carbostyril profile

Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6038
CHEMBL ID	186422
CHEBI ID	16365
CHEBI ID	18289
SCHEMBL ID	8621
MeSH ID	M0055311

Synonym
AC-3056
hydroxyquinoleine [french]
CHEBI:16365 ,
alpha-quinolone
CHEBI:18289
2-chinolinol
ccris 4327
alpha-hydroxyquinoline
carbostyril (van)
nsc 156783
2-quinolinone
einecs 200-420-6
ai3-00782
AC-907/25014359
2-(1h)-quinolinone
STK097666
inchi=1/c9h7no/c11-9-6-5-7-3-1-2-4-8(7)10-9/h1-6h,(h,10,11
quinolinol
C06338
70254-42-1
2(1h)-quinolinone
59-31-4
quinolin-2-ol ,
quinolin-2(1h)-one
2(1h)-quinolone
o-aminocinnamic acid lactam
2-hydroxyquinoline
.alpha.-hydroxyquinoline
2-quinolinol
nsc-554
2-quinolone
C06415
.alpha.-quinolone
carbostyril
nsc554
nsc-156783
nsc156783
2-oxoquinoline
NCGC00166019-01
DB04745
2-hydroxyquinoline, 98%
quinolin-2-one
STK414900
CHEMBL186422 ,
H0304
1h-quinolin-2-one
AKOS003297745
A836815
quinolones
quinolinone
803bhy7qwu ,
unii-803bhy7qwu
bdbm50366034
1,2-dihydroquinolin-2-one
EN300-67221
hydroxyquinoleine
1321-40-0
hydroquinolin-2-one
104534-80-7
quinolone
einecs 274-516-1
BP-10114
FT-0612637
PS-4021
AKOS015897112
MLS004491723
smr003288680
carbostyril [mi]
hydroxyquinoline, 2-
SCHEMBL8621
3SRG
mfcd00006743
SY003693
a-hydroxyquinoline
2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline
1h-quinolinone
quino- lone
hyroxyquinoline
1h-quinolone
2-[1h]-quinolone
1-h-quinolone
DTXSID1058769
W-104563
STR05548
HMS3604N04
CS-W005598
GS-6597
Z57473020
F0001-1542
Q27095480
AMY23222
SB37816
hydroquinolinone
SB67445
STARBLD0000627
10.14272/LISFMEBWQUVKPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N.1
doi:10.14272/lisfmebwquvkpj-uhfffaoysa-n.1
E82978
mfcd00463096
SY303522

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Adverse events were minor and transient."	( Efficacy and safety of nedocromil sodium ophthalmic solution in the treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Blumenthal, M; Casale, T; Dockhorn, R; Jarmoszuk, I; Kaiser, H; Smith, R; Zeitz, HJ, 1992)	0.28
" Treatment-related adverse events were reported for 7% of patients in the lomefloxacin group and 5% in the cefaclor group."	( Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ellison, WT; Gotfried, MH, 1992)	0.28
" Adverse events probably related to treatment occurred in 6% of those treated with lomefloxacin and in 7% of patients treated with TMP/SMX."	( Comparison of the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections: results from a multicenter study. Aguirre-Avalos, G; Andrade-Villanueva, J; Flores-Gaxiola, A; Lopez-Guillen, P; Morfin-Otero, R; Rodriguez-Noriega, E, 1992)	0.28
" Two lomefloxacin-treated patients (3%) and four patients treated with ciprofloxacin (5%) withdrew from treatment because of adverse events."	( A comparison of the safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated or recurrent urinary tract infections. Cox, CE, 1992)	0.28
" Although the quinolone is highly toxic to mammalian cells in culture, its mechanism of cytotoxic action is not known."	( Cytotoxicity of quinolones toward eukaryotic cells. Identification of topoisomerase II as the primary cellular target for the quinolone CP-115,953 in yeast. Elsea, SH; Nitiss, JL; Osheroff, N, 1992)	0.28
" The frequency and severity of adverse events were similar in both groups, consisting primarily of digestive disorders and skin manifestations."	( Efficacy and safety of temafloxacin versus those of amoxicillin in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Carbon, C; Chauvin, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Léophonte, P; Petitpretz, P, 1992)	0.28
" On the whole, the treatments were well tolerated, but some minor adverse events (mainly headache, insomnia, or abdominal discomfort) were reported for 7 subjects on abnormalities were detected in the laboratory examinations or in ocular function tests."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of rufloxacin in normal volunteers. Cohen, GM; Griess, RS; Imbimbo, BP; Kisicki, JC; McCormack, RJ; Ott, CL; Troetel, WM, 1992)	0.28
" The only adverse event possibly related to the study drug was a case of transient mild tiredness and nervousness."	( An open multicentre study on the efficacy and safety of rufloxacin in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Bischoff, W; Boerema, JB; Focht, J; Naber, KG, 1991)	0.28
"During the Phase I, II, and III clinical development program, temafloxacin has demonstrated an excellent safety profile, with reported overall rates of adverse events comparable to quinolone and nonquinolone reference agents."	( Temafloxacin: a safe antibiotic for the elderly, patients with comorbidities, and other special populations. Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
"This article summarizes animal studies conducted to determine the toxic and mutagenic potential of temafloxacin."	( Comparison of organ-specific toxicity of temafloxacin in animals and humans. Krasula, RW; Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
" Adverse events were collated by spontaneous reporting by the patients or observations by investigators and, additionally in some studies, by the use of diary cards filled in by the patients."	( Assessment of adverse events during drug development: experience with temafloxacin. Norrby, SR; Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
" The dams were monitored daily for adverse physical signs and maternal blood samples were collected for analyses of serum progesterone (P), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG)."	( Developmental toxicity of temafloxacin hydrochloride in the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Hendrickx, AG; Lasley, BL; Lehrer, SB; Tarantal, AF, 1990)	0.28
" Extensive laboratory monitoring of renal, hepatic and haematological functions before, during and at the end of the study failed to provide any evidence of drug-induced toxic effects."	( The acceptability, safety and efficacy of nedocromil sodium in long-term clinical use in patients with perennial asthma. Carrasco, E; Sepulveda, R, )	0.13
" The genotoxic and the toxic activities increased in a highly parallel fashion from the parent compounds, nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid, to the new generation fluoroquinolones."	( Genotoxicity of 17 gyrase- and four mammalian topoisomerase II-poisons in prokaryotic and eukaryotic test systems. Albertini, S; Chételat, AA; Gocke, E; Miller, B; Muster, W; Pujadas, E; Strobel, R, 1995)	0.29
" Generally, adverse effects reported in association with the fluoroquinolones have been those that could have been predicted by previous experience with non-fluorinated derivatives and by animal toxicity studies."	( Safety and tolerability of fluoroquinolones. Lietman, PS; Norrby, SR, 1993)	0.29
"05%) was uniformly toxic to both cultured human cells and microorganisms; (2) nitrofurazone (0."	( Cytotoxicity testing of topical antimicrobial agents on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts for cultured skin grafts. Boyce, ST; Holder, IA; Warden, GD, )	0.13
" All 10 patients provided analyzable data even though one patient withdrew before the 144-h sample because of an adverse event unrelated to the study medication."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of flosequinan in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Hind, ID; Hinson, JL; Weidler, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" Adverse effects in the lomefloxacin group were observed on 20 occasions in 12 patients (one stopped treatment) compared to nine occasions in five patients treated with norfloxacin (difference not significant)."	( Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus norfloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. Benne, RA; Boon, TA; de Hond, HA; de Wit, MA; Havinga, WH; Hoepelman, IM; van Asbeck, FW; Verhoef, J; Visser, MR; Zwinkels, M, 1993)	0.29
" Prulifloxacin had no adverse effects on reproductive function of the parent animals, and also on development of the fetuses."	( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of prulifloxacin (NM441)(1)--A fertility study in rats by oral administration]. Fujii, S; Furukawa, S; Kikumori, M; Morinaga, T; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Watanabe, M; Yasuhira, K, 1996)	0.29
" Prulifloxacin also did not affect delivery and the number of live newborns and birth index, or have any adverse effects on the postnatal development of the first generation offspring (F1) such as differentiation, functional development, emotionality, motor ability, learning ability or reproductive performance."	( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of prulifloxacin (NM441)(2)--A teratogenicity study in rats by oral administration]. Fujii, S; Furukawa, S; Kikumori, M; Morinaga, T; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Watanabe, M; Yasuhira, K, 1996)	0.29
" Prulifloxacin also did not affect the number of live newborns and birth index, and have any adverse effects on the postnatal development of the first generation offspring (F1) such as differentiation, functional development, emotionality, motor ability, learning ability and reproductive performance."	( [Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies of prulifloxacin (NM441)(4)--A perinatal and postnatal study in rats by oral administration]. Fujii, S; Kikumori, M; Morinaga, T; Nishimori, T; Okazaki, I; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Watanabe, M, 1996)	0.29
" The incidence of adverse events, the incidence and severity of antibacterial-related adverse events and the incidence of antibacterial discontinuation due to adverse events were no different among patients treated with sparfloxacin compared with those who received a comparator antibacterial agent."	( Safety profile of sparfloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Rubinstein, E, 1996)	0.29
" Few serious adverse cardiovascular events have been reported during post-marketing surveillance of sparfloxacin and all have occurred in patients with an underlying cardiac condition."	( Overview of electrocardiographic and cardiovascular safety data for sparfloxacin. Sparfloxacin Safety Group. Brumpt, I; Jaillon, P; Morganroth, J; Talbot, G, 1996)	0.29
"(S)-10-[(S)-(8-Amino-6-azaspiro[3,4]octan-6-yl)]-9-fluoro-2, 3-dihydro-3-methyl-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxyli c acid hemihydrate (CAS 151390-79-3, DV-7751a) a new quinolone antibacterial agent, was examined for LD50 value, phototoxicity and convulsion inducing potential in laboratory animals."	( LD50 value, phototoxicity and convulsion induction test of the new quinolone antibacterial agent (S)-10-[(S)-(8-amino-6-azaspiro[3,4]octan-6-yl)]-9-fluoro-2, 3-dihydro-3-methyl-7-oxo-7H-pyrido[1,2,3-de][1,4]benzoxazine-6-carboxyl ic acid hemihydrate in la Akahane, K; Kato, M; Nomura, M; Shimoda, K, 1996)	0.29
"To elucidate the mechanism of phototoxicity induced as a side effect by some of the new quinolone antibiotics, we studied sparfloxacin (SPFX), lomefloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin."	( Participation of reactive oxygen species in phototoxicity induced by quinolone antibacterial agents. Arakane, K; Hirobe, M; Mashiko, S; Nagano, T; Ryu, A; Umezawa, N, 1997)	0.3
" Grepafloxacin was well tolerated, with the most frequently reported drug-related adverse events being taste perversion and nausea."	( Efficacy and safety of grepafloxacin 600 mg daily for 10 days in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Breisch, SA; Maroli, AN; Swarz, H; Topkis, S, )	0.13
" All treatments were well tolerated, with the most frequently reported drug-related adverse events being nausea, taste perversion, and headache."	( Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily. Breisch, S; Chodosh, S; Lakshminarayan, S; Swarz, H, 1998)	0.3
" The most common adverse events observed for the 400 mg and 600 mg treatments during these studies were gastrointestinal reactions, such as nausea (11% and 15%, respectively), vomiting (1% and 6%) and diarrhoea (3% and 4%)."	( Safety profile of grepafloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones. Schwabe, R; Stahlmann, R, 1997)	0.3
" Safety and tolerability were assessed by evaluation of vital signs, electrocardiograms, electroencephalograms, clinical chemistry parameters, results of urinalysis, and adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single doses of moxifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy quinolone, administered to healthy subjects. Dalhoff, A; Kubitza, D; Schühly, U; Stass, H, 1998)	0.3
"In this study, the anticonvulsant and adverse effects of compounds that belong to four different categories of systemically available N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands were compared, namely the competitive antagonist CGP 40116, the noncompetitive antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine), the glycineB receptor antagonist L-701,324, and the glycineB receptor high-efficacy partial agonist D-cycloserine."	( Anti-convulsant and adverse effects of the glycineB receptor ligands, D-cycloserine and L-701,324: comparison with competitive and non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists. Wlaź, P, 1998)	0.3
" In conclusion, DW-116 was safe in this study, the first administration to human subjects."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the new long-acting quinolone DW-116 after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects. Choi, MS; Chung, YH; Dilger, C; Lee, CW; Lee, DK; Meyerhoff, C; Pabst, G; Reh, C; Ryu, JM; Yoon, SJ, 1998)	0.3
" The most common adverse events with grepafloxacin 400 or 600 mg were gastrointestinal, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea."	( Grepafloxacin: a review of its safety profile based on clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance. Elies, W; Lode, H; Vogel, F, 1999)	0.3
"1%) of 1331 receiving a comparator regimen experienced at least 1 adverse event considered to be related to the study medication."	( Safety profile of sparfloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Dorr, MB; Lipsky, BA; Magner, DJ; Talbot, GH, 1999)	0.3
"Today's lifestyle is often associated with frequent exposure to sunlight, but some xenobiotics used in drugs, cosmetics or food chemicals can produce adverse biological effects when irradiated."	( Fluoroquinolones as chemical tools to define a strategy for photogenotoxicity in vitro assessment. Agapakis-Causse, C; Belaidi, JP; Chaubo, C; Marrot, L; Meunier, JR; Perez, P, 2001)	0.31
" Since that review, some new knowledge allows us to better predict that some structural moieties are more likely than others to form drug reactive metabolites that may be involved in causing toxic effects in humans."	( Structure toxicity relationships--how useful are they in predicting toxicities of new drugs? Nelson, SD, 2001)	0.31
"Aripiprazole, effective against positive and negative symptoms, is a safe and well-tolerated potential treatment for schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder."	( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole and haloperidol versus placebo in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Ali, MW; Carson, WH; Ingenito, GG; Kane, JM; McQuade, RD; Saha, AR; Zimbroff, DL, 2002)	0.31
" This includes general adverse events, a low incidence of reported weight gain and a low liability for inducing movement disorders."	( Aripiprazole: profile on efficacy and safety. Goodnick, PJ; Jerry, JM, 2002)	0.31
" Another manifestation of toxic effects of quinolones on connective tissue structures are tendopathies."	( Children as a special population at risk--quinolones as an example for xenobiotics exhibiting skeletal toxicity. Stahlmann, R, 2003)	0.32
" The present study was conducted to better understand the teratogenic effects of DW-116 at several developmental toxic doses in rats."	( Developmental toxicity evaluation of the new fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 in rats. Ahn, TH; Chung, MK; Jang, BS; Kang, SS; Kim, CY; Kim, JC; Kim, SH; Shin, DH, 2003)	0.32
" There were no adverse effects on body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, necropsy findings and histopathology in any treatment group."	( 26-Week repeated oral dose toxicity study of the new quinolone antibacterial DW-116 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ahn, TH; Chung, MK; Ha, CS; Han, J; Kang, SS; Kim, CY; Kim, JC; Shin, DH; Song, SW, 2003)	0.32
" Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) reports, EPS scales, ECGs, weight, and prolactin, glucose and cholesterol levels."	( Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability in short-term, placebo-controlled trials. Ali, M; Iwamoto, T; Kaplita, S; Marcus, R; Marder, SR; McQuade, RD; Safferman, AZ; Saha, A; Stock, E, 2003)	0.32
" The cytotoxicity of tested compounds indicated that compound 1a was the less toxic compound (IC50 > 62."	( Antituberculosis agents IV: in vitro antimycobacterial activity and cytotoxicity of N-piperazinyl quinolone derivatives containing 2-thienyl and 2-furyl moiety. Foroumadi, A; Mirzaei, M; Soltani, F, 2003)	0.32
" Concentrations between 50 and 5000 microgl(-1) induced both toxic effect and hormesis in plants, by significantly modifying both length of primary root, hypocotyl, cotyledons and the number/length of leaves."	( Phytotoxicity to and uptake of enrofloxacin in crop plants. Cozzolino, S; Fiori, M; Migliore, L, 2003)	0.32
" Discontinuations due to adverse events did not differ significantly between the aripiprazole and placebo groups."	( A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Ali, M; Ingenito, G; Keck, PE; Liebeskind, A; Marcus, R; Saha, A; Tourkodimitris, S, 2003)	0.32
"Aripiprazole had significantly greater efficacy than placebo for the treatment of bipolar disorder patients in acute manic or mixed episodes and was safe and well tolerated in this randomized controlled trial."	( A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Ali, M; Ingenito, G; Keck, PE; Liebeskind, A; Marcus, R; Saha, A; Tourkodimitris, S, 2003)	0.32
" Time to discontinuation due to adverse events or lack of efficacy was significantly greater with aripiprazole than with haloperidol (p=0."	( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole vs. haloperidol for long-term maintenance treatment following acute relapse of schizophrenia. Ali, M; Archibald, D; Carson, WH; Ingenito, G; Kasper, S; Lerman, MN; Marcus, R; McQuade, RD; Pigott, T; Saha, A, 2003)	0.32
" Adverse events were generally mild to moderate, were transient in nature, and commonly occurred within the first 3 days of dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of aripiprazole following multiple oral dosing in normal healthy volunteers. Bramer, SL; Mallikaarjun, S; Salazar, DE, 2004)	0.32
" The aim of this study is to determine the potential adverse effects of this chemical on pregnancy, delivery and lactation of dams and on peri- and postnatal development of F1 offspring."	( Peri- and postnatal developmental toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 in rats. Chung, MK; Jung, YH; Kim, JC; Kim, SH; Kwon, HJ; Oh, KS; Shin, DH; Shin, HC; Yun, HI, 2004)	0.32
"This article reviews the precautions and adverse effects associated with vesnarinone use, and the potential mechanisms responsible for these complications as well as suggested treatment strategies."	( Precautions for use and adverse effects of vesnarinone: potential mechanisms and future therapies. Bertolet, BD, 2004)	0.32
"To develop the safe formulation that can safely improve bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and that is practically available, we prepared the suppositories of rebamipide, a poorly soluble and poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, by employing the combinatorial use of sodium laurate (C12), an absorption enhancer, with taurine (Tau) or L-glutamine (L-Gln), an adjuvant exerting the cytoprotective action."	( Development of suppository formulation safely improving rectal absorption of rebamipide, a poorly absorbable drug, by utilizing sodium laurate and taurine. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2004)	0.32
"Five new antipsychotic drugs introduced in the United States in the last decade offer physicians the ability to treat patients with schizophrenia and bipolar mania without the adverse effects of the first-generation antipsychotics."	( The promise of atypical antipsychotics: fewer side effects mean enhanced compliance and improved functioning. Citrome, L; Volavka, J, 2004)	0.32
" There were no adverse effects on either pregnant dams or embryo-foetal development at 19."	( Developmental toxicity assessment of the new fluoroquinolone antibacterial DW-116 in rabbits. Bae, CS; Chung, MK; Kim, JC; Kim, JH; Kim, SH; Lim, JH; Oh, KS; Shin, DH; Yun, HI, )	0.13
" However, there are still significant adverse effects and toxicities with this class of medications."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
"Continued research to evaluate adverse effects and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics and each other is reviewed."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
"While new atypical antipsychotic medications may have a safer therapeutic and overdose profile than first-generation antipsychotic medications, many adverse and toxic effects still need to be considered in therapeutic monitoring and overdose management."	( Toxicology and overdose of atypical antipsychotic medications in children: does newer necessarily mean safer? Dubois, D, 2005)	0.33
" Several clinical trials have not shown efficacy, and there have been concerns about adverse events."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dagerman, K; Insel, PS; Schneider, LS, 2006)	0.33
" Clinical and trials characteristics, outcomes, and adverse events were extracted."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dagerman, K; Insel, PS; Schneider, LS, 2006)	0.33
" Adverse events were mainly somnolence and urinary tract infection or incontinence across drugs, and extrapyramidal symptoms or abnormal gait with risperidone or olanzapine."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dagerman, K; Insel, PS; Schneider, LS, 2006)	0.33
" Dropouts and adverse events further limit effectiveness."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Dagerman, K; Insel, PS; Schneider, LS, 2006)	0.33
" Assessments included monitoring of adverse events (AEs), blood chemistry (including serum potassium and blood glucose), vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate), electrocardiograms and spirometry."	( Safety, tolerability and efficacy of indacaterol, a novel once-daily beta(2)-agonist, in patients with COPD: a 28-day randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Bao, W; Beier, J; Chanez, P; Higgins, M; Jack, D; Martinot, JB; Schreurs, AJ; Tkácová, R, 2007)	0.34
" Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), weight gain, serum prolactin level, QTc interval, and self-reported adverse events were assessed as measures of safety and tolerability."	( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in the acute treatment of schizophrenia in Chinese patients with risperidone as an active control: a randomized trial. Chan, HY; Chiang, SC; Hwang, TJ; Hwu, HG; Lin, SK; Lin, WW; Su, TP, 2007)	0.34
" No patient discontinued the study because of treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole in patients with acute agitation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Auby, P; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Oren, DA; Sack, DA; Tran-Johnson, TK, 2007)	0.34
" Extrapyramidal symptom-related adverse events were lower for aripiprazole (1."	( Efficacy and safety of oral aripiprazole compared with haloperidol in patients transitioning from acute treatment with intramuscular formulations. Allen, MH; Crandall, DT; Currier, GW; Daniel, DG; Manos, G; McQuade, R; Oren, D; Pikalov, AA; Zimbroff, DL, 2007)	0.34
"Acutely agitated patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder treated with aripiprazole IM or haloperidol IM demonstrated similar effective and safe transition to their respective oral formulations."	( Efficacy and safety of oral aripiprazole compared with haloperidol in patients transitioning from acute treatment with intramuscular formulations. Allen, MH; Crandall, DT; Currier, GW; Daniel, DG; Manos, G; McQuade, R; Oren, D; Pikalov, AA; Zimbroff, DL, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events (AEs) that occurred in > or = 10% of patients with adjunctive placebo or adjunctive aripiprazole were akathisia (4."	( The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Berman, RM; Carson, WH; Corey-Lisle, PK; Khan, A; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Swanink, R, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events (AEs), laboratory assessments, vital signs, electrocardiograms, spirometry and physical examinations were monitored."	( Safety and tolerability of indacaterol in asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled 28-day study. Bao, W; Cameron, R; Chuchalin, AG; Dahl, R; Higgins, M; Krug, N; Luursema, PB; Richter, K; Tsoi, AN; van As, A; Woessner, R, 2007)	0.34
" The treatment-emergent adverse events reported in >or=5% of patients aged 18-40 years receiving aripiprazole were similar to those reported for the overall population."	( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in subpopulations with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Carlson, B; Eudicone, J; McQuade, R; Pikalov, A; Suppes, T, 2008)	0.35
" Few adverse events were reported; all were mild or moderate in severity."	( Efficacy and safety of single therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of indacaterol versus salmeterol and salbutamol in patients with asthma. Barbier, M; Brookman, LJ; Elharrar, B; Fuhr, R; Knowles, LJ; Pascoe, S, 2007)	0.34
" The sustained bronchodilation of indacaterol 1000 microg was not associated with sustained systemic adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of single therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of indacaterol versus salmeterol and salbutamol in patients with asthma. Barbier, M; Brookman, LJ; Elharrar, B; Fuhr, R; Knowles, LJ; Pascoe, S, 2007)	0.34
" Treatment-emergent adverse events occurring during the pivotal trials revealed statistically significant NNH versus placebo (or placebo equivalent) for aripiprazole for headache (NNH = 20, 95% CI = 11 to 170) and nausea (NNH = 17, 95% CI = 11 to 38), for ziprasidone in the treatment of headache (NNH = 15, 95% CI = 8 to 703), and for olanzapine in treatment-emergent hypotension (NNH = 50, 95% CI = 30 to 154)."	( Comparison of intramuscular ziprasidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole for agitation: a quantitative review of efficacy and safety. Citrome, L, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse effects and their impact on treatment course were also evaluated."	( Aripiprazole: effectiveness and safety under naturalistic conditions. Amoretti, A; Di Lorenzo, R; Fiorini, F; Forghieri, M; Genedani, S; Rigatelli, M, 2007)	0.34
"7%) and treatment-related adverse events (82."	( A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of alcohol dependence. Anton, RF; Breder, C; Carson, WH; Han, J; Kranzler, H; Marcus, RN, 2008)	0.35
" Indacaterol was well tolerated: the incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar between the active and placebo groups, and AEs, when they occurred, were mild or moderate for most (98."	( Tolerability of indacaterol, a novel once-daily beta2-agonist, in patients with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 28-day safety study. Beier, J; Cameron, R; Higgins, M; Magula, D; Martinot, JB; Owen, R; Pohunek, P; Yang, WH, 2007)	0.34
" Adverse events occurring in 10% of patients or more with adjunctive placebo or aripiprazole were akathisia (4."	( The efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder: a second multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Berman, RM; Carson, WH; Fava, M; Hennicken, D; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Simon, JS; Thase, ME; Trivedi, MH, 2008)	0.35
" Aripiprazole is a second-generation antipsychotic that seems to have a favorable side-effect profile."	( The safety of the electroconvulsive therapy-aripiprazole combination: four case reports. Karakatsanis, NA; Karapoulios, E; Kouzoupis, AV; Masdrakis, VG; Oulis, P; Soldatos, CR; Zervas, IM, 2008)	0.35
" Combined application of clozapine and aripiprazole is in accordance with a neurobiological rationale and appears to be a safe and well tolerated."	( Adjunctive aripiprazole decreased metabolic side effects of clozapine treatment. Libiger, J; Masopust, J; Tůma, I, 2008)	0.35
"Aripiprazole (15 mg/day) is safe and tolerable when combined with cocaine; however, the usefulness of aripiprazole as a treatment for cocaine-use disorders remains to be determined."	( The safety, tolerability, and subject-rated effects of acute intranasal cocaine administration during aripiprazole maintenance II: increased aripipirazole dose and maintenance period. Hays, LR; Lile, JA; Rush, CR; Stoops, WW, 2008)	0.35
"Dopamine receptor antagonists are commonly used to counter the adverse effects of opioids such as hallucinations, delusions and emesis."	( Suppression of dopamine-related side effects of morphine by aripiprazole, a dopamine system stabilizer. Amano, T; Asato, M; Hashimoto, K; Ikegami, D; Kuzumaki, N; Matsushima, Y; Nakamura, A; Narita, M; Niikura, K; Shiokawa, M; Suzuki, T; Takagi, S; Takei, D; Tsurukawa, Y, 2008)	0.35
" No difference in the incidence of adverse events was seen between the two groups, confirming the safety of rebamipide."	( Efficacy and safety of rebamipide for the treatment of dry mouth symptoms in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Kawakami, A; Koni, I; Nishinarita, M; Nishiyama, S; Ohta, S; Oka, H; Sawada, S; Sugai, S; Sugiyama, E; Takahashi, H; Takei, M; Umehara, H; Yamaji, K, 2009)	0.35
" Tolerability and safety were assessed by monitoring the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), vital signs, weight, and laboratory tests."	( Long-term efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder: 26-week prospective study. Cho, SJ; Jang, JH; Kang, DH; Kim, YK; Kwon, JS; Yoo, SY, 2009)	0.35
"Completion rates were between 84% and 90% and comparable across all subgroups, with low discontinuations due to adverse events."	( Adjunctive aripiprazole in major depressive disorder: analysis of efficacy and safety in patients with anxious and atypical features. Berman, RM; Carlson, BX; Fava, M; Marcus, RN; Nelson, CJ; Pikalov, A; Qi, Y; Thase, ME; Tran, QV; Trivedi, MH; Yang, H, 2008)	0.35
" Safety and tolerability evaluations included incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and extrapyramidal symptom assessments (SAS, BARS, and AIMS), and metabolic profile changes including weight and BMI."	( The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of aripiprazole for the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: results from a pooled analysis of a sub-population of subjects from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pivotal trials. Assunção-Talbott, S; Eudicone, JM; Glick, ID; Mankoski, R; Marcus, RN; Tran, QV, 2009)	0.35
"Aripiprazole was generally well tolerated, with agitation/activation the most common side effect reported in elderly inpatients."	( Aripiprazole prescribing patterns and side effects in elderly psychiatric inpatients. Coley, KC; Fabian, TJ; Lenze, EJ; Ruby, C; Scipio, TM, 2009)	0.35
" These results demonstrate that in both photocatalytic processes studied, toxicity decreases significantly, producing a phototreated sample within safe toxicity limits."	( Solar photocatalytic treatment of quinolones: intermediates and toxicity evaluation. Agüera, A; Fernández-Alba, AR; Gernjak, W; Malato, S; Sirtori, C; Zapata, A, 2009)	0.35
" Primary endpoint was rate of discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) during the 12-week study."	( Switching to aripiprazole in outpatients with schizophrenia experiencing insufficient efficacy and/or safety/tolerability issues with risperidone: a randomized, multicentre, open-label study. Kahn, JP; Kerselaers, W; Lissens, J; McQuade, RD; Modell, S; Ryckmans, V; Sanchez, R; Werner, C, 2009)	0.35
" The ultimate aim for this research is to determine whether this combination is safe and is superior to either drug taken alone in reducing alcohol use in alcohol dependent patients."	( A safety and tolerability laboratory study of the combination of aripiprazole and topiramate in volunteers who drink alcohol. Kenna, GA; Leggio, L; Swift, RM, 2009)	0.35
" Participants reported adverse events (AEs) daily alcohol use and participated in an alcohol challenge session (ACS)."	( A safety and tolerability laboratory study of the combination of aripiprazole and topiramate in volunteers who drink alcohol. Kenna, GA; Leggio, L; Swift, RM, 2009)	0.35
" No severe or serious adverse events were observed."	( Dose escalation study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel potent broad-spectrum nonfluorinated quinolone, in healthy volunteers. Ajayi, F; Aronstein, WS; Chang, LW; Chung, DT; Hsu, CH; Kuzmak, B; Lin, L; Lyon, RA; Tsai, CY, 2010)	0.36
" Nemonoxacin was generally safe and well tolerated, with no significant changes in the clinical laboratory tests or electrocardiograms."	( Multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral nemonoxacin (TG-873870) in healthy volunteers. Chang, LW; Chang, YT; Chen, SJ; Chiu, KM; Chung, DT; Hsu, CH; Hsu, MC; King, CH; Tan, HC; Tsai, CY, 2010)	0.36
" Most common adverse effects included appetite increase and weight gain in 5 subjects, mild extrapyramidal effects in 7 subjects, and headaches and tiredness/fatigue in 7 subjects; 1 subject experienced akathisia and muscle cramps."	( Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder: an open-label safety and tolerability study. Coffey, BJ; Goldman, R; Hirsch, S; Jummani, R; Lyon, GJ; Samar, S; Spirgel, A, 2009)	0.35
"Aripiprazole appears to be a safe and tolerable treatment in children and adolescents with TD that appears to reduce tics; it should be further investigated as a treatment option in controlled trials."	( Aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder: an open-label safety and tolerability study. Coffey, BJ; Goldman, R; Hirsch, S; Jummani, R; Lyon, GJ; Samar, S; Spirgel, A, 2009)	0.35
" Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs), mean serum potassium and blood glucose, QTc (Fridericia), and vital signs."	( Efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 microg once-daily in COPD: a double-blind, randomised, 12-week study. Feldman, G; Higgins, M; Jack, D; Kramer, B; Owen, R; Piggott, S; Prasad, N; Siler, T, 2010)	0.36
" However, the adverse effects induced by quinolones, such as tendon/articular toxicity, central nervous system toxicity, phototoxicity and dysglycemia, have greatly restricted their therapeutic use."	( Possible involvement of DEC1 on the adverse effects of quinolone antibiotics. Ma, W; Shi, X; Wang, Y; Zheng, Y, 2010)	0.36
" Frequently reported adverse events (AEs) that occurred with ARI + LI vs."	( Assessment of safety, tolerability and effectiveness of adjunctive aripiprazole to lithium/valproate in bipolar mania: a 46-week, open-label extension following a 6-week double-blind study. Baudelet, C; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R; Sanchez, R; Vieta, E, 2010)	0.36
"Long-term aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium/valproate in bipolar mania was safe and well tolerated."	( Assessment of safety, tolerability and effectiveness of adjunctive aripiprazole to lithium/valproate in bipolar mania: a 46-week, open-label extension following a 6-week double-blind study. Baudelet, C; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R; Sanchez, R; Vieta, E, 2010)	0.36
" The results of the study suggested that indacaterol has a wide therapeutic index and is safe and well tolerated."	( [Efficacy and safety of indacaterol - new long-acting beta(2) agonist]. Chazan, R, 2010)	0.36
" Early onset schizophrenia warrants effective pharmacological treatment that is safe and well tolerated by children and adolescent population."	( The use of aripiprazole in early onset schizophrenia: safety and efficacy. Hamidin, A; Normala, I, 2009)	0.35
" The microbial species representing wide diversity, generated 11 microbial toxic concentration (MTC) values were obtained giving a unique "toxic fingerprint" profile of the test sample."	( Application of microbial assay for risk assessment biotest in evaluation of toxicity of human and veterinary antibiotics. Adomas, B; Nałecz-Jawecki, G; Piotrowicz-Cieślak, AI; Sawicki, J; Wadhia, K, 2010)	0.36
" All three treatments were well tolerated, and no drug-related serious adverse events were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia. Bester, AJ; Chang, LW; Chang, YT; Chung, DT; Ho, ML; Hsu, MC; Kasumba, J; King, CH; Mitha, IH; Perng, RP; van Rensburg, DJ; Wu, RG, 2010)	0.36
" Akathisia was the most common adverse event in both the older (17."	( Efficacy and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in major depressive disorder in older patients: a pooled subpopulation analysis. Andersson, C; Berman, RM; Carlson, BX; Eudicone, JM; Forbes, RA; Nelson, JC; Steffens, DC; Tran, QV; Yang, H, 2011)	0.37
" Once-daily QVA149 was well tolerated in COPD patients with a cardiovascular safety profile and overall adverse event rates similar to placebo."	( Cardiovascular safety of QVA149, a combination of Indacaterol and NVA237, in COPD patients. Dolker, M; Fabbri, LM; Horton, R; Martin, C; Overend, T; Van de Maele, B, 2010)	0.36
" Adverse events (AEs) were analysed overall and according to Anti-Platelet Trialists' Collaboration (APTC) criteria and baseline cardiovascular risk factors."	( Cardio- and cerebrovascular safety of indacaterol vs formoterol, salmeterol, tiotropium and placebo in COPD. Chung, KF; Felser, JM; Hu, H; Rueegg, P; Worth, H, 2011)	0.37
" Most adverse events were mild or moderate, with none considered serious or leading to withdrawal."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single escalating doses of indacaterol, a once-daily beta2-agonist bronchodilator, in subjects with COPD. Brookman, L; Hmissi, A; Kaiser, G; Pascoe, S; Perry, S; Pleskow, W; Reynolds, C, 2011)	0.37
"Even at doses far in excess of the therapeutic range, indacaterol had minimal systemic effects; such changes would be considered within safe limits for a single dose."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single escalating doses of indacaterol, a once-daily beta2-agonist bronchodilator, in subjects with COPD. Brookman, L; Hmissi, A; Kaiser, G; Pascoe, S; Perry, S; Pleskow, W; Reynolds, C, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events, mostly mild or moderate, occurred in 76%, 77%, and 68% of subjects receiving indacaterol, 150 μg; indacaterol, 300 μg; and placebo, respectively."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of indacaterol, a long-acting β₂-agonist, in subjects with COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chapman, KR; Dogra, A; Kramer, B; Lassen, C; Owen, R; Rennard, SI, 2011)	0.37
" Safety and tolerability measures included incidences of adverse events, extrapyramidal symptoms, weight, metabolic measures, vital signs, and other clinical assessments."	( Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pediatric patients with autistic disorder: a 52-week, open-label, multicenter study. Carson, WH; Findling, RL; Kamen, L; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were experienced by 286/330 subjects (86."	( Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pediatric patients with autistic disorder: a 52-week, open-label, multicenter study. Carson, WH; Findling, RL; Kamen, L; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R, 2011)	0.37
"Aripiprazole was generally safe and well tolerated in the long-term treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder in pediatric subjects."	( Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pediatric patients with autistic disorder: a 52-week, open-label, multicenter study. Carson, WH; Findling, RL; Kamen, L; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R, 2011)	0.37
" Although they have been known to have various adverse effects, most of the mechanisms remain still unknown."	( [Safety profile of antimicrobial agents]. Hori, S, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events (mostly mild or moderate) were reported for 52% and 46% of patients receiving indacaterol and placebo, respectively, and serious adverse events for 4% and 5%."	( Bronchodilator efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 μg once daily in patients with COPD: an analysis of pooled data. Bleecker, ER; Kramer, B; Owen, R; Siler, T, 2011)	0.37
" Outcomes were adverse events, serious adverse events and deaths, plasma potassium, blood glucose, and QTc interval and vital signs."	( Safety of indacaterol in the treatment of patients with COPD. Donohue, JF; Kornmann, O; Kramer, B; Lassen, C; Lawrence, D; Singh, D, 2011)	0.37
"The commonest adverse events with indacaterol were COPD worsening, nasopharyngitis, and headache; most cases were mild or moderate and incidence was generally similar to placebo and other active treatments."	( Safety of indacaterol in the treatment of patients with COPD. Donohue, JF; Kornmann, O; Kramer, B; Lassen, C; Lawrence, D; Singh, D, 2011)	0.37
" Three patients allocated elvitegravir had serious adverse events related to study drugs compared with seven assigned raltegravir; two and eight patients died, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of once daily elvitegravir versus twice daily raltegravir in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 receiving a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor: randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Andrade-Villanueva, J; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Clotet, B; Clumeck, N; Lamarca, A; Liu, YP; Margot, N; Molina, JM; Zhong, L, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events for indacaterol (49."	( Efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 and 300 µg in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients from six Asian areas including Japan: a 12-week, placebo-controlled study. Fukuchi, Y; Hang, LW; Hosoe, M; Ichinose, M; Kinoshita, M; Kramer, B; Lee, SH; Okino, N; Prasad, N, 2012)	0.38
" The Systematic Assessment of Treatment Emergent Events-General Inquiry was used to assess adverse effects."	( The effectiveness and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in Taiwanese patients with antidepressant-refractory major depressive disorder: a prospective, open-label trial. Chen, SJ; Chen, ST; Hsiao, YL; Shen, TW, 2012)	0.38
" Patients with RFP-associated adverse effects were subdivided into RFP-maintenance (RFP-M; n = 18) and QNL-conversion (QNL-C; n = 8) groups."	( Safety and efficacy of a quinolone-based regimen for treatment of tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients. Chang, YK; Choi, BS; Chung, HW; Hwang, HS; Jeon, YJ; Kim, SY; Kim, YS; Lee, SJ; Park, CW; Shin, SJ; Yang, CW; Yoon, HE, 2012)	0.38
