1510
Schistosoma japonicum Infection
[description not available]		02.4720
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.1510
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		04.1150
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		04.1150
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		03.4880
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		05.41240
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		03.4880
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		05.41240
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		03.6990
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		03.6990
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		03.74100
Amentia
[description not available]		03.72100
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		05.7171
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.72100
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		03.74100
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		04.3920
Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
[description not available]		03.4720
Klatskin Tumor
Cholangiocarcinoma arising near or at the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts (COMMON HEPATIC DUCT). These tumors are generally small, sharply localized, and seldom metastasizing.		03.4720
Labor Pain
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.		07.3720
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.1510
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.5790
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		08.44460
Chromosomal Breakage
[description not available]		02.1510
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		010.421412
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		010.421412
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		02.1510
Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		03.5311
Lymphoma, T Cell, Peripheral
[description not available]		05.3922
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous
A group of lymphomas exhibiting clonal expansion of malignant T-lymphocytes arrested at varying stages of differentiation as well as malignant infiltration of the skin. MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES; SEZARY SYNDROME; LYMPHOMATOID PAPULOSIS; and PRIMARY CUTANEOUS ANAPLASTIC LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA are the best characterized of these disorders.		03.5311
Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral
A group of malignant lymphomas thought to derive from peripheral T-lymphocytes in lymph nodes and other nonlymphoid sites. They include a broad spectrum of lymphocyte morphology, but in all instances express T-cell markers admixed with epithelioid histiocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. Although markedly similar to large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL, IMMUNOBLASTIC), this group's unique features warrant separate treatment.		05.3922
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		04.62260
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		04.62260
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		05.06101
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		05.06101
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		02.1510
Infant, Small for Gestational Age
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.		02.9140
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		08.16990
Hepatitis B Virus Infection
[description not available]		03.690
Hepatitis B
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		08.690
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		03.520
Airway Remodeling
The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.		02.1710
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		03.520
Deficiency, Protein
[description not available]		07.59400
Malignant Catarrh
A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.		02.1510
Di Guglielmo Disease
[description not available]		04.67110
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.		04.67110
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		08.1350
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse
Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.		03.1350
Congenital Limb Deformities
[description not available]		02.7130
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		02.1710
Androgenization
[description not available]		02.1710
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		02.7630
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		02.7630
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		04.9980
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		08.46231
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		08.46231
Tick Infestations
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.		02.5320
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.09331
Dermatitis, Irritant
A non-allergic contact dermatitis caused by prolonged exposure to irritants and not explained by delayed hypersensitivity mechanisms.		04.5251
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		03.67100
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		07.730
Autolysis
The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.		03.4780
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.4620
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.4620
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		04.7370
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		09.62100
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		03.77110
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.4820
Chromosomes, Ring
[description not available]		02.1710
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		03.0440
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		03.0440
MODS
[description not available]		04130
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		04130
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.1710
Cerebral Micropolygyria
[description not available]		02.1710
Hypernutrition
[description not available]		02.2110
Mental Retardation, X-Linked
A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).		03.5780
Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Familial
[description not available]		04.97140
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		03.690
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		03.690
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		04.3940
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		04.3940
Devic Disease
[description not available]		03.0240
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		03.0240
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.9340
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		09.62418
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		02.9340
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		09.62418
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		05.71330
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		010.71330
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage
[description not available]		02.1710
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.2110
Attachment Loss, Periodontal
[description not available]		07.9755
Dental Plaque
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.		016.424717
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		05.42150
Prodromal Characteristics
[description not available]		07.7154
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		05.19190
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.1710
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.1710
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		06.64121
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		011.64121
Macular Holes
[description not available]		02.1710
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		02.1710
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		04.5551
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		04.5551
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		06.93142
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		06.93142
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		03.4370
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		03.4370
Day Blindness
[description not available]		06.43161
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		07.1710
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.1710
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.9240
Gaucher Disease
An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.		02.9240
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		03.2560
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated
[description not available]		04.3220
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell
A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).		04.3220
Albinism
General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.		04.1360
Pancreatic Diseases
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.		04.2570
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		011.47396
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		113.47396
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.		02.8940
Plant Poisoning
Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.		02.7130
Debility
[description not available]		02.1710
Musculoskeletal Pain
Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.		03.9421
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		03.3160
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.4720
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.6530
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.6530
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		03.85120
Cancer of Oropharnyx
[description not available]		02.1710
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		03.85120
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.		02.1710
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		04.4890
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.2510
Cryoglobulinemia
A condition characterized by the presence of abnormal quantities of CRYOGLOBULINS in the blood. Upon cold exposure, these abnormal proteins precipitate into the microvasculature leading to restricted blood flow in the exposed areas.		02.2510
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		04.4890
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		04.370
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		04.370
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		04.2770
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		04.2770
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5820
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		06.4351
Metastase
[description not available]		06.76231
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		06.76231
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		06.4351
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		03.9321
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		03.9321
B-Cell Lymphoma
[description not available]		05.0391
Lymphoma, B-Cell
A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.		05.0391
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.8130
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.7930
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.7930
Hypermelanosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Hyperpigmentation
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.		02.2110
Night Blindness
Failure or imperfection of vision at night or in dim light, with good vision only on bright days. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.1350
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		03.4170
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.4170
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		04.5111
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		04.5111
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		03.8840
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		03.8840
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		03.3870
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		03.3870
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		04.85130
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		010.15317
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		05.0231
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		010.15317
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		05.0231
Abnormalities, Skin
[description not available]		02.2110
Skin Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.		02.2110
Hyperandrogenism
A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.		02.2110
Retinal Dystrophies
A group of disorders involving predominantly the posterior portion of the ocular fundus, due to degeneration in the sensory layer of the RETINA; RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; BRUCH MEMBRANE; CHOROID; or a combination of these tissues.		02.2110
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		05.09170
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		03.7721
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		03.7721
Duncan Disease
[description not available]		03.1210
Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.		03.1210
Adenomatosis, Pulmonary
A neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells. It is characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.8881
Chondromalacia
Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.		03.6230
Cartilage Diseases
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).		03.6230
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.3920
Emphysema
A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.		012.291
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		011.252213
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.252213
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		09.8273
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		09.8273
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		08.65322
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		03.0750
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		03.0750
Teratogenesis
The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.		02.2110
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		04.05140
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		04.05140
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar
[description not available]		02.2110
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar
A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.5220
Enlarged Spleen
[description not available]		02.9240
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		07.7964
Gestational Weight Gain
Increase in body weight of the mother during the course of her PREGNANCY.		02.2510
Infections, Phasmidia
[description not available]		02.2110
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		0340
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0340
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.43150
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.43150
Pyloric Stenosis
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.		02.2110
Metaplasia
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.		07.3720
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.		02.2110
Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced
Congenital changes in the morphology of organs produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.0810
Ear Diseases
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.		02.3820
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		010.33228
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		010.33228
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		03.320
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		03.5790
Happy Puppet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Angelman Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)		02.0810
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		05.1841
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		05.1841
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.0810
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		05.08101
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		05.08101
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		02.0810
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		02.0810
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		02.4420
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		02.4420
Bladder Calculi
[description not available]		02.8740
Wounds, Penetrating
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.		02.0810
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		03.7721
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		03.7721
Deficiency, Factor 11
[description not available]		02.4620
Injuries, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0810
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		08.01212
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.8940
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.4120
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		03.0750
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		02.8940
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		05.0531
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		05.0531
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.96130
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		04.2741
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		09.2741
MEA 2a
[description not available]		04.0550
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.110
Adipocere
[description not available]		05.94160
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.0810
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.08150
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		04.08150
Breathlessness
[description not available]		04.3322
Urinary Tract Diseases
[description not available]		06.0862
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		04.3322
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.1750
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
[description not available]		02.8840
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.6530
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.		02.8840
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		04.23180
Embolus
[description not available]		04.7420
Fibroid
[description not available]		012.3191
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		07.94131
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		04.7420
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		07.3191
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		07.94131
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		08.55135
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		04.0950
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		05150
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		04.0950
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		02.4320
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		02.4320
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		05.82122
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		05.82122
Encephalopathy, Subacute Spongiform, Gerstmann-Straussler Type
[description not available]		02.7130
HPV Infection
[description not available]		03.6730
Papillomavirus Infections
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.		03.6730
Bone Marrow Diseases
Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.		02.8740
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		05.9631
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		05.9631
Mastitis, Bovine
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.		02.110
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.4420
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.4420
Post-Concussion Symptoms
[description not available]		02.110
Post-Concussion Syndrome
The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.		02.110
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		03.4980
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.6730
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.6730
Immunoproliferative Disorders
Disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system or by excessive production of immunoglobulins.		02.0810
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		09.3985
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		09.07165
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		09.3985
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		05.8531
