Retinoic acid receptor alpha

A retinoic acid receptor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10276]

Synonyms

RAR-alpha;
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group B member 1

Research

Bioassay Publications (49)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	19 (38.78)	18.2507
2000's	16 (32.65)	29.6817
2010's	13 (26.53)	24.3611
2020's	1 (2.04)	2.80

Compounds (36)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
am 580	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0410	1	1
lg 100268	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.1475	2	2
adapalene	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.1000	1	1
bexarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.8165	2	2
tamibarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0780	1	1
tamibarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0065	1	1
4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-anthracenyl)benzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0053	1	1
cd 437	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	6.5000	1	1
6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5800	1	1
cd 2019	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.1200	1	1
agn 193109	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0310	1	1
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.2542	4	4
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0688	3	3
bms 195614	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0018	1	2
bms 961	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0015	1	1
alitretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0070	1	1
alitretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0223	1	1
lg 100567	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0323	1	2
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0360	1	1
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0210	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
lg100754	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.7910	1	1
lg 1506	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5270	2	2
bms453	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0077	1	1
hx 630	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.9000	1	1
bms 204493	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1140	1	1
le 135	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.4000	1	1

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
am 580	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0214	4	4
am 580	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0360	2	2
bms 961	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	10.0000	1	1
tazarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0630	1	1
adapalene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0220	1	1
bexarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	6.6687	3	3
bexarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.0000	1	1
tamibarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0450	1	1
cd 437	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	10.0000	1	1
agn 193109	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0117	3	3
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.1674	18	18
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0102	10	12
bms 961	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.5280	1	1
alitretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.1200	10	10
alitretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0462	4	6
ac 55649	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	2.5119	1	1
lg 100567	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0345	1	2
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0340	4	4
agn 191659	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0000	1	1
agn 191701	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0000	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	100.0000	1	1
agn 190121	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.4350	1	1
agn 190121	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.1350	1	1
lg100754	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0040	1	1
nrx 194204	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0300	1	1
agn 194204	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	9.5000	1	1
sr 11302	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	1.0000	1	1
cd 666	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.3700	1	1
cd 666	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.5360	1	3
agn 190205	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0006	1	1
ac 261066	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.6310	1	1

Drugs with Other Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
am 580	Homo sapiens (human)	EC30	0.0003	1	1
am 580	Homo sapiens (human)	ED30	0.0003	1	1
lg 100268	Homo sapiens (human)	Synergy	0.0069	1	1
tamibarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC30	0.0013	1	1
tamibarotene	Homo sapiens (human)	ED30	0.0007	1	1
6-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-naphthyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	1.0000	1	1
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC30	0.0010	2	2
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Relative EC30	0.0022	2	2
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	Relative IC50	0.0009	2	2
alitretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	0.0190	1	1
sr 11217	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	1.0000	1	1
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	0.2000	1	1
nrx 194204	Homo sapiens (human)	Synergy	0.0019	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 24 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
mRNA regulatory element binding translation repressor activity	molecular function	Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid. [GOC:clt, GOC:vw, PMID:29061112, PMID:7523370]
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH]
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that represses or decreases the transcription of specific gene sets. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
transcription coactivator binding	molecular function	Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:krc]
retinoic acid binding	molecular function	Binding to retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid. [GOC:hjd]
chromatin binding	molecular function	Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	molecular function	A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
nuclear receptor activity	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytosol, which leads to its translocation to the nucleus. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:23457262]
signaling receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
zinc ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a zinc ion (Zn). [GOC:ai]
enzyme binding	molecular function	Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity. [GOC:jl]
protein domain specific binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific domain of a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
chromatin DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin. [GOC:mah]
histone deacetylase binding	molecular function	Binding to histone deacetylase. [GOC:jl]
protein kinase B binding	molecular function	Binding to protein kinase B, an intracellular kinase that is important in regulating glucose metabolism. [GOC:jl, http://www.heartandmetabolism.org/]
retinoic acid-responsive element binding	molecular function	Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind. [GOC:jl, GOC:vw, GOC:yaf, PMID:11327309, PMID:19917671]
mRNA 5'-UTR binding	molecular function	Binding to an mRNA molecule at its 5' untranslated region. [GOC:jid]
protein kinase A binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein kinase A. [GOC:ai]
alpha-actinin binding	molecular function	Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats. [PMID:10984498, PMID:11699871, PMID:15014165]
heterocyclic compound binding	molecular function	Binding to heterocyclic compound. [GOC:TermGenie]
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding. [GOC:dos, GOC:sl]

Located In

This protein is located in 9 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
nucleoplasm	cellular component	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
nucleolus	cellular component	A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
actin cytoskeleton	cellular component	The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0395825172, ISBN:0815316194]
dendrite	cellular component	A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	cellular component	Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]

Active In

This protein is active in 1 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

Part Of

This protein is part of 4 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
transcription regulator complex	cellular component	A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription. [GOC:jl]
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	cellular component	A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:tb]
chromatin	cellular component	The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
protein-containing complex	cellular component	A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 54 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
ureteric bud development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:go_curators]
neural tube closure	biological process	The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. [GOC:dph, ISBN:0878932437]
liver development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. [GOC:add, ISBN:068340007X]
glandular epithelial cell development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. [GOC:dph]
growth plate cartilage development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
protein phosphorylation	biological process	The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
germ cell development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. [GOC:go_curators]
female pregnancy	biological process	The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. [ISBN:0192800825]
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of translation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. [GOC:isa_complete]
hippocampus development	biological process	The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. [GO_REF:0000021, GOC:cls, GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, ISBN:0878937420, UBERON:0002421]
prostate gland development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. [PMID:11839751]
negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation. [GOC:mah]
embryonic camera-type eye development	biological process	The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_sensu]
regulation of myelination	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. [GOC:mah]
response to estradiol	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0911910123]
response to retinoic acid	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:sl]
negative regulation of type II interferon production	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. [GOC:add, GOC:mah, PMID:15546383]
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GOC:mah, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120]
positive regulation of interleukin-13 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-5 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production. [GOC:mah]
response to vitamin A	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus. [GOC:sl]
response to cytokine	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. [GOC:sl]
multicellular organism growth	biological process	The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0321000382]
regulation of apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
apoptotic cell clearance	biological process	The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte. [GOC:rk, PMID:14685684]
response to ethanol	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of neuron differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of cell cycle	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
regulation of synaptic plasticity	biological process	A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, PMID:11891290]
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. [GOC:dgh]
positive regulation of binding	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule. [GOC:ai]
ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ. [GOC:devbiol, GOC:mtg_heart]
Sertoli cell fate commitment	biological process	The process in which the cellular identity of Sertoli cells is acquired and determined. [GOC:dph]
limb development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, PMID:11487378]
face development	biological process	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. [GOC:dph]
trachea cartilage development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph]
chondroblast differentiation	biological process	The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. [GOC:dph]
negative regulation of cartilage development	biological process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. [GOC:dph]
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to retinoic acid	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to estrogen stimulus	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:mah]
regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie]
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24699545]
cell differentiation	biological process	The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. [ISBN:0198506732]
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone. [GOC:sm]
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]