"A QNL-based regimen may be safe and effective for treatment of tuberculosis and may lower the risk of graft failure in renal transplant recipients."	( Safety and efficacy of a quinolone-based regimen for treatment of tuberculosis in renal transplant recipients. Chang, YK; Choi, BS; Chung, HW; Hwang, HS; Jeon, YJ; Kim, SY; Kim, YS; Lee, SJ; Park, CW; Shin, SJ; Yang, CW; Yoon, HE, 2012)	0.38
" The most common adverse events (> 15% of patients; aripiprazole vs."	( A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in Asian patients with bipolar I disorder (the AMAZE study). Ishigooka, J; Kanba, S; Kawasaki, H; Kinoshita, T; Kuroki, T; Sakamoto, K, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment was generally safe and well tolerated."	( A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in Asian patients with bipolar I disorder (the AMAZE study). Ishigooka, J; Kanba, S; Kawasaki, H; Kinoshita, T; Kuroki, T; Sakamoto, K, 2014)	0.4
"No severe or serious adverse events (AEs) occurred in this study, and no clinically significant abnormalities were noted in the vital signs or on physical examination."	( Safety and clinical pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, in healthy Chinese volunteers following single and multiple oral doses. Cao, G; Guo, B; Shi, Y; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Primary metabolic markers (body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), percentage of patients who stay on the randomly assigned atypical antipsychotic for at least 6 months, psychopathology, percentage of patients who develop metabolic syndrome, and percentage of patients who develop serious and nonserious adverse events."	( Comparison of longer-term safety and effectiveness of 4 atypical antipsychotics in patients over age 40: a trial using equipoise-stratified randomization. Arndt, S; Glorioso, DK; Golshan, S; Henry, R; Jeste, DV; Jin, H; Kraemer, HC; Mudaliar, S; Shih, PA, 2013)	0.39
"Because of a high incidence of serious adverse events, quetiapine was discontinued midway through the trial."	( Comparison of longer-term safety and effectiveness of 4 atypical antipsychotics in patients over age 40: a trial using equipoise-stratified randomization. Arndt, S; Glorioso, DK; Golshan, S; Henry, R; Jeste, DV; Jin, H; Kraemer, HC; Mudaliar, S; Shih, PA, 2013)	0.39
" We summarized data relating to exacerbations and adverse events, particularly events related to COPD."	( The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Decramer, ML; Hanania, NA; Lötvall, JO; Yawn, BP, 2013)	0.39
"From 20 studies examined (8774 LABA-treated patients), there was no evidence of an association between LABA treatment and increased exacerbations, COPD-related adverse events, or deaths."	( The safety of long-acting β2-agonists in the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Decramer, ML; Hanania, NA; Lötvall, JO; Yawn, BP, 2013)	0.39
" Double-blind, randomized, controlled trials investigating the metabolic adverse effects (weight gain, lipid, glucose, and prolactin level abnormalities) associated with atypical antipsychotic use in children and adolescents aged ≤ 18 years were included, irrespective of whether the investigation of adverse effects was a primary or secondary endpoint."	( Weight gain and other metabolic adverse effects associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aitchison, KJ; Almandil, NB; Besag, FM; Liu, Y; Murray, ML; Wong, IC, 2013)	0.39
" However, data on the long-term exposure to these therapeutic options are needed, and a handful of case reports are emerging, reporting rare but potentially life-threatening adverse hepatic events in patients with hepatitis co-infection or taking other hepatotoxic drugs."	( Hepatoxicity of new antiretrovirals: a systematic review. Lacombe, K; Surgers, L, 2013)	0.39
" Systemic pharmacodynamics (potassium, heart rate, glucose and QTc), adverse events and systemic pharmacokinetics were also assessed."	( Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Ambery, C; Norris, V, 2013)	0.39
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in the two groups."	( Efficacy and safety of ivacaftor in patients aged 6 to 11 years with cystic fibrosis with a G551D mutation. Ahrens, R; Canny, GJ; Chilvers, MA; Davies, JC; Howenstine, MS; Li, H; Mainz, JG; Munck, A; Ordoñez, CL; Rodriguez, S; Wainwright, CE; Yen, K, 2013)	0.39
" Safety was assessed across study phases by the time of first onset of adverse events, as were objective measures of extrapyramidal symptoms, fasting metabolic parameters, and body weight."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of aripiprazole once-monthly in maintenance treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Baker, RA; Carson, W; Fleischhacker, WW; Forbes, RA; Jin, N; Johnson, B; Kane, JM; McQuade, R; Sanchez, R, 2013)	0.39
"5%) in the SOC group discontinued due to adverse events (physician and subject decision combined, P = ."	( A long-term, phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative safety study of pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 monohydrate) versus atypical antipsychotic standard of care in patients with schizophrenia. Adams, DH; Baygani, S; Kinon, BJ; Kollack-Walker, S; Millen, BA; Velona, I; Walling, DP, 2013)	0.39
"These data provide further evidence that the potential antipsychotic LY2140023 monohydrate, with a glutamatergic mechanism of action, may have a unique tolerability profile characterized by a low association with some adverse events such as extrapyramidal symptoms and weight gain that may characterize currently available dopaminergic antipsychotics."	( A long-term, phase 2, multicenter, randomized, open-label, comparative safety study of pomaglumetad methionil (LY2140023 monohydrate) versus atypical antipsychotic standard of care in patients with schizophrenia. Adams, DH; Baygani, S; Kinon, BJ; Kollack-Walker, S; Millen, BA; Velona, I; Walling, DP, 2013)	0.39
" Adverse events were assessed."	( A head-to-head comparison of aripiprazole and risperidone for safety and treating autistic disorders, a randomized double blind clinical trial. Berk, M; Ghanizadeh, A; Sahraeizadeh, A, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events were similar irrespective of prior atypical antipsychotic and duration of oral antipsychotic overlap, suggesting that patients can be safely switched from their existing oral antipsychotic to aripiprazole once monthly without requiring an intermediate stabilization phase with oral aripiprazole."	( Safety and tolerability of once monthly aripiprazole treatment initiation in adults with schizophrenia stabilized on selected atypical oral antipsychotics other than aripiprazole. Baker, RA; Bricmont, P; Eramo, A; Kasper, W; Mallikaarjun, S; McQuade, R; Peters-Strickland, T; Potkin, SG; Raoufinia, A; Sanchez, R, 2013)	0.39
" Primary endpoint was safety and tolerability for treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and efficacy of dual bronchodilation with QVA149 in COPD patients: the ENLIGHTEN study. Alagappan, VK; Banerji, D; Chapman, KR; Chen, H; Dahl, R; Kho, P; Mehta, R; Rudolf, M, 2013)	0.39
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were vomiting (13."	( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly in adult schizophrenia: an open-label, parallel-arm, multiple-dose study. Bricmont, P; Carson, W; Fleischhacker, WW; Forbes, RA; Kane, JM; Mallikaarjun, S; McQuade, R; Sanchez, R, 2013)	0.39
" Subjects were stratified by PAE; adverse events (AEs), and changes in weight, and metabolic measures were evaluated."	( Aripiprazole treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder and the relationship between prior antipsychotic exposure, adverse events, and weight change. Forbes, RA; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, R; Marler, S; McQuade, R; Stockton, G, 2013)	0.39
"2% in the IND+GLY group experienced an adverse event, with the majority being mild-to-moderate in severity."	( Efficacy and safety of QVA149 compared to the concurrent administration of its monocomponents indacaterol and glycopyrronium: the BEACON study. Alagappan, VK; Banerji, D; Chen, H; Dahl, R; Jadayel, D, 2013)	0.39
" Overall incidence of adverse events (including COPD exacerbations) was 55·4% (143 of 258) for the QVA149 group and 60·2% (159 of 264) for the SFC group."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with twice-daily salmeterol-fluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Alagappan, VK; Banerji, D; Bateman, ED; Chen, H; D'Andrea, P; Pallante, J; Vogelmeier, CF, 2013)	0.39
"The purpose of this project was to provide evidence-based guidance concerning when and how it is appropriate to undertake elective changes in antipsychotic medications in order to reduce adverse effects, with a focus on those adverse effects associated with increased long-term health risks."	( Switching antipsychotic medications to reduce adverse event burden in schizophrenia: establishing evidence-based practice. Buchanan, RW; Newcomer, JW; Weiden, PJ, 2013)	0.39
"Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is primarily limited by renal and gastrointestinal adverse effects."	( Effects of rebamipide on nephrotoxicity associated with selected NSAIDs in rats. Bullins, KW; Denham, JW; Hanley, AV; Hanley, GA; Harirforoosh, S; Panus, PC; Wood, RC; Wyatt, JE, 2013)	0.39
" The most common adverse events during phase 1 were weight increase (25."	( A randomized controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in the long-term maintenance treatment of pediatric patients with irritability associated with autistic disorder. Amatniek, J; Eudicone, JM; Findling, RL; Lears, K; Mankoski, R; Marcus, RN; McCartney, T; McQuade, RD; Sheehan, JJ; Timko, K, 2014)	0.4
" The treatment-emergent adverse event (AE) incidences were comparable between the groups; all study drug-related AEs were mild."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of boosted elvitegravir in subjects with hepatic impairment. Custodio, JM; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, M; Shen, G, 2014)	0.4
" Primary outcomes were trough FEV1, severe adverse events, and serious cardiovascular events."	( Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of indacaterol and Glycopyrronium for the treatment of COPD: a systematic review. Plaza, V; Rodrigo, GJ, 2014)	0.4
" There were no deaths or serious adverse events."	( Effect of dual bronchodilation with QVA149 on cardiac safety in healthy volunteers. Brown, M; Drollmann, A; Febbraro, S; Hara, H; Jones, I; Perry, S; Sechaud, R, 2014)	0.4
" The incidence of adverse events was similar for the two treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of coadministration of once-daily indacaterol and glycopyrronium versus indacaterol alone in COPD patients: the GLOW6 study. Aumann, J; Chen, H; Goyal, P; Henley, M; McBryan, D; Vincken, W, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events were assessed within each subgroup."	( Effect of symptom severity on efficacy and safety of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant monotherapy in major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis. Berman, RM; Hatch, A; Largay, K; Marler, SV; Nelson, JC; Sheehan, JJ; Stewart, TD, 2014)	0.4
" Common treatment-emergent adverse events included akathisia and restlessness."	( Effect of symptom severity on efficacy and safety of aripiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant monotherapy in major depressive disorder: a pooled analysis. Berman, RM; Hatch, A; Largay, K; Marler, SV; Nelson, JC; Sheehan, JJ; Stewart, TD, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were observed in either group."	( Efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) plus rebamipide for endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced ulcers: a meta-analysis. Cao, Z; Dong, W; Guo, X; Liu, M; Song, J; Wang, J; Ye, C; Yu, S; Zhang, J, 2014)	0.4
" The expression of lgaqnr in Escherichia coli reduced the susceptibility to quinolones, producing an adverse effect."	( Lactococcus garvieae carries a chromosomally encoded pentapeptide repeat protein that confers reduced susceptibility to quinolones in Escherichia coli producing a cytotoxic effect. Blanco, MM; Cutuli, MT; Díaz de Alba, P; Gibello, A; Machuca, J; Rodríguez-Martínez, JM, 2014)	0.4
" Safety and tolerability assessments included adverse event reporting, pulse and blood pressure monitoring, 12-lead electrocardiograms, laboratory tests, and physical examination."	( First-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abediterol (LAS100977), a novel long-acting Β2 -agonist. de Miquel, G; Jimenez, E; Massana, E; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B; Timmer, W, 2014)	0.4
" Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), weight gain, serum prolactin level, QTc interval, and self-reported adverse events were also assessed as measures of safety and tolerability."	( Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in Chinese Han schizophrenia subjects: a randomized, double-blind, active parallel-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. Gu, N; Kane, JM; Li, H; Luo, J; Wang, C; Wang, X; Xie, S; Xu, X; Yu, W, 2014)	0.4
" When the possibility of poor compliance and the potential adverse effects of misoprostol are considered, rebamipide appears to be a clinically effective and safe alternative."	( Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity. Cho, CS; Kang, YM; Kim, JH; Kim, SK; Lee, DH; Lee, SK; Lee, ST; Lee, YC; Park, SH; Park, W; Park, YW; Rew, JS; Yoo, WH, 2014)	0.4
" Drug-related adverse events (AEs) were mild, transient, and confined to local irritation at the injection site."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy chinese volunteers. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Guo, BN; Shi, YG; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Yu, JC; Zhang, J; Zhang, YY, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were observed in any of the patients in either group."	( Efficacy and safety of 1-week Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and 7-week rebamipide treatment after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer in comparison with 8-week PPI standard treatment: a randomized, controlled, prospective, m Azuma, T; Higuchi, K; Iguchi, M; Machida, H; Morita, Y; Naito, Y; Takeuchi, T; Takeuchi, Y; Tamada, T; Tominaga, K; Uedo, N; Yagi, N; Yamao, J; Yazumi, S, 2015)	0.42
" Serious adverse events were not observed in either group."	( Efficacy and safety of 1-week Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy and 7-week rebamipide treatment after endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer in comparison with 8-week PPI standard treatment: a randomized, controlled, prospective, m Azuma, T; Higuchi, K; Iguchi, M; Machida, H; Morita, Y; Naito, Y; Takeuchi, T; Takeuchi, Y; Tamada, T; Tominaga, K; Uedo, N; Yagi, N; Yamao, J; Yazumi, S, 2015)	0.42
" Overall hazard ratio (HR) was assessed between the active treatments and placebo and in various subgroups related to severity of airways obstruction, inhaled corticosteroid use, cardiovascular risk factors, sex, age and body mass index for death, serious cases of cardio- and cerebrovascular (CCV) events, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), pneumonia, COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or atrial flutter/fibrillation (AF/F)."	( Pooled safety analysis of the fixed-dose combination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium (QVA149), its monocomponents, and tiotropium versus placebo in COPD patients. Banerji, D; Buhl, R; Chen, H; D'Andrea, P; Dahl, R; Fogel, R; Schubert-Tennigkeit, A; Wedzicha, JA, 2014)	0.4
" The most common treatment-related adverse events were application-site reactions (erythema and pruritus), but the differences in local tolerability between ozenoxacin and placebo were not clinically significant."	( Systemic bioavailability, safety and tolerability of topical ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Albareda, N; Febbraro, S; Gropper, S; Santos, B, 2014)	0.4
" Only a few adverse events were reported across repeated-dose studies, and virtually all events were considered to be unrelated or unlikely to be related to ozenoxacin application."	( Cumulative irritation, sensitizing potential, phototoxicity and photoallergy of ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Cepero, AL; Dosik, JS; Gropper, S; LaStella, P; Siemetzki, H; Wigger-Alberti, W, 2014)	0.4
" The profile of treatment-emergent adverse events judged as related to abediterol was consistent with that seen after adrenergic stimulation and occurred exclusively in patients who received abediterol 10 μg or 25 μg."	( Abediterol (LAS100977), a novel long-acting β2-agonist: efficacy, safety and tolerability in persistent asthma. Beier, J; de Miquel, G; Fuhr, R; Jiménez, E; Massana, E; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B, 2014)	0.4
" The most common adverse events were injection site pain in 20 subjects (43."	( Relative bioavailability and safety of aripiprazole lauroxil, a novel once-monthly, long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic, following deltoid and gluteal administration in adult subjects with schizophrenia. Du, Y; Ehrich, EW; Hard, M; Risinger, R; Turncliff, R, 2014)	0.4
" The primary objective was to assess the long-term safety profile of ivacaftor as assessed by adverse events, clinical laboratory assessments, electrocardiograms, vital signs, and physical examination; secondary measures included change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), weight, and pulmonary exacerbations."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis who have the Gly551Asp-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label extension study (PERSIST). Borowitz, D; Davies, JC; Drevinek, P; Gilmartin, G; Griese, M; Jiang, Y; Konstan, MW; McKone, EF; Munck, A; Plant, B; Ratjen, F; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Wainwright, C, 2014)	0.4
" Across both trials, 38 (20%) patients had a serious adverse event during the first 48 weeks and 44 (23%) during the subsequent 48 weeks."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis who have the Gly551Asp-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label extension study (PERSIST). Borowitz, D; Davies, JC; Drevinek, P; Gilmartin, G; Griese, M; Jiang, Y; Konstan, MW; McKone, EF; Munck, A; Plant, B; Ratjen, F; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Wainwright, C, 2014)	0.4
" Risk assessment for the potential use of a drug, such as aripiprazole (Abilify), should not focus on any particular adverse effect, but rather should consider risk assessment in a broader context."	( Atypical antipsychotics are not all alike: side effects and risk assessment. Howland, RH, 2014)	0.4
" Nevertheless, accumulating clinical data suggest that they may be safe during pregnancy."	( The safety of quinolones in pregnancy. Akel, H; Chazan, B; Nachum, Z; Romano, S; Salim, R; Yefet, E, 2014)	0.4
" Indirect forms of quinolone toxicity such as Clostridium difficile infections or adverse reactions associated with drug-drug interactions are also discussed."	( Safety issues and drug-drug interactions with commonly used quinolones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
" Although several adverse events have been associated with their use, taking into consideration risk factors, contraindications and potential drug-drug interactions can drastically reduce the respective risks."	( Safety issues and drug-drug interactions with commonly used quinolones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
"The reports submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) from 1997 to 2011 were reviewed to assess serious adverse events induced by the administration of antipsychotics to children."	( Antipsychotics-associated serious adverse events in children: an analysis of the FAERS database. Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Kimura, G; Miki, I; Nakamura, T; Nisiguchi, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T, 2015)	0.42
" Signals in the data that signified a drug-associated adverse event were detected via quantitative data mining algorithms."	( Antipsychotics-associated serious adverse events in children: an analysis of the FAERS database. Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Kimura, G; Miki, I; Nakamura, T; Nisiguchi, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T, 2015)	0.42
" Significant signals of the QT prolongation adverse event were detected only for ziprasidone and risperidone."	( Antipsychotics-associated serious adverse events in children: an analysis of the FAERS database. Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Kimura, G; Miki, I; Nakamura, T; Nisiguchi, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T, 2015)	0.42
"It was suggested that there is a level of diversity in the strength of the association between various first- and second-generation antipsychotics with associated serious adverse events, which possibly lead to fatal outcomes."	( Antipsychotics-associated serious adverse events in children: an analysis of the FAERS database. Brown, JB; Kadoyama, K; Kimura, G; Miki, I; Nakamura, T; Nisiguchi, K; Okuno, Y; Sakaeda, T, 2015)	0.42
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable between both treatments (QVA149=43."	( Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with the free combination of once-daily tiotropium plus twice-daily formoterol in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD (QUANTIFY): a randomised, non-inferiority study. Buhl, R; Foerster, K; Gessner, C; Hiltl, S; Korn, S; Schuermann, W; Sieder, C, 2015)	0.42
" The primary endpoint was safety as determined by adverse events."	( Effect of ivacaftor in patients with advanced cystic fibrosis and a G551D-CFTR mutation: Safety and efficacy in an expanded access program in the United States. Gilmartin, G; Niknian, M; Pilewski, JM; Taylor-Cousar, J, 2016)	0.43
"The rate of serious adverse events was consistent with disease severity."	( Effect of ivacaftor in patients with advanced cystic fibrosis and a G551D-CFTR mutation: Safety and efficacy in an expanded access program in the United States. Gilmartin, G; Niknian, M; Pilewski, JM; Taylor-Cousar, J, 2016)	0.43
" Brexpiprazole was well tolerated - for schizophrenia, discontinuation rates because of an adverse event (AE) were overall lower for patients receiving brexpiprazole vs."	( Brexpiprazole for schizophrenia and as adjunct for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antipsychotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be hel Citrome, L, 2015)	0.42
" Outcomes of interest were progression-free survival, objective response rate (ORR), overall survival, discontinuation of treatment due to adverse events (DAE) and occurrence of specific toxicities."	( Efficacy and Safety of Selective Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors Compared with Sorafenib for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: a Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Balar, AV; Bangalore, S; Kang, SK; Ohmann, EL; Volodarskiy, A, 2016)	0.43
" Most drug-related adverse events were mild and transient, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, transient neutropenia, and elevated liver enzymes."	( A randomized, double-blind, multicenter Phase II study comparing the efficacy and safety of oral nemonoxacin with oral levofloxacin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Cao, Z; Chang, L; Chen, P; Cui, S; Hu, C; Kuang, J; Li, J; Liang, Y; Liu, H; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Lv, X; Lv, Y; Ren, Z; Sun, S; Wang, C; Wang, D; Wang, X; Wu, J; Xiao, Z; Xiu, Q; Yang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhao, L; Zhu, D, 2017)	0.46
" Common adverse events in part B included cough (in 19 [56%] of 34 patients) and vomiting (in ten [29%])."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ivacaftor in patients aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation (KIWI): an open-label, single-arm study. Cooke, J; Cunningham, S; Davies, JC; Green, Y; Harris, WT; Lapey, A; Regelmann, WE; Robertson, S; Rosenfeld, M; Sawicki, GS; Southern, KW, 2016)	0.43
"Ivacaftor at doses of 50 mg and 75 mg seems to be safe in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis with a gating mutation followed up for 24 weeks, although the frequency of elevated LFTs suggests that monitoring should be frequent in young children, particularly those with a history of elevated LFTs."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ivacaftor in patients aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation (KIWI): an open-label, single-arm study. Cooke, J; Cunningham, S; Davies, JC; Green, Y; Harris, WT; Lapey, A; Regelmann, WE; Robertson, S; Rosenfeld, M; Sawicki, GS; Southern, KW, 2016)	0.43
" Ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite may inhibit CYP3A and P-gp; therefore, ivacaftor may increase systemic exposure to drugs which are substrates of CYP3A and/or P-gp, increasing the potential for adverse events."	( A safety evaluation of ivacaftor for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. McColley, SA, 2016)	0.43
" We aimed to quantify co-administration of MQAB with interacting drugs and associated adverse drug reactions."	( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)	0.43
" Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and associated adverse events were validated in medical records."	( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)	0.43
" Forty-four MQAB users had contraindicated co-administrations of simvastatin, atorvastatin, or tizanidine and three of those related adverse drug reactions."	( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, adverse drug reactions were rarely found, and costs vs."	( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation. Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)	0.43
" In the short-term studies, there were no reports of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) with an incidence≥5% and twice that of placebo in patients treated with brexpiprazole 2-4mg."	( Overview of short- and long-term tolerability and safety of brexpiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Correll, CU; Hobart, M; Kane, JM; Ouyang, J; Skuban, A; Weiller, E; Weiss, C, 2016)	0.43
" There was no statistically significant differences in the risk difference for serious adverse events (5."	( An Indirect Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Abacavir/Lamivudine + Dolutegravir in Initial Therapy. Behrens, G; Borg, P; Bouee, S; M Llibre, J; Moyle, G; Piontkowsky, D; Raffi, F; Reilly, G; Rogatto, F, 2016)	0.43
" The primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability in terms of adverse event (AE) reporting rates over 52 weeks."	( Long-term safety of glycopyrrolate: A randomized study in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD (GEM3). Banerjee, R; D'Andrea, P; Eckert, JH; Gifford, AH; Jessop, N; Mahler, DA; Mota, F; Satti, A, 2016)	0.43
" The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events was low and comparable between the groups."	( Long-term safety of glycopyrrolate: A randomized study in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD (GEM3). Banerjee, R; D'Andrea, P; Eckert, JH; Gifford, AH; Jessop, N; Mahler, DA; Mota, F; Satti, A, 2016)	0.43
" Treatment was generally well tolerated, although the incidence of some respiratory adverse events was higher with lumacaftor/ivacaftor than with placebo in all subgroups."	( Efficacy and safety of lumacaftor/ivacaftor combination therapy in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del CFTR by pulmonary function subgroup: a pooled analysis. Boyle, MP; Elborn, JS; Huang, X; Konstan, MW; Marigowda, G; Ramsey, BW; Wainwright, CE; Waltz, D, 2016)	0.43
" The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events were fatigue (19."	( Efficacy and safety of dovitinib in pretreated patients with advanced squamous non-small cell lung cancer with FGFR1 amplification: A single-arm, phase 2 study. Ahn, JS; Ahn, MJ; Ahn, S; Cho, BC; Choi, YL; Kim, HR; Kim, JH; Lee, JY; Lee, SH; Lim, SH; Park, K; Sun, JM, 2016)	0.43
" Abediterol had low systemic exposure; incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between treatment groups."	( Abediterol, a novel long-acting β2-agonist: bronchodilation, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic results from a single-dose, dose-ranging, active-comparator study in patients with COPD. Astbury, C; Beier, J; de Miquel, G; Jimenez, E; Massana, E; Pujol, H; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B, 2016)	0.43
" All doses of abediterol were safe and well tolerated in patients with COPD."	( Abediterol, a novel long-acting β2-agonist: bronchodilation, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic results from a single-dose, dose-ranging, active-comparator study in patients with COPD. Astbury, C; Beier, J; de Miquel, G; Jimenez, E; Massana, E; Pujol, H; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B, 2016)	0.43
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was injection site pain (35."	( [Pharmacokinetics and safety of aripiprazole long-acting injection, following multiple deltoid administrations in schizophrenia patients in Japan]. Ishigooka, J; Nishiyama, K; Noda, T; Shima, T; Tadori, Y; Tamaru, N; Yamasaki, Y, 2016)	0.43
" During the maintenance phase, the incidence of adverse events was comparable to placebo."	( Efficacy and Safety of Brexpiprazole (OPC-34712) as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Carson, WH; Fleischhacker, WW; Forbes, A; Hobart, M; McQuade, RD; Nyilas, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Sanchez, R; Weiller, E, 2017)	0.46
" The regimen was well tolerated and no discontinuations related to adverse events occurred."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial. Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)	0.43
"To systematically review relevant literature comparing the oncological outcomes and adverse events of different systemic therapies for patients with metastatic non-ccRCC."	( A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Different Systemic Treatments for Non-clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Albiges, L; Bensalah, K; Bex, A; Canfield, SE; Dabestani, S; Fernández-Pello, S; Giles, RH; Hofmann, F; Hora, M; Kuczyk, MA; Lam, TB; Ljungberg, B; Marconi, L; Merseburger, AS; Powles, T; Staehler, M; Tahbaz, R; Volpe, A, 2017)	0.46
" Sunitinib was associated with more Grade 3-4 adverse events than everolimus, although this was not statistically significant."	( A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Different Systemic Treatments for Non-clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Albiges, L; Bensalah, K; Bex, A; Canfield, SE; Dabestani, S; Fernández-Pello, S; Giles, RH; Hofmann, F; Hora, M; Kuczyk, MA; Lam, TB; Ljungberg, B; Marconi, L; Merseburger, AS; Powles, T; Staehler, M; Tahbaz, R; Volpe, A, 2017)	0.46
" Efficacy (by intention to treat) was analyzed using the inverse variance method; safety data were recorded as the occurrence of any adverse event."	( Efficacy and Safety of Quinolone-Containing Rescue Therapies After the Failure of Non-Bismuth Quadruple Treatments for Helicobacter pylori Eradication: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gisbert, JP; Marin, AC; McNicholl, AG; Nyssen, OP, 2017)	0.46
" The incidences of adverse events potentially related to the study drug were 16%, 26%, and 13% in the placebo, rebamipide 2%, and rebamipide 4% groups, respectively."	( Efficacy and safety of rebamipide liquid for chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase II study. Beppu, T; Fujii, M; Fujii, T; Fujimoto, Y; Hasegawa, Y; Hirano, S; Iwae, S; Kojima, H; Matsushima, Y; Matsuura, K; Monden, N; Naka, Y; Nishimori, H; Ogawa, T; Okami, K; Ota, I; Sasaki, K; Tahara, M; Takahashi, S; Tanaka, K; Ueda, S; Ueda, T; Yokota, T, 2017)	0.46
"The present phase II study suggests that mouth washing with rebamipide may be effective and safe for patients with HNC receiving chemoradiotherapy, and 4% liquid is the optimal dose of rebamipide."	( Efficacy and safety of rebamipide liquid for chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase II study. Beppu, T; Fujii, M; Fujii, T; Fujimoto, Y; Hasegawa, Y; Hirano, S; Iwae, S; Kojima, H; Matsushima, Y; Matsuura, K; Monden, N; Naka, Y; Nishimori, H; Ogawa, T; Okami, K; Ota, I; Sasaki, K; Tahara, M; Takahashi, S; Tanaka, K; Ueda, S; Ueda, T; Yokota, T, 2017)	0.46
" Phase II and III randomized clinical trials evaluate the efficacy and safety of EVG/c/TAF/FTC and tenofovir disoproxil fumerate (TDF)-containing arms; renal impairment, bone mineral density, metabolic effects, and other adverse events are topics explored within this review."	( A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Genvoya® (Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide) in the Management of HIV-1 Infection. Angione, SA; Cherian, SM; Özdener, AE, 2018)	0.48
" The most common adverse events were diarrhea, nausea, and headache."	( A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Genvoya® (Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide) in the Management of HIV-1 Infection. Angione, SA; Cherian, SM; Özdener, AE, 2018)	0.48
" Data seem to suggest it may also be effective and safe in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment."	( A Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Genvoya® (Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide) in the Management of HIV-1 Infection. Angione, SA; Cherian, SM; Özdener, AE, 2018)	0.48
"5% of those treated with EVG discontinued due to adverse events (AE)."	( Clinical Experience with the Integrase Inhibitors Dolutegravir and Elvitegravir in HIV-infected Patients: Efficacy, Safety and Tolerance. Balboa-Barreiro, V; Castro-Iglesias, Á; Cid-Silva, P; Fernández-Bargiela, N; Llibre, JM; Margusino-Framiñán, L; Martín-Herranz, I; Pernas-Souto, B; Poveda, E, 2017)	0.46
"Patients initiating EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF were enrolled in the SCOLTA project, a multicenter observational study reporting grade 3-4 Adverse Events in subjects beginning new antiretroviral drug regimens."	( Safety and tolerability of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate in a real life setting: Data from surveillance cohort long-term toxicity antiretrovirals/antivirals (SCOLTA) project. Bandera, A; Bonfanti, P; Calza, L; Carenzi, L; Celesia, BM; Cordier, L; De Socio, GV; Di Biagio, A; Falasca, K; Gori, A; Madeddu, G; Maggi, P; Martinelli, C; Orofino, G; Pellicanò, GF; Quirino, T; Ricci, E; Rusconi, S; Squillace, N; Vichi, F, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events (AEs) were recorded."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Brexpiprazole Following Multiple-Dose Administration to Japanese Patients With Schizophrenia. Higashi, K; Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Liew, EL; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" One serious adverse event (SAE) of perichondritis was reported, which was unrelated to laquinimod (0."	( Safety and in vivo immune assessment of escalating doses of oral laquinimod in patients with RRMS. Bar-Ilan, O; Hayardeny, L; Mimrod, D; Paul, F; Richter, N; Samara, E; Sehr, T; Sorani, E; Spiegelstein, O; Thomas, K; Tumani, H; Ziemssen, T, 2017)	0.46
"Treatment of chronic Q fever with TET plus QNL appears to be a safe alternative for TET plus HCQ, for example, if TET plus HCQ cannot be tolerated due to side effects."	( Treatment of Chronic Q Fever: Clinical Efficacy and Toxicity of Antibiotic Regimens. Bleeker-Rovers, CP; de Regt, MJA; Hoepelman, AIM; Kampschreur, LM; Oosterheert, JJ; van Roeden, SE; Wever, PC, 2018)	0.48
" The most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events in patients receiving brexpiprazole were akathisia (6."	( Efficacy and safety of flexibly dosed brexpiprazole for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder: a randomized, active-referenced, placebo-controlled study. Augustine, C; Brewer, C; Hefting, N; Hobart, M; Josiassen, MK; McQuade, RD; Sanchez, R; Skuban, A; Zhang, P, 2018)	0.48
" The primary outcome variable was the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia. Forbes, A; Hakala, M; Hobart, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Shi, L, 2018)	0.48
"6% discontinued due to treatment-emergent adverse events, most commonly schizophrenia (8."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Maintenance Treatment in Adults with Schizophrenia. Forbes, A; Hakala, M; Hobart, M; Ouyang, J; Pfister, S; Shi, L, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) were experienced by 235/281 patients (83."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A 52-week, open-label study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
"Brexpiprazole was generally safe and well tolerated and maintained therapeutic effects in the long-term treatment of Japanese patients with schizophrenia."	( Long-term safety and effectiveness of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A 52-week, open-label study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" INSTIs have also been demonstrated as safe and tolerable."	( Dolutegravir Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events: Specific Drug Effect or Class Effect. Yombi, JC, )	0.13
" The question if long-acting beta-agonist and long-acting muscarinic antagonist could be associated with the increased prevalence of CV-related adverse effects has puzzled, particularly in the past, specialists involved in the management of respiratory diseases."	( Combination Therapy of Inhaled Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Very Elderly: Is It Safe? An Electrocardiographic Evaluation. Bernardi, B; Bordoni, V; Borioni, E; Cesari, V; Cocci, G; Francioso, A; Giordano, P; Giulietti, F; Iacoacci, C; Landi, L; Lombardi, FE; Rosettani, G; Sarzani, R; Spannella, F, )	0.13
" Nevertheless, physicians must be alerted to use indacaterol only according to its approved indications They must be aware of the possible adverse events since side effects may appear when the medicine is used for a prolonged period of time."	( The safety of indacaterol for the treatment of COPD. Balis, E; Metaxas, EI, 2018)	0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events with an incidence of ≥5% and ≥2 times the rate of placebo in the brexpiprazole groups were vomiting, elevated blood prolactin, diarrhea, nausea, and dental caries."	( Efficacy and safety of brexpiprazole for the treatment of acute schizophrenia in Japan: A 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Tadori, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Ozenoxacin was well tolerated, with 8 of 206 patients experiencing adverse effects, with only 1 of these potentially related to the study treatment; none were serious."	( Efficacy and Safety of Ozenoxacin Cream for Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Patients With Impetigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Albareda, N; Alonso, FG; Hebert, AA; Rosen, T; Rosenberg, N; Roth, S; Zsolt, I, 2018)	0.48
" Safety outcomes included adverse events (AEs), movement disorder scales, and standard safety assessments (vital signs, laboratory safety parameters, physical examination, electrocardiograms)."	( Adjunctive brexpiprazole for elderly patients with major depressive disorder: An open-label, long-term safety and tolerability study. Hefting, N; Hobart, M; Lepola, U; Zhang, D, 2018)	0.48
" Clinical, microbiological response and adverse events were assessed."	( Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Cao, Z; Chang, L; Cheng, SL; Lv, Y; Ma, Z; Mo, B; Sun, S; Tong, Z; Wu, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was comparable between nemonoxacin (33."	( Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Cao, Z; Chang, L; Cheng, SL; Lv, Y; Ma, Z; Mo, B; Sun, S; Tong, Z; Wu, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
"Nemonoxacin 500 mg once daily for 7-10 days is as effective and safe as levofloxacin for treating adult CAP patients in terms of clinical cure rates, microbiological success rates, and safety profile."	( Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, non-inferiority trial. Cao, Z; Chang, L; Cheng, SL; Lv, Y; Ma, Z; Mo, B; Sun, S; Tong, Z; Wu, J; Wu, R; Yang, Y; Yuan, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, D, 2019)	0.51
" The elvitegravir group showed more discontinuations because of renal adverse events (2."	( Efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/TDF in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients in clinical practice: results from a multicentre, observ Bagella, P; Baldin, G; Capetti, A; Ciccullo, A; Cossu, MV; De Luca, A; Di Giambenedetto, S; Giacomelli, A; Lagi, F; Latini, A; Madeddu, G; Rusconi, S; Sterrantino, G, 2019)	0.51
"To analyse the frequency and causes of treatment discontinuation in patients who were treated with an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), with a focus on neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs)."	( Integrase strand transfer inhibitors and neuropsychiatric adverse events in a large prospective cohort. Allavena, C; Bani-Sadr, F; Bregigeon, S; Cabié, A; Cuzin, L; Ferry, T; Katlama, C; Lourenco, J; Pugliese, P; Rey, D; Reynes, J, 2019)	0.51
" Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor AZD2014 showed no considerable effects on embryonic cells of zebrafish in concentrations substantially toxic in cancer cells."	( Comparative toxicity evaluation of targeted anticancer therapeutics in embryonic zebrafish and sea urchin models. Babic, T; Buric, SS; Dinic, J; Hadzic, S; Pesic, M; Radojkovic, D; Rankov, AD, 2018)	0.48
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was the highest (54."	( Integrated safety summary of phase II and III studies comparing oral nemonoxacin and levofloxacin in community-acquired pneumonia. Chang, LW; Chang, YT; Cheng, SL; Chuang, YC; Hsu, MC; Perng, WC; Tsao, SM; Wu, RG, 2019)	0.51
" In part B, most children (59 [98%] of 60 children) had one or more treatment-emergent adverse events; most events were mild to moderate in severity."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lumacaftor and ivacaftor combination therapy in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: an open-label phase 3 study. Li, C; Liu, F; Marigowda, G; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Sawicki, GS; Stiles, D; Tian, S; Waltz, D; Wang, LT, 2019)	0.51
"Lumacaftor and ivacaftor were generally safe and well tolerated in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis for 24 weeks."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of lumacaftor and ivacaftor combination therapy in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: an open-label phase 3 study. Li, C; Liu, F; Marigowda, G; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Sawicki, GS; Stiles, D; Tian, S; Waltz, D; Wang, LT, 2019)	0.51