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		05.8531
Allergy, Food
[description not available]		03.150
Food Hypersensitivity
Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.		03.150
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.6100
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.6100
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy
[description not available]		08.5783
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		04.0331
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		04.95150
Congenital Poikiloderma
[description not available]		02.110
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		04.0931
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		09.95150
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		02.4620
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.7430
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9140
Diseases of Immune System
[description not available]		02.3820
Leukocyte Disorders
Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.		02.110
Immune System Diseases
Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.		02.3820
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		08.56271
Gingivitis
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.		02.4320
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		03.5480
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		03.5480
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.520
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		02.520
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		05.56100
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		05.56100
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.110
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		02.110
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		02.110
ADDH
[description not available]		06.1962
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		06.1962
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		06.37151
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		06.37151
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		06.7672
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		06.7672
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		03.3570
Dermatomycoses
Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.		02.6730
Scalp Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the SCALP.		02.110
Abrasion, Dental
[description not available]		05.4360
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		03.68100
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		08.68100
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		05.98101
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		05.98101
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.3670
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		03.1750
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		03.1750
Hypovolemic
[description not available]		02.110
Hypovolemia
An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).		02.110
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		04.7571
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		04.7571
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		04.341
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		04.341
Adhalinopathies
[description not available]		02.110
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.520
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		03.8240
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		03.8240
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		02.4620
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		03.8540
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		06.35390
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		02.110
Methemoglobinemia
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.6530
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		04.1760
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.15170
Leukemia, Smoldering
[description not available]		09.0790
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts
Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.		09.0790
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome
[description not available]		02.110
Mucopolysaccharidosis II
Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.		02.110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		05.26200
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		010.26200
Thalassemias
[description not available]		06.28370
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		06.28370
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		08.67100
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		03.67100
ARG1 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.420
Hyperargininemia
A rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle. It is caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme ARGINASE. Arginine is elevated in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and periodic HYPERAMMONEMIA may occur. Disease onset is usually in infancy or early childhood. Clinical manifestations include seizures, microcephaly, progressive mental impairment, hypotonia, ataxia, spastic diplegia, and quadriparesis. (From Hum Genet 1993 Mar;91(1):1-5; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p51)		02.420
Entamoeba histolytica Infection
[description not available]		02.110
Giardia duodenalis Infection
[description not available]		02.8940
Giardiasis
An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.		02.8940
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		03.7721
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		03.8821
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		03.8821
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.2870
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		04.2870
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.4320
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase
[description not available]		04.69110
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder
[description not available]		03.1850
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease
An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)		04.69110
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		05.31120
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.		03.1850
Basal Cell Cancer
[description not available]		02.110
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		04.0350
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		05.84231
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.9440
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.9440
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		02.8840
Cystosarcoma Phyllodes
[description not available]		02.110
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		06.1462
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		03.3970
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.5120
Atrophy of Gingiva
[description not available]		06.0233
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		06.35180
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.7630
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		03.84120
Choline Deficiency
A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)		03.3570
Brill-Symmers Disease
[description not available]		04.411
Lymphoma, Follicular
Malignant lymphoma in which the lymphomatous cells are clustered into identifiable nodules within the LYMPH NODES. The nodules resemble to some extent the GERMINAL CENTER of lymph node follicles and most likely represent neoplastic proliferation of lymph node-derived follicular center B-LYMPHOCYTES.		04.411
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		03.1150
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		03.1150
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		03.82110
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		03.82110
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		05.73210
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		05.73210
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		03.6230
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		04.9891
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		03.6230
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		04.9891
Hypercoagulability
[description not available]		06.7572
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		04.8171
Thrombophilia
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.		06.7572
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		04.8171
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		03.3770
Otitis Media, Purulent
[description not available]		02.1110
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		02.5220
Otitis Media, Suppurative
Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.		02.1110
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		02.5220
Friedreich Disease
[description not available]		03.2260
Friedreich Ataxia
An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)		08.2260
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.4220
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		04.6230
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6121
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		05.6121
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		04.6230
Prognathism
A condition marked by abnormal protrusion of the mandible. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Angle Class III
[description not available]		02.1110
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		06.37391
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		06.37391
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		03.81110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		03.81110
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		07.19161
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		07.19161
Infections, Paramyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1110
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		02.4820
Paramyxoviridae Infections
Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.		02.1110
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		02.4820
Itching
[description not available]		04.4890
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		04.4890
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		05.99190
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.1110
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		05.99190
Gingival Overgrowth
Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)		04.4111
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		02.7430
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		02.6830
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		02.7430
Biliary Tract Diseases
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.		07.78232
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		02.4720
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		06.8101
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		06.8101
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		02.4820
Black Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.		02.1110
Christmas Disease
[description not available]		04.1660
Hemophilia B
A deficiency of blood coagulation factor IX inherited as an X-linked disorder. (Also known as Christmas Disease, after the first patient studied in detail, not the holy day.) Historical and clinical features resemble those in classic hemophilia (HEMOPHILIA A), but patients present with fewer symptoms. Severity of bleeding is usually similar in members of a single family. Many patients are asymptomatic until the hemostatic system is stressed by surgery or trauma. Treatment is similar to that for hemophilia A. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1008)		09.1660
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		03.2360
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		03.3770
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		03.3770
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		08.3970
Achalasia
[description not available]		02.1110
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		02.1110
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Injuries, Knee
[description not available]		02.4720
Knee Injuries
Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.		02.4720
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		04.4111
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		04.4111
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		03.150
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		03.74110
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		03.150
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		08.74110
Stillbirth
The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.		02.1110
Koch's Disease
[description not available]		04.75120
Tuberculosis
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.		04.75120
Break-Bone Fever
[description not available]		02.4520
Dengue
An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.		07.4520
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1110
Pulmonary Eosinophilia
A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.		02.1110
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		03.8621
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		03.8621
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.		02.1310
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		07.8740
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.8740
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		03.3260
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		03.3260
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		05.54120
Abnormalities, Digestive System
[description not available]		02.1110
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		04.131
Direct Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal
[description not available]		03.6730
Encephalitis, West Nile Fever
[description not available]		02.1110
West Nile Fever
A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the WEST NILE VIRUS, a FLAVIVIRUS and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include HEADACHE; FEVER; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. MENINGITIS; ENCEPHALITIS; and MYELITIS may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)		02.1110
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		07.4120
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus
[description not available]		03.3720
Lupus Nephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).		03.3720
Aspergillus Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Aspergillosis
Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.		02.1310
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		04.8881
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		04.8881
Angina Pectoris, Stable
[description not available]		07.98101
Angina, Stable
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.		07.98101
Cancer of Gallbladder
[description not available]		03.8540
Gallbladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.		03.8540
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		02.7330
Anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia characterized by the presence of erythroblasts containing excessive deposits of iron in the marrow.		05.22200
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.1310
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9840
Chilaiditi Anomaly
[description not available]		02.1310
Acute Cholecystitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		03.150
Gall Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.2260
Cholecystitis, Acute
Acute inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall. It is characterized by the presence of ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and LEUKOCYTOSIS. Gallstone obstruction of the CYSTIC DUCT is present in approximately 90% of the cases.		02.1310
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		08.12421
Skin Ulcer
An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.		02.730
Encephalomyelitis, Subacute Necrotizing
[description not available]		02.1310
Leigh Disease
A group of metabolic disorders primarily of infancy characterized by the subacute onset of psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, weakness, vision loss, eye movement abnormalities, seizures, dysphagia, and lactic acidosis. Pathological features include spongy degeneration of the neuropile of the basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. Patterns of inheritance include X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive, and mitochondrial. Leigh disease has been associated with mutations in genes for the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX; CYTOCHROME-C OXIDASE; ATP synthase subunit 6; and subunits of mitochondrial complex I. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p850).		02.1310
Compression Fractures
[description not available]		02.1310
Glycogenosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Glycogen Storage Disease
A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.		07.6630
Injuries, Tendon
[description not available]		02.1310
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		03.0750
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		03.470
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		08.470
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
[description not available]		02.4620
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.		02.4620
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective
[description not available]		02.730
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II
A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).		02.730
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.4620
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.4620
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		03.2260
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		03.2260
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		05.4390
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.8940
Echinostomiasis
Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.		02.1310
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		07.1271
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		19.1271
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		02.1310
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular
[description not available]		03.5930
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.		03.5930
Rida
[description not available]		02.940
Indigestion
[description not available]		04.4751
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		04.4751
Amyloid Deposits
[description not available]		02.4920
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		02.1310
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		02.1310
HbS Disease
[description not available]		05.43150
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		05.43150
Cacosmia
[description not available]		02.7730
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		04.4450
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain
[description not available]		07.89251
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.4120
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.4120
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.1510
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		07.69211
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		07.69211
Diathesis
[description not available]		05.41140
Cutis Laxa
A group of connective tissue diseases in which skin hangs in loose pendulous folds. It is believed to be associated with decreased elastic tissue formation as well as an abnormality in elastin formation. Cutis laxa is usually a genetic disease, but acquired cases have been reported. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1510
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.		02.1510
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		03.9810
Congenital Myasthenia
[description not available]		03.2960
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)		03.2960
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.4620
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		06.27141
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		06.27141
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		05.7341
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		05.7171
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		05.7341