"The aim of the study was to assess the rates of discontinuation of integrase inhibitor regimens because of any neuropsychiatric adverse event (NPAE) and the factors associated with discontinuation."	( Discontinuation of dolutegravir, elvitegravir/cobicistat and raltegravir because of toxicity in a prospective cohort. Abdulghani, N; Ambrosioni, J; Casabona, J; Curran, A; Domingo, P; Force, L; Homar, F; Llibre, JM; Miró, JM; Montoliu, A; Peraire, J; Riera, M; Tiraboschi, J, 2019)	0.51
" Every discontinuation because of adverse events (AEs) was double-checked directly with treating physicians."	( Discontinuation of dolutegravir, elvitegravir/cobicistat and raltegravir because of toxicity in a prospective cohort. Abdulghani, N; Ambrosioni, J; Casabona, J; Curran, A; Domingo, P; Force, L; Homar, F; Llibre, JM; Miró, JM; Montoliu, A; Peraire, J; Riera, M; Tiraboschi, J, 2019)	0.51
" The rate of discontinuations because of NPAEs was low, but was significantly higher for dolutegravir than for elvitegravir/cobicistat, with significant differences among centres, suggesting that greater predisposition to believe that a given adverse event is caused by a given drug of some treating physicians might play a role in the discordance seen between cohorts."	( Discontinuation of dolutegravir, elvitegravir/cobicistat and raltegravir because of toxicity in a prospective cohort. Abdulghani, N; Ambrosioni, J; Casabona, J; Curran, A; Domingo, P; Force, L; Homar, F; Llibre, JM; Miró, JM; Montoliu, A; Peraire, J; Riera, M; Tiraboschi, J, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events were recorded by patients in specially developed diaries."	( Efficacy and safety of the use of rebamipide in the scheme of triple eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective randomized comparative study. Andreev, DN; Dicheva, DT; Maev, IV; Partzvania-Vinogradova, EV; Samsonov, AA, 2018)	0.48
" The incidence of adverse events between the groups was comparable: 22."	( Efficacy and safety of the use of rebamipide in the scheme of triple eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective randomized comparative study. Andreev, DN; Dicheva, DT; Maev, IV; Partzvania-Vinogradova, EV; Samsonov, AA, 2018)	0.48
" The primary outcome variable was the frequency and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."	( A Long-Term, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Brexpiprazole as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder. Brewer, C; Hefting, N; Hobart, M; McQuade, RD; Sanchez, R; Skuban, A; Zhang, P, )	0.13
" No significant differences were observed in the incidence rates of drug-related adverse events between the sitafloxacin (20."	( The efficacy and safety of sitafloxacin and garenoxacin for the treatment of pneumonia in elderly patients: A randomized, multicenter, open-label trial. Fukuda, Y; Fukushima, K; Hashiguchi, K; Higashiyama, Y; Imamura, Y; Inoue, Y; Izumikawa, K; Kobayashi, T; Koga, H; Kohno, S; Kondo, A; Mikushi, S; Miyazaki, T; Morinaga, Y; Mukae, H; Nagayoshi, Y; Nakamura, S; Saijo, T; Sasaki, E; Takazono, T; Yamamoto, K; Yanagihara, K; Yoshida, M, 2019)	0.51
" Several of the recently reported untoward effects are not new to the class, and they are very rare compared with the relatively common neuropsychiatric adverse events."	( [Toxicity of quinolone antibiotics - new untoward effects and reevaluation of known side effects]. Kern, WV, 2019)	0.51
" Risk of adverse events: The risk of diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, and all adverse events did not significantly increase (p > 0."	( The effects and side effects of laquinimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Abbastabar, H; Bitarafan, S; Harirchian, MH; Mohammadpour, Z; Noureini, SK; Rouhi, F, 2020)	0.56
" For premenopausal women, ofloxacin had a 57% probability of achieving remission but an 83% frequency of adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of quinolones for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a network meta-analysis. González-Garay, A; Ochoa-Hein, E; Rivera-Luna, R; Velasco-Hidalgo, L, 2021)	0.62
" Any studies reporting the administration of quinolones to children and including a methodology for identifying or reporting adverse events were identified by two authors who worked independently."	( Seizures and quinolone antibiotics in children: a systematic review of adverse events. Hawcutt, DB; Iyer, A; King, C; Kneen, R; Neame, M; Riordan, A; Sinha, I, 2020)	0.56
" The quality of adverse event reporting in included studies was low."	( Seizures and quinolone antibiotics in children: a systematic review of adverse events. Hawcutt, DB; Iyer, A; King, C; Kneen, R; Neame, M; Riordan, A; Sinha, I, 2020)	0.56
" Further evaluations of quinolone use in children should include methodologies for actively identifying and reporting adverse neurological events."	( Seizures and quinolone antibiotics in children: a systematic review of adverse events. Hawcutt, DB; Iyer, A; King, C; Kneen, R; Neame, M; Riordan, A; Sinha, I, 2020)	0.56
"5%), occurrence of adverse events (5."	( Post-hoc analysis investigating the safety and efficacy of brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia who were switched from other antipsychotics in a long-term study (Secondary Publication). Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Kojima, Y; Matsuo, S; Usami, T, 2020)	0.56
"The CFTR modulator tezacaftor/ivacaftor was efficacious and generally safe and well tolerated in Phase 3 studies in participants ≥12 years of age with cystic fibrosis (CF) homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation or heterozygous with a residual function-CFTR mutation (F/F or F/RF respectively)."	( A phase 3, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezacaftor in combination with ivacaftor in participants 6 through 11 years of age with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del or heterozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutati Ahluwalia, N; Campbell, D; Davies, JC; Harris, RS; Haseltine, E; Naehrlich, L; Owen, CA; Panorchan, P; Saunders, C; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Short, C; Wainwright, CE, 2021)	0.62
" Tezacaftor/ivacaftor was safe and well tolerated; no new safety concerns were identified."	( A phase 3, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tezacaftor in combination with ivacaftor in participants 6 through 11 years of age with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del or heterozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutati Ahluwalia, N; Campbell, D; Davies, JC; Harris, RS; Haseltine, E; Naehrlich, L; Owen, CA; Panorchan, P; Saunders, C; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Short, C; Wainwright, CE, 2021)	0.62
"6%) patients because of adverse effects."	( Efficacy and Safety of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide as Maintenance Treatment in HIV/HBV-Coinfected Patients. Cheng, CY; Cheng, SH; Ho, MW; Huang, SH; Huang, YS; Hung, CC; Lee, CH; Lee, YT; Lin, SP; Liou, BH; Liu, CE; Lu, PL; Sun, HY; Tang, HJ; Tsai, HC; Yang, CJ, 2021)	0.62
"Quinolone (QN) antibiotics are widely used, which lead to their accumulation in soil and toxic effects on ryegrass in pasture."	( Environmentally Friendly Quinolones Design for a Two-Way Choice between Biotoxicity and Genotoxicity through Double-Activity 3D-QSAR Model Coupled with the Variation Weighting Method. Ren, Z; Sun, P; Yang, L; Zhao, W; Zhao, Y, 2020)	0.56
" Secondary evaluations were related to efficacy, treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs), extrapyramidal symptoms, and corrected QT interval (QTc)."	( Safety of switching to brexpiprazole in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: A post-hoc analysis of a long-term open-label study. Aoki, K; Inada, K; Ishigooka, J; Iwashita, S; Kojima, Y; Niidome, K; Yamada, S, 2021)	0.62
" Most children (236 [99%] of 239 children) had adverse events that were mild (49 [21%] of 239) or moderate (148 [62%] of 239) in severity, and there was a low rate of adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children aged 6-11 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, MA; Cornell, AG; Davies, JC; Han, Z; Milla, C; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S, 2021)	0.62
"Lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children homozygous for F508del-CFTR who initiated treatment at age 6-11 years was generally safe and well tolerated, and efficacy was sustained for up to 120 weeks."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of lumacaftor-ivacaftor therapy in children aged 6-11 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, MA; Cornell, AG; Davies, JC; Han, Z; Milla, C; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S, 2021)	0.62
"Tezacaftor-ivacaftor is an approved cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator shown to be efficacious and generally safe and well tolerated over 8-24 weeks in phase 3 clinical studies in participants aged 12 years or older with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the Phe508del CFTR mutation (F/F; study 661-106 [EVOLVE]) or heterozygous for the Phe508del CFTR mutation and a residual function mutation (F/RF; study 661-108 [EXPAND])."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of tezacaftor-ivacaftor in individuals with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years or older who are homozygous or heterozygous for Phe508del CFTR (EXTEND): an open-label extension study. Ahluwalia, N; Biner, RF; Brown, C; Campbell, D; Chang, P; De Boeck, K; Downey, DG; Fischer, R; Flume, PA; Hu, X; Jain, M; Millar, SJ; Owen, CA; Pasta, DJ; Paz-Diaz, H; Rubin, JL; Sawicki, GS; Wainwright, CE; Wang, X; Yang, Y, 2021)	0.62
"Quinolones are ranked as the second most commonly used class of antibiotics in China, despite their adverse clinical and environmental effects."	( In vivo and in silico evaluations of survival and cardiac developmental toxicity of quinolone antibiotics in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Han, Y; Hu, C; Ma, Y; Yao, S; Zhang, J, 2021)	0.62
"A previous phase 3 study showed that lumacaftor-ivacaftor was generally safe and well tolerated over 24 weeks of treatment in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
" Most participants (56 [98%] of 57) had at least one adverse event during study 116, most of which were mild (19 [33%] participants) or moderate (29 [51%] participants) in severity."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
"Lumacaftor-ivacaftor was generally safe and well tolerated, and treatment effects were generally maintained for the duration of the extension study."	( Long-term safety of lumacaftor-ivacaftor in children aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis homozygous for the F508del-CFTR mutation: a multicentre, phase 3, open-label, extension study. Chilvers, M; Cornell, AG; Hoppe, JE; McColley, SA; McNamara, JJ; Owen, CA; Ratjen, F; Tian, S; Zahigian, R, 2021)	0.62
"Quinolones comprise a class of antibiotics that are globally preferred for treating a wide range of bacterial infections due to their potency, broad coverage, favorable pharmacologic profile, and mostly mild to moderate adverse reactions."	( Systemic quinolones and risk of retinal detachment I: analysis of data from the US FDA adverse event reporting system. Alami, A; Bjerre, LM; Gravel, CA; Krewski, D; Mattison, D; Momoli, F; Taher, MK; Tsui, D, 2022)	0.72
" Regarding the adverse drug reactions (ADRs), quinolones did not bring higher risks, while the incidence of ADRs in the quinolone group was also even significantly lower (P < 0."	( Efficacy and safety of quinolones vs. other antimicrobials for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cai, Y; Jia, Y; Wang, J; Yan, K; Zhu, M, 2022)	0.72
"Elexacaftor plus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor is a triple-combination cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator regimen shown to be generally safe and efficacious in people with cystic fibrosis aged 12 years or older with at least one F508del-CFTR allele."	( Efficacy and safety of elexacaftor plus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor versus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: a 24-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3b trial. Ahluwalia, N; Bruinsma, BG; Downey, DG; Duckers, J; Harris, C; Lam, AP; Lou, Y; MacGregor, G; Mall, MA; McKone, EF; Moskowitz, SM; Sutharsan, S; Tian, S; Tullis, E; Van Braeckel, E; Wainwright, CE; Waltz, D; Watson, D; Yuan, J, 2022)	0.72
"The elexacaftor plus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor regimen was safe and well tolerated, and led to significant and clinically meaningful improvements in respiratory-related quality of life and lung function, as well as improved CFTR function, changes that were durable over 24 weeks and superior to those seen with tezacaftor plus ivacaftor in this patient population."	( Efficacy and safety of elexacaftor plus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor versus tezacaftor plus ivacaftor in people with cystic fibrosis homozygous for F508del-CFTR: a 24-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 3b trial. Ahluwalia, N; Bruinsma, BG; Downey, DG; Duckers, J; Harris, C; Lam, AP; Lou, Y; MacGregor, G; Mall, MA; McKone, EF; Moskowitz, SM; Sutharsan, S; Tian, S; Tullis, E; Van Braeckel, E; Wainwright, CE; Waltz, D; Watson, D; Yuan, J, 2022)	0.72
" Safety pharmacology studies following single dose revealed no adverse effects on central nervous system (including seizure) in mice and cardiovascular system (hERG and monkey telemetry)."	( Preclinical safety evaluation of levonadifloxacin, a novel anti-methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus benzoquinolizine fluoroquinolone by intravenous and oral administration. Gupta, S; Kansagara, A; Nandanwar, M; Patel, A; Patel, M; Patel, MA; Thorve, D; Yeole, R, 2022)	0.72
"Two previous Phase 3 studies ("parent studies") showed that tezacaftor/ivacaftor was generally safe and efficacious for up to 24 weeks in children 6 through 11 years of age with cystic fibrosis (CF) and F508del/F508del (F/F) or F508del/residual function (F/RF) genotypes."	( A Phase 3, open-label, 96-week trial to study the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tezacaftor/ivacaftor in children ≥ 6 years of age homozygous for F508del or heterozygous for F508del and a residual function CFTR variant. Ahluwalia, N; Campbell, D; Chilvers, M; Davies, JC; Harris, RS; McNamara, J; Naehrlich, L; Paz-Diaz, H; Saunders, C; Sawicki, GS; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Shih, JL; Wainwright, CE, 2022)	0.72
" Most (n = 129) had ≥ 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), the majority of which were mild or moderate in severity and generally consistent with common manifestations of CF."	( A Phase 3, open-label, 96-week trial to study the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tezacaftor/ivacaftor in children ≥ 6 years of age homozygous for F508del or heterozygous for F508del and a residual function CFTR variant. Ahluwalia, N; Campbell, D; Chilvers, M; Davies, JC; Harris, RS; McNamara, J; Naehrlich, L; Paz-Diaz, H; Saunders, C; Sawicki, GS; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Shih, JL; Wainwright, CE, 2022)	0.72
"Tezacaftor/ivacaftor is generally safe and well tolerated, and treatment effects are maintained for up to 120 weeks."	( A Phase 3, open-label, 96-week trial to study the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of tezacaftor/ivacaftor in children ≥ 6 years of age homozygous for F508del or heterozygous for F508del and a residual function CFTR variant. Ahluwalia, N; Campbell, D; Chilvers, M; Davies, JC; Harris, RS; McNamara, J; Naehrlich, L; Paz-Diaz, H; Saunders, C; Sawicki, GS; Sermet-Gaudelus, I; Shih, JL; Wainwright, CE, 2022)	0.72
" Adverse events were observed in 15% of the patients, and the regimen was discontinued in only six patients."	( Effectiveness and safety of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet combination among HIV-infected patients in Turkey: results from a real world setting. Aydin, OA; Bilge, B; Bolukcu, S; Dokmetas, I; Gumuser, F; Gunduz, A; Karaosmanoglu, HK; Mete, B; Tabak, F; Yildiz, DS, 2021)	0.62
"Real world data on the effectiveness and safety of E/C/F/TDF is comparable with the phase 3 trial results Adverse events are uncommon and manageable."	( Effectiveness and safety of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate single-tablet combination among HIV-infected patients in Turkey: results from a real world setting. Aydin, OA; Bilge, B; Bolukcu, S; Dokmetas, I; Gumuser, F; Gunduz, A; Karaosmanoglu, HK; Mete, B; Tabak, F; Yildiz, DS, 2021)	0.62
"This study aimed to detect safety signals of rebamipide and search for adverse events (AEs) of rebamipide that are more common than those of other drugs for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the elderly population."	( Frequently reported adverse events of rebamipide compared to other drugs for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Jang, E; Jeong, JE; Kim, MG; Lee, JY; Park, M, 2022)	0.72
" Our study investigated the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and the pharmacodynamic CHEMBL database to further characterize TGA-induced ICDs."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
"We downloaded and pre-processed the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System up to December 2020."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
"000 1) and incidence of adverse reactions(RR=0."	( [Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of Ningmitai Capsules in treatment of urinary tract infection]. Li, JB; Lyu, J; Wang, ZQ; Xie, YM, 2022)	0.72
" Cell culture studies have shown quinolones to be highly toxic to TM fibroblasts."	( Cytotoxicity of Tetracyclines in Human Tympanic Membrane Fibroblasts. Antonelli, PJ; Dirain, CO, 2023)	0.91
"Tetracyclines are less toxic to cultured TM fibroblasts than ciprofloxacin."	( Cytotoxicity of Tetracyclines in Human Tympanic Membrane Fibroblasts. Antonelli, PJ; Dirain, CO, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The elimination half-life was 28."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Cogo, R; Imbimbo, BP; Mattina, R; Rimoldi, R, 1992)	0.28
" An example of a pharmacokinetic study of rufloxacin and its metabolites in monkeys is shown."	( High-performance liquid chromatography and preliminary pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin and its metabolites, N-desmethylrufloxacin and rufloxacinsulfoxide, in urine of rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta. Imbimbo, BP; Peeters, A; van den Biggelaar-Martea, M; Vree, TB, 1992)	0.28
" The distributional phase was rapid with a half-life of 6-7 min for both doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in fingerling rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Babish, JG; Bowser, PR; St Leger, J; Wooster, GA, 1992)	0.28
"Fluoroquinolones have similar chemical structures but wide differences in their pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones. Blum, RA, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of rufloxacin, a new quinolone antibacterial agent, were evaluated in ten patients with lower respiratory tract infections."	( Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin once daily in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. Albrici, A; Fioretti, M; Imbimbo, BP; Rimoldi, R, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic analyses showed that cimetidine did not affect the rate or extent of temafloxacin absorption, as evidenced by unchanged peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration, and terminal-phase volume of distribution."	( Effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin. Granneman, GR; Locke, C; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.28
"h) and terminal-phase half-life (9."	( Effects of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Fuhr, U; Granneman, GR; Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Nickel, P; Patterson, K; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.28
" absorption and a higher tissue/plasma concentration than that of other quinolones, are its interesting pharmacokinetic properties."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Brancato, R; Cremonesi, F; Ghione, M; Lombardo, N; Manitto, MP; Nucci, P, 1992)	0.28
"The purpose of the present work was to investigate the 48 h pharmacokinetic and biliary elimination of temafloxacin, administered intraduodenally at a single dose of 10 mg/kg to six conscious pigs provided with a double terminal choledocal fistula allowing the collection and the reinstillation of bile."	( Pharmacokinetics and biliary elimination of temafloxacin in pigs. Bresler, L; Didelot, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Jehl, F; Koechlin, C; Merle-Melet, M, 1992)	0.28
" After IV administration, a rapid distribution phase was followed by a slower elimination phase, with a half-life of 131."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injection in rabbits. Arboix, M; Cabanes, A; Garcia Anton, JM; Reig, F, 1992)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that THEO serum levels and elimination were not altered by concurrent CP administration."	( Effects of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials alone and in conjunction with theophylline on seizures in amygdaloid kindled rats. Mechanistic and pharmacokinetic study. Schwark, WS; Vancutsem, PM, 1992)	0.28
" Compared with the data reported for young adults, the elimination half-life (12."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and sputum penetration of lomefloxacin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory tract infections. Glerum, JH; Hoepelman, AI; Kovarik, JM; Rozenberg-Arska, M; Sips, PA; Smit, JM; Verhoef, J, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic analysis based on the physiological model indicated that fenbufen did not affect the permeability across the blood-brain or blood-CSF barrier."	( Effect of fenbufen on the pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in rats. Iwamoto, K; Katagiri, Y; Naora, K; Sekine, Y; Tanaka, K; Yamaguchi, T, 1992)	0.28
" There was no significant difference in theophylline half-life before treatment (7."	( [The influence of repirinast, an anti-allergic drug, on theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with bronchial asthma]. Dohi, Y; Houya, I; Kiuchi, H; Nagata, M; Sakamoto, Y; Tabe, K; Yamamoto, K, 1991)	0.28
" The drug was rapidly absorbed (absorption half-life 17 +/- 6 min in the 300 + 150 mg and 11 +/- 5 min in the 400 + 200 mg dose regimen group) and reached maximal serum concentrations (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in healthy volunteers after repeated oral doses. Bonfiglio, G; Cesana, M; Cocuzza, CE; Gulisano, G; Imbimbo, BP; Mattina, R, 1991)	0.28
" The longer half-life of temafloxacin enables a once-daily dose regimen, whereas the usual recommended dosage of ciprofloxacin is twice daily."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	0.28
" Compared with the young group, mean peak plasma concentration in the elderly was 45% higher, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve was 70% higher, the terminal elimination half-life was 18% higher, and the apparent beta-phase volume of distribution was 30% lower in the elderly group."	( The influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin. Granneman, GR; Guay, DR, 1991)	0.28
" Theophylline pharmacokinetic parameters were determined noncompartmentally, and results of single and combined administration were compared."	( Effect of temafloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Callens, E; Chauvin, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Ruff, F; Santais, MC, 1991)	0.28
" The mean serum half-life on the first day was 10."	( The pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin in elderly patients with urinary tract infection following daily dosing with 400 mg. Cowling, P; Lovering, AM; MacGowan, AP; McMullin, CM; Reeves, DS; Rogers, S; White, LO, 1991)	0.28
" Its in vitro activity and pharmacokinetic properties have been investigated to assess its potential for use in the therapy of respiratory disease in cattle."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered danofloxacin in cattle. Giles, CJ; Grimshaw, WT; Lynch, MJ; Magonigle, RA; Rice, JR; Risk, JE; Tanner, AC, 1991)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs were estimated by model-independent methods."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of N7-substituted theophylline derivatives and their interaction with quinolone in rats. Apichartpichean, R; Hasegawa, T; Muraoka, I; Nabeshima, T; Nadai, M; Takagi, K, 1991)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial enrofloxacin were studied in New Zealand White rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin in rabbits. Babish, JG; Brooks, DL; Broome, RL; Conzelman, GM; Copeland, DD, 1991)	0.28
"We studied the pharmacokinetic parameters of four fluoroquinolones--ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, temafloxacin and sparfloxacin--in a mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected lung."	( Pharmacokinetics of four fluoroquinolones in an animal model of infected lung. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bergogne-Bérézin, E; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E, 1991)	0.28
" The long serum elimination half-life (approximately 8 h in patients with normal renal function) allows for single or twice-daily dosing."	( A review of the pharmacokinetic profile of temafloxacin. Dudley, MN, 1991)	0.28
" Total plasma clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd), and half-life (T1/2) of evocarpine were 60 ml/min."	( Pharmacological properties of galenical preparation. XV. Pharmacokinetics study of evocarpine and its metabolite in rats. Chen, XF; Kanemaki, S; Kano, Y; Komatsu, K; Zong, Q, 1991)	0.28
" The half-life (mean +/- standard deviation) increased from 10."	( Temafloxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Braeckman, R; Craft, JC; Granneman, GR; Kraut, J; Shupien, S, 1991)	0.28
" The mean plasma elimination half-life was 28."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of rufloxacin, a long acting quinolone antimicrobial agent. Andrews, JM; Imbimbo, BP; Johnson, J; O'Sullivan, N; Wise, R, 1991)	0.28
" There were considerable variations in the plasma concentration-time profiles among subjects; for example, the elimination half-life in plasma varied from 14."	( Inter- and intrasubject variabilities in the pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin after single oral administration to healthy volunteers. Attardo-Parrinello, G; Broccali, G; Cesana, M; Crema, F; Imbimbo, BP, 1991)	0.28
" For the other new quinolones, a decrease in glomerular filtration rate below 20-30 ml/min induces an increase in terminal half-life and a decrease in plasma and renal clearance, related to the degree of renal impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinolones in renal insufficiency. Borsa-Lebas, F; Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Moulin, B, 1990)	0.28
"Quinolone is reported to interact with caffeine, often resulting in an increase both in the plasma half-life and AUC, a decrease in total plasma clearance, and little change in the absorption rate constant and maximum plasma level."	( Pharmacokinetic determination of relative potency of quinolone inhibition of caffeine disposition. Barnett, G; Carbó, M; de la Torre, R; Segura, J, 1990)	0.28
" Mean Cmax values (0."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of single oral doses of lomefloxacin. Morse, IS, )	0.13
" The results of simulating the antibiotic pharmacokinetic profiles by the Kd values known from the literature and the values estimated with the proposed method were compared."	( [Physiologic model of NY-198 pharmacokinetics using a new method of determining tissue/blood distribution coefficient]. Manuĭlov, KK, 1990)	0.28
" Because the transintestinal route of elimination compensates for loss of renal elimination, the serum half-life of ciprofloxacvin is raised only to 5-10 hours even in total renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin with reference to other fluorinated quinolones. Bergan, T, 1989)	0.28
"A possible pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and repirinast has been investigated in asthmatic patients."	( Lack of effect of repirinast on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic patients. Apichartpichean, R; Hasegawa, T; Horiuchi, T; Kuzuya, T; Nadai, M; Ogura, Y; Takagi, K, 1989)	0.28
" Plasma half-life was approximately 8 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of lomefloxacin following multiple doses. Adams, MA; Hunt, TL, )	0.13
"Comparative physiological pharmacokinetic analysis has been carried out to elucidate the different tissue distribution characteristics among eight pyridonecarboxylic acids including newly developed NY-198."	( Structure-tissue distribution relationship based on physiological pharmacokinetics for NY-198, a new antimicrobial agent, and the related pyridonecarboxylic acids. Kato, H; Nagata, O; Nakamura, M; Okezaki, E; Terasaki, T; Tsuji, A, )	0.13
" The mean time to Cmax (Tmax) values averaged 64."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of lomefloxacin after sequentially increasing oral doses. Kunka, RL; Mant, TG; Morrison, PJ; Norman, GT; Robinson, J, 1988)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic and haemodynamic effects of a 200 mg oral dose of BTS 49 465 (7-fluoro-1-methyl-3-methylsulphinyl-4-quinolone) were investigated in a double-blind placebo controlled study."	( The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamics of BTS 49 465 and its major metabolite in healthy volunteers. Crampton, EL; Hind, ID; Wynne, RD, 1985)	0.27
" The plasma data for each subject were described by an open one-compartment body model with first-order absorption, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of rosoxacin in human volunteers. Edelson, J; Park, GB; Saneski, J; Weng, T, 1982)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic values analyzed by use of multivariant stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that the area under the concentration-time curve, but not time above minimum inhibitory concentration, was significant in predicting efficacy of enrofloxacin treatment."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in clinically normal dogs and mice and drug pharmacodynamics in neutropenic mice with Escherichia coli and staphylococcal infections. McClure, JT; Meinen, JB; Rosin, E, 1995)	0.29
" None of the pharmacokinetic parameters differed significantly after prior treatment with omeprazole compared with placebo."	( Interaction study of lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin with omeprazole and comparative pharmacokinetics. Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Rost, KL; Schaberg, T; Stuht, H, 1995)	0.29
" The aims of this study were to examine and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of the quinolones oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin after intravascular and oral administration to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by using identical experimental designs."	( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C. Horsberg, TE; Martinsen, B, 1995)	0.29
" Plasma concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of balofloxacin in male rats were similar to those in female rats, indicating no sex-related differences."	( Pharmacokinetics of the new fluoroquinolone balofloxacin in mice, rats, and dogs. Hayakawa, N; Ishigai, M; Kato, M; Kinoshita, H; Nakagawa, T; Ohkubo, K; Okazaki, A; Okutomi, T, 1995)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin were determined in broiler chickens after single IV and orally administered doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight."	( Pharmacokinetics and residues of enrofloxacin in chickens. Anadón, A; Bringas, P; Díaz, MJ; Fernández, MC; Fernández, R; Fernàndez-Cruz, ML; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR, 1995)	0.29
" Mean Cmax values ranged from 705 +/- 158 to 1966 +/- 620 ng/mL for the 200 to 800 mg doses, at median tmax ranging from 4 to 5 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in humans after single oral administration at doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg. Bruno, R; Chassard, D; Ebmeier, M; Frydman, A; Guimart, C; Le Roux, Y; Montay, G; Thebault, JJ; Vergniol, JC, 1994)	0.29
" The Cmax, AUC, and urinary excretion rates were not altered by food intake, whereas the Tmax was prolonged slightly."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of NM441, a new quinolone, in healthy male volunteers. Kosuge, K; Morino, A; Nakashima, M; Okuyama, Y; Ozaki, M; Takebe, Y; Uematsu, T, 1994)	0.29
" A significant relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and creatinine clearance was observed only for renal clearance of parent or conjugated sparfloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in patients with renal impairment. Bruno, R; Dhib, M; Etienne, I; Fillastre, JP; Gay, G; Guimart, C; Le Roux, Y; Montay, G; Schott, D; Vivier, N, 1994)	0.29
" It is not clear whether this pharmacokinetic interaction might be clinically important."	( Renal clearance of lomefloxacin is decreased by furosemide. Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Harada, K; Ohashi, K; Sasaki, M; Shiga, T; Sudoh, T; Tateishi, T, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of both substances were calculated by use of statistical moments and were compared to those of enrofloxacin described in the veterinary literature."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs. Küng, K; Riond, JL; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.29
"In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study, the safety and effect on intestinal flora of sparfloxacin (SPX) were determined in 12 healthy male volunteers (8 received SPX and 4 received a placebo)."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and its influence on fecal flora. Borner, K; Fassbender, M; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Nord, CE; Ritz, M, 1994)	0.29
" Interpatient variability was appreciable for the plasma and urine concentrations was well as for the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of flosequinan in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Hind, ID; Hinson, JL; Weidler, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of a noncompartment model."	( [The effect of pregnancy and lactation in sows on the pharmacokinetics of the gyrase inhibitor marbofloxacin]. Petracca, K; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters after tablet did not differ significantly from the corresponding values after capsule."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of lomefloxacin preparations in 10 healthy Chinese volunteers. Diao, Y; Ji, G; Li, L; Lu, J; Wang, EH; Zhu, XD, 1993)	0.29
"An in vitro pharmacodynamic system has been successfully adapted to simulate in vivo antimicrobial pharmacokinetics under anaerobic conditions."	( Evaluation of activity of temafloxacin against Bacteroides fragilis by an in vitro pharmacodynamic system. Krinke, AJ; Moody, JA; Rotschafer, JC; Vance-Bryan, K; Walker, KJ; Zabinski, RA, 1993)	0.29
" This is followed by a monophasic slow decrease, with an elimination half-life (t1/2) of 15 to 20 hours."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin. Ishibashi, Y; Nogita, T; Shimada, J, 1993)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analyses indicate nonlinearity of 349U85 and 661U88, suggestive of saturation of metabolism and large interindividual variability in maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new cardiotonic vasodilator agent, 349U85, in normal subjects. Brown, AR; Clifton, GD; Fleck, RJ; Harrison, MR; Long, RA; Rolleri, RL; Welch, RM; Weller, S; Wermeling, DP, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of statistical moments."	( Pharmacokinetics of the gyrase inhibitor marbofloxacin: influence of pregnancy and lactation in sows. Graser, T; Petracca, K; Riond, JL; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.29
" A two-compartment model was used to calculate rufloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in patients with impaired renal function. Imbimbo, BP; Mant, TG; Morrison, PJ; Perry, G; Sacks, S; Wise, R; Woodcook, J, 1993)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic properties of nedocromil sodium give this agent a high safety margin in the treatment of asthma."	( General pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of nedocromil sodium. Clark, B, 1993)	0.29
" The outstanding pharmacokinetic features of lomefloxacin are its high degree of tissue distribution, lack of significant metabolism (and, therefore, no competitive drug interactions with other metabolised drugs showing a common metabolic pathway), and good oral absorption."	( Lomefloxacin clinical pharmacokinetics. Belliveau, PP; Freeman, CD; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH, 1993)	0.29
" Overall, results indicated (1) no marked differences in pharmacokinetic parameters in pregnant versus nonpregnant females, (2) fleroxacin levels in embryonic tissues were similar to maternal plasma levels, and (3) there was a correlation between exposure and embryolethal doses for all fluoroquinolones which resulted in embryolethality except norfloxacin."	( Developmental toxicity of fleroxacin and comparative pharmacokinetics of four fluoroquinolones in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Hendrickx, AG; Hummler, H; Richter, WF, 1993)	0.29
" A one-compartment model applied to the high-performance liquid chromatography data was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of rufloxacin."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in patients with cirrhosis. Granai, F; Imbimbo, BP; Triger, DR; Wise, R; Woodcock, J, 1993)	0.29
" The elimination half-life was 7 to 8 h, independently of the doses."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of AM-1155, a new 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinolone, in humans. Ishida, R; Kosuge, K; Kusajima, H; Masuda, Y; Nakashima, M; Ooie, T; Uchida, H; Uematsu, T, 1995)	0.29
" No statistically significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax-AUC-T1/2-urinary excretion and metabolic ratio) of sparfloxacin following the 2 treatment."	( Cimetidine does not alter sparfloxacin pharmacokinetics. Alvarez, MP; Azanza, JR; Gries, JM; Honorato, J; Sadaba, B; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM, 1995)	0.29
" The time course of ENR and CIP was fitted by nonlinear least squares regression analysis, and the pharmacokinetic variables were compared."	( Penetration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin into breast milk, and pharmacokinetics of the drugs in lactating rabbits and neonatal offspring. Abadía, AR; Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; García, MA; Mora, J, 1996)	0.29
"The pathophysiology associated with major burns is complex and subject to a state of flux (coexistence of pain, infectious diseases, multiple trauma, disturbances of metabolism and acid-base status, etc) which could affect the disposition and the pharmacokinetic behaviour of drugs."	( [Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in burn patients]. Bourget, P; Carsin, H; Lesne-Hulin, A, )	0.13
" In addition, urine levels, drug level/MIC ratio, and urine antibacterial activity 72 to 84 h after treatment initiation were determined in a subgroup of patients for pharmacodynamic assessment."	( Single-dose rufloxacin versus 3-day norfloxacin treatment of uncomplicated cystitis: clinical evaluation and pharmacodynamic considerations. Aguilar, L; Caffaratti, J; Dal-Ré, R; Dalet, F; Del Río, G, 1996)	0.29
" Although such titers were not sufficient to predict a clinical response based on previous pharmacodynamic studies using quinolone antibiotics, data obtained with volunteers may only partially reflect the clinical situation in which a rise of humoral antibodies directed against pneumococcal antigens may help to reinforce the bactericidal action of the antibiotic."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and serum bactericidal activity against pneumococci. Borner, K; Koeppe, P; Ruhnke, M; Trautmann, M; Wagner, J, 1996)	0.29
"The area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the elimination half-life of lomefloxacin were significantly increased following coadministration with ranitidine."	( Effect of ranitidine on renal clearance of lomefloxacin. Fujimura, A; Harada, K; Ohmori, M; Sakamoto, K; Sudoh, T; Sunaga, K, 1996)	0.29
" Doses of pefloxacin and concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma (total and unbound) at the pharmacodynamic endpoint were all independent of infusion rate, whereas only cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of norfloxacin were independent of infusion rate."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic contributions to the convulsant activity of pefloxacin and norfloxacin in rats. Bouquet, S; Couet, W; Courtois, P; Delon, A; Huguet, F; Vierfond, JM, 1997)	0.3
" At 0, 2, 4 and 6 h 300 microL of CSF was withdrawn for pharmacodynamic measurements."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of A-80556 using microdialysis in a Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis model. Destache, CJ; Pakiz, CB; Stoysich, AM, 1996)	0.29
" Clinafloxacin was rapidly absorbed, with Cmax occurring at approximately 40 min postdose."	( The tolerance and pharmacokinetics of clinafloxacin (CI-960) in healthy subjects. Bron, NJ; Dorr, MB; Mant, TG; Vassos, AB; Webb, CL, 1996)	0.29
" The plasma terminal elimination half-life and urinary recovery remained unchanged."	( Comparative study of pharmacokinetics of two new fluoroquinolones, balofloxacin and grepafloxacin, in elderly subjects. Kanamaru, M; Kozawa, O; Matsuno, H; Nagashima, S; Niwa, M; Uematsu, T, 1996)	0.29
"-10), providing pharmacokinetic evidence to justify therapeutic efficacy trials with the lower dose."	( Multiple route and dose pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in juvenile Atlantic salmon. Babish, JG; Bowser, PR; Bustos, PS; Stoffregen, DA; Wooster, GA, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacodynamic data demonstrated that BAY 12-8039 has marked activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms (under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions) and anaerobes."	( Pharmacodynamic properties of BAY 12-8039 on gram-positive and gram-negative organisms as demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect. Andrews, JM; Boswell, FJ; Wise, R, 1997)	0.3
"632 micrograms/ml and an elimination half-life of 41."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous enrofloxacin dose in scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Boothe, DM; Gamble, KC; Heatley, JJ; Helmick, KE; Jensen, JM, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin was compared in four one-day-old and four one-week-old calves in order to find out if there were any age-related differences."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week-old calves. Kaartinen, L; Moilanen, M; Pyörälä, S; Räisänen, S, 1997)	0.3
" The half-life of grepafloxacin was about 12 hours after single doses and about 15 hours after repeat doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of grepafloxacin after oral administration of single and repeat doses in healthy young males. Bramer, SL; Efthymiopoulos, C; Maroli, A, 1997)	0.3
" Child-Pugh scores and components of the scores showed no correlation with any pharmacokinetic variables."	( Grepafloxacin pharmacokinetics in individuals with hepatic dysfunction. Bass, N; Bramer, SL; Efthymiopoulos, C; Flaherty, JF; Maroli, A; Somberg, K; Wolfe, E, 1997)	0.3
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was accomplished using iterative two-stage analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral grepafloxacin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Amantea, MA; Chodosh, S; Collins, DA; Forrest, A; Schentag, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were characterized with RSTRIP, an iterative, nonlinear, weighted, least-squares-regression program."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in the serum and vitreous humor of rabbits: physicochemical properties that regulate penetration of quinolone antimicrobials. Drusano, G; Liu, QF; Liu, W; Louie, A; Madu, A; Mayers, M; Mian, U; Miller, MH; Perkins, R, 1998)	0.3
"We looked for associations between pharmacokinetic (Pk) and pharmacodynamic (Pd) parameters of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) and the in vivo efficacy of these antimicrobials in an immunocompetent mouse model of severe Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia."	( Pharmacodynamic activities of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model: relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bédos, JP; Moine, P; Muffat-Joly, M; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E; Veber, B, 1998)	0.3
" Within 4 to 5 h they fell to about 30 to 55% of the Cmax, and thereafter a terminal half-life of 11 to 14 h accounted for the major part of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single doses of moxifloxacin, a new 8-methoxy quinolone, administered to healthy subjects. Dalhoff, A; Kubitza, D; Schühly, U; Stass, H, 1998)	0.3
" To compare the treatments, analysis of variance-based point estimates and 90% confidence intervals (given in parentheses) were calculated for the mean ratios of the pharmacokinetic parameters from the test (rufloxacin coadministration) over those from the reference (theophylline without rufloxacin) period."	( Absence of effect of rufloxacin on theophylline pharmacokinetics in steady state. Cesana, M; Fuhr, U; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Müller, C; Rietbrock, S; Sörgel, F; Staib, AH, 1998)	0.3
"A rapid and sensitive high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for the measurement of sparfloxacin in human plasma and its use for pharmacokinetic study has been evaluated."	( High performance thin-layer chromatographic method for the determination of sparfloxacin in human plasma and its use in pharmacokinetic studies. Gandhi, TP; Modi, IA; Modi, RI; Mody, VD; Pandya, KK; Satia, MC, 1998)	0.3
" The present study investigated the ability of sub-MICs of rufloxacin, an orally absorbed monofluorinated quinolone with a long half-life (28 to 30 h), to interfere with the bacterial virulence parameters of adhesiveness, hemagglutination, hydrophobicity, motility, and filamentation, as well as their interactions with host neutrophilic defenses such as phagocytosis, killing, and oxidative bursts."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of subinhibitory concentrations of rufloxacin on bacterial virulence factors. Braga, PC; Dal Sasso, M; Sala, MT, 1999)	0.3
" time were analysed by a compartmental independent pharmacokinetic model that provided the most important kinetic parameters."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in chickens. Errecalde, C; García Ovando, H; Gorla, N; Luders, C; Poloni, G; Prieto, G; Puelles, I, 1999)	0.3
" administration, the mean Cmax observed (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin given by the oral, intravenous and intramuscular routes in broiler chickens. Black, WD; Bugyei, K; McEwen, S, 1999)	0.3
"To compare pharmacokinetic variables of enrofloxacin (ENR) after IV administration in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows and to perform allometric analysis of ENR."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, L; Garcia, MA; Saez, P; Solans, C, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic variables were correlated further with body weight."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, L; Garcia, MA; Saez, P; Solans, C, 1999)	0.3
"In all species studied, the best fit was obtained for a two-compartment open model; ENR half-life ranged from 89 minutes in mice to 169 minutes in cows."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, L; Garcia, MA; Saez, P; Solans, C, 1999)	0.3
"To determine the maximum-tolerated dose, toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 when administered orally bid for 5 days every 2 weeks."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in advanced cancer. Belly, RT; Bol, CJ; Bowden, C; Chiao, J; Chow, C; Cowan, KH; End, DW; Gress, RE; Hakim, FT; Horak, ID; Kohler, DR; Kopp, WC; Kremer, AB; Larkin, G; Noone, M; Nussenblatt, RB; Piotrovsky, VK; Todd, A; Woestenborghs, R; Zujewski, J, 2000)	0.31
" Based upon pharmacokinetic data, the recommended dose for phase II trials is 500 mg orally bid (total daily dose, 1, 000 mg) for 5 consecutive days followed by 9 days of rest."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in advanced cancer. Belly, RT; Bol, CJ; Bowden, C; Chiao, J; Chow, C; Cowan, KH; End, DW; Gress, RE; Hakim, FT; Horak, ID; Kohler, DR; Kopp, WC; Kremer, AB; Larkin, G; Noone, M; Nussenblatt, RB; Piotrovsky, VK; Todd, A; Woestenborghs, R; Zujewski, J, 2000)	0.31
" The plasma concentration of DW116 declined monoexponentially with a half-life range of 16-22 hr."	( Pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of DW116, a new fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, in humans as a phase I study. Choi, MH; Chung, BC; Jung, BH, 2000)	0.31
"06 ml/kg/h, half-life (t1/2beta) was 17."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG; Vivrette, SL, 2000)	0.31
" Time of maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was similar for MAR and DIF; Tmax occurred earlier for ENR and later for CIP."	( Comparison of fluoroquinolone pharmacokinetic parameters after treatment with marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and difloxacin in dogs. Evans, EI; Frazier, DL; Thompson, L; Trettien, A, 2000)	0.31
"Three pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters--(i) the peak concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (C(max)/MIC); (ii) the area under the concentration-time curve to MIC ratio (AUC(24h)/MIC); and (iii) the time the concentration exceeds the MIC (T>MIC)--are important predictors of the clinical efficacy of antibiotics."	( Macrolides: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2001)	0.31
"Antitumor and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and companion xenografts with the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor, R115777, presently undergoing Phase II clinical trials, including in breast cancer."	( Preclinical antitumor activity and pharmacodynamic studies with the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in human breast cancer. Clarke, PA; Detre, S; Dowsett, M; End, D; Howes, AJ; Johnston, SR; Kelland, LR; Patterson, L; Smith, V; Valenti, M; Workman, P, 2001)	0.31
" The plasma concentration-time data for both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were best described by a one-compartment open pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in goats given enrofloxacin alone and in combination with probenecid. Ahmad, AH; Malik, JK; Ramesh, S; Rao, GS; Sharma, LD; Tripathi, HC, 2002)	0.31
" The mean peak concentration in plasma of 10."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics and penetration of BMS 284756 into an inflammatory exudate. Andrews, JM; Gee, T; Marshall, G; Wise, R, 2002)	0.31
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Comparative serum pharmacokinetics of the fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, and orbifloxacin in dogs after single oral administration. Heinen, E, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin was studied in goats after single-dose intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in adult goats. De Vicente, ML; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI; Waxman, S, 2001)	0.31
"The impact of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) infection in swine on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin were determined."	( Influence of porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection and dexamethasone on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin. Baker, JD; Cope, CV; Farrell, DE; Myers, MJ; Post, LO, 2002)	0.31
"Harmonic mean half-life for oral administration was 14."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
"Enrofloxacin administered orally to sheep has a prolonged half-life and high oral bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
"To determine pharmacokinetic characteristics of marbofloxacin after a single IV and oral administration and tissue residues after serial daily oral administration in chickens."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residues for marbofloxacin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-marbofloxacin in broiler chickens. Anadón, A; Castellano, VJ; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Tafur, M, 2002)	0.31
"Analysis of pharmacokinetic data obtained in this study reveals that a minimal therapeutic dose of 2 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours should be appropriate for control of most infections in chickens."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residues for marbofloxacin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-marbofloxacin in broiler chickens. Anadón, A; Castellano, VJ; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Tafur, M, 2002)	0.31
"The pharmacokinetic disposition of enrofloxacin was studied in goats after subcutaneous (s."	( Pharmacokinetic disposition of subcutaneously administered enrofloxacin in goats. Malik, JK; Ramesh, S; Rao, GS, 2002)	0.31
" No significant differences were observed in mean toborinone pharmacokinetic parameters among the four study groups."	( The pharmacokinetics of toborinone in subjects with congestive heart failure and concomitant renal impairment and/or concomitant hepatic impairment. Bramer, SL; Kitani, M; Miyamoto, G; Tammara, B; Trang, JM, 2002)	0.31
"The impact of Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin in swine was assessed to determine whether this model would substitute for a pleuropneumonia infection model for pharmacokinetic evaluation of drugs."	( The effect of endotoxin and dexamethasone on enrofloxacin pharmacokinetic parameters in swine. Baker, JD; Cope, CV; Farrell, DE; Myers, MJ; Post, LO, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin was studied in seven healthy goats and in the same goats with induced fever after single-dose intravenous (i."	( Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on the pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration in goats. De Lucas, JJ; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI; Waxman, S, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of three different strengths of prulifloxacin (CAS 123447-62-1), a new antibacterial agent prodrug of AF3013 (CAS 112984-60-8), have been investigated in a randomized, cross-over study performed in 12 Caucasian male subjects (age range 19-34 years)."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of prulifloxacin after single oral administration. Brion, N; Dionisio, P; Gualano, V; Marchetti, M; Millérioux, L; Picollo, R; Rosignoli, MT, 2003)	0.32
" The objective of this study was to define the pharmacodynamic profile of BMS-284756 against Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Pharmacodynamics of a novel des-F(6)-quinolone, BMS-284756, against Streptococcus pneumoniae in the thigh infection model. Banevicius, M; Mattoes, HM; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH; Xuan, D, 2003)	0.32
" After iv ENR injection (as a bolus), the elimination half-life (t(1/2beta)), the volume of distribution (Vd(area)), and the area under the concentration vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in lactating sheep. Haritova, A; Lashev, L; Pashov, D, 2003)	0.32
" The T(1/2)abs, T(1/2)beta, AUC, Tmax and Cmax in the maternal plasma were approximately 6 min, 13."	( Transplacental pharmacokinetics of the new fluoroquinolone DW-116 in pregnant rats. Bae, CS; Chung, MK; Han, J; Kim, JC; Kim, SH; Park, SC; Shin, HC; Yun, HI, 2003)	0.32
" The mean elimination half-life for garenoxacin in plasma appeared to be independent of dose and ranged from 13."	( Multiple-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of oral garenoxacin in healthy subjects. Bello, A; Christopher, L; Gajjar, DA; Ge, Z; Grasela, DM, 2003)	0.32
" In the post-distributive phase, marbofloxacin disappeared from aqueous humor with a half-life of 780 minutes."	( Population pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in aqueous humor after intravenous administration in dogs. Boisramé, B; Concordet, D; Regnier, A; Schneider, M; Toutain, PL, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the antibacterial agent oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, the carbitol ester of oxolinic acid, were studied after intravenous (i."	( A single-dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 degrees C and in vitro antibacterial activity of oxolinic acid against Vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from di Bergh, O; Ervik, A; Samuelsen, OB, 2003)	0.32
" The study also sought to identify drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate effects on protein farnesylation, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies. Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)	0.32
" To identify pharmacokinetic interactions, the treatment and plasma sampling schemes were designed to permit comparisons of the pharmacokinetic behavior of each agent administered alone and together."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies. Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)	0.32
" There was no evidence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between tipifarnib and gemcitabine."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies. Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)	0.32
" We therefore compared the in vitro pharmacodynamic activity of ABT-492 to that of levofloxacin, an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of pneumonia, through MIC determination and time-kill kinetic analysis."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic activities of ABT-492, a novel quinolone, compared to those of levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Danziger, LH; Gunderson, SM; Hayes, RA; Quinn, JP, 2004)	0.32
"Modifications to the basic side-chain of early lead structures of the indolyl quinolinone class of KDR kinase inhibitors resulted in improved pharmacokinetic and ancillary profiles."	( Optimization of the indolyl quinolinone class of KDR (VEGFR-2) kinase inhibitors: effects of 5-amido- and 5-sulphonamido-indolyl groups on pharmacokinetics and hERG binding. Arrington, KL; Buser, CA; Ciecko, PA; Coll, KE; Fernandes, C; Fraley, ME; Hartman, GD; Hoffman, WF; Lynch, JJ; McFall, RC; Rickert, K; Singh, R; Smith, S; Thomas, KA; Wong, BK, 2004)	0.32
"The plasma and milk pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibacterial compound, were evaluated in dairy cows, as well as its pharmacodynamic characteristics against mastitis-isolated pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in lactating cows after repeated intramuscular administrations and pharmacodynamics against mastitis isolated strains. Boisramé, B; Schneider, M; Vallé, M; Woehrlé, F, 2004)	0.32
"The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature."	( Allometric analysis of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics across species. Bartges, J; Cottrell, MB; Cox, SK; Frazier, DL; Papich, MG; Smith, L, 2004)	0.32
" Despite having different pharmacokinetic profiles, ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin produced similar results when used under field conditions at the recommended dosages."	( Treatment of canine pyoderma with ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin--fluoroquinolones with different pharmacokinetic profiles. Horspool, LJ; Mawhinney, I; van den Bos, R; van Laar, P, 2004)	0.32
"Population pharmacokinetic of marbofloxacin was investigated on 21 healthy and 16 diseased horses to assess interindividual variability of drug exposure."	( Population pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in horses: preliminary analysis. Bousquet-Mélou, A; Concordet, D; Doucet, MY; Peyrou, M; Schneider, M; Vrins, A, 2004)	0.32
"96 L/kg, with a harmonic mean elimination half-life of 21."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after single-dose oral and intravenous administration in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Bennett, RA; Helmick, KE; Jacobson, ER; Papich, MG; Vliet, KA, 2004)	0.32
" Coadministration with lithium increased mean Cmax and AUC values of aripiprazole by about 19% and 15%, respectively, whereas the apparent oral clearance decreased by 15%."	( Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and concomitant lithium and valproate. Bark, N; Citrome, L; Josiassen, R; Mallikaarjun, S; Salazar, DE, 2005)	0.33
" Tipifarnib pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables were similar in the presence and absence of tamoxifen."	( A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, and tamoxifen in metastatic breast cancer. Balis, FM; Chow, C; Clark, G; Eng-Wong, J; Gantz, SB; Jayaprakash, N; Lebowitz, PF; Venzon, D; Widemann, BC; Zujewski, J, 2005)	0.33
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of tolfenamic acid (TA) in calves were determined in serum and fluids of inflamed (carrageenan administered) and non-inflamed subcutaneously implanted tissue cages after intramuscular administration both alone and in combination with marbofloxacin (MB)."	( Influence of marbofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tolfenamic acid in calves. Landoni, MF; Lees, P; Sidhu, PK, 2005)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were determined in six greater rheas following a single intravenous (i."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin following intravenous administration to greater rheas: a preliminary study. de Lucas, JJ; Lábaque, MC; Martella, MB; Navarro, JL; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MI, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of ARIPIPRAZOLE and its main metabolite OPC-14857 were determined."	( Influence of itraconazole co-administration and CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of the new antipsychotic ARIPIPRAZOLE. Azuma, J; Fukuda, T; Inaba, A; Koue, T; Kubo, M; Maune, H; Takeda, H, 2005)	0.33
" Validated HPLC methods were successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of aripiprazole in rats, demonstrating brain concentrations after oral administration five times higher than plasma concentrations."	( High performance liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of aripiprazole with ultraviolet detection in rat plasma and brain: application to the pharmacokinetic study. Akiyama, H; Kashiyama, E; Koga, T; Miyamoto, G; Shimokawa, Y, 2005)	0.33
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties in goats of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug tolfenamic acid (TA), administered both alone and in combination with the fluoroquinolone marbofloxacin (MB), were established in a tissue cage model of acute inflammation."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of tolfenamic acid and marbofloxacin in goats. Landoni, MF; Lees, P; Sidhu, PK, 2006)	0.33
" The ISF and plasma-unbound concentrations were similar during the steady-state period despite differences in lipophilicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of the drugs."	( Plasma and interstitial fluid pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin, its metabolite ciprofloxacin, and marbofloxacin after oral administration and a constant rate intravenous infusion in dogs. Bidgood, TL; Papich, MG, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacodynamic parameters from time-kill kinetic studies provide a useful means of studying antimicrobial activity."	( Comparison of faecal and optimal growth conditions on in vitro pharmacodynamic activity of marbofloxacin against Escherichia coli. Gicquel-Bruneau, M; Laurentie, M; Pellet, T; Sanders, P, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic properties of marbofloxacin, a third generation fluoroquinolone, were investigated in six cats after single intravenous (IV) and repeat oral (PO) administration at a daily dose of 2 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single intravenous and repeat oral administration to cats. Albarellos, GA; Landoni, MF; Montoya, L, 2005)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameter of the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC ratio in the lungs for DX-619, sitafloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were 171."	( In vivo efficacies and pharmacokinetics of DX-619, a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse lung infection model. Fukuda, Y; Higashiyama, Y; Hirakata, Y; Kohno, S; Miyazaki, Y; Mizuta, Y; Ohno, H; Tashiro, T; Tomono, K; Tsukamoto, K; Yanagihara, K, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for 36 hours after the first dose and peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected at baseline and steady state for determination of farnesyl protein transferase (FTase) activity and HDJ-2 farnesylation."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; End, D; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; Jayaprakash, N; Palumbo, JS; Pitney, A; Salzer, WL; Whitcomb, P; Widemann, BC; Zannikos, P, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic profile of tipifarnib in children is similar to that in adults, and at the MTD, FTase is inhibited in PBMC in vivo."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; End, D; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; Jayaprakash, N; Palumbo, JS; Pitney, A; Salzer, WL; Whitcomb, P; Widemann, BC; Zannikos, P, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacodynamic properties governing the activities of antibiotics against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus are still largely undetermined."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activities of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a model of THP-1 macrophages. Barcia-Macay, M; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Seral, C; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2006)	0.33
"To evaluate the aqueous humor pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in rabbits after topical administration of different formulations, and to individuate the ones showing the best pharmacokinetic profile."	( Rufloxacin eyedrops: effect of different formulations on ocular pharmacokinetics in rabbits. Burgalassi, S; Cappello, B; Chetoni, P; Iervolino, M; Monti, D; Saettone, MF, )	0.13
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters of RUF in the aqueous humor produced by the different formulations were calculated and statistical differences were assessed."	( Rufloxacin eyedrops: effect of different formulations on ocular pharmacokinetics in rabbits. Burgalassi, S; Cappello, B; Chetoni, P; Iervolino, M; Monti, D; Saettone, MF, )	0.13
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin was studied in goats after single-dose subcutaneous (SC) administration of 2mg/kg bodyweight."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin after subcutaneous administration in goats. De Lucas, JJ; Dova, SW; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI, 2007)	0.34
" Due to increasing resistance of causative pathogens, antibiotics should be used by considering their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Fallani, S; Mazzei, T; Novelli, A, 2006)	0.33
" For example, the longer half-life of marbofloxacin in many animal species has been appreciated in veterinary practice."	( Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices of marbofloxacin in turkeys. Fink-Gremmels, J; Haritova, AM; Lashev, LD; Parvanov, PR; Rusenova, NV, 2006)	0.33
" A repeated measures study has been designed to compare their pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate their bioavailability and to estimate their absorbed fraction and first-pass effect by using plasma, urinary and metabolite data collected from five healthy mares."	( Enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in horses: comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters, use of urinary and metabolite data to estimate first-pass effect and absorbed fraction. Bousquet-Melou, A; Doucet, MY; Laroute, V; Peyrou, M; Vrins, A, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, our developed methods were found to be selective, sensitive, robust and suitable for applications in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling."	( Determination of the immunomodulator laquinimod in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; development, validation and application of two methods in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling. Edman, K; Gunnarsson, PO; Hansson, G; Olin, M; Sennbro, CJ; Svensson, LD, 2006)	0.33
" The suitability of the method for pharmacokinetic studies was evaluated by determining the concentrations of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) also in pig plasma, after administration of 200mg of enrofloxacin per kilogram of fodder during 5 consecutive days."	( Determination of a series of quinolones in pig plasma using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Barbosa, J; Barrón, D; Garcés, A; Kucera, R; Zerzanová, A, 2006)	0.33
" administration of the drug, the elimination half-life (t(1/2 beta)) and mean residence time (MRT) were significantly longer in diseased calves (8."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves. El-Kattan, YA; Ismail, M, 2007)	0.34
" This study investigated the pharmacokinetic variability of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole on the basis of 155 drug monitoring samples from psychiatric patients treated with therapeutic doses of aripiprazole (10-30 mg/day)."	( Pharmacokinetic variability of aripiprazole and the active metabolite dehydroaripiprazole in psychiatric patients. Lunde, H; Lunder, N; Molden, E; Refsum, H, 2006)	0.33
"3 mg/lb) and to compare pharmacokinetic variables after pharmacokinetic analysis by naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and nonlinear mixed-effects modeling."	( Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. Huff, D; KuKanich, B; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 2007)	0.34
" Maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma-time concentration curve were approximately 3 microg/mL and 30 h x microg/mL, respectively."	( Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. Huff, D; KuKanich, B; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 2007)	0.34
"Values of pharmacokinetic variables were similar regardless of the analytic method used."	( Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. Huff, D; KuKanich, B; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 2007)	0.34
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) blood draws were performed on days 7, 17, and 27."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.34
"Although the high incidence of febrile neutropenia necessitated a multiple scheduling adaptation of tipifarnib compared to the original protocol, the apparent lack of mutual pharmacokinetic interactions, the ability to coadminister tipifarnib and docetaxel near single-agent MTDs, and suggestive evidence of efficacy make this drug combination attractive for further examination."	( A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of tipifarnib in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Awada, A; De Porre, P; de Valeriola, D; Gil, T; Lalami, Y; Piccart-Gebhart, MJ; Zhang, S, 2007)	0.34
" Principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined and two efficacy indices were computed by using pharmacokinetic parameters and selected mic90 values of marbofloxacin against pathogenic equine strains to predict the efficacy of the drug at this dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of marbofloxacin in adult donkeys. De Lucas, JJ; González, F; Nieto, J; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI; Serres, C; Waxman, S, 2007)	0.34
" The method was applied to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study in rats."	( Validation of a simple HPLC method for assay of haplamine and its metabolites in plasma suitable for pharmacokinetic application in rats. Aubert, C; Bun, H; Ciccolini, J; Ea, S; Giacometti, S; Siv, C, 2008)	0.35
"The purpose of this study was to examine the allometric analyses of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin using pharmacokinetic data from the literature."	( Allometric scaling of marbofloxacin, moxifloxacin, danofloxacin and difloxacin pharmacokinetics: a retrospective analysis. Cox, SK, 2007)	0.34
"To investigate the effect of GrlA mutation on the development of quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to examine the relationship between the emergence of resistance and PK/pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Effect of GrlA mutation on the development of quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Mitsuyama, J; Oonishi, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2007)	0.34
" The half-life of aripiprazole following repeated administration was similar to that following single administration, suggesting that pharmacokinetics was constant during 14-day administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole, a new antipsychotic, following oral dosing in healthy adult Japanese volunteers: influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism. Azuma, J; Fukuda, T; Koue, T; Kubo, M; Maune, H, 2007)	0.34
"The population pharmacokinetic parameters of aripiprazole in healthy Japanese males were estimated using a nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program."	( Nonlinear mixed effects model analysis of the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole in healthy Japanese males. Azuma, J; Fukuda, T; Funaki, T; Hashimoto, Y; Kayano, Y; Koue, T; Kubo, M; Takaai, M, 2007)	0.34
" Marbofloxacin concentrations were determined via reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic analysis of the data was performed with a mono-compartmental model."	( Intraocular pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered marbofloxacin in rabbits with experimentally induced acute endophthalmitis. Concordet, D; Regnier, A; Schneider, M; Toutain, PL, 2008)	0.35
"To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) dose-limiting toxicity, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of TKI258 (formerly CHIR-258)."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of TKI258, an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Aziz, N; Braendle, E; Butzberger-Zimmerli, P; de Bono, JS; Evans, TR; Fox, JA; Garzon, F; Hardie, M; Heise, C; Jadayel, D; Judson, IR; Louie, S; Marriott, C; Michelson, G; Molife, R; Morrison, R; Sarker, D, 2008)	0.35
" Further pharmacodynamic evaluation is required in these studies to evaluate the biological effects of TKI258."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of TKI258, an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Aziz, N; Braendle, E; Butzberger-Zimmerli, P; de Bono, JS; Evans, TR; Fox, JA; Garzon, F; Hardie, M; Heise, C; Jadayel, D; Judson, IR; Louie, S; Marriott, C; Michelson, G; Molife, R; Morrison, R; Sarker, D, 2008)	0.35
"The noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters for plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite dehydro-aripiprazole were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intramuscular, oral and intravenous aripiprazole in healthy subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Boulton, DW; Kollia, G; Komoroski, B; Kovalick, LJ; Mallikaarjun, S; Reeves, RA; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
" In study 2, the proportionality of the C(max) and AUC to doses ranging from 1 mg to 45 mg suggests a linear pharmacokinetic profile for intramuscular aripiprazole."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intramuscular, oral and intravenous aripiprazole in healthy subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Boulton, DW; Kollia, G; Komoroski, B; Kovalick, LJ; Mallikaarjun, S; Reeves, RA; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
" PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSES: Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using plasma aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole concentration-time data."	( Effects of hepatic or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole. Boulton, DW; Bramer, SL; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE, 2008)	0.35
"Study 1 (hepatic impairment study): apparent oral clearance of unbound drug (CL/Fu) and the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of aripiprazole; Study 2 (renal impairment study): CL/Fu, Cmax and renal clearance (CL(R))."	( Effects of hepatic or renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole. Boulton, DW; Bramer, SL; Mallikaarjun, S; Shoaf, SE, 2008)	0.35
" Two studies evaluated pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions among EVG and RTV-boosted tipranavir (TPV/r) or darunavir (DRV/r)."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.35
" Studies were powered to conclude lack of an interaction if the 90% confidence interval for the geometric mean ratios of the AUCtau and Cmax for EVG, TPV, and DRV were within predefined no-effect boundaries."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.35
" On coadministration, AUCtau and Cmax of EVG and TPV and EVG and DRV were within prespecified no-effect boundaries versus treatment alone; trough concentrations were also not substantially altered."	( Effect of ritonavir-boosted tipranavir or darunavir on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir. Enejosa, J; Hinkle, J; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Mathias, AA; Piliero, PJ; Sekar, V; Shen, G; Tomaka, F, 2008)	0.35
" Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis of ADTs."	( The pharmacokinetics of standard antidepressants with aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy: studies in healthy subjects and in patients with major depressive disorder. Balch, AH; Berman, RM; Boulton, DW; Mallikaarjun, S; Patel, CG; Reeves, RA; Royzman, K, 2010)	0.36
" The mechanisms responsible for the tissue-selective activity of SARMs are not fully understood, and the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationships are poorly described."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LGD-3303 [9-chloro-2-ethyl-1-methyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3H-pyrrolo-[3,2-f]quinolin-7(6H)-one], an orally available nonsteroidal-selective androgen receptor modulator. Chang, WY; Chen, Y; Hill, R; Lee, KJ; Lee, YH; López, FJ; Meglasson, MD; O'Brien, Z; Rix, P; Vajda, EG, 2009)	0.35
"The aims of this study were to develop a combined population pharmacokinetic model for both aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in psychiatric patients and to identify to what extent the genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes contribute to the variability in pharmacokinetics (PK)."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in psychiatric patients. Bahk, WM; Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kang, DH; Kim, JR; Kim, YK; Kwon, JS; Seo, HB; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2008)	0.35
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using NONMEM software based on 141 plasma concentrations at steady state from 80 patients receiving multiple oral doses of aripiprazole (10-30 mg day(-1))."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in psychiatric patients. Bahk, WM; Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kang, DH; Kim, JR; Kim, YK; Kwon, JS; Seo, HB; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2008)	0.35
"This population pharmacokinetic model provided an adequate fit to the data for both aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in psychiatric patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydroaripiprazole, in psychiatric patients. Bahk, WM; Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Kang, DH; Kim, JR; Kim, YK; Kwon, JS; Seo, HB; Shin, SG; Yu, KS, 2008)	0.35
" The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of bis(12)-hupyridone after intravenous administration of 5mg/kg and intraperitoneal administration of 10 and 20mg/kg in rats."	( Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD method for bis(12)-hupyridone and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Carlier, PR; Chan, K; Cheung, MC; Gu, ZM; Han, YF; Huang, M; Li, WM; Wang, YT; Yu, H; Zuo, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Blood samples were collected on Days -1 and 14 for determination of lamotrigine steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters."	( A non-randomized study to investigate the effects of the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar I disorder. Balch, AH; Benson, J; Boulton, DW; Carlson, BX; Croop, R; Mallikaarjun, S; Schieber, FC, 2009)	0.35
" Lack of pharmacokinetic alteration bounds for 90% confidence intervals (CI) about the geometric mean ratio (GMR; coadministration versus alone) were 70-143% for elvitegravir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics (maximum concentration [C(max)], concentration at the end of the dosing interval [C(tau)] and area under the plasma concentration-time curve [AUC(tau); 0-24 h] and 80-125% for etravirine pharmacokinetics (AUC(tau) 0-12 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.35
" Elvitegravir pharmacokinetic GMR was 6-7% higher following elvitegravir/r plus etravirine dosing versus elvitegravir/r."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.35
" This article focuses on the standardization of drug analysis in bone, the extent and rate of bone penetration of antibacterials, and the design, evaluation and reporting techniques of pharmacokinetic studies of bone penetration."	( Penetration of antibacterials into bone: pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and bioanalytical considerations. Bulitta, JB; Holzgrabe, U; Kinzig, M; Landersdorfer, CB; Sörgel, F, 2009)	0.35
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between carbamazepine and aripiprazole were studied in 18 inpatients with schizophrenia being treated with aripiprazole."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between carbamazepine and aripiprazole in patients with schizophrenia. Kondo, T; Mihara, K; Nagai, G; Nakamura, A; Suzuki, T, 2009)	0.35
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir (elvitegravir/r) and maraviroc was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals for ratio of geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) between 70% and 143% for elvitegravir and ritonavir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); for maraviroc, given a 100% increase in Cmax and AUCtau (0-12 hours); the predicted 90% confidence intervals were 162% to 247% and 136% to 295%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and maraviroc. Abel, S; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Tweedy, S; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" The peak time and elimination half-life of nemonoxacin were 1 to 2 h and 9 to 16 h, respectively."	( Dose escalation study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel potent broad-spectrum nonfluorinated quinolone, in healthy volunteers. Ajayi, F; Aronstein, WS; Chang, LW; Chung, DT; Hsu, CH; Kuzmak, B; Lin, L; Lyon, RA; Tsai, CY, 2010)	0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using a noncompartmental method."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two formulations of rebamipide 100-mg tablets: a randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Cho, HY; Lee, YB; Park, GK; Yoon, H, 2009)	0.35
" No significant sequence, subject, formulation, or period effects were detected for any pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two formulations of rebamipide 100-mg tablets: a randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Cho, HY; Lee, YB; Park, GK; Yoon, H, 2009)	0.35
" There was no evidence that rebamipide pharmacokinetic parameters were influenced by genetic polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene (exons 21 and 26)."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two formulations of rebamipide 100-mg tablets: a randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Cho, HY; Lee, YB; Park, GK; Yoon, H, 2009)	0.35
" Plural simultaneously - operant pharmacodynamic mechanisms may explain catatonia of unclear etiology and reconcile a seemingly contradictory literature (e."	( Catatonia and CPK elevation in neurosyphilis: role of plural pharmacodynamic mechanisms. Carter, WG; Lauterbach, EC; Norris, BK; Shillcutt, SD, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed for 36 hr after the first dose and leukemic blasts were collected pre-treatment and at steady state for determination of FTase activity."	( Phase 1 trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children and adolescents with refractory leukemias: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Adamson, PC; Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Fox, E; Goodspeed, W; Goodwin, A; Jayaprakash, N; Widemann, BC; Wright, JJ; Zannikos, P, 2011)	0.37