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		04.07150
Gastritis, Atrophic
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.		02.3920
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
[description not available]		03.8140
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.		03.8140
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		05.23200
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.4220
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.4220
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		02.0410
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		07.26241
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		07.26241
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		05.3951
P carinii Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.0410
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		05.3951
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis
A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.		02.0410
Erythema Multiforme
A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.		02.3720
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.6530
Corneal Dystrophies
[description not available]		03.360
Bladder Neck Obstruction
[description not available]		02.0410
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		04.2840
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.9440
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.9440
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.9950
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		04.1960
Pemphigus Foliaceus
[description not available]		02.0410
Pemphigus
Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.		02.0410
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		02.7130
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		08.3670
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.8840
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.3670
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.260
Cancer of the Vagina
[description not available]		03.4311
Vaginal Diseases
Pathological processes of the VAGINA.		03.4311
Vaginal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.		03.4311
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		04.55260
Collagen Diseases
Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)		03.3770
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		04.55260
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis
[description not available]		05.1880
Hepatolenticular Degeneration
A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.		05.1880
Trypanosomiasis
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.		04.1160
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid
[description not available]		03.3370
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)		08.3370
Distal Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.7330
Distal Myopathies
A heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive MUSCULAR ATROPHY and MUSCLE WEAKNESS beginning in the hands, the legs, or the feet. Most are adult-onset autosomal dominant forms. Others are autosomal recessive.		02.7330
Hypomelanosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypopigmentation
A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.		02.0510
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
[description not available]		02.0410
Myositis Ossificans
A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.		02.0410
Degenerative Disease, Nervous System, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.7130
Leanness
[description not available]		02.0510
Marfan Syndrome, Type I
[description not available]		02.9340
Marfan Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.		07.9340
Amyloidosis, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.9440
Amyloidosis, Familial
Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.		02.9440
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.71100
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.71100
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		02.7130
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		02.7130
Varices
[description not available]		02.4320
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		02.4320
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.4420
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.4420
A-Thalassemia
[description not available]		02.4120
alpha-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha chains of hemoglobin. The severity of this condition can vary from mild anemia to death, depending on the number of genes deleted.		02.4120
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		02.0510
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		02.0510
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		02.4420
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		02.4420
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic
[description not available]		02.0510
Osseous Paget's Disease
[description not available]		03.5930
Osteitis Deformans
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.		03.5930
Myositis, Inclusion Body
Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)		02.0510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.2760
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.2760
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		02.0510
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		02.0510
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.7430
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		04.22180
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.3820
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.3820
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		07.0994
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		07.0994
Achondroplasia, Severe, With Developmental Delay And Acanthosis Nigricans
[description not available]		06.02150
Achondroplasia
An autosomal dominant disorder that is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism. Affected individuals exhibit short stature caused by rhizomelic shortening of the limbs, characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, GENU VARUM, and trident hand. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim, MIM#100800, April 20, 2001)		011.02150
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		08.182
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		08.182
Schistosoma mansoni Infection
[description not available]		02.7530
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.		02.7530
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		02.3720
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		02.3720
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.7230
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.3820
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.3820
Urinary Calculi
Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.		09.23251
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms
[description not available]		04.77120
Spasms, Infantile
An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)		04.77120
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		02.6830
Abnormalities, Urogenital
[description not available]		02.0510
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		02.6830
Poisoning, Lead
[description not available]		05.26210
Lead Poisoning, Nervous System
Injury to the nervous system secondary to exposure to lead compounds. Two distinct clinical patterns occur in children (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, CHILDHOOD) and adults (LEAD POISONING, NERVOUS SYSTEM, ADULT). In children, lead poisoning typically produces an encephalopathy. In adults, exposure to toxic levels of lead is associated with a peripheral neuropathy.		02.4320
Lead Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.		05.26210
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8940
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).		02.8940
Borna Disease
An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.		02.0510
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		03.8120
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		04.19170
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		04.9731
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		03.3120
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		03.4880
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		04.130
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		04.130
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		03.2260
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		02.0510
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		02.0510
Mesothelioma
A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Biliary Fistula
Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.		03.9130
Bronchial Fistula
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.		02.0510
Sunburn
An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.		02.0510
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial
[description not available]		03.1250
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		03.2660
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		03.2660
Thromboembolism, Venous
[description not available]		03.3620
Venous Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.3620
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		03.8740
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		03.8740
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.7921
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.7921
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		09.3511
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		04.3511
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.0510
Burns, Chemical
Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.		03.1250
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		02.0510
C gattii Infection
[description not available]		02.6830
Cryptococcosis
Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.		02.6830
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		03.2760
Leishmania Infection
[description not available]		02.0510
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).		02.0510
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.9440
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)		02.9440
Primary Graft Dysfunction
A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.		04.9140
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		02.4620
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.4620
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.4620
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		02.4620
Bronze Diabetes
[description not available]		04.7471
Hemochromatosis
A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)		09.7471
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		02.0510
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		06.79132
Alcoholic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.4620
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		04.7271
Familial Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia 1
[description not available]		02.0510
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
A familial, nontransient HYPOGLYCEMIA with defects in negative feedback of GLUCOSE-regulated INSULIN release. Clinical phenotypes include HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; SEIZURES; COMA; and often large BIRTH WEIGHT. Several sub-types exist with the most common, type 1, associated with mutations on an ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS (subfamily C, member 8).		02.0510
Suffocation
[description not available]		03.0750
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		08.0750
Hiccough
[description not available]		03.8340
Body Dysmorphic Disorders
Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.		02.0510
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		05.41100
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		05.41100
Candida Infection
[description not available]		01.9210
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9210
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.6230
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.6230
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		01.9210
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		01.9210
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.4420
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.4420
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.9710
Eye Diseases, Hereditary
Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.		02.4520
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.0510
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.0510
Hepatoblastoma
A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		02.0510
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		02.9340
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		07.6630
Rachitis
[description not available]		04.65110
Anodontia
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9640
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		03.92130
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		02.0510
Anosmic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		02.0510
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		03.92130
Kallmann Syndrome
A genetically heterogeneous disorder caused by hypothalamic GNRH deficiency and OLFACTORY NERVE defects. It is characterized by congenital HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM and ANOSMIA, possibly with additional midline defects. It can be transmitted as an X-linked (GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED), an autosomal dominant, or an autosomal recessive trait.		02.0510
CBS Deficiency
[description not available]		06.73270
Homocystinuria
Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)		06.73270
Salmonella Infections, Animal
Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.		03.320
Parodontosis
[description not available]		05.71110
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		05.71110
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		06.3991
Biliary or Urinary Stones
[description not available]		02.6530
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.4520
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		05.66190
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		05.66190
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		04.03150
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		08.4580
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error
[description not available]		06.53220
Foot Rot
A disease of the horny parts and of the adjacent soft structures of the feet of cattle, swine, and sheep. It is usually caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes or Bacteroides nodosus (see DICHELOBACTER NODOSUS). It is also known as interdigital necrobacillosis. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 18th ed)		02.0610
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0510
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.0510
Central Nervous System Viral Diseases
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.		02.0510
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.2160
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		03.2160
Anochlesia
[description not available]		04.5290
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.0510
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
[description not available]		02.0510
Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
A slowly progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Clinical manifestations include weakness and sensory loss in the extremities and enlargement of peripheral nerves. The course may be relapsing-remitting or demonstrate a step-wise progression. Protein is usually elevated in the spinal fluid and cranial nerves are typically spared. GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME features a relatively rapid progression of disease which distinguishes it from this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1337)		02.0510
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy
[description not available]		02.7130
Myopathies, Nemaline
A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)		02.7130
Neurocytoma
A benign brain tumor composed of neural elements which most often arise from the SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM and the walls of the lateral ventricles. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations may reveal expression of neuron specific enolase and synaptophysin and cells containing microtubuli, neurosecretory granules, and presynaptic vesicles. (From Acta Med Port 1994 Feb;7(2):113-9)		03.360
Ileus
A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.		07.0610
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		08.2260
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.0610
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		02.0610
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		02.0610
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		02.0610
Exomphalos
[description not available]		02.3820
Hernia, Umbilical
A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.		02.3820
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		03.1250
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		03.1250
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0610
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.4320
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.0610
Acetonemia
[description not available]		05.62300
Amnionitis
[description not available]		02.0610
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		04.3441
Chorioamnionitis
INFLAMMATION of the placental membranes (CHORION; AMNION) and connected tissues such as fetal BLOOD VESSELS and UMBILICAL CORD. It is often associated with intrauterine ascending infections during PREGNANCY.		02.0610
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		02.9440
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.4320
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial
[description not available]		02.0610
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.9140
Carcinoma in Situ
A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.		02.0610
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9140
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		02.6930
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		02.6930
Keratoconus
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3920
Cot Death
[description not available]		04.6361
Keratocysts
[description not available]		02.0610
Dental Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0610
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.0610
Dentigerous Cyst
Most common follicular odontogenic cyst. Occurs in relation to a partially erupted or unerupted tooth with at least the crown of the tooth to which the cyst is attached protruding into the cystic cavity. May give rise to an ameloblastoma and, in rare instances, undergo malignant transformation.		02.0610
Mandibular Diseases
Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.		02.0610
Amino Acid Transport Disorders, Inborn
Disorders characterized by defective transport of amino acids across cell membranes. These include deficits in transport across brush-border epithelial cell membranes of the small intestine (MICROVILLI) and KIDNEY TUBULES; transport across the basolateral membrane; and transport across the membranes of intracellular organelles. (From Nippon Rinsho 1992 Jul;50(7):1587-92)		02.4820
Stasis Ulcer
[description not available]		03.4611
Varicose Ulcer
Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.		03.4611
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		05.7683
Regurgitation, Gastric
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX wherein the retrograde flow passes through the UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER		02.0610
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Back flow of gastric contents to the LARYNGOPHARYNX where it comes in contact with tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract. Laryngopharyngeal reflux is an extraesophageal manifestation of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.		02.0610
Axon Reaction
[description not available]		02.0610
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.0710
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.0710
Gyrate Atrophy
Progressive, autosomal recessive, diffuse atrophy of the choroid, pigment epithelium, and sensory retina that begins in childhood.		04.7321