"Of 29 patients enrolled, 18 were fully evaluable for toxicity, and 23 for response; 26 had pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic sampling."	( Phase 1 trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children and adolescents with refractory leukemias: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Adamson, PC; Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; Fox, E; Goodspeed, W; Goodwin, A; Jayaprakash, N; Widemann, BC; Wright, JJ; Zannikos, P, 2011)	0.37
" This method was applied to pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers and patients taking aripiprazole."	( A sensitive column-switching HPLC method for aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole and its application to human pharmacokinetic studies. Akamine, Y; Inoue, Y; Kojima, M; Uno, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)	0.36
" In both populations, the average maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of indacaterol was observed at the first sampling time point and pharmacokinetic profiles were similar between populations."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of indacaterol in Caucasian and Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparison of data from two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Hosoe, M; Kramer, B; Lawrence, D; Matsushima, S; Woessner, R, 2011)	0.37
"Indacaterol provided 24-hour bronchodilation with a fast onset of action and similar pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in Caucasian and Japanese patients."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of indacaterol in Caucasian and Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparison of data from two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Hosoe, M; Kramer, B; Lawrence, D; Matsushima, S; Woessner, R, 2011)	0.37
" The terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 50 - 63 h could only be seen for doses of 1,000 µg or higher."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single escalating doses of indacaterol, a once-daily beta2-agonist bronchodilator, in subjects with COPD. Brookman, L; Hmissi, A; Kaiser, G; Pascoe, S; Perry, S; Pleskow, W; Reynolds, C, 2011)	0.37
" Because elvitegravir is metabolized primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, coadministration with a strong CYP3A inhibitor such as ritonavir or cobicistat (also known as GS-9350), an investigational pharmacoenhancer, substantially increases (boosts) elvitegravir plasma exposures and prolongs its elimination half-life to ∼9."	( Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the HIV integrase inhibitor elvitegravir. German, P; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; Ramanathan, S, 2011)	0.37
" The author provides the reader with knowledge of the fundamental pharmacokinetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of these new antipsychotics, emphasizing the clinically important common features and differences compared to other older agents."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism update for some recent antipsychotics. Caccia, S, 2011)	0.37
"Aripiprazole, perospirone, lurasidone and cariprazine share some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of older, lipophilic antipsychotics and, like these, each has some distinct pharmacokinetic features that are clinically beneficial and some that are not."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolism update for some recent antipsychotics. Caccia, S, 2011)	0.37
"The bactericidal activity and resistance selectivity of garenoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with mutations in ParC (S79F) or both GyrA (S81F) and ParC (D83Y and K137N) were investigated using in vitro pharmacokinetic models simulating plasma concentrations for a standard clinical regimen [400mg once daily (q."	( In vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation of garenoxacin against quinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Fukuda, Y; Nomura, N; Shinmura, Y; Sugiura, Y; Takahata, M, 2012)	0.38
" Typically, studies of antipsychotics have applied pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling alone to characterize the relationship between antipsychotic dose and its effect on the brain."	( Predicting brain occupancy from plasma levels using PET: superiority of combining pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics while modeling the relationship. Howes, OD; Jang, IJ; Jeong, JM; Kapur, S; Kim, BH; Kim, E; Kwon, JS; Lee, JS; Shin, SG; Turkheimer, FE, 2012)	0.38
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study enrolling 12 healthy Chinese volunteers administered nemonoxacin malate capsules."	( A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of nemonoxacin (TG-873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, in human plasma and urine and its application to a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers. Guo, B; Shi, Y; Tsai, CY; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, J, 2012)	0.38
"This study was conducted primarily to improve the solubility of rebamipide, a poorly water-soluble anti-ulcer drug, using novel ternary solid dispersion (SD) systems and secondly to evaluate the effect of solubility enhancement on its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile."	( Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations of novel ternary solid dispersion of rebamipide with poloxamer 407. Chi, SC; Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2013)	0.39
" The elimination half-life was 10-12 hours."	( Safety and clinical pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, in healthy Chinese volunteers following single and multiple oral doses. Cao, G; Guo, B; Shi, Y; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The NLME model analyzed pharmacokinetic data from nine indacaterol studies; the LME model analyzed peak (C(max)) and trough (C(min)) serum concentration using data from four of these studies."	( Systemic pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, an inhaled once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist, in different ethnic populations. Hara, H; Matsushima, S; Matthews, I; Pinault, G; Sekiguchi, K; Wilkins, J; Woessner, R, 2012)	0.38
"In the all-Asian study, indacaterol serum concentration-time pharmacokinetic profiles in Japanese patients (n = 102) were similar to those in the overall population (n = 229)."	( Systemic pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, an inhaled once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist, in different ethnic populations. Hara, H; Matsushima, S; Matthews, I; Pinault, G; Sekiguchi, K; Wilkins, J; Woessner, R, 2012)	0.38
"No ethnicity effect was observed on indacaterol systemic pharmacokinetic profile for Japanese patients when compared with the overall Asian patient population or with the Caucasian patient population."	( Systemic pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, an inhaled once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist, in different ethnic populations. Hara, H; Matsushima, S; Matthews, I; Pinault, G; Sekiguchi, K; Wilkins, J; Woessner, R, 2012)	0.38
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters were T(max) = (4."	( Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS method for quantitative determination of aripiprazole in human plasma and an application to pharmacokinetic study. Bapuji, AT; Mukkanti, K; Raju, DR; Ravikiran, HL; Ravinder, S; Reddy, DC, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic simulation suggested in vivo relevance of CYP3A4 inhibition by DX-619."	( Effect of the fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent DX-619 on the apparent formation and renal clearances of 6β-hydroxycortisol, an endogenous probe for CYP3A4 inhibition, in healthy subjects. Imamura, Y; Inoue, K; Izumi, T; Kurihara, A; Kusuhara, H; Murayama, N; Okudaira, N; Sugiyama, Y; Yuasa, H, 2013)	0.39
" The method was successfully applied to human pharmacokinetic study of urapidil and aripiprazole in healthy human male volunteers."	( Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of urapidil and aripiprazole in human plasma and its application to human pharmacokinetic study. Ambavaram, VB; Gajulapalle, M; Kalluru, GR; Nandigam, V; Vemula, M, 2013)	0.39
" No clinically relevant systemic pharmacodynamic effects were observed."	( Pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a bi-functional molecule, in patients with COPD. Ambery, C; Bateman, ED; Kornmann, O; Norris, V, 2013)	0.39
" When the MIC is high, the time (T) dependency is important and the valid PK/PD index should be the cumulative percentage of a 24-h period in which the drug concentration exceeds the MIC under steady-state pharmacokinetic conditions (f%T>MIC), which means that to split the maximum daily dose into several separate doses will benefit the eradication of the bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nemonoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro infection model. Cao, YR; Chen, YC; Guo, QL; Hu, JL; Huang, J; Liang, W; Liu, XF; Wu, XJ; Zhang, J; Zhang, SJ; Zhang, YY; Zhao, M; Zhu, DM, 2013)	0.39
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 17 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 2 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
"6 hr*ng/mL) and mean Cmax (8."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
" Here we tested the pharmacodynamic consequences of these properties in a P-gp deficient mouse model by studying the effects of aripiprazole and of ziprasidone on motor coordination."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of aripiprazole and ziprasidone with respect to p-glycoprotein substrate properties. Frisch, J; Hiemke, C; Holthoewer, D; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2013)	0.39
"Evidence was given that P-gp substrate properties have pharmacodynamic consequences for aripiprazole but not for ziprasidone and thus affect dopamine receptor related motor behaviour."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of aripiprazole and ziprasidone with respect to p-glycoprotein substrate properties. Frisch, J; Hiemke, C; Holthoewer, D; Kirschbaum, KM; Schmitt, U, 2013)	0.39
" Lack of PK alteration was defined as 90% confidence intervals about the geometric least squares means ratio (coadministration:alone) being within 70%-143% for elvitegravir Cmax (maximum concentration), Ctau (trough), and AUCtau (area under plasma concentration-time curve; 0-24 hours); cobicistat PK were explored."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted elvitegravir when administered in combination with acid-reducing agents. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Koziara, J; Mathias, A; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G; Wei, X, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of Inh-1 revealed an absolute bioavailability (F) of 21% and a short t1/2 of <1 h."	( Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Boelsterli, UA; Fujimoto, K; Lee, KK; Redinbo, MR; Saitta, KS; Zhang, C, 2014)	0.4
" In contrast, plasma concentrations following administration of aripiprazole once-monthly at a dose of 200mg were below the therapeutic range and pharmacokinetic parameters were not proportional to the administered dose compared with the 300 mg and 400mg doses."	( Pharmacokinetics, tolerability and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly in adult schizophrenia: an open-label, parallel-arm, multiple-dose study. Bricmont, P; Carson, W; Fleischhacker, WW; Forbes, RA; Kane, JM; Mallikaarjun, S; McQuade, R; Sanchez, R, 2013)	0.39
"This review considers indacaterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, in whom it is rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation with serum levels measurable after 5 min and Cmax being reached approximately 15 min post-dose."	( Use of indacaterol for the treatment of COPD: a pharmacokinetic evaluation. Calzetta, L; Cazzola, M; Matera, MG; Page, CP, 2014)	0.4
" In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetic drug interactions of rebamipide with two selected NSAIDs, celecoxib or diclofenac."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between rebamipide and selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats. Cooper, DL; Harirforoosh, S; Wood, RC; Wyatt, JE, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic interaction between cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir (EVG/co) and rosuvastatin was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" In dose response sessions, all doses were given 1 hr apart in ascending order for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment."	( Aripiprazole effects on self-administration and pharmacodynamics of intravenous cocaine and cigarette smoking in humans. Campbell, C; Lofwall, MR; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2014)	0.4
" EVG/co (150/150 mg) was administered once daily for 10 days, followed by pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of boosted elvitegravir in subjects with hepatic impairment. Custodio, JM; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, M; Shen, G, 2014)	0.4
" In this open-label, randomized, three-way crossover study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir were evaluated when administered with a standard breakfast, under fasting conditions, or with a nutritional protein-rich drink."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using non-compartmental analysis and included C max, T max, and AUC0-24h on Day 1 and AUC0-24h,ss, C max,ss, C min,ss, C av,ss, T max,ss, T 1/2, T 1/2,acc, CL/F, V z/F, and R acc on Day 14 (after repeated once-daily doses)."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled indacaterol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Emotte, C; Jiang, J; Khindri, S; Li, L; Li, R; Pei, H; Woessner, R; Yin, H, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacodynamic assessments included whole body plethysmography to determine the bronchodilatory effect by means of airway conductance and resistance."	( First-in-human study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of abediterol (LAS100977), a novel long-acting Β2 -agonist. de Miquel, G; Jimenez, E; Massana, E; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B; Timmer, W, 2014)	0.4
" This first-in-human study was aimed at assessing the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic properties of intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy chinese volunteers. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Guo, BN; Shi, YG; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Yu, JC; Zhang, J; Zhang, YY, 2014)	0.4
"After single doses of setrobuvir (400-3000 mg) to volunteers in a fasted state, peak Cmax and AUC0-∞ increased in a less than dose-proportional manner."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of setrobuvir, an orally administered hepatitis C virus non-nucleoside analogue inhibitor. Appleman, JR; Crowley, CA; Freddo, JL; Mallalieu, NL; Rahimy, MH; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.4
" Clinical investigation in healthy volunteers and cancer patients was undertaken to evaluate its pharmacokinetic properties and early safety profile."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based decision making in the development of MK-0888, a VEGFR-2/FLT-3 kinase inhibitor. Agrawal, NG; Friedman, EJ; Iwamoto, M; Sepp-Lorenzino, L; Talaty, JE; Wagner, JA, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetics: After single-dose administration, MK-0888 was readily absorbed with a T(max) of 4-5 h and a half-life of 11."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based decision making in the development of MK-0888, a VEGFR-2/FLT-3 kinase inhibitor. Agrawal, NG; Friedman, EJ; Iwamoto, M; Sepp-Lorenzino, L; Talaty, JE; Wagner, JA, 2015)	0.42
"The pharmacokinetic behavior of MK-0888 does not support continued development."	( Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based decision making in the development of MK-0888, a VEGFR-2/FLT-3 kinase inhibitor. Agrawal, NG; Friedman, EJ; Iwamoto, M; Sepp-Lorenzino, L; Talaty, JE; Wagner, JA, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from plasma concentrations of aripiprazole and its active metabolite, dehydro-aripiprazole, obtained over 16 days after each aripiprazole administration."	( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults. Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)	0.42
"Of 36 subjects enrolled, 24 were evaluable for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults. Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)	0.42
" Herein we developed and validated a quantitative HPLC-MS/MS analytical method for one of the lead novel anticancer makaluvamine analog, TCBA-TPQ, and conducted a pharmacokinetic study in laboratory rats."	( Development and validation of an HPLC-MS/MS analytical method for quantitative analysis of TCBA-TPQ, a novel anticancer makaluvamine analog, and application in a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Li, DD; Nag, S; Qin, JJ; Velu, SE; Voruganti, S; Wang, W; Xu, S; Yu, JX; Zhang, R, 2015)	0.42
"This article reviews the clinical pharmacology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability, drug interactions, and dosing and administration of cobicistat."	( Cobicistat: Review of a Pharmacokinetic Enhancer for HIV Infection. Gauthier, TP; Schafer, JJ; Sherman, EM; Unger, NR; Worley, MV, 2015)	0.42
" Secondary outcomes were absolute change from baseline in sweat chloride concentrations and bodyweight, body-mass index (BMI), and height Z scores, and pharmacokinetic parameter estimation of ivacaftor."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ivacaftor in patients aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation (KIWI): an open-label, single-arm study. Cooke, J; Cunningham, S; Davies, JC; Green, Y; Harris, WT; Lapey, A; Regelmann, WE; Robertson, S; Rosenfeld, M; Sawicki, GS; Southern, KW, 2016)	0.43
" Results of ivacaftor pharmacokinetics suggested that exposure was similar to that reported in adults (median Cmin were 536 ng/mL for the 50 mg dose; 580 ng/mL for the 75 mg dose; median ivacaftor AUC values were 9840 ng × h/mL and 10 200 ng × h/mL, respectively)."	( Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of ivacaftor in patients aged 2-5 years with cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation (KIWI): an open-label, single-arm study. Cooke, J; Cunningham, S; Davies, JC; Green, Y; Harris, WT; Lapey, A; Regelmann, WE; Robertson, S; Rosenfeld, M; Sawicki, GS; Southern, KW, 2016)	0.43
" We describe here a study designed to assess any pharmacokinetic (PK) and/or biopharmaceutical interaction between indacaterol and mometasone furoate when administered via the Breezhaler(®) device, either alone or in a free or fixed combination (QMF149) in healthy adult subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of indacaterol and mometasone furoate delivered alone or in a free or fixed dose combination in healthy subjects. Calder, N; Febbraro, S; Fuhr, R; Hara, H; Khindri, S; Machineni, S; Majumdar, T; Vaidya, SS; Woessner, R, 2016)	0.43
"Elvitegravir and cobicistat pharmacokinetic variability appears to be mainly explained by drug-drug interactions that may be encountered in routine clinical practice."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of elvitegravir and cobicistat in HIV-1-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Barceló, C; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Gaspar, F; Guidi, M; Panchaud, A; Rotger, M, 2016)	0.43
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed to describe the PK profiles of indacaterol and glycopyrronium following the twice daily (b."	( Population pharmacokinetics of IND/GLY (indacaterol/glycopyrronium) in COPD patients. Bartels, C; Bieth, B; Demin, I; Gautier, A; Graham, G; Sechaud, R; Tillmann, HC, 2016)	0.43
"There was no pharmacokinetic interaction when GSK961081 and FP were administered concurrently."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GSK961081, a novel inhaled muscarinic antagonist β2 -agonist, and fluticasone propionate administered alone, concurrently and as a combination blend formulation in healthy volunteers. Ambery, C; Norris, V; Riley, T, 2014)	0.4
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax , AUCtau , and Ctau ) of elvitegravir were investigated at Day 10 after each treatment, together with safety and tolerability."	( Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence evaluation of single-tablet and separate-tablet regimens for once-daily cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir in healthy Japanese male subjects: A randomized, two-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Kumagai, Y; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, )	0.13
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods."	( Open-Label, Randomized, 6-Way Crossover, Single-Dose Study to Determine the Pharmacokinetics of Batefenterol (GSK961081) and Fluticasone Furoate When Administered Alone or in Combination. Ambery, C; Daley-Yates, P; Riddell, K, 2016)	0.43
" This review focuses on recent advances concerning quinolones and fluoroquinolones, we will be summarising chemical structure, mode of action, pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity."	( Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of novel quinolone agents represented by avarofloxacin, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, zabofloxacin and nemonoxacin. Domokos, J; Kocsis, B; Szabo, D, 2016)	0.43
" A precise method is required to quantify the drug concentration in biological matrices to study pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution profile in animals and/or humans."	( Simultaneous quantification of tenofovir, emtricitabine, rilpivirine, elvitegravir and dolutegravir in mouse biological matrices by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Destache, CJ; Mandal, S; Prathipati, PK, 2016)	0.43
" After the fifth AOM 400 injection, mean aripiprazole AUC(28d), C(max) and C(min) were 165 μg x h/ml, 331 ng/ml and 201 ng/ml, respectively, which were similar to previously published pharmacokinetic parameters after the fifth gluteal injection of AOM 400."	( [Pharmacokinetics and safety of aripiprazole long-acting injection, following multiple deltoid administrations in schizophrenia patients in Japan]. Ishigooka, J; Nishiyama, K; Noda, T; Shima, T; Tadori, Y; Tamaru, N; Yamasaki, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Between May 22, 2013, and July 22, 2014, we enrolled 50 participants, and all 50 received the assigned treatment; 24 participated in the intensive pharmacokinetic assessment."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial. Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)	0.43
"The elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide regimen was well tolerated and achieved component plasma pharmacokinetic exposures similar to those in adults."	( Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of a single-tablet regimen containing elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naive, HIV-infected adolescents: a single-arm, open-label trial. Batra, J; Chakraborty, R; Gaur, AH; Kizito, H; Kosalaraksa, P; Luesomboon, W; Myers, M; Porter, D; Prasitsueubsai, W; Quirk, E; Rakhmanina, N; Rassool, M; Rhee, MS; SenGupta, D; Shao, Y; Ting, L, 2016)	0.43
"EVG is currently available as a single tablet regimen and requires cobisistat, a pharmacokinetic booster and CYP3A inhibitor to allow QD dosing."	( How recent findings on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of integrase inhibitors can inform clinical use. Boffito, M; Chirwa, M; Elliot, E, 2017)	0.46
" In the current study, we investigated ethanol influence on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of EVG in HIV infected monocytic (U1) cells."	( Alterations in cellular pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of elvitegravir in response to ethanol exposure in HIV-1 infected monocytic (U1) cells. Kumar, S; Lukka, PB; Meibohm, B; Midde, NM; Sinha, N, 2017)	0.46
"In this study, the population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis of rebamipide (Reba) in healthy male Korean subjects was analyzed using the nonlinear mixed effects modeling method."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of rebamipide in healthy Korean subjects with the characterization of atypical complex absorption kinetics. Cho, HY; Lee, YB; Ngo, L; Tran, P; Yoo, HD, 2017)	0.46
"The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Barry, MG; D'Arcy, DM; Liddy, AM; McLaughlin, G; Schmitz, S, 2017)	0.46
" Three pharmacokinetic profiles were assessed for each volunteer: ivacaftor 150 mg alone (study A), ivacaftor 150 mg plus ritonavir 50 mg daily (study B), and ivacaftor 150 mg plus ritonavir 50 mg daily after two weeks of ritonavir 50 mg daily (study C)."	( The pharmacokinetic interaction between ivacaftor and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Barry, MG; D'Arcy, DM; Liddy, AM; McLaughlin, G; Schmitz, S, 2017)	0.46
"A literature search of MEDLINE was performed (1985 to April 2017) using the following search terms: cobicistat, ritonavir, pharmacokinetic, drug interactions, booster, pharmacokinetic enhancer, HIV, antiretrovirals."	( Cobicistat Versus Ritonavir: Similar Pharmacokinetic Enhancers But Some Important Differences. Hughes, CA; Phillips, EJ; Seet, J; Tseng, A; Wu, J, 2017)	0.46
" Pharmacokinetic properties of the boosted antiretroviral can also affect interaction outcome with comedications."	( Cobicistat Versus Ritonavir: Similar Pharmacokinetic Enhancers But Some Important Differences. Hughes, CA; Phillips, EJ; Seet, J; Tseng, A; Wu, J, 2017)	0.46
" typhimurium, there are no systematic review outlining the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of quinolones."	( Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones to Treat Salmonella Typhimurium: A Review of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Balasundaram, P; Karuppasamy, R; Veerappapillai, S, 2017)	0.46
"Overall, the findings of this review highlight the importance of pharmacokinetic profiling of different quinolones in developing novel drugs to overcome drug resistance in the near future."	( Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones to Treat Salmonella Typhimurium: A Review of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. Balasundaram, P; Karuppasamy, R; Veerappapillai, S, 2017)	0.46
"Intensive steady-state 24-h pharmacokinetic profiles after 150 mg of elvitegravir and 150 mg of cobicistat given orally in fixed dose combination once-daily were performed during the second trimester, third trimester, and postpartum."	( Elvitegravir/cobicistat pharmacokinetics in pregnant and postpartum women with HIV. Acosta, EP; Badell, ML; Barr, E; Best, BM; Burchett, S; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Mirochnick, M; Momper, JD; Park, K; Purswani, M; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2018)	0.48
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic profiling of laquinimod, EE and LNG were collected on day 21 and day 22 of Cycles 1 and 3 pre-dose and multiple times post-dose."	( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women. Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)	0.51
"The combination of COC and laquinimod treatment was found to be safe, tolerable, and devoid of any noticeable pharmacokinetic interaction."	( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women. Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)	0.51
" The goals of this study were to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and population PK parameters of nemonoxacin and to provide the appropriate dose adjustment recommendations for patients with hepatic impairment."	( Population Pharmacokinetics Study of Nemonoxacin Among Chinese Patients With Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Chen, Y; Guo, B; Kang, Y; Li, Y; Wang, K; Wu, J; Xu, F; Yu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The developed method could be efficiently used for pharmacokinetic studies of dovitinib."	( A New Validated HPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantification and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Dovitinib, a Multi-Kinase Inhibitor, in Mouse Plasma. Al-Shakliah, NS; Aljohar, HI; AlRabiah, H; Attia, SM; Attwa, MW; Kadi, AA; Mostafa, GA, 2020)	0.56
" These results indicate that coadministration of laquinimod with moderate to strong inhibitors of CYP3A or strong inducers of CYP3A may give rise to significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions."	( The Effect of CYP3A Induction and Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod, a Novel Neuroimmunomodulator. Elgart, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Loupe, PS; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Weiss, S; Zur, AA, 2020)	0.56
" There was no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction between IND, GLY and MF when administered as IND/GLY/MF."	( Pharmacokinetics of indacaterol, glycopyrronium and mometasone furoate following once-daily inhalation as a combination in healthy subjects. Abdallah, N; Drollmann, A; Ethell, B; Hahn, M; Heudi, O; Ignatenko, S; Jauernig, J; Last, S; Machineni, S; Radhakrishnan, R; Tillmann, HC; Vaidya, S, 2020)	0.56
"To optimize the dosing regimen in patients with severe renal impairment based on population pharmacokinetic (PPK)/pharmacodynamic analysis."	( Nemonoxacin dosage adjustment in patients with severe renal impairment based on population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Guo, B; Hu, J; Kang, Y; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, J; Wang, K; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Xu, X; Xue, J; Yu, J; Zeng, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2021)	0.62
" Ivacaftor concentrations were measured in all blood samples in order to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters for ivacaftor."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between ivacaftor and cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors in people with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls. Heijerman, HGM; Sturm, R; van der Meer, R; Wilms, EB, 2021)	0.62
"Clinical evidence suggests no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between indacaterol (IND), glycopyrronium (GLY) and mometasone furoate (MF)."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium/Mometasone Furoate After Administration of Combination Therapies Using the Breezhaler Bartels, C; Jain, M; Tillmann, HC; Vaidya, S; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
"The final pharmacokinetic models were two-compartment disposition models with first-order elimination and sequential zero-order/first-order absorption (IND), with bolus administration and first-order elimination (GLY), and with mixed zero-order/first-order absorption and first-order elimination (MF)."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium/Mometasone Furoate After Administration of Combination Therapies Using the Breezhaler Bartels, C; Jain, M; Tillmann, HC; Vaidya, S; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic profiles of MF were comparable for combination products at corresponding medium- or high-dose inhaled corticosteroids."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium/Mometasone Furoate After Administration of Combination Therapies Using the Breezhaler Bartels, C; Jain, M; Tillmann, HC; Vaidya, S; Yu, J, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, phenotype-related physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed and evaluated to suggest phenotype-guided dose adjustments."	( Influence of CYP2D6 Phenotypes on the Pharmacokinetics of Aripiprazole and Dehydro-Aripiprazole Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. Abad-Santos, F; Hempel, G; Kneller, LA; Koller, D; Zubiaur, P, 2021)	0.62
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for single dose (oral and orodispersible formulation), multiple dose, and steady-state condition were built using trial data from genotyped healthy volunteers."	( Influence of CYP2D6 Phenotypes on the Pharmacokinetics of Aripiprazole and Dehydro-Aripiprazole Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. Abad-Santos, F; Hempel, G; Kneller, LA; Koller, D; Zubiaur, P, 2021)	0.62
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were able to accurately predict the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole and dehydro-aripiprazole according to CYP2D6 phenotypes, illustrated by a minimal bias and a good precision."	( Influence of CYP2D6 Phenotypes on the Pharmacokinetics of Aripiprazole and Dehydro-Aripiprazole Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach. Abad-Santos, F; Hempel, G; Kneller, LA; Koller, D; Zubiaur, P, 2021)	0.62
" The present study describes the influence of GFJ, PJ and TJ on the pharmacokinetic parameters of BRX in rats."	( Investigation of the impact of grapefruit juice, pomegranate juice and tomato juice on pharmacokinetics of brexpiprazole in rats using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Kate, AS; Rathod, R; Sahu, AK; Sengupta, P; Thakkar, D, 2021)	0.62
" This study uses a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to compare the pharmacokinetics of brexpiprazole in patients known to be extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs)."	( Brexpiprazole Pharmacokinetics in CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers: Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Optimize Time to Effective Concentrations. Bruno, CD; Chow, CR; Elmokadem, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Housand, C; Jordie, EB; Lesko, LJ, 2022)	0.72
" There is an urgent need for reliable methods such as physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to assist in the development of inhaled drugs."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled indacaterol formulation in healthy volunteers using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Chen, WJ; Cui, C; Guo, C; Huang, J; Lin, Y; Ou-Yang, CX; Pei, Q; Tang, C; Yang, GP; Yang, S; Yang, XY; Zou, C, 2022)	0.72
" The PBPK model was established and the predicted plasma concentration curve was obtained by inputting the physicochemical properties of indacaterol and adjusting model parameters."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled indacaterol formulation in healthy volunteers using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Chen, WJ; Cui, C; Guo, C; Huang, J; Lin, Y; Ou-Yang, CX; Pei, Q; Tang, C; Yang, GP; Yang, S; Yang, XY; Zou, C, 2022)	0.72
" CYP3A-mediated DDI of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor was evaluated using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling approach."	( Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic-Led Guidance for Patients With Cystic Fibrosis Taking Elexacaftor-Tezacaftor-Ivacaftor With Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19. Almond, LM; Beringer, PM; Chung, PS; Hong, E; Rao, AP, 2022)	0.72
" Our study investigated the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and the pharmacodynamic CHEMBL database to further characterize TGA-induced ICDs."	( Impulse Control Disorders by Dopamine Partial Agonists: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Assessment Through the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. De Ponti, F; Fusaroli, M; Giunchi, V; Menchetti, M; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E; Rimondini Giorgini, R, 2022)	0.72
" In order to accelerate pediatric drug development, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a general advice letter to sponsors permitting the effectiveness of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults to be extrapolated to adolescents based on a pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis to support dose selection, plus a safety study."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Brexpiprazole to Support its Indication and Dose Selection in Adolescents With Schizophrenia. Cahill, D; Kohegyi, E; Larsen, F; Raoufinia, A; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Ward, C; Zoubroulis, A, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The present study evaluated the therapeutic effects of rebamipide alone and in combination with cimetidine on experimental gastritis established by the administration of 5 mM sodium taurocholate (TCA) for 6 months in rats."	( Therapeutic effects of oral rebamipide and in combination with cimetidine on experimental gastritis in rats. Fujimura, J; Haruma, K; Kajiyama, G; Kishimoto, S; Kobayashi, H; Machino, H; Sakurai, K; Shimamoto, T; Shimizu, S; Yamasaki, K, 1992)	0.28
" When combined with amphotericin B (AmB), however, DU-6859a clearly enhanced the in vitro antifungal activity of AmB against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans in microdilution checkerboard studies."	( In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of DU-6859a, a fluoroquinolone, in combination with amphotericin B and fluconazole against pathogenic fungi. Kitamura, A; Nakajima, R; Sato, K; Someya, K; Tanaka, M, 1995)	0.29
"The fluoroquinolones have been shown to interact with the hepatic metabolism of theophylline and increase serum theophylline concentrations."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.29
" Unfortunately, the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis in many parts of the world is leading to a diversification of drug regimens and to the use of drugs that are more toxic per se and more likely to interact with others."	( Clinically significant drug interactions with antituberculosis agents. Davies, PD; Grange, JM; Winstanley, PA, 1994)	0.29
" The effects of the drug alone and in combination with the non-inotropic PDE IV inhibitor rolipram were analysed using hearts from guinea-pigs and ferrets."	( The inotropic mechanism of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor OPC 3911 alone and in combination with rolipram, studied in papillary muscles of ferret and guinea-pig and isolated myocytes of guinea-pig ventricular muscle. Arlock, P; Lindgren, S; Mörner, SE, 1994)	0.29
"Sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone and in combination with gentamicin, were evaluated for the treatment of experimental endocarditis in rabbits caused by ampicillin-resistant enterococci."	( Sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin alone or in combination with gentamicin for therapy of experimental ampicillin-resistant enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. Donabedian, SA; Perri, MB; Thal, LA; Vazquez, J; Zervos, MJ, 1993)	0.29
"The in vitro activity of rufloxacin, alone and in combination with its metabolite (MF 922) against common respiratory and urinary tract pathogens and anaerobes was assessed."	( Bactericidal activity, morphological alterations, and synergistic interactions of rufloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, alone and in combination with its N-desmethylate D derivative (MF 922). Debbia, EA; Marchese, A; Pesce, A; Schito, GC, )	0.13
" The potential therapeutic activities of these agents both alone and combined with ethambutol were evaluated in a human macrophage test system and in the beige mouse animal test system with MAC strain 101."	( Activities of bay Y 3118, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin alone or in combination with ethambutol against Mycobacterium avium complex in vitro, in human macrophages, and in beige mice. Barbara-Burnham, L; Bermudez, LE; Inderlied, CB; Kolonoski, P; Wu, M; Young, LS, 1996)	0.29
"Ten clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (six intermediately penicillin-sensitive, one penicillin-resistant and three penicillin-sensitive strains) were studied by kill-kinetic experiments using sparfloxacin alone and in combination with amoxicillin."	( Bactericidal effect of sparfloxacin alone and in combination with amoxicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae as determined by kill-kinetic studies. Barakett, V; Delisle, F; Lesage, D; Petit, JC; Richard, G, )	0.13
"The in vitro activity of DU-6859a (DU) alone and in combination with various antimicrobials was evaluated against multiresistant enterococci including some isolates with defined gyrA mutations."	( Bactericidal activity of the fluoroquinolone DU-6859a alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents against multiresistant enterococci. Erdem, I; Korten, V; Murray, BE, 1996)	0.29
"The purpose of the present clinical studies was to determine the clinical efficacy of a combined parenteral and oral treatment with Bisolvon in combination with antibiotics in bovines suffering from acute respiratory disease."	( [Treatment of acute respiratory tract diseases in cattle with Bisolvon in combination with either enrofloxacin, cefquinome, ceftiofur or florfenicol]. Hamel, U; Philipp, H; Quirke, JF; Schmidt, H, 1998)	0.3
" It is concluded that DU-6859a and trovafloxacin are very potent against enterococci, especially when combined with gentamicin."	( In vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin and newer quinolones combined with gentamicin against resistant isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ; Giamarellou, H; Grecka, P; Sambatakou, H, 1998)	0.3
" When eliprodil was combined with an ineffective dose of L-701,324 (2."	( Anticonvulsant effects of eliprodil alone or combined with the glycineB receptor antagonist L-701,324 or the competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 40116 in the amygdala kindling model in rats. Ebert, U; Löscher, W; Wlaź, P, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin were investigated in goats given enrofloxacin alone or in combination with probenecid."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in goats given enrofloxacin alone and in combination with probenecid. Ahmad, AH; Malik, JK; Ramesh, S; Rao, GS; Sharma, LD; Tripathi, HC, 2002)	0.31
"Convulsant activity of pazufloxacin mesilate (PZFX mesilate), a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use, in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was investigated in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" The potential of M17055, a novel diuretic candidate, to affect the activities of human CYP enzymes, alter the plasma unbound fraction and compete with concomitant drugs in renal secretion as part of an assessment for drug-drug interactions in metabolism, distribution and excretion was investigated."	( Studies on the metabolic fate of M17055, a novel diuretic (6). Assessment for drug-drug interactions of M17055 in metabolism, distribution and excretion. Ida, K; Matsumoto, S; Naba, H; Nagasawa, K; Nakai, K; Nakajima, H; Nakanishi, T; Ogihara, T; Ohzawa, N, 2002)	0.31
" Amphotericin B was combined with flucytosine and ciprofloxacin, whereas itraconazole was combined with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin and sulfadiazine."	( In vitro activity of amphotericin B and itraconazole in combination with flucytosine, sulfadiazine and quinolones against Exophiala spinifera. Afeltra, J; de Hoog, GS; Rijs, AJ; Verweij, PE; Vitale, RG, 2003)	0.32