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		06.13120
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		06.13120
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		010.71112
Aspirin Induced Asthma
[description not available]		02.0610
Bacteroidaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.		012.291716
Calculus, Dental
[description not available]		011.431916
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.4511
Prurigo
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.0610
Neoplasms, Plasma Cell
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.		02.0610
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.		02.0610
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.5661
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.7530
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0610
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		02.0610
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		02.4220
Fabry Disease
An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.		02.0610
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		02.4220
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		02.9440
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		02.9440
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		05.37230
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		02.4420
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		02.0710
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		02.0710
Carney Complex
Autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by cardiac and cutaneous MYXOMAS; LENTIGINOSIS (spotty pigmentation of the skin), and endocrinopathy and its associated endocrine tumors. The cardiac myxomas may lead to SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH and other complications in Carney complex patients. The gene coding for the PRKAR1A protein is one of the causative genetic loci (type 1). A second locus is at chromosome 2p16 (type 2).		02.0710
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		02.0710
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.0710
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		02.3820
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		07.6493
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		07.6493
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		05.81370
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.7130
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.7130
Esophagitis, Reflux
[description not available]		02.0710
Esophagitis, Peptic
INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.		02.0710
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		02.0710
Infarct, Lacunar
[description not available]		03.4611
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		04.7521
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		04.7521
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.4220
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.0710
Cranial Nerve XII Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Lymphocytopenia
[description not available]		04.3711
Lymphopenia
Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.		04.3711
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.3820
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		08.2260
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		03.0850
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		03.0850
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.0710
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.0710
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.0710
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		03.95140
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		03.95140
MELAS
[description not available]		02.9540
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		02.9540
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		08.0284
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome
A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.		02.0810
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).		03.8521
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		03.7621
Cancer of Parathyroid
[description not available]		03.7621
Parathyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.		03.7621
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.		03.7621
Fukuhara Disease
[description not available]		02.4520
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		02.4520
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		02.4520
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes
[description not available]		02.0710
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture
Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.		02.0710
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		04.7571
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.0710
Hemangiopericytoma
A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)		02.0710
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		02.0710
Familial Periodic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.0710
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		02.4620
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		02.4620
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		03.8440
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		02.0710
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		02.0710
Hypophosphatasia
A genetic metabolic disorder resulting from serum and bone alkaline phosphatase deficiency leading to hypercalcemia, ethanolamine phosphatemia, and ethanolamine phosphaturia. Clinical manifestations include severe skeletal defects resembling vitamin D-resistant rickets, failure of the calvarium to calcify, dyspnea, cyanosis, vomiting, constipation, renal calcinosis, failure to thrive, disorders of movement, beading of the costochondral junction, and rachitic bone changes. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4320
Deficiency, Vitamin D
[description not available]		04.74120
Vitamin D Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)		09.74120
Eulenburg Disease
[description not available]		0310
Myotonic Disorders
Diseases characterized by MYOTONIA, which may be inherited or acquired. Myotonia may be restricted to certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand muscles) or occur as a generalized condition.		0310
Edema, Fetal
[description not available]		02.0710
Ameloblastoma
An immature epithelial tumor of the JAW originating from the epithelial rests of Malassez or from other epithelial remnants of the ENAMEL from the developmental period. It is a slowly growing tumor, usually benign, but displays a marked propensity for invasive growth.		02.0810
Glossitis
Inflammation of the tongue.		02.0710
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic
[description not available]		02.0810
Crush Syndrome
Severe systemic manifestation of trauma and ischemia involving soft tissues, principally skeletal muscle, due to prolonged severe crushing. It leads to increased permeability of the cell membrane and to the release of potassium, enzymes, and myoglobin from within cells. Ischemic renal dysfunction secondary to hypotension and diminished renal perfusion results in acute tubular necrosis and uremia.		02.0810
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		05.9452
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		05.9452
Neoplasms, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.3820
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810
Bronchial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.		02.3820
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.0810
Diseases of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.0810
Sore Throat
[description not available]		02.0810
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.0810
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0810
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial
[description not available]		03.1250
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.		03.1250
CADASILM
A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.		02.7430
CADASIL
A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)		02.7430
Kidney, Polycystic
[description not available]		03.6330
Polycystic Kidney Diseases
Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.		03.6330
Cerebral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
[description not available]		02.4620
Central Nervous System Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.0810
Central Nervous System Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.		02.0810
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive
A group of malignant tumors of the nervous system that feature primitive cells with elements of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. Use of this term is limited by some authors to central nervous system tumors and others include neoplasms of similar origin which arise extracranially (i.e., NEUROECTODERMAL TUMORS, PRIMITIVE, PERIPHERAL). This term is also occasionally used as a synonym for MEDULLOBLASTOMA. In general, these tumors arise in the first decade of life and tend to be highly malignant. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2059)		02.4620
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		02.0810
Infant Malnutrition
Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		03.5690
Botulism, Infantile
[description not available]		02.0810
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)		02.0810
Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		02.4220
Cervix Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.0110
Fibroma, Shope
[description not available]		02.4220
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia
Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0110
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.4220
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.4220
Kwashiorkor
A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		07.89181
Marasmus
[description not available]		09.33252
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		09.33252
Luft Disease
[description not available]		04.3141
Mitochondrial Myopathies
A group of muscle diseases associated with abnormal mitochondria function.		04.3141
Brain Dead
[description not available]		03.6130
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f
[description not available]		02.420
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		02.0110
Deficiency, Protein S
[description not available]		02.0110
Interstitial Cell Tumor
[description not available]		02.0110
Heartwater Disease
A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by EHRLICHIA RUMINANTIUM.		02.0110
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		04.67110
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		04.67110
External Ophthalmoplegia
[description not available]		03.7821
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.4120
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.4120
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		011.07308
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		011.07308
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		010.92279
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		05.9574
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		05.9574
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.3720
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.3720
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.77110
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.0110
Bilateral Deafness
[description not available]		02.4220
Angiomatosis Retinae
[description not available]		02.4120
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.		02.4120
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum
[description not available]		05.98101
Jaundice, Neonatal
Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.		05.98101
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.3320
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.0110
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.0110
Tooth Fractures
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.		0210
Amyloid Neuropathies
Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)		02.9140
Leukoma
[description not available]		02.3720
Corneal Opacity
Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.		07.3720
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		02.0110
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		02.0110
Cell Transformation, Viral
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.		04.68110
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		07.8391
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		07.8391
Hypophosphatemia
A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.		02.3720
Ileitis
Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.0110
Benign Chronic Pemphigus
[description not available]		02.0110
Cortical Lewy Body Disease
[description not available]		02.7130
Lewy Body Disease
A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)		02.7130
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		03.3570
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		03.3570
Astroblastoma
[description not available]		02.0110
Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial
Neoplasms composed of neuroepithelial cells, which have the capacity to differentiate into NEURONS, oligodendrocytes, and ASTROCYTES. The majority of craniospinal tumors are of neuroepithelial origin. (From Dev Biol 1998 Aug 1;200(1):1-5)		02.0110
Acidosis, Diabetic
[description not available]		02.6530
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.		02.6530
Blastocyst Disintegration
[description not available]		02.420
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		03.3670
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		03.3670
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.8940
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
[description not available]		02.6730
Cavernous Angioma, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0110
Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System
A vascular anomaly composed of a collection of large, thin walled tortuous VEINS that can occur in any part of the central nervous system but lack intervening nervous tissue. Familial occurrence is common and has been associated with a number of genes mapped to 7q, 7p and 3q. Clinical features include SEIZURES; HEADACHE; STROKE; and progressive neurological deficit.		02.0110
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		03.2460
Common Migraine
[description not available]		02.0110
Migraine without Aura
Recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches, not preceded or accompanied by an aura, in attacks lasting 4-72 hours. It is characterized by PAIN of moderate to severe intensity; aggravated by physical activity; and associated with NAUSEA and / or PHOTOPHOBIA and PHONOPHOBIA. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0110
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.0110
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV
A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.		02.0110
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.		02.6930
Encephalomyopathies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.7130
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3670
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		03.3670
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.0110
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		03.69100
Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctionalis, Disentis Type
[description not available]		02.420
Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional
Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.		02.420
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		02.0110
AIDS, Simian
[description not available]		02.4320
Harelip
[description not available]		03.2360
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		03.2360
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		05.5260
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		05.5260
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		03.3170
Bulbar Polio
[description not available]		02.3320
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		08.3170
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		05.54280
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		08.23481
Erythrocytosis
[description not available]		04.1160
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia
[description not available]		03.2520
Gouty Arthritis
[description not available]		06.9310
Arthritis, Gouty
Arthritis, especially of the great toe, as a result of gout. Acute gouty arthritis often is precipitated by trauma, infection, surgery, etc. The initial attacks are usually monoarticular but later attacks are often polyarticular. Acute and chronic gouty arthritis are associated with accumulation of MONOSODIUM URATE in and around affected joints.		01.9310
Primary Myelofibrosis
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.		03.2520
Axonotmesis
[description not available]		02.0110
Trauma, Nervous System
Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.		02.0110
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		04.56100
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6230
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		02.6230
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Diphtheria
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.		01.9310
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		07.891380
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		04.13170
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.4351
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.4351
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		04.65290
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		04.65290
Deficiency, Vitamin E
[description not available]		03.95140
Rheumatism
[description not available]		04.9952
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		04.9952
Myxedema
A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.		07.3420
Avitaminosis
A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.5530
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		04.9431
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		04.9431
Convalescence
The period of recovery following an illness.		04.0231
Hepatitis, Infectious
[description not available]		03.4480
Hepatitis A
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.		03.4480
Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Hypoascorbemia
[description not available]		04.2470
Scurvy
An acquired blood vessel disorder caused by severe deficiency of vitamin C (ASCORBIC ACID) in the diet leading to defective collagen formation in small blood vessels. Scurvy is characterized by bleeding in any tissue, weakness, ANEMIA, spongy gums, and a brawny induration of the muscles of the calves and legs.		04.2470
Infections, Nematomorpha
[description not available]		02.3420
Helminthiasis
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.		02.3420
Palsy
[description not available]		03.0550
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		03.0550
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		01.9310
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
[description not available]		02.8740
Transfusion Reaction
Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.		02.8740
Amaurosis
[description not available]		05.02160
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		05.02160
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		01.9310
Poisoning, Mercury
[description not available]		03.7840
Mercury Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.		08.7840
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		01.9310
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		01.9310
Petechiae
Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.		02.3420
Purpura, Thrombopenic
[description not available]		02.6330
Purpura
Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is		02.3420
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.		02.6330
Anemia, Hypochromic
Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)		08333
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		04.29200
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		03.3270
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		01.9310
Porphyria
[description not available]		07.66600