"To assess the feasibility of administering tipifarnib, an oral nonpeptidomimetic competitive inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, in combination with gemcitabine and recommend doses for disease-directed clinical trials."	( A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies. Eckhardt, SG; Gentner, L; Goetz, A; Hammond, LA; Izbicka, E; McCreery, H; Mori, M; Patnaik, A; Richards, H; Rowinsky, EK; Rybak, ME; Schwartz, G; Takimoto, CH; Terada, K; Tolcher, AA; Zhang, S, 2003)	0.32
"The aims of this study were to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan given with oral R115777 (tipifarnib), a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with R115777, a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor. de Bruijn, P; de Heus, G; de Jonge, MJ; Eskens, FA; Kehrer, DF; Klaren, A; Mathijssen, RH; Palmer, PA; Planting, AS; Sparreboom, A; Verhaeghe, T; Verheij, C; Verweij, J; Xie, R; Zhang, S, 2004)	0.32
"We evaluated the efficacy of enrofloxacin, alone or combined with metronidazole, against Leishmania infantum."	( The efficacy of enrofloxacin, alone or combined with metronidazole, in the therapy of canine leishmaniasis. Bianciardi, P; Fasanella, A; Foglia Manzillo, V; Gradoni, L; Oliva, G; Pagano, A; Sorino, S; Trotta, T, 2004)	0.32
"This phase I trial was designed to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours."	( Phase I and pharmacological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (Zarnestra, R115777) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumours. Beijnen, JH; Crul, M; Howes, A; Pluim, D; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Solanki, B; Sparidans, RW; Zhang, S, 2005)	0.33
"This review focuses on drug-drug interactions with three major groups of antimicrobial agents: macrolides (including azalides and ketolides), quinolones, which are widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections, and azoles, which are used for antifungal therapy."	( Drug interactions during therapy with three major groups of antimicrobial agents. Shakeri-Nejad, K; Stahlmann, R, 2006)	0.33
" According to this concept, even chemically inert drugs can stimulate T cells because certain drugs interact in a direct way with T-cell receptors (TCR) and possibly major histocompatibility complex molecules without the need for metabolism and covalent binding to a carrier."	( Transfection of drug-specific T-cell receptors into hybridoma cells: tools to monitor drug interaction with T-cell receptors and evaluate cross-reactivity to related compounds. Depta, JP; Lüthi, M; Pichler, WJ; Schmid, DA, 2006)	0.33
" The comet tail lengths of epidermal cells of the mice were statistically significantly increased for all three fluoroquinolones (FQ) tested in combination with UV irradiation."	( Photo-chemically induced DNA effects in the comet assay with epidermal cells of SKH-1 mice after a single oral administration of different fluoroquinolones and 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with exposure to UVA. Gross-Tholl, N; Herbold, B; von Keutz, E; Wirnitzer, U, 2006)	0.33
" This review focuses on the influence of transporters on the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics, new quinolones, and other antimicrobial agents, as well as focusing on the drug-drug interactions associated with transporter-mediated uptake from the small intestine and transporter-mediated elimination from the kidney and liver."	( Impact of transporter-mediated drug absorption, distribution, elimination and drug interactions in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Tsuji, A, 2006)	0.33
") administration of D-serine, a selective agonist for the glycine site of the NMDA receptors, alone or in combination with morphine using the tail-flick test."	( Activation of supraspinal NMDA receptors by both D-serine alone or in combination with morphine leads to the potentiation of antinociception in tail-flick test of rats. Akahori, K; Hashimoto, A; Ito, K; Jin, XL; Kobayashi, H; Maeda, M; Matsuda, M; Oka, T; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, S; Yoshikawa, M, 2007)	0.34
"Although the high incidence of febrile neutropenia necessitated a multiple scheduling adaptation of tipifarnib compared to the original protocol, the apparent lack of mutual pharmacokinetic interactions, the ability to coadminister tipifarnib and docetaxel near single-agent MTDs, and suggestive evidence of efficacy make this drug combination attractive for further examination."	( A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of tipifarnib in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Awada, A; De Porre, P; de Valeriola, D; Gil, T; Lalami, Y; Piccart-Gebhart, MJ; Zhang, S, 2007)	0.34
"To explore the efficacy and safety of Jieyu Anshen Decoction (JAD) combined with aripiprazole in treating chronic schizophrenia."	( [Clinical observation on effect of Jieyu Anshen Decoction combined with aripiprazole in treating chronic schizophrenia]. Fan, XW; Luo, JW; Zeng, DZ, 2007)	0.34
"All 100 patients with chronic schizophrenia diagnosed according to CCMD-3 criteria were equally randomly assigned to the study group (treated with JAD combined with aripiprazole) and the control group (treated with aripiprazole alone) for 12 weeks."	( [Clinical observation on effect of Jieyu Anshen Decoction combined with aripiprazole in treating chronic schizophrenia]. Fan, XW; Luo, JW; Zeng, DZ, 2007)	0.34
"JAD combined with aripiprazole has definite effect in treating chronic schizophrenia, shows advantages of quickly initiating effect, high safety and with no harm for increasing adverse reactions, so it is better than using aripiprazole alone."	( [Clinical observation on effect of Jieyu Anshen Decoction combined with aripiprazole in treating chronic schizophrenia]. Fan, XW; Luo, JW; Zeng, DZ, 2007)	0.34
"This study assessed the clinical efficacy of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, combined with letrozole in patients with advanced breast cancer and disease progression following antiestrogen therapy."	( A phase II, randomized, blinded study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib combined with letrozole in the treatment of advanced breast cancer after antiestrogen therapy. Bessems, A; De Porre, PM; Dodwell, DJ; Howes, AJ; Johnston, SR; Manikhas, GM; Neven, P; Park, YC; Perez Ruixo, JJ; Romieu, G; Semiglazov, VF; Spaeth, D; Wardley, AM, 2008)	0.35
" We therefore investigated the efficacy of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) R115777 (tipifarnib) in combination with tamoxifen in MCF-7 human breast cancer models both in vitro and in vivo."	( The farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 (tipifarnib) in combination with tamoxifen acts synergistically to inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo. Detre, S; Dowsett, M; Head, JE; Howes, A; Johnston, SR; Kaye, S; Martin, LA; Pancholi, S; Quinn, E; Salter, J, 2007)	0.34
" Since NMDA receptors play a crucial role in trigeminal pain processing, the aim of our experiments was to compare the effects of L-kynurenine (L-KYN) combined with probenecid (PROB) or with 2-(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethylamine-1-carbonyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one hydrochloride alone, a newly synthetized KYNA derivative, on the NTG-induced nNOS expression in the rat TNC."	( l-kynurenine combined with probenecid and the novel synthetic kynurenic acid derivative attenuate nitroglycerin-induced nNOS in the rat caudal trigeminal nucleus. Bohár, Z; Fülöp, F; Párdutz, A; Tajti, J; Toldi, J; Vámos, E; Varga, H; Vécsei, L, 2009)	0.35
" We conducted a randomized crossover trial with MPH and placebo (2 weeks each) combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents (n = 16; 8-17 years old) with JBPD and ADHD who had a significant response in manic symptoms with aripiprazole but still presented clinically significant symptoms of ADHD."	( Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. Ketzer, CR; Pheula, GF; Rohde, LA; Tramontina, S; Zeni, CP, 2009)	0.35
" The risk of adverse drug-drug interaction(s) is present when metabolic inhibitors are combined with known or suspected substrates of a given enzyme."	( Identification of selected therapeutic agents as inhibitors of carboxylesterase 1: potential sources of metabolic drug interactions. Appel, DI; Markowitz, JS; Peterson, YK; Wang, Z; Zhu, HJ, 2010)	0.36
" After acquiring the discrimination, the effects of cocaine (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg) administered alone and in combination with aripiprazole (15 mg) were determined."	( Discriminative stimulus, subject-rated and cardiovascular effects of cocaine alone and in combination with aripiprazole in humans. Glaser, PE; Hays, LR; Lile, JA; Rush, CR; Stoops, WW, 2011)	0.37
"The authors conducted a phase 1/2 study of tipifarnib in combination with idarubicin and cytarabine (IA) in 95 patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome."	( A phase 1-2 study of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, tipifarnib, combined with idarubicin and cytarabine for patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Cortes, J; Estrov, Z; Faderl, S; Garcia-Manero, G; Jabbour, E; Kantarjian, H; O'Brien, S; Ravandi, F; Thomas, DA; Verstovsek, S; Wright, JJ, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the safety, target inhibition, and signals of clinical activity of tipifarnib in combination with bortezomib in patients with advanced acute leukemias."	( A phase I clinical-pharmacodynamic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in advanced acute leukemias. Blaskovich, MA; Burton, M; Cubitt, C; Duong, VH; Lancet, JE; Sebti, S; Stuart, RK; Sullivan, DM; Winton, EF; Wright, JJ; Zhang, S, 2011)	0.37
" Safety and tolerability results revealed no unexpected adverse events for ARI combination with LTG."	( Aripiprazole in combination with lamotrigine for the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed): a randomized, multicenter, double-blind study (CN138-392). Carlson, BX; Ketter, TA; Marcus, R; McQuade, RD; Sanchez, R; Sun, W; Timko, K; Vester-Blokland, E, 2012)	0.38
" Using phosphokinome profiling and immunofluorescence in the TF-1a cell line, we demonstrate that the drug combination is characterised by the activation of a DNA damage response (induction of γH2A."	( Targeting of CD34+CD38- cells using Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in combination with tipifarnib (Zarnestra) in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Jawad, M; Pallis, M; Russell, NH; Seedhouse, C; Tandon, K; Yu, N, 2012)	0.38
"The chemosensitivity of the CD34+CD38- subset, combined with enhanced damage indicators, suggest that this subset is primed to favour programmed cell death as opposed to repairing damage."	( Targeting of CD34+CD38- cells using Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in combination with tipifarnib (Zarnestra) in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. Jawad, M; Pallis, M; Russell, NH; Seedhouse, C; Tandon, K; Yu, N, 2012)	0.38
"In this work, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection was developed to determine 25 antibiotics in mineral and run-off waters."	( Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of 25 sulfonamide and quinolone antibiotics in water samples. Borges-Miquel, TM; Hernández-Borges, J; Herrera-Herrera, AV; Rodríguez-Delgado, MÁ, 2013)	0.39
" Healthy subjects (N = 12) received a single dose of rosuvastatin 10 mg alone and in combination with EVG/co."	( Pharmacokinetics of cobicistat boosted-elvitegravir administered in combination with rosuvastatin. Andrews, J; Cheng, A; Custodio, JM; Hao, J; Kearney, BP; Lepist, EI; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Ray, AS; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Treatment was administered with gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8), cisplatin (70 mg/m(2)), or carboplatin (AUC 5) on day 1, and dovitinib (orally on days 1-5, 8-12, and 15-19), every 21 days."	( Phase Ib study of dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Galsky, MD; Gimpel-Tetra, K; Godbold, J; Holcombe, RF; Lee, KM; Lowe, N; Misiukiewicz, K; Oh, WK; Posner, M; Soto, R; Tsao, CK, 2014)	0.4
"Dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin was poorly tolerated due to myelosuppression."	( Phase Ib study of dovitinib in combination with gemcitabine plus cisplatin or gemcitabine plus carboplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. Galsky, MD; Gimpel-Tetra, K; Godbold, J; Holcombe, RF; Lee, KM; Lowe, N; Misiukiewicz, K; Oh, WK; Posner, M; Soto, R; Tsao, CK, 2014)	0.4
" Based on these results, a series of clinical drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of ivacaftor on sensitive substrates of CYP2C8 (rosiglitazone), CYP3A (midazolam), CYP2D6 (desipramine), and P-gp (digoxin)."	( Clinical drug-drug interaction assessment of ivacaftor as a potential inhibitor of cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein. Chavan, AB; Dubey, N; Gilmartin, GS; Higgins, M; Li, C; Luo, X; Mahnke, L; Robertson, SM, 2015)	0.42
" By combination with the mTOR inhibitor RAD001, a synergistic effect on cell proliferation was observed in these cell lines."	( The multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI258, alone or in combination with RAD001, is effective for treatment of human leukemia with BCR-ABL translocation in vitro. Eucker, J; Habbel, P; Li, X; Liu, H; Neumann, C; Scholz, C; Zang, C; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
"TKI258 may become a potent therapeutic agent, either alone or in combination with RAD001, for treatment of BCR-ABL(+) leukemia."	( The multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI258, alone or in combination with RAD001, is effective for treatment of human leukemia with BCR-ABL translocation in vitro. Eucker, J; Habbel, P; Li, X; Liu, H; Neumann, C; Scholz, C; Zang, C; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Indirect forms of quinolone toxicity such as Clostridium difficile infections or adverse reactions associated with drug-drug interactions are also discussed."	( Safety issues and drug-drug interactions with commonly used quinolones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
" Although several adverse events have been associated with their use, taking into consideration risk factors, contraindications and potential drug-drug interactions can drastically reduce the respective risks."	( Safety issues and drug-drug interactions with commonly used quinolones. Douros, A; Grabowski, K; Stahlmann, R, 2015)	0.42
"No more effective than tiotropium combined with formoterol."	( Glycopyrronium + indacaterol. A fixed-dose combination with no advantages in COPD. , 2014)	0.4
" Mechanisms through which polypharmacy may increase adverse health outcomes include decreased adherence, increased drug side effects, higher use of potentially inappropriate medications, and more frequent drug-drug interactions."	( Appropriate prescribing and important drug interactions in older adults. Paauw, DS; Wallace, J, 2015)	0.42
" Because of their ability to strongly compete for the ivacaftor binding sites on HSA and AGP, drug-drug interactions between ivacaftor are to be expected with ducosate, montelukast, ibuprofen, dicloxacillin, omeprazole, and loratadine."	( Drug-drug plasma protein binding interactions of ivacaftor. Azad, MA; Baker, M; Carbone, V; Cooper, MA; Huang, JX; Li, J; Schneider, EK; Velkov, T, 2015)	0.42
"The ability of a chronic treatment with indacaterol, a new ultra-long-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist, to reverse cardiac remodelling and its effects in combination with metoprolol, a selective β1 -adrenoceptor antagonist, were investigated on myocardial infarction in a rat model of heart failure (HF)."	( Effects of chronic treatment with the new ultra-long-acting β2 -adrenoceptor agonist indacaterol alone or in combination with the β1 -adrenoceptor blocker metoprolol on cardiac remodelling. Calzetta, L; Capuano, A; Donniacuo, M; Gritti, G; Martuscelli, E; Matera, MG; Orlandi, A; Rafaniello, C; Rinaldi, B; Rossi, F; Sodano, L, 2015)	0.42
" Dovitinib in combination with several agents inhibits growth more effectively than either agent alone."	( The broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor dovitinib suppresses growth of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells in combination with other signaling pathway inhibitors. Bosenberg, MW; Held, MA; Iyidogan, P; Klein, M; Koo, AB; Langdon, CG; Liu, Z; Mamillapalli, R; Meeth, K; Platt, JT; Stern, DF, 2015)	0.42
" Given the toxicity and the pharmacokinetic interaction, further investigation with this drug combination will not be pursued."	( Dovitinib and erlotinib in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A drug-drug interaction. Das, M; Frymoyer, A; Neal, JW; Padda, SK; Riess, JW; Wakelee, HA; Zhou, L, 2015)	0.42
" Lumacaftor in combination with ivacaftor, a modulator of CFTR gating defects, improves clinical outcome measures in patients homozygous for the F508del mutation."	( Lumacaftor alone and combined with ivacaftor: preclinical and clinical trial experience of F508del CFTR correction. Brewington, JJ; Clancy, JP; McPhail, GL, 2016)	0.43
" While studies have demonstrated that boosting with either cobicistat or ritonavir results in comparable plasma exposure of the target antiretroviral agent, a better understanding of drug-drug interactions between cobicistat- and ritonavir-boosted antiretrovirals and other medications will inform treatment decisions in HIV-infected patients."	( Drug Interactions with Cobicistat- or Ritonavir-Boosted Elvitegravir. Custodio, JM; McNicholl, I; Nguyen, T; Piontkowsky, D; Szwarcberg, J, )	0.13
"The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene, in spite of producing low-level resistance by itself, plays a relevant role in acquisition of a clinical level of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin resistance, when combined with three or four chromosomal mutations, both in vitro and in vivo."	( Impact of AAC(6')-Ib-cr in combination with chromosomal-mediated mechanisms on clinical quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Díaz-De-Alba, P; Docobo-Perez, F; Machuca, J; Ortiz, M; Pascual, Á; Recacha, E; Rodríguez-Martínez, JM, 2016)	0.43
" This study aimed to investigate the synergistic antibacterial activity of polymyxin B in combination with the cystic fibrosis (CF) drugs KALYDECO (ivacaftor) and ORKAMBI (ivacaftor + lumacaftor) against Gram-negative pathogens that commonly colonize the CF lung, in particular, the problematic Pseudomonas aeruginosa."	( An "Unlikely" Pair: The Antimicrobial Synergy of Polymyxin B in Combination with the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Drugs KALYDECO and ORKAMBI. Azad, MA; Baker, MA; Bergen, PJ; Cooper, MA; Doi, Y; Han, ML; Huang, JX; Li, J; Muller, MT; Schneider, EK; Tony Zhou, Q; Velkov, T; Wang, J, 2016)	0.43
"We investigated whether a fixed-dose combination tablet of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovirDF (Stribild) can be crushed and combined with enteral nutrition without influencing pharmacokinetics."	( Brief Report: Pharmacokinetics of Crushed Elvitegravir Combination Tablet Given With or Without Enteral Nutrition. Abbink, E; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Duisenberg-van Essenberg, M; Jongbloed-de Hoon, M; Kruijssen, M; van Crevel, R; Velthoven-Graafland, K, 2017)	0.46
" Dovitinib in combination with fulvestrant showed promising clinical activity in the FGF pathway-amplified subgroup."	( Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled study of dovitinib in combination with fulvestrant in postmenopausal patients with HR André, F; Barrios, CH; Blackwell, K; Bonnefoi, H; Campone, M; Cortes, J; Denduluri, N; Deudon, S; Kahan, Z; Musolino, A; Neven, P; Shi, MM; Soliman, H; Squires, M; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
"Antiretroviral agents pose a high risk for drug-drug interactions (DDIs), mainly but not limited to being a substrate, inducer or inhibitor of P450 cytochrome enzymes."	( Prevalence of drug-drug interactions in the era of HIV integrase inhibitors: a retrospective clinical study. Baecke, C; Decoutere, L; Gyssens, IC; Messiaen, P; van der Hilst, JCH, 2017)	0.46
"ART regimens pose a dissimilar risk for drug-drug interactions in clinical practice."	( Prevalence of drug-drug interactions in the era of HIV integrase inhibitors: a retrospective clinical study. Baecke, C; Decoutere, L; Gyssens, IC; Messiaen, P; van der Hilst, JCH, 2017)	0.46
" Because it is a substrate of the cytochrome P450 system, specifically CYP3A4/5, ivacaftor is subject to significant drug-drug interactions, including due to commonly used antimicrobials such as rifampin."	( Sensitivity of ivacaftor to drug-drug interactions with rifampin, a cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer. Acosta, EP; Guimbellot, JS; Rowe, SM, 2018)	0.48
" The MTD was reached at erlotinib 150 mg once daily combined with tipifarnib 300 mg twice daily."	( A phase I study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor Tipifarnib in combination with the epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Erlotinib in patients with advanced solid tumors. Adjei, A; Allred, J; Goetz, M; Jazieh, K; Kaufmann, SH; Lim, VS; Molina, J; Reid, J; Yin, J, 2019)	0.51
"We report the cases of two treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients with complex antiretroviral regimens that showed significant drug-drug interactions with etravirine."	( Optimizing concentrations of concomitant antiretrovirals by reducing etravirine doses: two case reports of complex drug-drug interactions. Cabot, JF; Denault, JS; Langlois, H; Marcotte, S; Sheehan, NL, 2019)	0.51
" We report a potential drug-drug interaction in 2 female patients both receiving treatment for HIV and cerebral toxoplasmosis: one case between E/C/F/TAF with calcium carbonate and a second case involving leucovorin as calcium salt."	( HIV Viral Rebound Due to a Possible Drug-Drug Interaction between Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide and Calcium-Containing Products: Report of 2 Cases. El-Sayed, D; Kang-Birken, SL; Prichard, J, )	0.13
" Observed safety results support further evaluation of GLPG2222, including in combination with other CFTR modulators."	( CFTR activity is enhanced by the novel corrector GLPG2222, given with and without ivacaftor in two randomized trials. Barry, PJ; Bell, SC; Bellaire, S; Conrath, K; De Boeck, K; de Kock, H; Drevinek, P; Elborn, JS; Geller, DE; Kanters, D; Minić, P; Muller, K; Plant, BJ; Van Braeckel, E; Van de Steen, O; van der Ent, K; Verhulst, S, 2019)	0.51
"Reduced doses of antibiotics, bacterial morphological alterations, efflux pump down regulation, porin over expression and beta-lactamase gene inhibition of ESBL-QR bacteria by EG alone or in combination with CTX/CIP might have reversed antibiotic resistance profile of ESBL-QR bacteria."	( The use of eugenol in combination with cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin to combat ESBL-producing quinolone-resistant pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Dhara, L; Tripathi, A, 2020)	0.56
" We hypothesise that changes to gonorrhoea treatment guidelines combined with differences in country-level consumption of cephalosporins and quinolones contributed to this shift."	( Gonorrhoea treatment combined with population-level general cephalosporin and quinolone consumption may select for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance at the levels of NG-MAST genogroup: An ecological study in Europe. Abdelatti, S; De Baetselier, I; Kenyon, C; Laumen, J; Manoharan-Basil, SS; Unemo, M; Van Dijck, C, 2020)	0.56
" Combined atorvastatin with celecoxib and tipifarnib synergistically decreased the sphere forming ability of Panc-1 cells and the drug combination also strongly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in the sphere-forming cells."	( Effects of atorvastatin in combination with celecoxib and tipifarnib on proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer sphere-forming cells. Chen, J; Goodin, S; Li, DL; Ma, YR; Ma, YY; Ren, X; Wang, X; Xu, XT; Zhang, K; Zhao, DG; Zheng, X; Zhou, RP, 2021)	0.62
" The primary objective was to determine the recommended Phase 2 dose of crenigacestat in combination with other anticancer agents (taladegib, LY3023414 [dual inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mechanistic target of rapamycin], or abemaciclib)."	( A phase 1b study of the Notch inhibitor crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with other anticancer target agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Merchan, J; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Tap, WD; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2021)	0.62
"To determine the safety of tipifarnib in combination with escalating doses of bortezomib and to determine the maximum tolerated dose in patients with untreated high-risk MDS and oligoblastic acute myeloid leukemia, who were not eligible for intensive therapy."	( A phase I clinical trial to study the safety of treatment with tipifarnib combined with bortezomib in patients with advanced stages of myelodysplastic syndrome and oligoblastic acute myeloid leukemia. Blijlevens, N; de Witte, T; Langemeijer, S; Muus, P; van Bijnen, S, 2021)	0.62
"In this case report the potential drug-drug interaction between cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 substrates tezacaftor-ivacaftor and CYP3A4/5 inhibitor clofazimine is investigated in a patient with cystic fibrosis."	( No drug-drug interaction between tezacaftor-ivacaftor and clofazimine: A case report. Kemper, EM; Mathôt, RAA; Mouissie, LM; Terheggen-Lagro, SWJ; Vonk, SEM, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"4 microM) inhibitory activities, was found to be orally bioavailable with a long duration of action and offered effective protection against mortality in a collagen-epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism model in mice."	( 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as combined inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthase and cAMP phosphodiesterase. Bruno, JJ; Hirschfeld, DR; Maloney, PJ; Martinez, GR; Walker, KA; Yang, DS, 1992)	0.28
" At all dose levels and schedules, lomefloxacin was well absorbed and achieved peak plasma concentrations approximately 1 hour after administration."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin: rationale for once-a-day dosing. Mant, TG, 1992)	0.28
" This compound is very hydrophilic and is well absorbed by tissues such as the lung but not by tissues with tight junctions such as the gut."	( [Basic research on nedocromil sodium]. Joseph, M; Rainey, DK, 1992)	0.28
"The relative bioavailability of a single oral dose of temafloxacin given with and without enteral feeding was determined in 18 healthy male volunteers in a randomised crossover study."	( The relative bioavailability of temafloxacin administered through a nasogastric tube with and without enteral feeding. Lubowski, TJ; Nightingale, CH; Quintiliani, R; Sweeney, K, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetics of 3 tablet formulations of temafloxacin were investigated in phase I studies in healthy adult volunteers, to determine whether the bioavailability is altered by the presence of food."	( The effect of food on the bioavailability of temafloxacin. A review of 3 studies. Granneman, GR; Mukherjee, D, 1992)	0.28
" Comparable or greater antacid-associated reductions in relative bioavailability have been reported for other quinolones."	( Effect of antacid medication on the pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin. Birner, B; Granneman, GR; Mukherjee, D; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.28
" The oral bioavailability of CP-74,667 was 100% in dogs and monkeys, as determined by intravenous-oral crossover experiments."	( Pharmacokinetic studies of CP-74,667, a new quinolone, in laboratory animals. Girard, D; Gootz, TD; McGuirk, PR, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of enrofloxacin were determined after IV and IM administration of 5 mg/kg of body weight to 6 healthy adult rabbits."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injection in rabbits. Arboix, M; Cabanes, A; Garcia Anton, JM; Reig, F, 1992)	0.28
" The relative bioavailability of the 15-mg/kg oral dose was 48%."	( Intramuscular and oral disposition of enrofloxacin in African grey parrots following single and multiple doses. Aucoin, DP; Flammer, K; Whitt, DA, 1991)	0.28
" Danofloxacin was rapidly absorbed following intramuscular and subcutaneous injection and bioavailability was virtually complete (101% and 94% respectively)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered danofloxacin in cattle. Giles, CJ; Grimshaw, WT; Lynch, MJ; Magonigle, RA; Rice, JR; Risk, JE; Tanner, AC, 1991)	0.28
" Compared with IV administration, bioavailability was 77% after SC dosing and 61% for gastrointestinal absorption."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin in rabbits. Babish, JG; Brooks, DL; Broome, RL; Conzelman, GM; Copeland, DD, 1991)	0.28
" Temafloxacin has improved activity against pneumococci and its high oral bioavailability and excellent penetration into respiratory tissues now combine to provide a suitable profile for the management of a wider range of respiratory infections."	( The role of temafloxacin in the community setting: an overview. Ball, P, 1991)	0.28
" Studies in healthy volunteers indicate that the average bioavailability of temafloxacin exceeds 90%, with little intersubject variability."	( A review of the pharmacokinetic profile of temafloxacin. Dudley, MN, 1991)	0.28
" The absolute bioavailability of unchanged E-4441 is of 20% and the urinary excretion represents 1 to 2% of the administered oral dose."	( A pharmacokinetic study of E-4441, a new quinolone, in the rat, mouse and cynomolgus monkey. Basi, N; Dordal, A; Martinez, L; Roser, R; Sagarra, R, 1991)	0.28
" Lomefloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration giving high blood and urine concentrations and its prolonged half-life means once daily dosing in the treatment of many types of bacterial infection may be possible."	( Antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin. Leigh, DA; Tait, S; Walsh, B, 1991)	0.28
"Quinolone is reported to interact with caffeine, often resulting in an increase both in the plasma half-life and AUC, a decrease in total plasma clearance, and little change in the absorption rate constant and maximum plasma level."	( Pharmacokinetic determination of relative potency of quinolone inhibition of caffeine disposition. Barnett, G; Carbó, M; de la Torre, R; Segura, J, 1990)	0.28
" In these animals the bioavailability is equal to 60%."	( A new tricyclic fluoroquinolone, rufloxacin (MF-934), with interesting antibacterial and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Cerretani, D; Cerri, D; Moltoni, L; Segre, G, 1988)	0.27
" The bioavailability varied considerably among the four quinolones."	( Comparative single-dose pharmacokinetics of four quinolones, oxolinic acid, flumequine, sarafloxacin, and enrofloxacin, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater at 10 degrees C. Horsberg, TE; Martinsen, B, 1995)	0.29
" Oral bioavailability was found to be 64."	( Pharmacokinetics and residues of enrofloxacin in chickens. Anadón, A; Bringas, P; Díaz, MJ; Fernández, MC; Fernández, R; Fernàndez-Cruz, ML; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR, 1995)	0.29
" Oral bioavailability calculated with bioassay results was more than 100% whereas availability of enrofloxacin was only 53%."	( [Pharmacokinetics of baytril (enrofloxacin) in dogs]. Küng, K; Wanner, M, 1994)	0.29
" These results confirmed that the addition of L-HPC to the cores increases not only the dissolution rate but also the bioavailability of SPFX."	( Role of low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose in dissolution and bioavailability of novel fine granule system for masking bitter taste. Fujioka, H; Nakamura, Y; Shirai, Y; Sogo, K, 1994)	0.29
" A slight decrease of sparfloxacin bioavailability with increasing dose was observed because AUC was 87% to 88% of the expected area when the dose was doubled."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in humans after single oral administration at doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg. Bruno, R; Chassard, D; Ebmeier, M; Frydman, A; Guimart, C; Le Roux, Y; Montay, G; Thebault, JJ; Vergniol, JC, 1994)	0.29
" Although 2 exhibited 25% oral bioavailability in rats, pharmacokinetic studies conducted in monkeys revealed that the parent compound was less than 5% bioavailable, the result of extensive first-pass biotransformation in the liver."	( Inhibitors of blood platelet cAMP phosphodiesterase. 4. Structural variation of the side-chain terminus of water-soluble 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]quinolin-2-one derivatives. Gamberdella, M; Goldenberg, HJ; Hewawasam, P; Meanwell, NA; Russell, JW; Seiler, SM; Thomas, JA; Wright, JJ; Zavoico, GB, 1993)	0.29
" Bioavailability was about 80% in pregnant and lactating sows."	( [The effect of pregnancy and lactation in sows on the pharmacokinetics of the gyrase inhibitor marbofloxacin]. Petracca, K; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of tablet was comparable to that of capsule."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of lomefloxacin preparations in 10 healthy Chinese volunteers. Diao, Y; Ji, G; Li, L; Lu, J; Wang, EH; Zhu, XD, 1993)	0.29
"The present study was designed to determine the effects of an antacid suspension containing magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide (30 ml of Maalox) on the oral bioavailability of rufloxacin (400 mg)."	( Effects of magnesium-aluminum hydroxide antacid on absorption of rufloxacin. Bargiggia, S; Bianchi Porro, G; Broccali, G; Dal Bo, L; Imbimbo, BP; Lazzaroni, M; Sangaletti, O, 1993)	0.29
" Antacids containing aluminium hydroxide reduce the oral bioavailability of sparfloxacin by 25 to 35%."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin. Ishibashi, Y; Nogita, T; Shimada, J, 1993)	0.29
" Bioavailability was about 80% in pregnant and lactating sows."	( Pharmacokinetics of the gyrase inhibitor marbofloxacin: influence of pregnancy and lactation in sows. Graser, T; Petracca, K; Riond, JL; Wanner, M, 1993)	0.29
"The complexation of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobials is important because it has been implicated in reduced oral bioavailability and reduced antimicrobial activity when the drugs are co-administered with antacids or multi-vitamin preparations containing iron."	( Characterization of the complexation of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials with metal ions by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Riley, CM; Ross, DL; Takusagawa, F; Vander Velde, D, 1993)	0.29
" Bioavailability was 91%."	( Lung tissue concentrations and plasma pharmacokinetics of danofloxacin in calves with acute pneumonia. Apley, MD; Upson, DW, 1993)	0.29
" These compounds are structurally related to the 1-(4-piperidyl)-2(1H)-quinolinones, including OPC-21268, an orally bioavailable AVP V1 antagonist with high V1 specificity."	( Orally active, nonpeptide vasopressin V1 antagonists. A novel series of 1-(1-substituted 4-piperidyl)-3,4-dihdyro-2(1H)-quinolinone. Chihara, T; Kondo, K; Miyamoto, H; Mori, T; Nakaya, K; Ogawa, H; Tominaga, M; Yabuuchi, Y; Yamamura, Y; Yamashita, H, 1993)	0.29
" The bioavailability of the film-coated fine granules containing 20% SPFX and 52% L-HPC in the cores and 10% EC/HPMC (4/2) in the coating film, which masked the bitter taste of SPFX and showed the optimal release characteristics, was equivalent to that of conventional tablets containing 100 mg SPFX in beagle dogs."	( A novel fine granule system for masking bitter taste. Fujioka, H; Kojima, K; Makita, H; Nakamura, Y; Shirai, Y; Sogo, K; Yamamoto, K, 1993)	0.29
" Results indicated that absorption rate was slow, compared with previous studies; additionally, peak concentration was lower (0."	( Sustained release of liposome-encapsulated enrofloxacin after intramuscular administration in rabbits. Antón, JM; Arboix, M; Cabanes, A; Reig, F, 1995)	0.29
" The reduction in bioavailability of fluoroquinolones by concurrent administration of aluminium hydroxide is more striking for derivatives with fewer substituents on the essential structure and on the piperazinyl group, such as norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions related to the chemical structures of fluoroquinolones. Fujiwara, I; Mizuki, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 1996)	0.29
"43 hours, and the bioavailability was 57."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult horses and concentration of the drug in serum, body fluids, and endometrial tissues after repeated intragastrically administered doses. Bélanger, M; Giguère, S; Sweeney, RW, 1996)	0.29
" When the same dose was administered IM, enrofloxacin was rapidly and almost completely absorbed, with bioavailability of 85%."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in sheep. Bertini, S; Intorre, L; Mengozzi, G; Soldani, G, 1996)	0.29
" The quinolones have excellent activity against gram-negative organisms, including gonococcus, and are characterized by very high bioavailability after oral administration."	( Antibiotic use in the emergency department. III. The quinolones, new beta lactams, beta lactam combination agents, and miscellaneous antibiotics. Pollack, CV; Schmidt, J, )	0.13
" The oral bioavailability of marbofloxacin was close to 100% for the three doses."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in dogs after oral and parenteral administration. Boisrame, B; Deleforge, J; Schneider, M; Thomas, V, 1996)	0.29
" The relative bioavailability of enrofloxacin after administration directly into the crop was 68%, while the metabolic conversion of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin was quite low (< 10%) with both routes of administration."	( The plasma kinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in the Muscovy duck. Bagliacca, M; Bertini, S; Intorre, L; Luchetti, E; Mengozzi, G; Soldani, G, 1997)	0.3
", the percent bioavailability was 90."	( Pharmacokinetics of 1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-1- piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinolone-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (DW-116), a new quinolone antibiotic in rats. Chung, SJ; Lee, MH; Shim, CK; Yu, IL, 1997)	0.3
" It is usually administered orally and is well absorbed after oral ingestion."	( [Urinary tract infections: risk factors and therapeutic trends]. Astorri, AL; Margariti, PA; Mastromarino, C, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of enrofloxacin in chickens were investigated following intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of enrofloxacin in chickens. Abd el-Aziz, MI; Afify, NA; Aziz, MA; Soliman, FA, 1997)	0.3
" The bioavailability was determined to 83 +/- 13% in fed and to 101 +/- 32% in fasted pigs."	( Bioavailability of enrofloxacin after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs. Gyrd-Hansen, N; Nielsen, P, 1997)	0.3
" Coadministration of sucralfate leads to a 44% decrease in the bioavailability of sparfloxacin."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin and interaction with cisapride and sucralfate. Borner, K; Geerdes-Fenge, HF; Koeppe, P; Lode, H; Rau, M; Vöckler, J; Zix, JA, 1997)	0.3
" It is well absorbed and has excellent penetration into upper and lower respiratory tissues."	( Sparfloxacin: potential clinical and economic impact in the treatment of respiratory infections. Havlichek, DH; Stein, GE, )	0.13
" The results of these studies indicate that neither food nor the elevation of gastric pH influence the absorption or bioavailability of grepafloxacin."	( Effect of food and gastric pH on the bioavailability of grepafloxacin. Bramer, SL; Efthymiopoulos, C; Maroli, A, 1997)	0.3
" To increase the bioavailability of NM394, various prodrugs were synthesized and tested."	( In vivo antibacterial activity of a prodrug of NM394, a thiazetoquinoline carboxylic acid derivative. Kise, M; Kitano, M; Matsuda, M; Nishino, T; Ozaki, M; Segawa, J; Tomii, Y, )	0.13
" Danofloxacin had an absolute bioavailability (F) of 95."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of danofloxacin in sheep. Gibson, IF; McCormack, RZ; McKellar, QA, 1998)	0.3
" injection but a 'flip flop' effect was clearly evident and bioavailability was > 100%."	( Pharmacokinetics and penetration of danofloxacin from the blood into the milk of cows. Glickman, A; Lavi, E; Rav-Hon, O; Saran, A; Shem-Tov, M; Ziv, G, 1998)	0.3
" Bioavailability was 97."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii). Bailey, TA; Garner, A; Harron, DW; Samour, JH; Sheen, RS; Silvanose, C, 1998)	0.3
" The relative bioavailability of sparfloxacin was 84."	( Sparfloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: the influence of acidification and alkalinization. Kamberi, M; Kotegawa, T; Nakamura, K; Nakano, S; Tsutsumi, K, 1998)	0.3
" On the other hand, the alteration in the environmental pH in the gastrointestinal tract, produced by the concomitant ingestion of ammonium chloride or sodium bicarbonate, influences the absorption and bioavailability of sparfloxacin."	( Sparfloxacin pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: the influence of acidification and alkalinization. Kamberi, M; Kotegawa, T; Nakamura, K; Nakano, S; Tsutsumi, K, 1998)	0.3
" Bioavailability by the oral route was 80."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin given by the oral, intravenous and intramuscular routes in broiler chickens. Black, WD; Bugyei, K; McEwen, S, 1999)	0.3
" Bioavailability (F) was high: 99% for danofloxacin and 89% for enrofloxacin."	( Comparative study of the plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of danofloxacin and enrofloxacin in broiler chickens. Glünder, G; Kietzmann, M; Knoll, U, 1999)	0.3
" Following intratracheal instillation of the drug solution, the lung bioavailability was found to be approximately 75% in dogs."	( Pulmonary delivery of a dopamine D-1 agonist, ABT-431, in dogs and humans. Adjei, AL; Bertz, RJ; El-Shourbagy, T; Marsh, KC; Zheng, Y, 1999)	0.3
" In ocular kinetic studies, lomefloxacin showed nearly 10 times more ocular bioavailability in aqueous humor as compared to ciprofloxacin."	( Comparative studies on topical lomefloxacin and ciprofloxacin on ocular kinetic and experimental corneal ulcer. Agarwal, HC; Biswas, NR; Gupta, SK; Gupta, YK; Velpandian, T, 1999)	0.3
" Bioavailability was higher in infected birds (72."	( Tissue distribution and disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in healthy and E. coli infected broilers. Soliman, GA, 2000)	0.31
" Bioavailability was calculated at 78."	( Serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intragastric administration to mares. Brown, MP; Gronwall, RR; Haines, GR; Merritt, KA, 2000)	0.31