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		07.66600
Flatus
[description not available]		01.9310
Flatulence
Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.		01.9310
Postgastrectomy Syndromes
Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.		02.6430
Brill Disease
[description not available]		01.9310
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.		01.9310
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		04.1160
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		04.1160
Dermatosclerosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Scleroderma, Localized
A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.		01.9310
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		02.6330
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		02.6330
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8640
Adult Rickets
[description not available]		03.65100
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.8640
Osteomalacia
Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.		03.65100
Alcaptonuria
[description not available]		04.4350
Alkaptonuria
An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.		04.4350
CKD-MBD
[description not available]		03.5530
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder
Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.		03.5530
Anemia, Macrocytic
Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).		04.2470
Anemia, Megaloblastic
A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.		02.6430
Anemia, Hypoplastic
[description not available]		04.5860
Anemia, Aplastic
A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.		04.5860
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		01.9310
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		02.6330
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		02.6330
Granulomas
[description not available]		09.81130
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		09.81130
Fibroadenoma
An adenoma containing fibrous tissue. It should be differentiated from ADENOFIBROMA which is a tumor composed of connective tissue (fibroma) containing glandular (adeno-) structures. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		06.9310
Carcinoma 256, Walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)		04.73120
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida
[description not available]		03.0450
Hairy Cell Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9310
Lymphatic Diseases
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.		02.3420
Leukemia, Hairy Cell
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.		01.9310
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		03.74110
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		02.6330
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		03.74110
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		02.6330
Osteosclerosis
An abnormal hardening or increased density of bone tissue.		01.9310
Aminoaciduria, Renal
[description not available]		07.36520
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		08.85351
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		08.85351
Human Trichinellosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Trichinellosis
An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.		02.3620
EHS Tumor
[description not available]		04.19180
Cystinuria
An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.		012.97510
Avian Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9310
Hyperparathyroidism
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.		04.2570
Calculosis
[description not available]		01.9310
Blood Protein Disorders
Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.		02.8640
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		02.3520
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.81130
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.81130
Erythrohepatic Protoporphyria
[description not available]		01.9410
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.		01.9410
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		03.0450
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		03.0450
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		05.86240
Jaundice, Spirochetal
[description not available]		02.3420
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		03.3370
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		02.3420
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		03.3370
Addison's Anemia
[description not available]		04.9490
Icterus
[description not available]		06.16150
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary
Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.		04.9490
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		06.16150
Dumping Syndrome
Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.		02.6430
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders
Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.		02.6430
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.6330
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		02.6330
BCKD Deficiency
[description not available]		07.41260
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		07.86450
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder with multiple forms of phenotypic expression, caused by a defect in the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain amino acids (AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN). These metabolites accumulate in body fluids and render a maple syrup odor. The disease is divided into classic, intermediate, intermittent, and thiamine responsive subtypes. The classic form presents in the first week of life with ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, emesis, neonatal seizures, and hypertonia. The intermediate and intermittent forms present in childhood or later with acute episodes of ataxia and vomiting. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p936)		012.41260
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		07.86450
Cystine Diathesis
[description not available]		05.1680
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		05.1560
Pellagra
A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).		03.2620
Cystinosis
A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.		010.1680
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		05.1560
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9410
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.6630
Mastitis
INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.		01.9410
Lathyrism
A paralytic condition of the legs caused by ingestion of lathyrogens, especially BETA-AMINOPROPIONITRILE or beta-N-oxalyl amino-L-alanine, which are found in the seeds of plants of the genus LATHYRUS.		03.0450
Nephrocalcinosis
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.2620
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		02.6730
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		02.6730
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		02.3720
Hives
[description not available]		01.9410
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		02.3720
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9410
Sarcoma 37
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.6330
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens
Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.		05.5261
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).		05.5261
Gastritis
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.		03.2160
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		03.76110
Acquired Vitamin D-Resistant Rickets
[description not available]		01.9410
Glycosuria, Renal
An autosomal inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of GLUCOSE by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. The urinary loss of glucose can reach beyond 50 g/day. It is attributed to the mutations in the SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 encoded by the SLC5A2 gene.		04.0230
Rickets, Hypophosphatemic
A disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; resulting from lack of phosphate reabsorption by the kidneys and possible defects in vitamin D metabolism.		01.9410
Biliary Calculi
[description not available]		04.2641
Gallstones
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.		04.2641
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory
[description not available]		01.9410
Whooping Cough
A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.		01.9410
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8510
Gallbladder Dyskinesia
[description not available]		03.2820
Biliary Dyskinesia
A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.		03.2820
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		05.29130
Deficiency, Factor 7
[description not available]		02.6630
Autosomal Hemophilia A
[description not available]		06.21250
Deficiency, Factor II
[description not available]		01.9410
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		05.29130
Factor VII Deficiency
An autosomal recessive characteristic or a coagulation disorder acquired in association with VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY. FACTOR VII is a Vitamin K dependent glycoprotein essential to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.		02.6630
Hemophilia A
The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.		011.21250
Carcinoma, Brown-Pearce
A transplantable EPITHELIAL CELL neoplasm of rabbits.		01.9410
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I
[description not available]		05.1680
Amaurotic Familial Idiocy
An outdated term for Tay-Sachs disease.		03.840
Acidosis, Renal Tubular
A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.		05.1680
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		05.0470
Tay-Sachs Disease
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the onset in infancy of an exaggerated startle response, followed by paralysis, dementia, and blindness. It is caused by mutation in the alpha subunit of the HEXOSAMINIDASE A resulting in lipid-laden ganglion cells. It is also known as the B variant (with increased HEXOSAMINIDASE B but absence of hexosaminidase A) and is strongly associated with Ashkenazic Jewish ancestry.		08.840
Elaeophoriasis
[description not available]		01.9410
Filariasis
Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.		01.9410
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		04.1160
Experimental Leukemia
[description not available]		05.31220
Carcinoma, Krebs 2
A transplantable neoplasm of mice.		01.9410
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		02.6330
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		03.8140
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		03.8140
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		04.9450
Angiohemophilia
[description not available]		06.22130
von Willebrand Diseases
Group of hemorrhagic disorders in which the VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR is either quantitatively or qualitatively abnormal. They are usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait though rare kindreds are autosomal recessive. Symptoms vary depending on severity and disease type but may include prolonged bleeding time, deficiency of factor VIII, and impaired platelet adhesion.		06.22130
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		05.0231
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		02.0110
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.62100
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6530
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.6530
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		02.730
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		02.730
Adrenal Cortex Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		02.0110
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4220
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		02.0110
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		02.0110
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.4220
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.9310
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.9310
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.4120
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.4120
Tooth Discoloration
Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)		02.6630
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary
[description not available]		03.0650
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.		03.0650
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change
[description not available]		02.3420
Nephrosis, Lipoid
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.3420
Asperger Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Asperger Syndrome
A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)		02.0210
Alcoholic Hepatitis
[description not available]		04.7540
Hepatitis, Alcoholic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER due to ALCOHOL ABUSE. It is characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES, infiltration by NEUTROPHILS, and deposit of MALLORY BODIES. Depending on its severity, the inflammatory lesion may be reversible or progress to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		04.7540
Infections, Meningococcal
[description not available]		02.3720
Meningococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.		02.3720
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		04.3170
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		04.3170
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		02.4220
Optic Atrophy
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.		02.6730
Insect Bites
[description not available]		02.0210
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.		02.0210
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.0210
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.		02.0210
Thyrotoxicosis
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.		02.0210
Encephalitis, Viral
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.		02.4120
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.4220
Cerebromeningitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		02.4120
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.0210
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		02.4120
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.0210
Choledocholithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the COMMON BILE DUCT.		03.411
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		05.8991
Extravasation of Contrast Media
[description not available]		06.8291
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		05.8991
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0210
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.0210
Bile Duct Cysts
[description not available]		03.2560
Teratocarcinoma
A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Ataxia Telangiectasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Ataxia Telangiectasia
An autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by choreoathetosis beginning in childhood, progressive CEREBELLAR ATAXIA; TELANGIECTASIS of CONJUNCTIVA and SKIN; DYSARTHRIA; B- and T-cell immunodeficiency, and RADIOSENSITIVITY to IONIZING RADIATION. Affected individuals are prone to recurrent sinobronchopulmonary infections, lymphoreticular neoplasms, and other malignancies. Serum ALPHA-FETOPROTEINS are usually elevated. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p688) The gene for this disorder (ATM) encodes a cell cycle checkpoint protein kinase and has been mapped to chromosome 11 (11q22-q23).		02.4320
Central Core Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		09.71128
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		09.71128
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		02.0210
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.0210
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		04.4851
Acquired Encephalocele
[description not available]		03.411
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy
[description not available]		02.4320
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		09.09351
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		09.09351
Atresia, Biliary
[description not available]		04.7871
Biliary Atresia
Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.		04.7871
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		08.6230
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		01.9210
Brugada ECG Pattern
[description not available]		01.9210
Brugada Syndrome
An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.		01.9210
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.8540
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		07.8540
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		02.9140
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.420
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis
[description not available]		02.4320
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis
A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.		02.4320
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.67100
Achromatopsia
Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.		02.6630
Color Vision Defects
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.		02.6630
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0210
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.3720
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.6830
46, XY Gonadal Dysgenesis
[description not available]		02.9310
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.4220
Child Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurring in children ages 2 to 12 years, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.		03.7821
Abnormalities, Mouth
[description not available]		02.0210
Yellow Fever
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.		02.0210
4 Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Deficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.0210
Tyrosinemias
A group of disorders which have in common elevations of tyrosine in the blood and urine secondary to an enzyme deficiency. Type I tyrosinemia features episodic weakness, self-mutilation, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular injury, and seizures and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. Type II tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY, painful corneal ulcers, and keratoses of the palms and plantar surfaces and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme TYROSINE TRANSAMINASE. Type III tyrosinemia features INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp42-3)		02.0210
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		02.0210
Carcinoma, Embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)		02.4320
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.420
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
[description not available]		02.4320
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration
A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)		02.4320
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.4320
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.3820
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.0210
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		14.0210
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.5790
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic
[description not available]		03.8140
Bacillus anthracis Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.		02.0210
Clubfeet
[description not available]		02.0210
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.6630
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		05.8933
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		02.0210
Connective Tissue Diseases
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.		02.0210
Alexander Disease
Rare leukoencephalopathy with infantile-onset accumulation of Rosenthal fibers in the subpial, periventricular, and subependymal zones of the brain. Rosenthal fibers are GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN aggregates found in ASTROCYTES. Juvenile- and adult-onset types show progressive atrophy of the lower brainstem instead. De novo mutations in the GFAP gene are associated with the disease with propensity for paternal inheritance.		02.0310
Abscess
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.		02.420
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.0210
Synovioma
[description not available]		02.0210
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.940
Sarcoma, Synovial
A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)		02.0210
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.4220
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.4220
Habit Chorea
[description not available]		02.0210
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		02.0210
Cranial Nerve X Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		02.0210
Tics
Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)		02.0210
Alobar Holoprosencephaly
[description not available]		02.4120
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		07.4320
Fibrosarcoma
A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)		08.5890
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		03.1250
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		03.1250
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		03.4111
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.6630
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.3720
Arginino Succinase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.7130
Argininosuccinic Aciduria
Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.		02.7130
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
[description not available]		02.0210
ATLL
[description not available]		02.420
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell
Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.		02.420
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar, Diffuse
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a widely distributed, well-demarcated hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles. There is more than one genotypically distinct form, each of which is clinically similar but histologically distinguishable. Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma is distinct from palmoplantar keratoderma (KERATODERMA, PALMOPLANTAR), as the former exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance and hyperhidrosis is frequently present.		02.0310
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		02.4120
ACY2 Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4420
Canavan Disease
A rare neurodegenerative condition of infancy or childhood characterized by white matter vacuolization and demeylination that gives rise to a spongy appearance. Aspartoacylase deficiency leads to an accumulation of N-acetylaspartate in astrocytes. Inheritance may be autosomal recessive or the illness may occur sporadically. This illness occurs more frequently in individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. The neonatal form features the onset of hypotonia and lethargy at birth, rapidly progressing to coma and death. The infantile form features developmental delay, DYSKINESIAS, hypotonia, spasticity, blindness, and megalencephaly. The juvenile form is characterized by ATAXIA; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEMENTIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p944; Am J Med Genet 1988 Feb;29(2):463-71)		02.4420
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0310
Congenital Dysplasia Of The Hip
[description not available]		02.0310
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		03.4111
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		03.4111
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		02.4220
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		02.4220
Wounds, Stab
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.		02.0310
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.940
Impotence
[description not available]		02.0310
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		02.0310
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.8940
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.8940
Rotavirus Infections
Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.		05.7642
Purine Pyrimidine Metabolism, Inborn Errors
[description not available]		06.61112
Pink Eye
[description not available]		02.0310
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		02.0310
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		02.0310
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		02.0310
G(M2) Gangliosidoses
[description not available]		02.0310
Gangliosidoses, GM2
A group of recessively inherited diseases characterized by the intralysosomal accumulation of G(M2) GANGLIOSIDE in the neuronal cells. Subtypes include mutations of enzymes in the BETA-N-ACETYLHEXOSAMINIDASES system or G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN leading to disruption of normal degradation of GANGLIOSIDES, a subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS.		02.0310
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Campylobacter Infection
[description not available]		02.6730
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.6830
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		02.6930
Acalculous Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER wall in the absence of GALLSTONES.		02.0310
Myotonia
Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.		07.6630
Opisthorchis felineus Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Opisthorchiasis
Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.		07.0310
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		02.420
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		02.420
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital
[description not available]		03.8140
Afibrinogenemia
A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.		03.8140
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.420
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.4120
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.420
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.4120
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		02.6630
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		02.6630
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.0310
Tuberculosis, Miliary
An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.		02.0310
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		02.4220
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		02.4220
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.730
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.730
Erythrophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, Familial
[description not available]		02.0310
Cancer of the Tongue
[description not available]		02.0310
Tongue Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.		02.0310
Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic
A group of related disorders characterized by LYMPHOCYTOSIS; HISTIOCYTOSIS; and hemophagocytosis. The two major forms are familial and reactive.		02.0310
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.0310
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		04.4551
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		03.68100
ADPKD
[description not available]		02.4420
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant
Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.		02.4420
Cholecystolithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.		02.0310
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		02.3720
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		02.3720
Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple
A hereditary disease characterized by multiple ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal nevoid and neoplastic anomalies. Facial trichilemmomas and papillomatous papules of the oral mucosa are the most characteristic lesions. Individuals with this syndrome have a high risk of BREAST CANCER; THYROID CANCER; and ENDOMETRIAL CANCER. This syndrome is associated with mutations in the gene for PTEN PHOSPHATASE.		02.0310
Hypercalciuria
Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.		02.0310
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		03.4211
Dissociation
[description not available]		07.4120
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		02.0310
Hemorrhage, Gingival
[description not available]		02.0310
Gingival Hemorrhage
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.		02.0310
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		05.8791
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		05.8791
Generalized Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
[description not available]		02.4120
Thyroiditis
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.		02.0310
Dyskeratosis Congenita, X-Linked
[description not available]		02.0310
Dyskeratosis Congenita
A predominantly X-linked recessive syndrome characterized by a triad of reticular skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia of mucous membranes. Oral and dental abnormalities may also be present. Complications are a predisposition to malignancy and bone marrow involvement with pancytopenia. (from Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):328-34) The X-linked form is also known as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome and involves the gene which encodes a highly conserved protein called dyskerin.		02.0310
Albinism, Ocular
Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.		02.0310
Acetyl-CoA:alpha-Glucosaminide N-Acetyltransferase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0310
Mucopolysaccharidosis III
Mucopolysaccharidosis characterized by heparitin sulfate in the urine, progressive mental retardation, mild dwarfism, and other skeletal disorders. There are four clinically indistinguishable but biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.		02.0310
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; POLYDACTYLY; OBESITY; MENTAL RETARDATION; hypogenitalism; renal dysplasia; and short stature. This syndrome has been distinguished as a separate entity from LAURENCE-MOON SYNDROME. (From J Med Genet 1997 Feb;34(2):92-8)		02.0410
Hypotrichosis
Presence of less than the normal amount of hair. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0410
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		05.0450
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		05.0450
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		02.0410
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.0410
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.0410
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		02.940
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		02.940
Complex IV Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0410
Microsatellite Instability
The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.		02.0410
Bewilderment
[description not available]		04.6361
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.0410
Carotid Body Tumor
Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.		02.0410
Glomus Jugulare Tumor
A paraganglioma involving the glomus jugulare, a microscopic collection of chemoreceptor tissue in the adventitia of the bulb of the jugular vein. It may cause paralysis of the vocal cords, attacks of dizziness, blackouts, and nystagmus. It is not resectable but radiation therapy is effective. It regresses slowly, but permanent control is regularly achieved. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1603-4)		02.0410
Auricular Cancer
[description not available]		02.0410
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0410
Deafness Unilateral
[description not available]		02.0410
Ear Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).		02.0410
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.0410
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0410
Uterine Perforation
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.		04.9931
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.3820
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.3820
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.9610
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		05.0352
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		010.0352
Generalized Resistance To 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
[description not available]		02.0410
Alopecia Circumscripta
[description not available]		02.0410
Alopecia Areata
Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.		02.0410
Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets
A hereditary disorder characterized by HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; renal defects in phosphate reabsorption and vitamin D metabolism; and growth retardation. Autosomal and X-linked dominant and recessive variants have been reported.		02.0410
Protozoan Infections, Animal
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.		02.0410
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.3720
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		05.7442
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
[description not available]		02.9610
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		010.7442
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.		02.9610
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.730
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.730
Enteric Fever
[description not available]		01.9410
Typhoid Fever
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.		01.9410
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		02.3420
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		05.12180
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		05.12180
Megacolon
Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.		02.3520
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		01.9410
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		01.9410
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.3420
Microphthalmia
[description not available]		07.3520
Drop Attack
[description not available]		01.9410
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9410
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		01.9410
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		01.9410
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3520
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.		02.3520
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		01.9510
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		02.6730
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		02.6730
Anemia With Multinucleated Erythroblasts
[description not available]		01.9610
Adenomatoses, Bovine Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.8810
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.3720
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.3720
Spasmophilia
[description not available]		01.9610
Infantile Diarrhea
[description not available]		08.44125
Diarrhea, Infantile
DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.		08.44125
Leg Ulcer
Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.		05.1662
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.8840
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		04.1260
Epulides
[description not available]		01.9610
Gingival Diseases
Diseases involving the GINGIVA.		01.9610
Leukemia, Lymphocytic
[description not available]		05.12180
Leukemia, Lymphoid
Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.		05.12180
Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3820
Adult Fanconi Syndrome
[description not available]		04.7550
Distorted Hearing
[description not available]		03.0650
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.2841
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		04.2841
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		04.0531
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		05.1841
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		05.1841
Ataxia with Lactic Acidosis 2
[description not available]		01.9510
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		02.6530
Hemoglobinopathies
A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.		03.96140
Ganglioside Storage Diseases
[description not available]		03.7940
Gangliosidoses
A group of autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorders marked by the accumulation of GANGLIOSIDES. They are caused by impaired enzymes or defective cofactors required for normal ganglioside degradation in the LYSOSOMES. Gangliosidoses are classified by the specific ganglioside accumulated in the defective degradation pathway.		08.7940
Prostatic Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.		06.06113
Myoglobinuria
The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.		01.9610
Uveal Diseases
Diseases of the uvea.		02.6530
Constitutional Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.3820
Hypogammaglobulinemia
[description not available]		03.7940
Agammaglobulinemia
An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.		03.7940
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		02.8840
Infections, Salmonella
[description not available]		01.9610
Idiopathic Tropical Malabsorption Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3620
Spherocytosis, Hereditary
A group of familial congenital hemolytic anemias characterized by numerous abnormally shaped erythrocytes which are generally spheroidal. The erythrocytes have increased osmotic fragility and are abnormally permeable to sodium ions.		01.9510
Common Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.		03.8140
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		03.5630
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		03.5630
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		02.8840
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		02.6630
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma
[description not available]		02.420
Oligodendroglioma
A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)		02.420
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		01.9810
Deficiency, Protein C
[description not available]		03.5930
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex
[description not available]		02.6830
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		01.9810
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		01.9810
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.6830
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.6830
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		03.5790
Myelopathy
[description not available]		03.0550
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		03.0550
Broad Beta Disease
[description not available]		01.9810
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III
An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.		01.9810
Caroli Disease
Congenital cystic dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC). It consists of 2 types: simple Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation (ectasia) alone; and complex Caroli disease is characterized by bile duct dilatation with extensive hepatic fibrosis and portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL). Benign renal tubular ectasia is associated with both types of Caroli disease.		01.9810
Smear Layer
Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.		03.0850
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		03.2460
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.3711
Digestive System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Digestive System Diseases
Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).		01.9810
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		02.6830
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		06.9810
alpha-LCAT Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3920
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency
An autosomal recessive disorder of lipoprotein metabolism caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE gene. It is characterized by low HDL-cholesterol levels, and the triad of CORNEAL OPACITIES; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; and PROTEINURIA with renal failure.		02.3920
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		03.3670
Bone Diseases, Developmental
Diseases resulting in abnormal GROWTH or abnormal MORPHOGENESIS of BONES.		03.5830
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.		01.9810
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
[description not available]		03.320
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined
A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.		03.320
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		02.420
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		01.9810
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.420
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		01.9810