"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of enrofloxacin were determined after single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administrations of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) to 5 healthy adult Angora goats."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in Angora goats. Bas, AL; Elmas, M; Kaya, S; Tras, B; Yarsan, E; Yazar, E, 2001)	0.31
" The bioavailability of an antibacterial agent depends on the target bacterial species, the site of infection and the integrity of the haemato-aqueous barrier."	( Comparative review of topical ophthalmic antibacterial preparations. Adenis, JP; Robert, PY, 2001)	0.31
" The method was successfully applied to a bioavailability study with five different ciprofloxacin formulations."	( Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human plasma with ultraviolet detection. Gonçalves, NJ; Maya, MT; Morais, JA; Silva, NB, 2001)	0.31
" Non-bioequivalence of relevant pharmacokinetic values, such as Csmax and bioavailability (AUC) would facilitate development of bacterial resistance and limit the useful life span of this antibacterial agent."	( Non-bioequivalence of various trademarks of enrofloxacin and Baytril in cows. Gutiérrez, OL; Ocampo, CL; Sumano, LH, 2001)	0.31
" These dissolution properties were clearly reflected in the oral bioavailability of TA-270 in rats."	( Characterization of polymorphs of a novel quinolinone derivative, TA-270 (4-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-octyloxy-7-sinapinoylamino-2(1H)-quinolinone). Fukui, H; Kimura, N; Takagaki, H; Terada, K; Yonemochi, E, 2001)	0.31
" The following variables were compared: maximal plasma concentration (Cpeak), time to Cpeak, bioavailability (expressed as the area under the concentration vs."	( Bioequivalence of four preparations of enrofloxacin in poultry. Gutiérrez, OL; Sumano, LH; Zamora, MA, 2001)	0.31
"9 h) and had high bioavailability (F=100."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular administrations in adult goats. De Vicente, ML; González, F; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI; Waxman, S, 2001)	0.31
" It may be less well absorbed and/or less effective than Clozaril, although evidence is conflicting."	( Advances in atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia: new formulations and new agents. Albert, MJ; Baldessarini, RJ; Centorrino, F; Kelleher, JP, 2002)	0.31
" An open, cross-over trial was performed in 24 patients with solid tumors to compare the bioavailability of a new tablet formulation with the standard capsule formulation."	( Evaluation of the bioequivalence of tablets and capsules containing the novel anticancer agent R115777 (Zarnestra) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Bol, CJ; Crul, M; de Klerk, GJ; Palmer, PA; Schellens, JH; Swart, M; Weiner, L, )	0.13
"2 min) and presented high bioavailability (F = 87."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in mature horses after single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Carretero, M; de Lucas, JJ; Forés, P; González, F; Nieto, J; Rodríguez, C; San Andrés, MD; San Andrés, MI; Waxman, S, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability for the oral drench, crushed tablets in grain, and enrofloxacin in grain was 4789, 98."	( Pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in sheep. Bermingham, EC; Papich, MG, 2002)	0.31
" Oral bioavailability of marbofloxacin was 56."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residues for marbofloxacin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-marbofloxacin in broiler chickens. Anadón, A; Castellano, VJ; Díaz, MJ; Frejo, MT; Martínez, M; Martínez, MA; Martínez-Larrañaga, MR; Tafur, M, 2002)	0.31
" The 4-aminopentamethylpiperidine naphthyridinone 5, which was designed to block metabolism at major 'hot spots', combined excellent inhibitory potency with good oral bioavailability in the rat."	( p38 Inhibitors: piperidine- and 4-aminopiperidine-substituted naphthyridinones, quinolinones, and dihydroquinazolinones. Doherty, JB; Hop, CE; Hunt, JA; Ita, I; Kallashi, F; Kumar, S; McCormick, SX; O'Keefe, SJ; O'Neill, EA; Pivnichny, JV; Porter, G; Ruzek, RD; Sinclair, PJ; Thompson, JE; Wang, Z; Woods, A; Zaller, DM, 2003)	0.32
" In conclusion, the combinatorial use of C12 with Tau or L-Gln could lead to a novel formulation improving the bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs without any serious local damages."	( Combinatorial use of sodium laurate with taurine or L-glutamine enhances colonic absorption of rebamipide, poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, without any serious histopathological mucosal damages. Higaki, K; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2003)	0.32
"R115777 is an orally bioavailable farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI) that has displayed encouraging activity in patients with acute myeloid leukemia."	( In vitro antiproliferative activity of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 in hematopoietic progenitors from patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Gray, LA; Kaufmann, SH; Mesa, RA; Reeder, T; Schroeder, G; Tefferi, A, 2003)	0.32
" The systemic bioavailability of enrofloxacin was significantly decreased from 110."	( Influence of albendazole on the disposition kinetics and milk antimicrobial equivalent activity of enrofloxacin in lactating goats. Abo El Sooud, K, 2003)	0.32
" Systematic modification of one of these leads produced a compound with excellent selectivity for PDE-5 over other phosphodiesterases and oral bioavailability of 15% in male rats."	( Structure-activity relationships of N-acyl pyrroloquinolone PDE-5 inhibitors. Bhattacharjee, S; Clancy, J; Craig, E; Fiordeliso, JJ; Haynes-Johnson, D; Jiang, W; John, TM; Kraft, P; Lanter, JC; Macielag, MJ; Qiu, Y; Sui, Z, 2004)	0.32
" injection was well absorbed in 6- and 8-week-old kittens, but greater clearance and apparent volume of distribution resulted in lower plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in neonatal kittens. Gibson, NM; Levy, JK; Papich, MG; Seguin, MA; Sigle, KJ, 2004)	0.32
"To define the impact that use of different levels of hard water has on the bioavailability of the antibacterial, enrofloxacin, in poultry, an oral bioavailability-pharmacokinetic study of the drug was carried out."	( Influence of hard water on the bioavailability of enrofloxacin in broilers. Aguilera, R; Bernard, BM; Gracia, MJ; Gutierrez, OL; Rosiles, MR; Sumano, LH, 2004)	0.32
" The mean time to peak plasma concentration is 3 hours following multiple-dose administration of aripiprazole 10 or 15 mg and the absolute oral bioavailability of the drug is 87%."	( Aripiprazole: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Perry, CM; Swainston Harrison, T, 2004)	0.32
"To develop the safe formulation that can safely improve bioavailability of poorly absorbable drugs and that is practically available, we prepared the suppositories of rebamipide, a poorly soluble and poorly absorbable antiulcer drug, by employing the combinatorial use of sodium laurate (C12), an absorption enhancer, with taurine (Tau) or L-glutamine (L-Gln), an adjuvant exerting the cytoprotective action."	( Development of suppository formulation safely improving rectal absorption of rebamipide, a poorly absorbable drug, by utilizing sodium laurate and taurine. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H, 2004)	0.32
" This study was conducted to examine if the rebamipide lysinate salt form would exhibit improved solubility profiles and higher oral bioavailability compared with rebamipide free acid."	( Oral absorption and pharmacokinetics of rebamipide and rebamipide lysinate in rats. Han, HS; Jun, YS; Kim, CH; Lee, KC; Rho, JI; Shin, BS; Yoo, SD; Yoon, CH, 2004)	0.32
"Tipifarnib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of farnesyl transferase, has activity in hematologic malignancies, but the dose required to achieve the proposed biologic end point, inhibition of farnesylation, is unknown."	( Dose-ranging pharmacodynamic study of tipifarnib (R115777) in patients with relapsed and refractory hematologic malignancies. Berk, S; Gajewski, TF; Harlin, H; Karrison, T; Larson, RA; Odenike, OM; Ratain, MJ; Sprague, E; Stock, W; Zimmerman, TM, 2004)	0.32
" Unfortunately, the low aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability rendered them undesirable development candidates."	( Pyrroloquinolone PDE5 inhibitors with improved pharmaceutical profiles for clinical studies on erectile dysfunction. Bhattacharjee, S; Guan, J; Haynes-Johnson, D; Jiang, W; John, TM; Kraft, P; Lundeen, S; Macielag, MJ; Qiu, Y; Sui, Z; Zhang, S, 2005)	0.33
" These agents are highly bioavailable and can facilitate the oral treatment of certain patients who otherwise might be admitted to the hospital, as outpatients."	( Challenges in the management of community-acquired pneumonia: the role of quinolones and moxifloxacin. Niederman, MS, 2005)	0.33
" Although Tau tended to attenuate the absorption-enhancing effect of C12, several C12-Tau suppositories kept high bioavailability values, which were much higher than control."	( Optimization of suppository preparation containing sodium laurate and taurine that can safely improve rectal absorption of rebamipide. Higaki, K; Kamada, N; Kato, Y; Kimura, T; Minami, T; Miyake, M; Mukai, T; Odomi, M; Ogawara, K; Oka, Y; Toguchi, H; Yamazaki, H, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed that JNJ-10287069 had better oral bioavailability than JNJ-10280205 in several animal species."	( JNJ-10280205 and JNJ-10287069: Novel PDE5 inhibitors as clinical candidates for erectile dysfunction. Bhattacharjee, S; Haynes-Johnson, D; Jiang, W; Kraft, P; Lundeen, S; Mathew John, T; Qiu, Y; Sui, Z, )	0.13
"316 microg/mL, and bioavailability was 90."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna). Carpenter, JW; Henry, H; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; Koch, DE; Olsen, JH, 2006)	0.33
" Compounds with subnanomolar binding affinity and 66% oral bioavailability in rats were discovered."	( Substituted chromones and quinolones as potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Ching, B; Dyck, B; Goodfellow, VS; Heise, CE; Hudson, S; Madan, A; Norton, C; Pontillo, J; Schwarz, D; Tamiya, J; Wade, W; Wen, J; Zhao, L, 2006)	0.33
"Tipifarnib oral bioavailability (26."	( Population pharmacokinetics of tipifarnib in healthy subjects and adult cancer patients. De Porre, P; Hayes, S; Perez-Ruixo, JJ; Piotrovskij, V; Zannikos, P; Zhang, S, 2006)	0.33
" A repeated measures study has been designed to compare their pharmacokinetic parameters, to investigate their bioavailability and to estimate their absorbed fraction and first-pass effect by using plasma, urinary and metabolite data collected from five healthy mares."	( Enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in horses: comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters, use of urinary and metabolite data to estimate first-pass effect and absorbed fraction. Bousquet-Melou, A; Doucet, MY; Laroute, V; Peyrou, M; Vrins, A, 2006)	0.33
" Due to the poor oral bioavailability of many drugs in the horse, this method may be useful for screening drugs before development to determine if they warrant further study."	( Mucosal permeability of water-soluble drugs in the equine jejunum: a preliminary investigation. Blikslager, AT; Davis, JL; Little, D; Papich, MG, 2006)	0.33
"5 h, and an absolute bioavailability (F %) of 86."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) steers. Abd El-Aty, AM; Goudah, A; Regmi, NL; Shim, JH; Shimoda, M; Shin, HC, )	0.13
"The tolerability and efficacy of the combination of tipifarnib, an orally bioavailable nonpeptidomimetic farnesyl transferase inhibitor, and imatinib was investigated in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase who had failed imatinib."	( Phase 1 study of tipifarnib in combination with imatinib for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase after imatinib failure. Cortes, J; Ebarb, T; Faderl, S; Garcia-Manero, G; Giles, F; Jones, D; Kantarjian, H; O'Brien, S; Quintás-Cardama, A; Thomas, D, 2007)	0.34
"Study 1 was an open-label, randomized, three-treatment crossover study in healthy subjects (n = 18) to assess the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular aripiprazole 5 mg and oral aripiprazole 5 mg relative to intravenous aripiprazole 2 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intramuscular, oral and intravenous aripiprazole in healthy subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Boulton, DW; Kollia, G; Komoroski, B; Kovalick, LJ; Mallikaarjun, S; Reeves, RA; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
", 12 with a peroral bioavailability of 71%)."	( In vivo active aldosterone synthase inhibitors with improved selectivity: lead optimization providing a series of pyridine substituted 3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-one derivatives. Birk, B; Hartmann, RW; Heim, R; Lucas, S; Ries, C; Schewe, KE, 2008)	0.35
" Tipifarnib plus etoposide is a promising orally bioavailable regimen that warrants further evaluation in elderly adults who are not candidates for conventional induction chemotherapy."	( Active oral regimen for elderly adults with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia: a preclinical and phase 1 trial of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777, Zarnestra) combined with etoposide. Adjei, AA; Dai, NT; Feldman, EJ; Flatten, K; Garrett-Mayer, E; Gore, SD; Greer, JM; Ironside, V; Karp, JE; Kaufmann, SH; Le, SB; Levis, MJ; Loegering, DA; Meng, XW; Morris, LE; Ricklis, RM; Ritchie, E; Roboz, G; Schneider, PA; Smith, BD; Talbott, T; Wright, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" Consequently, the coadministration of elvitegravir with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (a substantial CYP3A4 inhibitor) results in significantly enhanced bioavailability and a longer half-life than with elvitegravir alone, allowing for the once-daily dosing of elvitegravir."	( Elvitegravir, an oral HIV integrase inhibitor, for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Klibanov, OM, 2009)	0.35
" Compound 2j was identified as a lead compound for future investigation due to its: (i) high activity against HIV-1, (ii) low cytotoxicity in PBMC, (iii) low toxic risks based on in silico evaluation, (iv) a good theoretical oral bioavailability according to Lipinski 'rule of five', (v) higher druglikeness and drug-score values than current antivirals AZT and efavirenz."	( Synthesis, antiviral activity and molecular modeling of oxoquinoline derivatives. Abreu, P; Barbosa, JE; Batalha, PN; Bou-Habib, DC; Castro, HC; Cirne-Santos, CC; Cunha, AC; de Souza, MC; Ferreira, VF; Garrido, V; Giongo, V; Nogueira, CM; Paixão, IC; Rodrigues, CR; Santos, Fda C; Silva, Dde O; Simonetti, BR; Souza, TM; Temerozo, JR, 2009)	0.35
" Here we describe the in vitro pharmacology of VX-770, an orally bioavailable CFTR potentiator in clinical development for the treatment of CF."	( Rescue of CF airway epithelial cell function in vitro by a CFTR potentiator, VX-770. Arumugam, V; Ashlock, M; Burton, B; Cao, D; Decker, C; Frizzell, RA; Grootenhuis, PD; Hadida, S; Hazlewood, A; Joubran, J; McCartney, J; Negulescu, P; Neuberger, T; Olson, ER; Singh, A; Turnbull, A; Van Goor, F; Wine, JJ; Yang, J; Young, C; Zhou, J, 2009)	0.35
" Since tipifarnib displays high oral bioavailability and acceptable pharmacokinetic properties, the newly discovered tipifarnib analogues are ideal leads for the development of drugs to treat Chagas disease."	( Second generation analogues of the cancer drug clinical candidate tipifarnib for anti-Chagas disease drug discovery. Arif, J; Buckner, FS; Chennamaneni, NK; Gelb, MH; Karimi, M; Kraus, JM; McGuffin, SA; Tatipaka, HB; Verlinde, CL, 2010)	0.36
"This study evaluated the relative bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir (EVG), emtricitabine (FTC), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and a investigational pharmacoenhancer, cobicistat (GS-9350, COBI) coformulated as a fixed-dose combination tablet (FDC) compared with ritonavir-boosted EVG and FTC + TDF in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV. German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)	0.36
" MRZ-8676 (6,6-dimethyl-2-phenylethynyl-7,8-dihydro-6H-quinolin-5-one) is a novel proprietary, selective, orally bioavailable mGluR5 NAM."	( Pharmacological characterization of MRZ-8676, a novel negative allosteric modulator of subtype 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5): focus on L: -DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Danysz, W; Dekundy, A; Gravius, A; Hechenberger, M; Mela, F; Nagel, J; Parsons, CG; Pietraszek, M; Tober, C; van der Elst, M, 2011)	0.37
"P-glycoprotein (Pgp or ABCB1) is an ABC transporter protein involved in intestinal absorption, drug metabolism, and brain penetration, and its inhibition can seriously alter a drug's bioavailability and safety."	( A novel approach for predicting P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) inhibition using molecular interaction fields. Broccatelli, F; Carosati, E; Cruciani, G; Frosini, M; Goracci, L; Neri, A; Oprea, TI, 2011)	0.37
" They are used worldwide due to their broad spectrum of activity, high bioavailability and good safety profile."	( Quinolones: review of psychiatric and neurological adverse reactions. Filipe, A; Tomé, AM, 2011)	0.37
" AS1928370 showed good oral bioavailability and high penetration into the brain and spinal cord in mice."	( Intrathecal administration of AS1928370, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonist, attenuates mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Aoki, T; Kiso, T; Matsuoka, N; Tsukamoto, M; Watabiki, T, 2011)	0.37
" Among the compounds designed in this study, we identified 2-[(3-aminomethyl-2-(2-methylpropyl)-1-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-6-isoquinolinyl)oxy]acetamide (35a) as a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable DPP-4 inhibitor, which exhibited in vivo efficacy in diabetic model rats."	( Identification of 3-aminomethyl-1,2-dihydro-4-phenyl-1-isoquinolones: a new class of potent, selective, and orally active non-peptide dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors that form a unique interaction with Lys554. Aertgeerts, K; Asakawa, T; Banno, Y; Funami, M; Ikedo, K; Kataoka, O; Kosaka, T; Maezaki, H; Miyamoto, Y; Oi, S; Sasaki, M; Suzuki, N; Takeuchi, K; Tani, A; Tawada, M; Tsubotani, S; Yamamoto, Y; Yano, J, 2011)	0.37
" Consequently, the bioavailability of rebamipide is under 10% in humans."	( Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2011)	0.37
" The bioavailability and efficacy of RBM solid dispersion were evaluated in a rat model."	( Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2011)	0.37
" Bioavailability and efficacy of rebamipide were increased significantly by solubility enhancement of the drug."	( Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2011)	0.37
" PK and PD studies in Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that the bioavailability of the drug using optimal SD was about twofold higher than that of reference product, and the irritation area of stomach was significantly reduced in the ulcer-induced rat model using optimal SD as compared to the reference product."	( Physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations of novel ternary solid dispersion of rebamipide with poloxamer 407. Chi, SC; Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2013)	0.39
" A pediatric formulation of raltegravir with less variable pharmacokinetics and greater bioavailability was US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)-approved in December 2011."	( Pharmacology of HIV integrase inhibitors. Adams, JL; Greener, BN; Kashuba, AD, 2012)	0.38
" APZ nanosuspensions got maximum absorption rate and extent comparing with APZ commercial tablet and suspensions with relative bioavailability of 123."	( Enhanced dissolution and oral bioavailability of aripiprazole nanosuspensions prepared by nanoprecipitation/homogenization based on acid-base neutralization. Lian, R; Liu, X; Lu, Y; Wu, W; Xu, Y; Yin, Z; Zheng, S, 2012)	0.38
"The oral (po) bioavailability of gemifloxacin mesylate in rats and its possible association with efflux transporters was investigated."	( Transport of gemifloxacin, a 4th generation quinolone antibiotic, in the Caco-2 and engineered MDCKII cells, and potential involvement of efflux transporters in the intestinal absorption of the drug. Chong, S; Chung, SJ; Jin, HE; Kim, DD; Kim, SB; Shim, CK; Shim, WS; Song, B, 2013)	0.39
"98-fold) and bioavailability (3."	( Aripiprazole in an animal model of chronic alcohol consumption and dopamine D₂ receptor occupancy in rats. Abraham, R; Bhyrapuneni, G; Jayarajan, P; Kandikere, V; Muddana, N; Nirogi, R; Saralaya, R, 2013)	0.39
"Poor aqueous solubility and the unpleasant taste of aripiprazole (APZ) have been recurring problems, owing to its low bioavailability and low patient tolerance, respectively."	( Aripiprazole-montmorillonite: a new organic-inorganic nanohybrid material for biomedical applications. Chang, HC; Choi, G; Choy, JH; Choy, YB; Lee, HJ; Oh, YJ; Park, JH; Park, JW; Yoon, YJ, 2013)	0.39
" Selected as a preclinical candidate, ELQ-300 has good oral bioavailability at efficacious doses in mice, is metabolically stable, and is highly active in blocking transmission in rodent models of malaria."	( Quinolone-3-diarylethers: a new class of antimalarial drug. Angulo-Barturen, I; Avery, VM; Bathurst, I; Burrows, JN; Charman, SA; Cross, RM; Delves, MJ; Duffy, S; Ferrer, S; Forquer, IP; Gamo, FJ; Guy, RK; Herreros, E; Jiménez-Díaz, MB; Kelly, JX; Kocken, CHM; Kyle, DE; LaCrue, AN; Li, Y; Manetsch, R; Marfurt, J; Mather, MW; Morrisey, JM; Mutka, T; Nilsen, A; Noviyanti, R; Price, RN; Riscoe, MK; Ryan, E; Saenz, FE; Sanz, LM; Sebayang, BF; Shackleford, DM; Siegl, P; Sinden, RE; Steuten, J; Vaidya, AB; White, KL; Winter, RW; Wirjanata, G; Zeeman, AM, 2013)	0.39
" The values of the bioavailability for the compound ranged from 10."	( Disposition of the new potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 8-[3-[1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4-piperidiny]-1-oxopropyl]-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo [3, 2, 1-ij] quinolin-4-one (TAK-802) in rats, dogs and monkeys. Asahi, S; Kakehi, M; Kondo, T; Tagawa, Y, 2013)	0.39
" BMS-742413 has good intranasal bioavailability in the rabbit and shows a robust, dose-dependent inhibition of CGRP-induced increases in marmoset facial blood flow."	( Discovery of (R)-N-(3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-(4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide (BMS-742413): a potent human CGRP antagonist with superior safety profile for the treatment of migr Cantor, GH; Chaturvedula, PV; Conway, CM; Davis, C; Denton, R; Dubowchik, GM; Keavy, D; Macci, R; Macor, JE; Mathias, N; Mercer, SE; Moench, P; Pin, SS; Schartman, R; Signor, L; Thalody, G; Whiterock, V; Xu, C, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability studies of the polymorphs of aripiprazole and their pharmaceutical preparations are very important to optimize the formulations of the dosage forms."	( Aripiprazole. Ardiana, F; Indrayanto, G; Lestari, ML, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic analysis of Inh-1 revealed an absolute bioavailability (F) of 21% and a short t1/2 of <1 h."	( Bacterial β-glucuronidase inhibition protects mice against enteropathy induced by indomethacin, ketoprofen or diclofenac: mode of action and pharmacokinetics. Boelsterli, UA; Fujimoto, K; Lee, KK; Redinbo, MR; Saitta, KS; Zhang, C, 2014)	0.4
" Interaction with metal ions has some important consequences for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quinolones, and is also involved in the mechanism of action of these bactericidal agents."	( Metal complexes of quinolone antibiotics and their applications: an update. Uivarosi, V, 2013)	0.39
"Dovitinib (TKI258; formerly CHIR-258) is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases."	( Dovitinib induces mitotic defects and activates the G2 DNA damage checkpoint. Mak, JP; Man, WY; Poon, RY, 2014)	0.4
" This compound had good in vitro and in vivo potency, low rates of metabolism, moderate permeability, and good oral bioavailability in rodents."	( Discovery of isoquinolinone indole acetic acids as antagonists of chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. Fish, S; Follows, B; Huang, A; Hubeau, C; Janz, K; Kaila, N; Leung, L; Lowe, M; Mansour, TS; Moretto, A; Morgan, P; Page, K; Saiah, E; Thomason, J; Williams, C; Xu, X, 2014)	0.4
" These findings suggest that elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be administered with food, and that the bioavailability of elvitegravir and tenofovir is not affected by the type of meal ingested."	( Effects of a protein-rich drink or a standard meal on the pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir in healthy Japanese male subjects: a randomized, three-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, 2014)	0.4
"The purpose of this study was to improve the gastric solubility and bioavailability of rebamipide (RBM) by preparing the RBM solid dispersion tablet (RBM-SDT) from solid dispersion powder prepared by spray-drying technique."	( Development of a rebamipide solid dispersion system with improved dissolution and oral bioavailability. Choi, HG; Choi, IS; Choi, JY; Kim, JO; Pradhan, R; Tran, TH; Yong, CS, 2015)	0.42
"This 2-arm, phase 1, crossover study compared the relative bioavailability of two dovitinib (TKI258) capsule formulations [anhydrate clinical service form (CSF) and monohydrate final market image (FMI); Arm 1] and determined the effect of food on dovitinib exposure (Arm 2)."	( The effect of formulation and food consumption on the bioavailability of dovitinib (TKI258) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Britten, CD; George, D; Kulkarni, S; Liu, A; Mortimer, J; Quinlan, M; Scott, JW; Sharma, S, 2014)	0.4
"A series of Phase I studies was conducted in healthy volunteers to examine the systemic bioavailability and safety of topical ozenoxacin."	( Systemic bioavailability, safety and tolerability of topical ozenoxacin in healthy adult volunteers. Albareda, N; Febbraro, S; Gropper, S; Santos, B, 2014)	0.4
" The validated methods were successfully applied to an absolute bioavailability clinical study of nemonoxacin malate capsule."	( Determination of a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, nemonoxacin, in human feces and its glucuronide conjugate in human urine and feces by high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Cao, G; Guo, B; He, G; Shi, Y; Tsai, CY; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, J, 2015)	0.42
"This 2-arm crossover study compared the relative bioavailability of two dovitinib (TKI258) formulations [anhydrate clinical service form (CSF) capsule and monohydrate final market image (FMI) tablet; Arm 1] and determined the effect of food on dovitinib exposure (Arm 2)."	( A randomized, crossover phase 1 study to assess the effects of formulation (capsule vs tablet) and meal consumption on the bioavailability of dovitinib (TKI258). George, D; Infante, JR; Liu, A; Quinlan, M; Ramanathan, RK; Scott, JW; Sharma, S; Tan, E, 2015)	0.42
" The oral bioavailability of Phe-Ψ-Ala in the presence and absence of MFLX was 41."	( Possible interaction of quinolone antibiotics with peptide transporter 1 in oral absorption of peptide-mimetic drugs. Arakawa, H; Hatano, Y; Idota, Y; Kamioka, H; Kanagawa, M; Morimoto, K; Ogihara, T; Yano, K, 2016)	0.43
" Here, we described ZLD1039 a potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of EZH2, which inhibited breast tumor growth and metastasis."	( Selective inhibition of EZH2 by ZLD1039 blocks H3K27 methylation and leads to potent anti-tumor activity in breast cancer. Feng, Q; Gao, T; Lei, Q; Shi, Y; Song, X; Wang, N; Wei, Y; Xia, Y; Xiong, M; Yang, F; Ye, T; You, X; Yu, L; Zhang, L; Zhu, Y, 2016)	0.43
" Much progress has been made over the past decade with the development of orally bioavailable small molecule drugs that target defective CFTR proteins caused by specific mutations."	( New and emerging targeted therapies for cystic fibrosis. Quon, BS; Rowe, SM, 2016)	0.43
"This randomized, two-way crossover study evaluated the bioavailability of elvitegravir administered as the new individual tablet containing 150 mg and a cobicistat 150 mg tablet, concomitantly with a fixed-dose combination tablet containing 200 mg of emtricitabine and 300 mg of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG + COBI + FTC/TDF), in comparison with a single-tablet regimen containing the same dose of each component (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF)."	( Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence evaluation of single-tablet and separate-tablet regimens for once-daily cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir in healthy Japanese male subjects: A randomized, two-way crossover study. Ikeda, A; Irie, S; Ishikawa, T; Kimura, M; Kumagai, Y; Matsuki, S; Nishino, N; Shiomi, M, )	0.13
"Cavosonstat (N91115), an orally bioavailable inhibitor of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, promotes cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) maturation and plasma membrane stability, with a mechanism of action complementary to CFTR correctors and potentiators."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of cavosonstat (N91115) in healthy and cystic fibrosis adults homozygous for F508DEL-CFTR. Casey, A; Chmiel, JF; Donaldson, SH; Flume, PA; Mandagere, A; McCoy, K; Shoemaker, SA; Solomon, GM; Taylor-Cousar, JL; Troha, JM; Zeitlin, PL; Zemanick, ET, 2017)	0.46
" There is evidence that the bioavailability of ivacaftor in the body may be influenced by the multi-drug exporter P-glycoprotein."	( Investigation of the effects of the CFTR potentiator ivacaftor on human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1). Ford, RC; Lingam, S; Thonghin, N, 2017)	0.46
"Rebamipide (RBP) is a potent anti-ulcer and anti-oxidative agent, which is a BCS class IV drug with a low oral bioavailability of less than 10%."	( Capmul MCM/Solutol HS15-Based Microemulsion for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of Rebamipide. Cho, HJ; Kim, DD; Kim, KT; Lee, JY; Park, JH; Yoon, IS, 2017)	0.46
" A prodrug strategy was also investigated to address the problem of low aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of the antitumor agent CHM-1."	( CHM-1, a novel microtubule-destabilizing agent exhibits antitumor activity via inducing the expression of SIRT2 in human breast cancer cells. Ho, CT; Hung, CH; Hung, CM; Kuo, SC; Lin, YC; Liu, BL; Liu, CW; Way, TD, 2018)	0.48
"Rebamipide has low oral bioavailability (10%) due to its low solubility and permeability."	( Lipid Nanoemulsions of Rebamipide: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects. Guda, S; Narala, A; Veerabrahma, K, 2019)	0.51
" To improve solubility and bioavailability of highly potent anti-retroviral drugs, we explored the use of a nanoparticle (NP) for formulating a combination of two water-insoluble HIV inhibitors."	( Antiretroviral Hydrophobic Core Graft-Copolymer Nanoparticles: The Effectiveness against Mutant HIV-1 Strains and in Vivo Distribution after Topical Application. Alfaro, J; Bogdanov, AA; Bolotin, E; Castillo, G; Gottikh, MB; Gupta, S; Leporati, A, 2019)	0.51
" Structure guided optimization of an imidazo-quinolinones based pan-PI3K/m-TOR inhibitor (Dactolisib) led to the discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable PI3Kδ isoform selective inhibitor (10h), with an improved efficacy in the animal models."	( Discovery of 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-ones based novel, potent and PI3Kδ selective inhibitors. Bahekar, R; Bandyopadhyay, D; Chatterjee, A; Chopade, R; Dave, B; Desai, RC; Funde, R; Ghoshdastidar, K; Giri, P; Kumar, J; Mahapatra, J; Patel, D; Sachchidanand, S; Soman, S; Vyas, P, 2019)	0.51
" Herein, we report the discovery and optimization of a series of quinolinones to provide potent and orally bioavailable mIDH1 inhibitors with selectivity over wild-type IDH1."	( Discovery and Optimization of Quinolinone Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (mIDH1) Inhibitors. Ashwell, S; Bair, KW; Barr, KJ; Campbell, AM; Caravella, JA; Castro, J; Clarke, A; Diebold, RB; Diep, H; Dinsmore, C; Ericsson, A; Fritzen, E; Gotur, D; Gustafson, GR; Hubbs, SE; Josephine, HR; Katz, M; Kauffman, G; Kershaw, M; Lancia, DR; Lin, J; Lu, W; Luke, GP; Shelekhin, T; Toms, AV; Walker, D; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Yao, L, 2019)	0.51
"To improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of a novel antimalarial agent ELQ-331(a prodrug of ELQ-300), spray-dried dispersions (SDD) and a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) were developed."	( Improving solubility and oral bioavailability of a novel antimalarial prodrug: comparing spray-dried dispersions with self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Frueh, L; Green, C; Liu, M; Mutyam, SK; Nilsen, A; Potharaju, S; Pou, S; Riscoe, MK; Shankar, G; Winter, R, 2020)	0.56
" In addition, 20f demonstrated good bioavailability (F = 41."	( Design, synthesis and discovery of 2(1H)-quinolone derivatives for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis through inhibition of TGF-β/smad dependent and independent pathway. Chen, L; Chen, Y; Deng, D; Liu, K; Pei, H; Tang, M; Xue, L; Yang, T; Yang, Z; Ye, H; Zheng, S, 2020)	0.56
" However, its poor water solubility and weak cellular bioavailability hinder its use as a therapeutic agent for cancer."	( Antitumor Efficacy of Ceranib-2 with Nano-Formulation of PEG and Rosin Esters. Ben Taleb, A; Gözüaçık, D; Ilgar, M; Karakuş, S; Kilislioğlu, A; Kutlu, HM; Kutlu, Ö; Tan, E, 2021)	0.62
" Compound 34 is orally bioavailable and displayed favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."	( Discovery of isoquinolinone and naphthyridinone-based inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) as anticancer agents: Structure activity relationship and preclinical characterization. Ahirrao, P; Bakhle, D; Bernstein, PR; Bhat, T; Bhonde, M; Bommakanti, A; Bora, P; Francis, A; George, KS; Gole, G; Goyal, H; Gundu, J; Gupta, NR; Gupta, R; Hajare, AK; Jadhav, GR; Jagdale, AR; Jana, G; Kale, R; Kamalakannan, P; Kamble, N; Kamboj, RK; Karche, NP; Khanwalkar, H; Khedkar, N; Kukreja, G; Kumar, P; Kumar, R; Kurhade, SP; Limaye, R; Mallurwar, S; Modi, D; Naidu, S; Naik, KR; Narasimham, L; Nemmani, K; Nigade, PB; Pagdala, V; Palle, VP; Patil, V; Pawar, S; Pawar, Y; Phukan, S; Powar, RG; Praveen Kumar, VR; Rao Irlapati, N; Shaikh, JS; Shankar, RB; Sharma, S; Singh, M; Sinha, N; Thube, BR; Tilekar, AR; Volam, H; Wahid, S, 2020)	0.56
" Rebamipide, classified into BCS class IV, is one of those drugs which provide very low bioavailability and/or the difficulty of formulation for oral administration."	( Improvement of lipid solubility and oral bioavailability of a poorly water- and poorly lipid-soluble drug, rebamipide, by utilizing its counter ion and SNEDDS preparation. Higaki, K; Maruyama, M; Masuda, K; Ogawara, KI; Okawa, S; Sumimoto, Y, 2021)	0.62
"In this study, a novel rebamipide-loaded spray-dried microsphere (RSM) with enhanced drug solubility and oral bioavailability has been developed utilizing meglumine, an alkalizing agent."	( Development of rebamipide-loaded spray-dried microsphere using distilled water and meglumine: physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in rats. Cho, JH; Choi, HG; Ko, DW, 2021)	0.62
"Broad antibacterial spectrum, high oral bioavailability and excellent tissue penetration combined with safety and few, yet rare, unwanted effects, have made the quinolones class of antimicrobials one of the most used in inpatients and outpatients."	( Biological Effects of Quinolones: A Family of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents. Bucarey, SA; Hidalgo, AA; Millanao, AR; Mora, AY; Villagra, NA, 2021)	0.62
"Rebamipide (REB) a potent anti-ulcer agent, has not been exploited to its full potential, owing to it extremely poor solubility, leading to highly diminutive bioavailability (<10%)."	( Engineering a Remedy to Modulate and Optimize Biopharmaceutical Properties of Rebamipide by Synthesizing New Cocrystal: In Silico and Experimental Studies. Chadha, R; Dureja, J; Jindal, A; Karan, M; Singh, R; Tomar, S, 2021)	0.62
"5 folds enhancement in relative bioavailability and remarkable amplification in anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and the antioxidant potential of these cocrystals were observed."	( Engineering a Remedy to Modulate and Optimize Biopharmaceutical Properties of Rebamipide by Synthesizing New Cocrystal: In Silico and Experimental Studies. Chadha, R; Dureja, J; Jindal, A; Karan, M; Singh, R; Tomar, S, 2021)	0.62
" Unexpectedly, despite enhanced dissolution rate in a controlled manner, a designed bilayer tablet had no dose- and dosage form dependent in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs as compared with IR 100 mg RBM reference tablet."	( Design and evaluation of in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs of bilayer tablet consisting of immediate release nanosuspension and sustained release layers of rebamipide. Cao, QR; Cui, JH; Jin, G; Jung, M; Lee, BJ; Ngo, HV; Park, C; Wang, J, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo, using IVA-suspension (Fed) as a reference, the relative oral bioavailability of IVA-suspension (Fasted), IVA-SNEDDS (Fasted), and IVA-SNEDDS (Fed) were 23."	( Reduced the Food Effect and Enhanced the Oral Bioavailability of Ivacaftor by Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Using a New Oil Phase. Miao, Y; Sun, J; Wang, J; Zhao, S; Zuo, J, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, ADME studies were conducted, disclosing an eligible bioavailability score of >0."	( Structure based design and synthesis of 3-(7-nitro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-yl)propanehydrazide derivatives as novel bacterial DNA-gyrase inhibitors: In-vitro, In-vivo, In-silico and SAR studies. El Saeed, HS; Elmaaty, AA; Ezz Eldin, RR; Salah, M; Saleh, MA; Saleh, MM, 2022)	0.72
" These include cannabinoids and drug combinations that inhibit dextromethorphan metabolism peripherally, thereby increasing its bioavailability in the brain."	( Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Devanand, DP, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The emergence of the newer antibiotic classes, including the second and third-generation cephalosporins and the fluoroquinolones, has provided the clinician with agents that offer a broad spectrum of activity, good patient acceptance, a well-tolerated safety profile, and convenient dosage regimens due to their unique pharmacokinetic profiles."	( New considerations in treatment of urinary tract infections in adults. Faro, S, 1992)	0.28
" The results suggest that nedocromil sodium may permit a reduction in theophylline dosage and possibly substitute for theophylline in previously dependent patients."	( Effects of the addition of nedocromil sodium to maintenance bronchodilator therapy in the management of chronic asthma. Callaghan, B; Clancy, L; Teo, NC, 1992)	0.28
" 7e, 9e, 13a, 13d, 18, 20, 21, and 23, when dosed orally in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats."	( 3,4-Dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as combined inhibitors of thromboxane A2 synthase and cAMP phosphodiesterase. Bruno, JJ; Hirschfeld, DR; Maloney, PJ; Martinez, GR; Walker, KA; Yang, DS, 1992)	0.28
" At 110 min after dosing, subjects took a slow, full inspiration with a 30 s breath-hold, and at 150 min after dosing the subjects performed one single forced expiration."	( The effect of respiratory manoeuvres and pharmacological agents on the pharmacokinetics of nedocromil sodium after inhalation. Holgate, ST; Honeywell, RG; Renwick, AG; Singh, S; Summers, QA, 1992)	0.28
" These results attest to the value of the convenience and simplicity of the oral dosing regimen for lomefloxacin."	( The U.S. clinical experience with lomefloxacin, a new once-daily fluoroquinolone. Rizk, E, 1992)	0.28
" Both total clearance and renal clearance significantly correlate with creatinine clearance for these fluoroquinolones, and creatinine clearance is a useful clinical marker on which to base dosage adjustments."	( Influence of renal function on the pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones. Blum, RA, 1992)	0.28
"Six dosage regimens of oral lomefloxacin, a new difluorinated quinolone, were given to healthy volunteer subjects for 7 days in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate pharmacokinetics and tolerability and to determine the optimum dosage schedule."	( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin: rationale for once-a-day dosing. Mant, TG, 1992)	0.28
" Dosage adjustments should not be necessary in elderly patients with only minor changes in renal function caused by age-related changes in physiology."	( Quinolone pharmacokinetics in the elderly. Goss, TF; Schentag, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin are dependent on renal function, and appropriate dosage adjustment is necessary when creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min/1."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Marstein, S; Nilsen, OG; Saltvedt, E; Walstad, RA, 1992)	0.28
" The results of this study demonstrate that once-daily treatment with 400 mg lomefloxacin is as effective as twice-daily dosing with 400 mg in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis."	( A double-blind study of two dosage regimens of lomefloxacin in bacteriologically proven exacerbations of chronic bronchitis of gram-negative etiology. Kemper, P; Köhler, D, 1992)	0.28
" Analyses of variance found no significant differences among the dosage groups in total apparent clearances (CLT/F), renal clearances (CLR), or nonrenal clearances, which averaged 197, 119, and 78 ml/min, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in humans after multiple oral doses. Carpentier, P; Granneman, GR; Morrison, PJ; Pernet, AG, 1992)	0.28
" Because the altered temafloxacin pharmacokinetics appear to be primarily due to impaired renal function, this should be the main determinant of temafloxacin dosage in patients with liver disease."	( Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in patients with liver impairment. Fabian, W; Granneman, GR; Kinzig, M; Kirch, W; Locke, C; Mahr, G; Naber, KG; Nickel, P; Sörgel, F, 1992)	0.28
" This may partly be explained by intertrial differences in dosage and study design."	( Effects of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. Fuhr, U; Granneman, GR; Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Nickel, P; Patterson, K; Sörgel, F; Stephan, U, 1992)	0.28