Elliptocytosis, Hereditary
An intrinsic defect of erythrocytes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The erythrocytes assume an oval or elliptical shape.		02.420
Dentin Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.7521
Argentaffinoma
[description not available]		02.3620
Carcinoid Tumor
A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)		02.3620
Cancer of Lip
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Cryptococcosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Meningitis, Cryptococcal
Meningeal inflammation produced by CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature HEADACHE; NAUSEA; PHOTOPHOBIA; focal neurologic deficits; SEIZURES; cranial neuropathies; and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)		01.9810
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.6830
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		02.6830
Breast Diseases
Pathological processes of the BREAST.		01.9810
Enterocele
An intestinal HERNIA.		01.9810
Diaphragmatic Hernia, Traumatic
[description not available]		01.9810
Hernia
Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.		01.9810
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		03.5690
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		03.5690
Pus
[description not available]		01.9810
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.3620
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured
[description not available]		02.3820
Leukemia, Radiation-Induced
Leukemia produced by exposure to IONIZING RADIATION or NON-IONIZING RADIATION.		01.9810
Deficiency, Hexosediphosphatase
[description not available]		01.9810
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		03.5830
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		03.5830
Hereditary Optic Atrophy
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemorrhagic Diathesis
[description not available]		02.3620
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).		02.3620
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		02.3620
Endometrial Diseases
[description not available]		02.6630
Uterine Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.		02.6630
Antithrombin 3 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9810
Antithrombin III Deficiency
An absence or reduced level of Antithrombin III leading to an increased risk for thrombosis.		01.9810
Cleft Spine
[description not available]		02.6430
Arthropathies
[description not available]		05.482
Joint Diseases
Diseases involving the JOINTS.		05.482
Ambiguous Genitalia
[description not available]		02.3920
Disorders of Sex Development
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.		02.3920
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.3920
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.3920
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		03.2820
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		03.2820
Bilateral Wilms Tumor
[description not available]		01.9810
11p Partial Monosomy Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Wilms Tumor
A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.		01.9810
Ureteral Calculi
Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.		02.3620
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		07.420
Conductive Hearing Loss
[description not available]		01.9810
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Rare autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at multiple sites. MUTATION of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, a component of the DNA DAMAGE response pathway, apparently predisposes family members who inherit it to develop certain cancers. The spectrum of cancers in the syndrome was shown to include, in addition to BREAST CANCER and soft tissue sarcomas (SARCOMA); BRAIN TUMORS; OSTEOSARCOMA; LEUKEMIA; and ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA.		01.9810
Neoplasms, Nervous System
[description not available]		01.9810
Failure to Thrive
A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.		01.9810
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		03.2360
Diverticula
[description not available]		02.8740
Duodenal Diseases
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).		02.3620
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		01.9810
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		01.9810
Duodenal Reflux
[description not available]		02.940
Bleeding Between Periods
[description not available]		04.2741
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
A type of automatic, not reentrant, ectopic ventricular rhythm with episodes lasting from a few seconds to a minute which usually occurs in patients with acute myocardial infarction or with DIGITALIS toxicity. The ventricular rate is faster than normal but slower than tachycardia, with an upper limit of 100 -120 beats per minute. Suppressive therapy is rarely necessary.		01.9810
Metrorrhagia
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.		04.2741
Joint Pain
[description not available]		03.3711
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		03.3711
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.420
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.420
Angioma, Cavernous
A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.		02.420
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia
An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.		02.3720
Bacterial Endocarditides
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocarditis, Bacterial
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.		01.9910
Alagille Syndrome 1
[description not available]		01.9910
Alagille Syndrome
A multisystem disorder that is characterized by aplasia of intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC), and malformations in the cardiovascular system, the eyes, the vertebral column, and the facies. Major clinical features include JAUNDICE, and congenital heart disease with peripheral PULMONARY STENOSIS. Alagille syndrome may result from heterogeneous gene mutations, including mutations in JAG1 on CHROMOSOME 20 (Type 1) and NOTCH2 on CHROMOSOME 1 (Type 2).		01.9910
Arachnoid Cysts
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)		01.9910
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		01.9910
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		01.9910
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		01.9910
Dental Deposit
[description not available]		03.2360
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3820
Gulf War Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Persian Gulf Syndrome
Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)		01.9910
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		02.6930
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		02.6930
Abscess, Hepatic
[description not available]		03.3120
Liver Abscess
Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the liver as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.		03.3120
Apolipoprotein C-II Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3920
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type I
An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.		02.3920
Dirofilariasis
Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.		01.9910
AIDS, Murine
[description not available]		01.9910
Licheniform Eruptions
[description not available]		01.9910
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension
[description not available]		01.9910
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.9910
Perforated Appendicitis
[description not available]		02.420
Appendicitis
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.		02.420
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		04.8481
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		02.9110
Ergot Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3720
Ornithosis
[description not available]		01.9910
Psittacosis
Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.		01.9910
Bites
[description not available]		01.9910
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		01.9910
Polysyndactyly
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		02.6630
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		03.2820
Lentiginosis, Perioral
[description not available]		01.9910
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.		01.9910
Opportunistic Infections
An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.		01.9910
Infections, Serratia
[description not available]		01.9910
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		01.9910
Albinism, Cutaneous
[description not available]		01.9910
Air Embolism
[description not available]		01.9910
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		01.9910
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		01.9910
Deficiency, Factor 10
[description not available]		02.420
Factor X Deficiency
Blood coagulation disorder usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, though it can be acquired. It is characterized by defective activity in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, impaired thromboplastin time, and impaired prothrombin consumption.		02.420
Deficiency, Factor 13
[description not available]		01.9910
Factor XIII Deficiency
A deficiency of blood coagulation FACTOR XIII or fibrin stabilizing factor (FSF) that prevents blood clot formation and results in a clinical hemorrhagic diathesis.		01.9910
Meningitis, Tuberculous
[description not available]		01.9910
Tuberculosis, Meningeal
A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)		01.9910
A-alphalipoprotein Neuropathy
[description not available]		01.9910
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis
[description not available]		02.420
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis
Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.		02.420
Crigler Najjar Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase
[description not available]		02.8840
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I
An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.		02.8840
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9910
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.		01.9910
Hydramnios
[description not available]		01.9910
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		01.9910
Cognitive Manifestations
[description not available]		02.9110
Neurobehavioral Manifestations
Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information.		02.9110
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.420
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		07.420
Cancer of Endocrine Gland
[description not available]		01.9910
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.		01.9910
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9910
Activated Protein C Resistance
A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.		03.7921
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Beuren Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9110
Melanoma, Amelanotic
An unpigmented malignant melanoma. It is an anaplastic melanoma consisting of cells derived from melanoblasts but not forming melanin. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy
[description not available]		0210
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell
An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.		0210
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		04.311
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		04.311
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		0210
Deficiency, Muscle Phosphorylase
[description not available]		0210
Glycogen Storage Disease Type V
Glycogenosis due to muscle phosphorylase deficiency. Characterized by painful cramps following sustained exercise.		0210
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form
[description not available]		0210
Cerebro-Hepato-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Zellweger Syndrome
An autosomal recessive disorder due to defects in PEROXISOME biogenesis which involves more than 13 genes encoding peroxin proteins of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix. Zellweger syndrome is typically seen in the neonatal period with features such as dysmorphic skull; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; visual compromise; SEIZURES; progressive degeneration of the KIDNEYS and the LIVER. Zellweger-like syndrome refers to phenotypes resembling the neonatal Zellweger syndrome but seen in children or adults with apparently intact peroxisome biogenesis.		02.3920
Peroxisomal Disorders
A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.		0210
AGA Deficiency
[description not available]		02.3720
Esophageal Diseases
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.		0210
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		0210
Jaw, Edentulous
The total absence of teeth from either the mandible or the maxilla, but not both. Total absence of teeth from both is MOUTH, EDENTULOUS. Partial absence of teeth in either is JAW, EDENTULOUS, PARTIALLY.		0210
Bile Reflux
Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.		02.3920
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		0210
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		0210
Epididymitis
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.		03.3811
Leukemia, Megakaryocytic
[description not available]		0210
Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 20-30% of the bone marrow or peripheral blood cells are of megakaryocyte lineage. MYELOFIBROSIS or increased bone marrow RETICULIN is common.		0210
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection
[description not available]		0210
Brucella Infection
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		0210
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		0210
Bartonella henselae Infection
[description not available]		0210
Brucellosis
Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.		0210
Cat-Scratch Disease
A self-limiting bacterial infection of the regional lymph nodes caused by AFIPIA felis, a gram-negative bacterium recently identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and by BARTONELLA HENSELAE. It usually arises one or more weeks following a feline scratch, with raised inflammatory nodules at the site of the scratch being the primary symptom.		0210
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		0210
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula
[description not available]		02.6530
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		0210
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		0210
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		0210
Central Diabetes Insipidus
[description not available]		02.4120
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic
A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).		02.4120
Afferent Loop Syndrome
A complication of gastrojejunostomy (BILLROTH II PROCEDURE), a reconstructive GASTROENTEROSTOMY. It is caused by acute (complete) or chronic (intermittent) obstruction of the afferent jejunal loop due to HERNIA, intussusception, kinking, VOLVULUS, etc. It is characterized by PAIN and VOMITING of BILE-stained fluid.		0210
Adult GM1 Gangliosidosis
[description not available]		0210
Gangliosidosis, GM1
An autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the absence or deficiency of BETA-GALACTOSIDASE. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of G(M1) GANGLIOSIDE and oligosaccharides, primarily in neurons of the central nervous system. The infantile form is characterized by MUSCLE HYPOTONIA, poor psychomotor development, HIRSUTISM, hepatosplenomegaly, and facial abnormalities. The juvenile form features HYPERACUSIS; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. The adult form features progressive DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; and MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp96-7)		0210
Gonadal Agenesis
The complete failure of gonadal development.		0210
Yolk Sac Tumor
[description not available]		0210
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
An unusual and aggressive tumor of germ-cell origin that reproduces the extraembryonic structures of the early embryo. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor found in children. It is characterized by a labyrinthine glandular pattern of flat epithelial cells and rounded papillary processes with a central capillary (Schiller-Duval body). The tumor is rarely bilateral. Before the use of combination chemotherapy, the tumor was almost invariably fatal. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1189)		0210
Mole, Skin
[description not available]		0210
Leukokeratosis
Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.		0210
Leukoplakia
A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.		0210
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
[description not available]		0210
Aldrich Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by ECZEMA; LYMPHOPENIA; and, recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M levels are low and IMMUNOGLOBULIN A and IMMUNOGLOBULIN E levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.		0210
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.3720
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.3720
Deficiency Syndrome, Leukocyte-Adhesion
[description not available]		0210
Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome
Rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the beta 2 integrin receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION) comprising the CD11/CD18 family of glycoproteins. The syndrome is characterized by abnormal adhesion-dependent functions, especially defective tissue emigration of neutrophils, leading to recurrent infection.		0210
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis
[description not available]		0210
Familial Mediterranean Fever
A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.		0210
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		0210
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.6530
Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm
Dyssomnias associated with disruption of the normal 24 hour sleep wake cycle secondary to travel (e.g., JET LAG SYNDROME), shift work, or other causes.		0210
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		0210
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		0210
Capdepont Teeth
[description not available]		02.3720
Hypermobility, Joint
[description not available]		0210
Abdominal Cramps
[description not available]		06.2953
Cancer of the Urinary Tract
[description not available]		03.3911
Audiogenic Epilepsy
[description not available]		0210
Epilepsy, Reflex
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)		0210
Arthritis, Post-Infectious
[description not available]		02.3720
Arthritis, Reactive
An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.		02.3720
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating
[description not available]		0210
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		02.3720
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		0210
Nail Abnormalities
[description not available]		02.0110
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0110
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic
[description not available]		02.0110
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0110
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		02.0110
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		02.0110
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.0110
Fistula
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.		02.8740
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		01.9510
Newcastle Disease
An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.		02.3520
Great Pox
[description not available]		01.9510
Syphilis
A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.		01.9510
Soft Tissue Neoplasms
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.		01.9510
Plasma Cell Tumor
[description not available]		03.4580
Plasmacytoma
Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.		03.4580
Cardiac Aneurysm
[description not available]		01.9510
Infections, Reoviridae
[description not available]		02.8610
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		01.9510
Angioma, Sclerosing
[description not available]		01.9510
Facial Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.		01.9510
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		01.9510
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous
A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)		01.9510
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary
[description not available]		01.9510
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.		01.9510
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		03.0450
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		03.0450
White Muscle Disease
A myodegeneration most frequent in calves and lambs whose dams have been fed during gestation or longer on feeds, especially legumes (FABACEAE), grown in certain areas where selenium is either deficient or unavailable in the soil. It has been recorded in many countries. It has been produced experimentally in several species of animals on low-selenium intake. A similar myopathy occurs naturally in goats, deer, foals, and dogs but proof of the etiology is lacking. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed)		02.8710
Cerebro-Oculo-Renal Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8710
Amino Acid Transport Disorder, Neutral
[description not available]		07.16220
Eye Manifestations
Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.		02.8710
Franklin Disease
[description not available]		01.9510
Plica Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Synovitis
Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.		01.9510
Anemia, Congenital Nonspherocytic Hemolytic
[description not available]		01.9510
Fetal Resorption
The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).		01.9510
Congenital Micrognathia
[description not available]		01.9510
Focal Neurologic Deficits
[description not available]		03.3370
Albers-Schoenberg Disease
[description not available]		02.3520
Osteopetrosis
Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).		02.3520
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9510
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)		01.9510
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.8710
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.8710
Hypergammaglobulinemia
An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.		02.3520
Diabetic Coma
A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.		02.3620
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum
[description not available]		01.9510
Broad Thumb-Hallux Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Keratosis
Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.		01.9510
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
A chromosomal disorder characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION, broad thumbs, webbing of fingers and toes, beaked nose, short upper lip, pouting lower lip, agenesis of corpus callosum, large foramen magnum, keloid formation, pulmonary stenosis, vertebral anomalies, chest wall anomalies, sleep apnea, and megacolon. The disease has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and is associated with deletions of the short arm of chromosome 16 (16p13.3).		01.9510
Pyoderma
Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9510
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9510
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9510
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		02.3520
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		02.3520
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.8640
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		01.9510
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		02.8640
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.		01.9510
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		01.9510
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		01.9510
Myeloproliferative Disorders
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.		02.3520
Scrofuloderma
[description not available]		01.9510
Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
[description not available]		02.3520
Wallerian Degeneration
Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.		01.9510
Empty Sella Syndrome
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.		01.9810
Cancer, Embryonal
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer, Radiation-Induced
[description not available]		01.9810
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.		01.9810
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9810
Aberrant Tissue
[description not available]		01.9810
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		01.9810
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		01.9810
Hepatitis, Animal
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.		01.9810
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		02.3620
Hemoglobinuria
The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.		02.3620
Hypolipoproteinemia
[description not available]		01.9810
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		01.9810
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		01.9710
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		01.9710
Urethral Obstruction
Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.		03.3611
ARSB Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9710
Mucopolysaccharidosis VI
Mucopolysaccharidosis with excessive CHONDROITIN SULFATE B in urine, characterized by dwarfism and deafness. It is caused by a deficiency of N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINE-4-SULFATASE (arylsulfatase B).		06.9710
Adult Refsum Disease
[description not available]		02.3620
Chronic Hepatitis
[description not available]		01.9710
Hepatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.		01.9710
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.		01.9710
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		01.9710
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.6630
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.6630
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		01.9710
Kidney Papillary Necrosis
A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.		01.9710
Acid Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolase Deficiency, Wolman Type
[description not available]		01.9710
Wolman Disease
The severe infantile form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage diseases due to deficiency of acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. It is also known as Wolman's xanthomatosis and is an allelic variant of CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE.		01.9710
Siamese Twins
[description not available]		01.9710
Gastroenteritis
INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.		04.0431
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		01.9710
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9710
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		01.9710
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		02.3620
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		07.3620
Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9710
Human Adenovirus Infections
[description not available]		01.9710
Adenoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.		01.9710
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.		01.9710
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		02.3720
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		01.9710
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		01.9710
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Duodenum
[description not available]		01.9710
Gastrin-Producing Tumor
[description not available]		01.9710
Gastrinoma
A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).		06.9710
Carboxylase Deficiency, Combined
[description not available]		01.9710
Infections, Mycobacterium
[description not available]		03.3511
Mycobacterium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.		03.3511
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9710
Coccidioides immitis Infection
[description not available]		01.9710
Coccidioidomycosis
Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.		01.9710
Leukemia L5178
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.		01.9610
Childhood Schizophrenia
[description not available]		02.3520
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		04.9952
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		04.9952
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		01.9610
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.		02.3620
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.		02.6430
Kaposi Sarcoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Sarcoma, Kaposi
A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.		01.9510
Segond Fracture
[description not available]		03.260
Tibial Fractures
Fractures of the TIBIA.		03.260
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.		03.5530
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal
[description not available]		01.9410
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		01.9510
Hypoproteinemia
A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.		02.3520
Meniscitis
[description not available]		01.9410
Mast-Cell Sarcoma
A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.		02.3420
Glomerular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.6430
Injuries, Eye
[description not available]		02.8610
Eye Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.		02.8610
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9410
Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing.		01.9410
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		02.8610
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		02.8610
Atypical Lipoma
[description not available]		02.8610
Lipoma
A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.		02.8610
Gigantism
The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.		01.9410
Muscle Tissue Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9410
Keloid
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.		01.9510
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Enzootic Ataxia
[description not available]		01.9510
Eosinophilic Granuloma
The most benign and common form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis which involves localized nodular lesions predominantly of the bones but also of the gastric mucosa, small intestine, lungs, or skin, with infiltration by EOSINOPHILS.		01.9510
Dentin Dysplasia
An apparently hereditary disorder of dentin formation, marked by a normal appearance of coronal dentin associated with pulpal obliteration, faulty root formation, and a tendency for peripheral lesions without obvious cause. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
[description not available]		02.3520
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.3520
Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
[description not available]		03.9650
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		03.3311
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		03.3311
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		03.3311
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		03.3311
Deficiency, Vitamin A
[description not available]		03.2720
Vitamin A Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)		03.2720
Cancer of Spleen
[description not available]		01.9510
Aleutian Disease of Mink
[description not available]		01.9510
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous
Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.		01.9410
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		01.9410
Adnexitis
Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).		01.9410
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.		01.9410
Buphthalmos
[description not available]		06.9510
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.		01.9510
Bites, Human
Bites inflicted by humans.		01.9510
Athetoid Movements
[description not available]		04.4351
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism
A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.		02.3520
Hypoparathyroidism
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.		02.3520
Malaria, Avian
Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.		01.9510
Babesia Infection
[description not available]		01.9510
Amputation, Traumatic
Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.		01.9510
Trypanosomiasis, Bovine
Infection in cattle caused by various species of trypanosomes.		02.3520
Emaciation
Clinical manifestation of excessive LEANNESS usually caused by disease or a lack of nutrition (MALNUTRITION).		01.9510
Abortion, Veterinary
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.		02.3520
Duhring Disease
[description not available]		03.2720
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.		03.2720
Fetomaternal Transfusion
Transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Alactasia
[description not available]		01.9510
Lactose Intolerance
The condition resulting from the absence or deficiency of LACTASE in the MUCOSA cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, and the inability to break down LACTOSE in milk for ABSORPTION. Bacterial fermentation of the unabsorbed lactose leads to symptoms that range from a mild indigestion (DYSPEPSIA) to severe DIARRHEA. Lactose intolerance may be an inborn error or acquired.		01.9510
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		01.9510
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		01.9510
Argyria
A permanent ashen-gray discoloration of the skin, conjunctiva, and internal organs resulting from long-continued use of silver salts. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9510
Infections, Nematode
[description not available]		01.9510
Staphylococcal Pneumonia
[description not available]		01.9510
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal
Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		01.9510
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
[description not available]		02.8510
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy without Multiple Hormone Resistance
[description not available]		02.8510
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.		02.8510
Abdomen, Acute
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.		02.8610
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		02.8610
Hemorrhage, Oral
[description not available]		03.2620
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		02.8610
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		04.4351
Measles, German
[description not available]		03.7321
Caffey Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Keratoacanthoma
A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.		01.9410
Dental Occlusion, Traumatic
An occlusion resulting in overstrain and injury to teeth, periodontal tissue, or other oral structures.		01.9410
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		01.9410
Focal Infection
An infection at a specific location that may spread to another region of the body.		01.9410
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		01.9410
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		01.9410
Encephalitis, Inclusion Body, Measles
[description not available]		01.9410
Hemoglobin C Disease
A disease characterized by compensated hemolysis with a normal hemoglobin level or a mild to moderate anemia. There may be intermittent abdominal discomfort, splenomegaly, and slight jaundice.		01.9410
Bronchial Pneumonia
[description not available]		03.0450
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Chondrocalcinosis
Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.		01.9410
Infectious Skin Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Skin Diseases, Infectious
Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.		01.9410
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		01.9410
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		01.9410
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error
[description not available]		01.9410
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		01.9410
Brazilian Spotted Fever
[description not available]		01.9410
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.		01.9410
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9410
Melena
The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.		01.9410
Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
Neonatal nasogastric or intracranial hemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency.		01.9410
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		01.9410
Benign Hyperglobulinemic Purpura of Waldenstru00F6m
[description not available]		01.9410
Maxillary Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the MAXILLA or upper jaw.		01.9410
Amblyopia, Developmental
[description not available]		02.3520
Amblyopia
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.		02.3520
Bagassosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.		01.9410
Beryllium Disease
Disease resulting from exposure to beryllium. Entry into the body is not limited to the inhalation route.		01.9410
Berylliosis
A form of pneumoconiosis caused by inhaled rare metal BERYLLIUM or its soluble salts which are used in a wide variety of industry including alloys, ceramics, radiographic equipment, and vacuum tubes. Berylliosis is characterized by an acute inflammatory reaction in the upper airway leading to BRONCHIOLITIS; PULMONARY EDEMA; and pneumonia.		06.9410
Pneumoconiosis
A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.		01.9410
Anaplasma Infection
[description not available]		01.9410
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		01.9410
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		01.9410
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		01.9410
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
[description not available]		01.9410
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary
Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.		01.9410
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		01.9410
Lipomatosis
A disorder characterized by the accumulation of encapsulated or unencapsulated tumor-like fatty tissue resembling LIPOMA.		01.9410
Uterine Atony
[description not available]		01.9410
Dystocia
Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.		01.9410
Uterine Inertia
Failure of the UTERUS to contract with normal strength, duration, and intervals during childbirth (LABOR, OBSTETRIC). It is also called uterine atony.		01.9410
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism
[description not available]		01.9410
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)		01.9410
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		01.9410
Middle Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
External Ear Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9410
Otitis Externa
Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.		01.9410
Otitis Media
Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.		01.9410
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9410
Addison's Disease
[description not available]		01.9410
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		01.9410
Addison Disease
An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.		01.9410
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.		02.3420
Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
A chronic skin disease characterized by small follicular papules, disseminated reddish-brown scaly patches, and often, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. The papules are about the size of a pin and topped by a horny plug.		01.9410
Rubeola
[description not available]		01.9410
Measles
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.		01.9410
Scarlet Fever
Infection with group A streptococci that is characterized by tonsillitis and pharyngitis. An erythematous rash is commonly present.		01.9410
Beriberi, Cerebral
[description not available]		01.9410
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		01.9410
Schwartzman Phenomenon
[description not available]		01.9410
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		01.9410
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		01.9410
Erythremia
[description not available]		01.9410
Polycythemia Vera
A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.		01.9410
Adenofibroma
A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9410
Neoplasm Seeding
The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.		01.9410
Ranula
A form of retention cyst of the floor of the mouth, usually due to obstruction of the ducts of the submaxillary or sublingual glands, presenting a slowly enlarging painless deep burrowing mucocele of one side of the mouth. It is also called sublingual cyst and sublingual ptyalocele.		01.9410