" A serum concentration-time data analysis was performed to evaluate the oral enrofloxacin dose and dosing interval for nonfasted macaques."	( Enrofloxacin treatment of long-tailed macaques with acute bacillary dysentery due to multiresistant Shigella flexneri IV. Aucoin, DP; Hirsh, DC; Line, AS; Paul-Murphy, J, 1992)	0.28
" Twenty-seven atopic asthmatic adults (21-39 years), with a measurable maximal-response plateau on the dose-response curve (20-55% fall in FEV1), were randomly allocated into two parallel treatment groups."	( The long-term effect of nedocromil sodium on the maximal degree of airway narrowing to methacholine in atopic asthmatic subjects. Bel, EH; Dijkman, JH; Sont, JK; Sterk, PJ, 1992)	0.28
" In the rat 4f inhibited LTB4 synthesis in blood ex vivo and in zymosan-inflamed air pouch exudate with an ED50 3 h after oral dosing of 10 mg/kg in each system."	( Methoxytetrahydropyrans. A new series of selective and orally potent 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bird, TG; Bruneau, P; Crawley, GC; Dowell, RI; Edwards, PN; Foster, SJ; Giroaeau, JM; McMillan, RM; Walker, ER; Waterson, D, 1992)	0.28
" Ester 11b, acid 12b, amide 13d, and sulfone 29c protected against thrombus formation in two different animal models following oral dosing and were found to be superior to anagrelide (2) and BMY 20844 (5)."	( Inhibitors of blood platelet cAMP phosphodiesterase. 2. Structure-activity relationships associated with 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-b]quinolin-2-ones substituted with functionalized side chains. Baryla, UM; Buchanan, JO; Gamberdella, M; Gillespie, E; Meanwell, NA; Pearce, BC; Roth, HR; Smith, EC; Wedding, DL; Wright, JJ, 1992)	0.28
" By serial dosing (once a day, 5 or 6 times per week, during the 3rd-5th months postinoculation), 10 mg/kg of sparfloxacin displayed bactericidal-type activity and bacteriostatic activity was present at daily doses of 5 and 2 mg/kg."	( Activity of sparfloxacin against Mycobacterium leprae inoculated into footpads of nude mice. Gidoh, M; Tsutsumi, S, 1992)	0.28
" Rufloxacin was administered orally at the dosage of 400 mg/die the first day; 200 mg/die the following 6 days or more."	( [Treatment with rufloxacin of complicated urinary tract infections]. Caglio, G; Cantoni, L; Carmignani, G; Gusmitta, A; Maffezzini, M; Monti Bragadin, C; Samer, L, 1992)	0.28
"The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of lomefloxacin and temafloxacin, two new antimicrobials, are presented."	( Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin: two new fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. Nix, DE; Symonds, WT, 1992)	0.28
" The observation that serum (and tissue) concentrations of temafloxacin exceeded the minimal inhibitory concentration of the test organism over the whole dosing interval (12 hr), could account for its efficacy in severe pneumococcal disease."	( Kinetic disposition of temafloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bauchet, J; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E, 1992)	0.28
" The dose-response curve for AVP was shifted to the right in parallel by OPC-31260 but not by OPC-21268."	( Potent antagonistic action of OPC-31260, a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, on [Arg8]vasopressin-induced vasoconstriction in isolated simian femoral arteries. Chiba, S; Tsukada, M, 1992)	0.28
" dosage but without statistical significance."	( Comparison of nedocromil sodium at two dosage frequencies with placebo in the management of chronic asthma. Drennan, C; Holst, P; Jones, D; Rea, H; Thornley, P; Wells, A, 1992)	0.28
"5, and 11 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4-week interval between dosage regimens."	( Pharmacokinetic evaluation of enrofloxacin administered orally to healthy dogs. Hauptman, JG; MacDonald, KH; Stein, GE; Walker, RD, 1992)	0.28
" A dose-response experiment was performed with clarithromycin at 50, 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg of body weight administered daily by gavage to mice infected with approximately 10(7) viable MAC."	( Activity of clarithromycin against Mycobacterium avium complex infection in beige mice. Cynamon, MH; DeStefano, MS; Klemens, SP, 1992)	0.28
" Our results indicate that a once-daily dosage of sparfloxacin should be adequate to treat systemic infections caused by most common bacterial pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of sparfloxacin. Andrews, JM; Cooper, MA; Johnson, JH; Wise, R, 1992)	0.28
" Serial plasma and sputum samples and fractional urine samples were obtained over a steady-state dosing interval."	( Steady-state pharmacokinetics and sputum penetration of lomefloxacin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory tract infections. Glerum, JH; Hoepelman, AI; Kovarik, JM; Rozenberg-Arska, M; Sips, PA; Smit, JM; Verhoef, J, 1992)	0.28
" leprae; temafloxacin and sparfloxacin were the most active, being fully bactericidal at all three dosage schedules."	( Activities of various quinolone antibiotics against Mycobacterium leprae in infected mice. Gelber, RH; Iranmanesh, A; Murray, L; Siu, P; Tsang, M, 1992)	0.28
" In conclusion, once-daily oral dosing with lomefloxacin is a safe and efficacious alternative to twice-daily dosing with TMP/SMX in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections."	( Uncomplicated urinary tract infections: lomefloxacin versus trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Capron, MH; Guibert, J, 1992)	0.28
" The trough SBAs of the 4 fluoroquinolones suggest that the time interval of administration of CPLX and OFLX should be more than 8 hours, but increase of the dosage or shortening of the time interval between the administrations is recommended for ENX and NFLX."	( Comparison of serum bactericidal activity of 4 fluoroquinolones in healthy volunteers. Liu, YN; Sun, XD; Wang, R; Zhao, HZ, 1992)	0.28
" Based on an evaluation of adverse events among elderly patients with varying degrees of renal impairment, dosage adjustment of temafloxacin is necessary only for elderly patients with severe renal impairment."	( Temafloxacin: a safe antibiotic for the elderly, patients with comorbidities, and other special populations. Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
" Evidence of cartilaginous joint damage was observed in puppies receiving oral temafloxacin, in young dogs receiving intravenous temafloxacin, and in a single dog receiving a lethal dosage in a dose range-finding study."	( Comparison of organ-specific toxicity of temafloxacin in animals and humans. Krasula, RW; Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
" The longer half-life of temafloxacin enables a once-daily dose regimen, whereas the usual recommended dosage of ciprofloxacin is twice daily."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin and temafloxacin in humans: a review. Kinzig, M; Mahr, G; Muth, P; Naber, KG; Sorgel, F, 1991)	0.28
" As the difference in elimination half-life was small, alteration of the usual twice-daily dosage regimen is not necessary in the elderly."	( The influence of age on the pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin. Granneman, GR; Guay, DR, 1991)	0.28
" Twelve healthy subjects (8 males, 4 females; average age and weight 34 years and 62 kg, respectively) were given oral controlled-release theophylline in an individualized dosage to achieve a target plasma level of 10 mg/L."	( Effect of temafloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Callens, E; Chauvin, JP; Hazebroucq, J; Ruff, F; Santais, MC, 1991)	0.28
" It is suggested that a once daily dose of 400 mg lomefloxacin is suitable for the elderly and that no dosage modification is needed in this patient group."	( The pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin in elderly patients with urinary tract infection following daily dosing with 400 mg. Cowling, P; Lovering, AM; MacGowan, AP; McMullin, CM; Reeves, DS; Rogers, S; White, LO, 1991)	0.28
" tuberculosis H37Rv strain, the minimal effective dosage of sparfloxacin, as assessed by survival rate, spleen enlargement and gross lung lesions, was 12."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of sparfloxacin (AT-4140) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Grosset, J; Ji, B; Truffot-Pernot, C, 1991)	0.28
" Within 48 h, about half of the dosed radioactivity was excreted in the bile, and part of which was re-absorbed."	( Disposition and metabolism of [14C]sparfloxacin in the rat. Furukawa, H; Hashimoto, M; Matsunaga, Y; Miyazaki, H; Nambu, K; Oh-e, Y; Yoshida, K, 1991)	0.28
" Four rabbits were each given enrofloxacin as a single 5 mg/kg of body weight dosage by IV, SC, and oral routes over 4 weeks."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin in rabbits. Babish, JG; Brooks, DL; Broome, RL; Conzelman, GM; Copeland, DD, 1991)	0.28
" Steady-state peak serum levels are approximately 1 mg/L per 100 mg oral dose administered; thus, the steady-state peak serum level after 600 mg bd oral dosing is approximately 6 mg/L."	( A review of the pharmacokinetic profile of temafloxacin. Dudley, MN, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetics of evocarpine after intravenous injection was expressed in a one-compartment model, showing a linear elimination of plasma evocarpine up to a dosage of 75 mg/kg."	( Pharmacological properties of galenical preparation. XV. Pharmacokinetics study of evocarpine and its metabolite in rats. Chen, XF; Kanemaki, S; Kano, Y; Komatsu, K; Zong, Q, 1991)	0.28
" Compared with the CLT/F in the subjects with normal renal function, CLT/F was reduced 60% in subjects with a CLCR of less than 40 ml/min, indicating that the dosage should be reduced by at least one-half for patients with comparable impairment."	( Temafloxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Braeckman, R; Craft, JC; Granneman, GR; Kraut, J; Shupien, S, 1991)	0.28
" Lomefloxacin offers certain advantages compared with other quinolone antibacterial drugs in that it may be conveniently administered once daily and theophylline dosage adjustment does not appear to be necessary in patients receiving this bronchodilator concomitantly."	( Lomefloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Goa, KL; Wadworth, AN, 1991)	0.28
" Some of the more resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied in a dynamic in-vitro model in order to study dosing strategies."	( Antimicrobial effects of lomefloxacin in vitro. Begg, EJ; Boswell, DR; Chambers, ST; Peddie, BA; Robson, RA, 1991)	0.28
" Lomefloxacin is well absorbed after oral administration giving high blood and urine concentrations and its prolonged half-life means once daily dosing in the treatment of many types of bacterial infection may be possible."	( Antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin. Leigh, DA; Tait, S; Walsh, B, 1991)	0.28
"0 hours after dosing with their OCS on days 5, 6, 7 and 8 of their contraceptive cycle, for measurement of EE2, Ng, FSH and LH by radioimmunoassay."	( The lack of interaction between temafloxacin and combined oral contraceptive steroids. Back, DJ; Mant, T; Martin, C; Millar, E; Morrison, P; Orme, M; Tjia, J, 1991)	0.28
"0 hours after dosing with OCs on days 5, 6, 7, and 8 of their contraceptive cycle, for measurement of EE2, Ng, FSH, and LH by radioimmunoassay."	( The lack of interaction between temafloxacin and combined oral contraceptive steroids. Back, DJ; Mant, T; Martin, C; Millar, E; Morrison, P; Orme, M; Tjia, J, 1991)	0.28
" Familiarity with commonly encountered adverse antibiotic reactions, dosage guidelines, and special situations (pregnancy, pediatric patients) will help avoid problems associated with antibiotic use."	( Antibiotics and infectious diseases. Liu, HH, 1990)	0.28
" Since intravenously dosed dogs eliminated 50% of the dose by nonrenal processes, urinary recoveries approaching two-thirds of the dose in humans were consistent with high, if not quantitative, absorption."	( Pharmacokinetics of temafloxacin in humans after single oral doses. Carpentier, P; Granneman, GR; Morrison, PJ; Pernet, AG, 1991)	0.28
" No additional dosage adjustments appear to be necessary for hemodialysis patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of lomefloxacin in renally compromised patients. Blum, RA; Schentag, JJ; Schultz, RW, 1990)	0.28
"5 microgram/ml were inhibited with both dosing schedules."	( Antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin in a pharmacokinetic in vitro model. Rustige, C; Wiedemann, B, 1990)	0.28
" The eradication rate on each observation day was 100% in both dosage groups."	( [Epidemiological and therapeutic study on gonorrheal infection--study on NY-198 (lomefloxacin) single administration therapy. Sapporo Clinical Research Group for STD]. Gohro, T; Hayashi, K; Henmi, I; Kato, S; Kumamoto, Y; Sakai, S; Tabata, S; Tanda, H; Tsunekawa, T; Yoshio, H, 1990)	0.28
" Dosage adjustments are required, particularly in severe renal failure and for the drugs almost exclusively excreted, in unchanged form, via the renal route."	( Pharmacokinetics of quinolones in renal insufficiency. Borsa-Lebas, F; Dhib, M; Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A; Moulin, B, 1990)	0.28
" Specific lung resistance (SRL) was measured to assess bronchial responses to PAF, and airway responsiveness was determined by deriving a provocative dose of carbachol in breath units causing an increase in SRL to 4 L times centimeters of H2O per liters per second (PD4) from carbachol dose-response curves."	( PAF-induced airway responses in sheep: effects of a PAF antagonist and nedocromil sodium. Abraham, WM; Ahmed, T; D'Brot, J; Fernandez, A; Mansour, E; Soler, M, 1990)	0.28
"1 X 10(-6) M) and matched placebo were administered by identical metered dose inhalers 30 min before a dose-response to sodium metabisulphite (5-100 mg ml-1) was performed."	( Inhaled sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate. Dixon, CM; Ind, PW, 1990)	0.28
"The fluoroquinolones, temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin, are determined in the bulk drug substances and in a variety of dosage form using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)."	( Determination of temafloxacin, sarafloxacin, and difloxacin in bulk drug and dosage forms by high-performance liquid chromatography. Bauer, JF; Elrod, L; Fornnarino, JR; Heathcote, DE; Krogh, SK; Linton, CL; Norris, BJ; Quick, JE, 1990)	0.28
" Dosage adjustments are necessary in uremic patients."	( Lomefloxacin pharmacokinetics in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Fillastre, JP; Humbert, G; Leroy, A, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response curves for NKA after nedocromil sodium treatment were significantly shifted to the right compared to the curve after placebo-treatment."	( The effect of nedocromil sodium on the bronchoconstrictor effect of neurokinin A in subjects with asthma. Joos, GF; Pauwels, RA; Van der Straeten, ME, 1989)	0.28
" Given intraperitoneally at the single dosing range of 10-100 mg/kg, OPC-12759 inhibited the formation of these acute gastric ulcer models."	( Effect of OPC-12759, a novel antiulcer agent, on chronic and acute experimental gastric ulcer, and gastric secretion in rats. Imaizumi, T; Ishiyama, H; Kanbe, T; Yabuuchi, Y; Yamasaki, K, 1989)	0.28
" In guinea-pig airway, microvascular leakage induced by allergen was significantly inhibited by prior treatment with nedocromil sodium (100 micrograms/kg IV), but this had no effect on histamine-induced leakage and reduced PAF-induced leakage only at a dosage of 5 mg/kg."	( Effects of nedocromil sodium on airway microvascular leakage and neural reflexes. Barnes, PJ, 1989)	0.28
" Azithromycin was more potent than the other macrolides in experimental animal infection, eradicating the organism in all animals tested at a dosage of 8 mg/kg."	( Comparative antimicrobial activity of the new macrolides against Borrelia burgdorferi. Gross, B; Preac-Mursic, V; Schierz, G; Süss, E; Wilske, B, 1989)	0.28
" These results suggest that asthmatic patients who require inhaled steroids show better control of their asthma with the addition of nedocromil sodium than of placebo over a four week period after reduction of the dosage of their inhaled steroids."	( Nedocromil sodium in adults with asthma dependent on inhaled corticosteroids: a double blind, placebo controlled study. Allan, GW; Bone, MF; Burge, PS; Connolly, CK; Dent, RG; Keaney, NP; Kubik, MM; Summers, GD, 1989)	0.28
" The experimental application of enrofloxacin (Baytril) at a dosage of 100 mg/l drinking water for 10 days resulted in a stop of the mortality rate, increment of egg production and reduction of Salmonella excretion."	( [Therapy trials with enrofloxacin (Baytril) in a laying hen flock with Salmonella pullorum infections]. Glünder, G; Göbel, T; Kaleta, EF; Redmann, T; Schildger, B, 1989)	0.28
" Daily dosage of LFLX and PPA was 600 mg and 2000 mg, respectively administered orally divided into 4 doses."	( [Comparison of clinical efficacy of lomefloxacin (LFLX, NY-198) and pipemidic acid (PPA) in the treatment of infectious enteritis by a double-blind method. The Japan Research Committee of Lomefloxacin Research Group Enteritis]. Aoki, T; Kanehisa, N; Matsubara, Y; Murata, M; Nitta, Y; Sagara, H; Seo, T; Shimizu, N; Takizawa, Y; Tomizawa, I, 1989)	0.28
" This dose, interval, and duration of dosing were chosen to be identical to the highest anticipated clinical dose for the longest anticipated clinical duration."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of lomefloxacin following multiple doses. Adams, MA; Hunt, TL, )	0.13
" Serum and blister fluid levels in excess of 1 mg/l were present for at least 8 h post dose, suggesting that a once or twice daily dosing regimen would be suitable for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible organisms."	( The in-vitro activity, pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of temafloxacin. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Nye, K; Shi, YG; Wise, R, 1989)	0.28
" Airway responsiveness was assessed by determining from dose-response curves the carbachol concentration (in % wt/vol) that increased sRL to 5 cmH2O/s."	( Nedocromil sodium in allergen-induced bronchial responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic sheep. Abraham, WM; Eldridge, M; Garrido, R; Nieves, L; Stevenson, JS, 1988)	0.27
"The safety, acceptability and efficacy of nedocromil sodium, given by metered dose inhaler at a dosage of 4 mg four times daily, were investigated in a 52-week open assessment study of 79 perennial bronchial asthmatic patients maintained on oral bronchodilator therapy."	( The acceptability, safety and efficacy of nedocromil sodium in long-term clinical use in patients with perennial asthma. Carrasco, E; Sepulveda, R, )	0.13
" The severity of these symptoms increased dose-dependently, and the upper limit dosage of OPC was considered to be 5 mg for the healthy volunteers."	( Phase 1 study of a new antipsychotic drug, OPC-4392. Fukuyama, Y; Ishigooka, J; Ishii, Y; Miura, S; Murasaki, M; Takahashi, A, 1988)	0.27
" The high efficacy of the low dosage of enrofloxacin in this clinical syndrome may be explained by its antibacterial activity against Pasteurella species and Mycoplasma species."	( Effect of enrofloxacin therapy on shipping fever pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Art, T; Lekeux, P, 1988)	0.27
" MY-1250 had no effect on the norepinephrine-induced dose-response curve in isolated rat aorta."	( [Cardiovascular effects of MY-5116 and MY-1250]. Hanazuka, M; Hara, Y; Horii, D; Nishi, H, 1986)	0.27
" This study suggests that either once-daily or twice-daily dosage of lomefloxacin should be sufficient to treat urinary or systemic infections, respectively, caused by susceptible pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of orally administered lomefloxacin. Andrews, JM; Ashby, JP; Griggs, D; Stone, JW; Wise, R, 1988)	0.27
" Males were dosed for 71 days before pairing and then until termination, and females were dosed for 15 days before pairing, throughout mating and until Day 7 of gestation."	( Reproductive studies of NY-198 in rats. I. Fertility study. Higgins, C; McAnulty, PA; Tesh, JM; Tesh, SA; Wilby, OK; Willoughby, CR, 1988)	0.27
" At the highest dosage (300 mg/kg/day), there was a small reduction in maternal weight gain and a transient reduction in food intake during the treatment period."	( Reproductive studies of NY-198 in rats. II. Teratology study. McAnulty, PA; Tesh, JM; Tesh, SA; Wilby, OK; Willoughby, CR, 1988)	0.27
" There was a slight maternal response at the highest dosage (300 mg/kg/day), including increased salivation after dosing, reduced food intake in the treated period of gestation and increased water intake during the lactation period."	( Reproductive studies of NY-198 in rats. III. Perinatal and postnatal study. Higgins, C; McAnulty, PA; Tesh, JM; Tesh, SA; Wilby, OK; Willoughby, CR, 1988)	0.27
" Ciprofloxacin is effective in single dosage against urogenital gonococcal infections, and probably also against rectal and pharyngeal infections."	( Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of gonorrhoea and non-gonococcal urethritis. Oriel, JD, 1986)	0.27
" We concluded that rosoxacin at a dosage of 300 mg administered orally was fairly effective in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis in men caused by both PPNG and non-PPNG strains."	( Rosoxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in men. Ariyarit, C; Chitwarakorn, A; Panikabutra, K; Saensanoh, C, 1984)	0.27
" In the retinas of controls, dosage with ICI 105552 reduced the concentration of sorbitol by 36% without other effects."	( The effects of an aldose reductase inhibitor upon the sorbitol pathway, fructose-1-phosphate and lactate in the retina and nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Earl, DC; Heath, H; Mirrlees, DJ; Poulsom, R, 1983)	0.27
"To test the possible involvement of the sorbitol pathway in the pathogenesis of retinopathy in long-term experimentally-diabetic rats, streptozotocin-diabetic and normal rats were dosed orally (50 mg/kg body weight daily) for up to 373 days with an aldose reductase inhibitor (ICI 105552) or a placebo."	( The effects of long-term treatment of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with an aldose reductase inhibitor. Boot-Handford, RP; Heath, H; Poulsom, R, 1983)	0.27
" produced a rightward parallel shift of the dose-response curves for AVP in a dose-dependent manner."	( OPC-21268 antagonizes arginine vasopressin-induced vasoconstrictor response in the spinally-anesthetized dog. Chihara, T; Mori, T; Nakamura, S; Onogawa, T; Tominaga, M; Yabuuchi, Y; Yamamura, Y; Yamashita, T, 1995)	0.29
" In each 24-hour dosage trial, enrofloxacin was administered SC as a single dose or in divided doses given every 3, 6, or 12 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in clinically normal dogs and mice and drug pharmacodynamics in neutropenic mice with Escherichia coli and staphylococcal infections. McClure, JT; Meinen, JB; Rosin, E, 1995)	0.29
" This study was designed to evaluate two dosage regimens of a new difluoroquinolone, lomefloxacin, for prevention of postoperative bacteriuria following VLAP."	( Lomefloxacin prophylaxis in visual laser ablation of the prostate. Costa, FJ, 1994)	0.29
" Both dosage regimens were well tolerated."	( Lomefloxacin prophylaxis in visual laser ablation of the prostate. Costa, FJ, 1994)	0.29
" There was no clinically significant difference between the two dosage regimens."	( Lomefloxacin prophylaxis in visual laser ablation of the prostate. Costa, FJ, 1994)	0.29
" It seems, therefore, that the in vivo activity of LVFX is comparable to that produced by a twofold-greater dosage of OFLO."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of levofloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Grosset, J; JI, B; Lounis, N; Truffot-Pernot, C, 1995)	0.29
"62 mumol/L) and the theophylline dosage was increased to 300 mg tid."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.29
" In our patient, careful monitoring of theophylline concentrations and dosage adjustments resulted in the restoration of therapeutic serum concentrations."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.29
" Dosage adjustments may be warranted when this combination of medications is used."	( Clinafloxacin-theophylline drug interaction. Matuschka, PR; Vissing, RS, 1995)	0.29
" Our results indicate that a once- or twice-daily dosage of grepafloxacin should be adequate to treat systemic infections caused by most bacterial pathogens."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of the new fluoroquinolone grepafloxacin. Andrews, JM; Child, J; Wise, R, 1995)	0.29
" Although there were no statistically significant differences between the two LFLX dosage groups for these parameters at either of the evaluation times, the rates for the 300-mg LFLX dose were slightly superior."	( [Clinical efficacy of lomefloxacin (100 mg or 300 mg) single-dose therapy in female acute uncomplicated cystitis]. Aoki, M; Hirose, T; Kumamoto, Y; Miyake, M; Sakai, S; Shibuya, A; Shimamura, S; Takatsuka, K; Umehara, T; Yamazaki, K, 1995)	0.29
" Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to all dogs during the third or fourth week after surgery, at a dosage of approximately 5 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 7 days."	( Enrofloxacin concentrations in dogs with normal prostate and dogs with chronic bacterial prostatitis. Barsanti, J; Budsberg, SC; Dorfman, M, 1995)	0.29
" Duration of treatment with appropriate dosage should be at least 10 days."	( [The therapy of urinary tract infections in sows]. Sobestiansky, J; Wendt, M, 1995)	0.29
" Antitumor efficacy was little effected by treatment schedule, although multiple divided dosing was generally more effective than single dose treatment."	( Biological characterization of a novel antitumor quinolone. Alder, J; Burres, N; Chu, DT; Clement, JJ; Jarvis, K; Swiniarski, J, 1995)	0.29
" In a dose-response study, treatment with LEV at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of body weight was started 1 day after infection and was given daily for 28 days."	( Activity of levofloxacin in a murine model of tuberculosis. Cynamon, MH; Klemens, SP; Rogge, MC; Sharpe, CA, 1994)	0.29
"2%, respectively within 72 hours after dosing of 400 mg."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of NM441, a new quinolone, in healthy male volunteers. Kosuge, K; Morino, A; Nakashima, M; Okuyama, Y; Ozaki, M; Takebe, Y; Uematsu, T, 1994)	0.29
" Sparfloxacin was more effective than levofloxacin and ofloxacin in both dosing regimens."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of sparfloxacin against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Irifune, K; Ishida, K; Kaku, M; Mizukane, R; Suyama, N; Takemura, H; Tanaka, H; Tomono, K; Usui, T; Yoshida, R, 1994)	0.29
" Allergen inhalation challenge was performed four hours after dosing and FEV1 was measured for eight hours."	( Effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor ZD2138 on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic responses. Arm, JP; Bell, GS; Hawksworth, RJ; Lee, TH; MacMillan, R; Nasser, SM; Spruce, KE; Williams, AJ, 1994)	0.29
" A single dose of aspirin was administered four hours after dosing and FEV1 was measured for six hours."	( Effect of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor ZD2138 on aspirin-induced asthma. Arm, JP; Bell, GS; Foster, S; Lee, TH; MacMillan, R; Nasser, SM; Spruce, KE; Williams, AJ, 1994)	0.29
" One of five new quinolones was orally administered, before transurethral resection of the prostate, at the dosage of 200 mg three times daily for 3 consecutive days."	( Accumulation of new quinolones in the blood of elderly patients. Abe, Y; Hasuda, A; Morita, M; Nakagawa, H; Suzuki, K, )	0.13
" These findings indicate that sub-inhibitory concentrations of rufloxacin, which may be present in vivo in the mucosae in the troughs of the dosage cycle, significantly inhibit the adhesive properties of bacteria involved in mucosal colonization."	( Favourable effects of sub-MIC rufloxacin concentrations in decreasing the pathogen-host cell adhesion. Braga, PC; Piatti, G, )	0.13
" When mice were dosed orally with 800 mg of Q-35 (8-OCH3) per kg of body weight, the maximum dose given, and exposed to the UVA light, no inflammatory lesions were observed in their ears."	( Reduced phototoxicity of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent with a methoxy group at the 8 position in mice irradiated with long-wavelength UV light. Hasegawa, T; Kamide, R; Marutani, K; Matsubara, S; Matsumoto, M; Miyoshi, A; Nagamuta, M; Nagano, H; Otabe, Y; Tanaka, K, 1993)	0.29
"In a double-blind, randomized, multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of two dosage schedules of rufloxacin once daily were compared with those of amoxicillin three times a day in the treatment of 192 outpatients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis."	( Double-blind, comparative study of rufloxacin once daily versus amoxicillin three times a day in treatment of outpatients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Cesana, M; Focht, J; Klietmann, W; Rondel, RK, 1993)	0.29
" There were no differences in the background factors of the patients between the 2 dosage groups."	( [A clinical study on lomefloxacin to find appropriate dose levels in the treatment of respiratory tract infections]. Hasegawa, Y; Ichiyama, S; Ikeda, T; Nakanishi, K; Nishiwaki, K; Saka, H; Shimokata, K; Taniguchi, K; Totani, Y; Yamada, Y, 1993)	0.29
" Early asthmatic response was analyzed using three indices: dose producing a 20% decrease in FEV1 (PD20), the slope of and area under the dose-response curve."	( Protective effect of nedocromil sodium on the dual asthmatic response to bronchial antigen challenge. Bessot, JC; Bigot, H; Hutt, N; Kopferschmitt-Kubler, MC; Pauli, G, 1993)	0.29
"Nedocromil significantly relieved preexisting seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms during peak pollen exposures within 2 hours of the first dose, and the therapeutic benefits were maintained on a dosing regimen of four times a day."	( Nedocromil sodium is rapidly effective in the therapy of seasonal allergic rhinitis. Casale, TB; Donnelly, A, 1993)	0.29
" In patients with moderate renal failure, dosage adjustment of rufloxacin is not needed."	( Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in patients with impaired renal function. Imbimbo, BP; Mant, TG; Morrison, PJ; Perry, G; Sacks, S; Wise, R; Woodcook, J, 1993)	0.29
" These results, together with pharmacokinetic and toxicological data in mice and man, suggest that sparfloxacin may have a higher therapeutic index than ofloxacin in leprosy, and that the tentative standard dosage of 200 mg sparfloxacin daily should be appropriate for a clinical trial."	( Sparfloxacin is more bactericidal than ofloxacin against Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Chan, GP; Franzblau, SG; Parrilla, ML, 1993)	0.29
" On the first of 5 days, each subject had a history taken and physical examination, SO2 baseline test, laboratory testing, and a methacoline dose-response test."	( Effects of nedocromil sodium on the bronchomotor response to sulfur dioxide in asthmatic patients. Bigby, B; Boushey, H, 1993)	0.29
" As compared with baseline control (regular dose of inhaled steroids), patients treated with nedocromil plus the 50 percent reduced dosage of inhaled corticosteroid consistently demonstrated comparable or better symptom control."	( Nedocromil sodium is more effective than cromolyn sodium for the treatment of chronic reversible obstructive airway disease. Chatterjee, SS; Dorow, PD; Lal, S; Venho, KK, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response relationship of indomethacin for inhibition of prostaglandin formation and rebamipide-induced protection correlated well and 5 mg/kg indomethacin completely prevented the protective effect of rebamipide."	( Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis mediates gastroprotective effect of rebamipide in rats. Kleine, A; Kluge, S; Peskar, BM, 1993)	0.29
" Dosage adjustments are required in patients with renal dysfunction."	( Lomefloxacin clinical pharmacokinetics. Belliveau, PP; Freeman, CD; Nicolau, DP; Nightingale, CH, 1993)	0.29
"A review of the literature on quinolones reveals numerous clinically relevant points regarding indications, dosing considerations, and drug interactions."	( Quinolones: a practical review of clinical uses, dosing considerations, and drug interactions. Borcherding, SM; Corley, CR; Nicholas, RA; Self, T; Stevens, R, 1996)	0.29
" In addition, dose-response curves were constructed for erythema as measured by a reflectance device."	( The UVR wavelength dependence for lomefloxacin photosensitization of human skin. Fakouhi, TD; Harrison, GI; Hawk, JL; Roniker, B; Swabb, EA; Young, AR, 1996)	0.29
" No effects caused by the repeated dosing were seen in the plasma concentrations."	( [A 4-week intravenous toxicity study of the active metabolite (NM394) of prulifloxacin (NM441) in rats followed by a 4-week recovery test]. Iketani, M; Ishida, S; Iwakura, K; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Tamura, K; Yamazaki, S, 1996)	0.29
" At 500 mg/kg, vomiting was observed every day or intermittently throughout the dosing period and salivation was observed almost every day from day 6 to the end of the dosing onward."	( [Single and 4-week oral toxicity studies of prulifloxacin (NM441) in aged dogs]. Akune, A; Asaoka, H; Chihaya, Y; Ihara, T; Nagata, R; Nakama, K; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N, 1996)	0.29
" No effects caused by the repeated dosing were seen in the plasma concentrations."	( [A 4-week oral toxicity study of prulifloxacin (NM441) in rats followed by a 4-week recovery test]. Fukuda, K; Iwakura, K; Nishimura, N; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Tamura, K; Yamazaki, S, 1996)	0.29
" No effects caused by the repeated dosing were seen in the plasma concentrations."	( [A 4-week oral toxicity study of prulifloxacin (NM441) in dogs followed by a 4-week recovery test]. Ide, M; Iwakura, K; Nagatani, M; Oda, S; Shindo, Y; Sumi, N; Tamura, K, 1996)	0.29
" The mutated grlA genes responsible for quinolone resistance were dominant over the wild-type allele, irrespective of gene dosage in a transformation experiment with the grlA gene alone."	( Alterations in the DNA topoisomerase IV grlA gene responsible for quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Fujimoto, K; Hattori, H; Inoue, M; Kojima, T; Nakamura, S; Oyamada, Y; Yamagishi, J, 1996)	0.29
" Studies in patients show that the pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin were not influenced by age but severe renal failure markedly impaired elimination of the parent drug (the T1/2 was approximately doubled in patients with renal failure), and glucuronide, requiring adjustment of the dosage regimen."	( Pharmacokinetics of sparfloxacin in healthy volunteers and patients: a review. Montay, G, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic values for enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin are given separately for serum and milk whey following three intravascular dosing routes."	( Disposition of enrofloxacin (Baytril) into the udder after intravenous and intra-arterial injections into dairy cows. Fang, W; Jalakas, M; Klaassen, M; Malbe, M; Oöpik, T; Salonen, M; Sandholm, M, 1996)	0.29
" Monkeys (n = 6 each group) were dosed with vehicle, 3 or 10 mg/kg ZD2138, or 30 mg/kg Zileuton (p."	( The effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on Ascaris antigen (Ag)-induced responses in atopic monkeys. Andresen, CJ; Eggler, JF; Smith, WB; Turner, CR; Watson, JW, 1996)	0.29
" Due to automated intermittent dosing and on-line LC analysis, the system operates unattended."	( Automated analytical systems for drug development studies. Part IV. A microdialysis system to study the partitioning of lomefloxacin across an erythrocyte membrane in vitro. Chang, MF; Knaub, SR; Lunte, CE; Riley, CM; Topp, EM, 1995)	0.29
" In addition, dosing at 800 mg/kg induced decrease in body weight gain and increased levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cholinesterase, leucine aminopeptidase and total cholesterol."	( One-month oral toxicity study of the new quinolone antibacterial agent (S)-10-[(S)-(8-amino-6-azaspiro[3,4]octan-6-yl)-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3- methyl-7-oxo-7H-pyrido [1,2,3-de] [1,4] benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid hemihydrate in rats and cynomolgus monkeys Kato, M; Miyamoto, M; Nomura, M; Shimoda, K; Sugawara, T; Takada, S; Yoshida, M, 1996)	0.29
" This finding may be due to the somewhat lower initial degree of corneal inflammation in this group and suggests that the course of corneal recovery is predominately dependent on the initial degree of infection with both dosage regimens of lomefloxacin capable of eradicating corneal organisms."	( Bacterial keratitis therapy in guinea pigs with lomefloxacin by initially high-followed by low-dosage regimen. Abalain, ML; Colin, J; Jauch, A; Malet, F, 1995)	0.29
"Multifactor analysis of the lomefloxacin effect on the primary immune response to T-independent bacterial antigen (vaccine EV fraction 1) and to T-dependent cellular antigen (SRBC) in mice was performed with the use of a wide range of the antibiotic concentrations and the dosage time."	( [Effect of lomefloxacin on the synthesis of antibodies to vaccine EV fraction I and hemagglutinins]. Iordanova, AI; Navashin, PS; Nikitin, AV; Smolkina, TV, 1996)	0.29
" bolus dosing were determined by reverse phase HPLC."	( The disposition of five therapeutically important antimicrobial agents in llamas. Christensen, JM; Hollingshead, N; Murdane, SB; Smith, BB, 1996)	0.29
" Its long elimination half-life permits once-daily dosage regimens."	( Sparfloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability in lower respiratory tract infections. Bryson, HM; Goa, KL; Markham, A, 1997)	0.3
" Clinafloxacin at higher dosage (45 mg/kg/d) resulted in a decrease in myeloid progenitors in BM."	( Enhanced hematopoiesis in sublethally irradiated mice treated with various quinolones. Fabian, I; Gruss, T; Kletter, Y; Shalit, I; Weiss, K, 1997)	0.3
"0 mg/kg dosing easily exceeds the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 20 bacterial organisms known to infect fish."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum) after intramuscular, oral and bath administration. Deen, J; Doi, A; Flammer, K; Lewbart, G; Manaugh, C; Smith, T; Vaden, S; Whitt, D, 1997)	0.3
" Inaccurate estimations of ex vivo antibacterial activity of a suspected active metabolite (as with rufloxacin) when an adequate cutoff is not established may have dosing implications."	( Suspicion of quinolone active metabolite following discrepancy between predicted and experimental urine bactericidal activities. Aguilar, L; Costa, J; Dal-Ré, R; Giménez, MJ; Prieto, J, 1997)	0.3
" After intravenous dosing of 10 mg/kg [14C]toborinone, fecal and urinary recoveries of the 14C dose were approximately 70% and 26-30%, respectively, in both rats and dogs."	( Biotransformation of the novel inotropic agent toborinone (OPC-18790) in rats and dogs. Evidence for the formation of novel glutathione and two cysteine conjugates. Kitani, M; Matsubara, J; Miyamoto, G; Nagasawa, M; Odomi, M; Uchida, M; Yamada, T, 1997)	0.3
" In addition, a constant dosage of SPFX and SYN 1193, in combination with varying dosages of erythromycin, was tested under similar experimental conditions."	( The effects of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm growth. Dasgupta, MK; Larabie, M; Micetich, RG; Salama, S; Shishido, H; Singh, R, 1997)	0.3
" We conclude that the dosage of enrofloxacin should be adjusted according to age when administered to very young calves."	( Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week-old calves. Kaartinen, L; Moilanen, M; Pyörälä, S; Räisänen, S, 1997)	0.3
" These features, together with the excellent bactericidal activity of grepafloxacin, support the recommended dosage regimen of grepafloxacin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases."	( Pharmacokinetics of grepafloxacin after oral administration of single and repeat doses in healthy young males. Bramer, SL; Efthymiopoulos, C; Maroli, A, 1997)	0.3
" The study group included 76 patients (43 male, 33 female) between 23 and 81 years of age, who were part of a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, dose-response study."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral grepafloxacin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Amantea, MA; Chodosh, S; Collins, DA; Forrest, A; Schentag, JJ, 1997)	0.3
" Intravenous injection of grepafloxacin caused transient dysrhythmias in rabbits at a dosage of 10 mg/kg and ventricular tachycardia at 30 mg/kg iv."	( Safety profile of grepafloxacin compared with other fluoroquinolones. Schwabe, R; Stahlmann, R, 1997)	0.3
" Patient compliance is essential for successful therapy but diminishes with inconvenient dosing schedules and with poorly tolerated medicines."	( What new antibiotics to offer in the outpatient setting. Fraser, KL; Grossman, RF, 1998)	0.3
" The same dosage regimen resulted in complete bacterial eradication in 88% of the kidneys."	( Comparative therapeutic efficacy of clinafloxacin in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa mouse renal abscess model. Desaty, TM; Griffin, TJ; Heifetz, CL; Sesnie, JC; Shapiro, MA, 1998)	0.3
" Both fleroxacin and lomefloxacin were given orally, the dosage was 200 mg every 12 hours or 400 mg every 24 hours for 7-14 days."	( [A clinical study in the treatment of acute bacterial infections with fleroxacin]. Cui, H; Hou, J; Li, J, 1996)	0.29
" The activity of moxifloxacin could be described by a sigmoid dose-response curve with a maximum effect of -0."	( Moxifloxacin in the therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Brück, W; Chen, V; Dalhoff, A; Kohlsdorfer, C; Nau, R; Schmidt, H; Schneider, O; Stuertz, K; Trostdorf, F, 1998)	0.3
" DCITC attenuated the maximal (-)-isoprenaline-mediated relaxation of a phenylephrine contracted aorta in a concentration-dependent manner and shifted the dose-response curves for (-)-isoprenaline to the right."	( Irreversible binding of a carbostyril-based agonist and antagonist to the beta-adrenoceptor in DDT1 MF-2 cells and rat aorta. Baker, SP; Dennis, DM; Deyrup, MD; Gelband, CH; Greco, PG; Otero, DH, 1998)	0.6
"The objective of this randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of 329 adult patients requiring hospitalization was to compare the safety and efficacy of sparfloxacin at a dosage of 200 mg once daily (following a 400-mg loading dose on day 1) with those of amoxicillin given as a 1-g oral dose three times daily for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia suspected to be due to Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Once-daily sparfloxacin versus high-dosage amoxicillin in the treatment of community-acquired, suspected pneumococcal pneumonia in adults. Sparfloxacin European Study Group. Aubier, M; Geslin, P; Regamey, C; Vercken, JB; Verster, R, 1998)	0.3
" The impact of the dosing interval on the antimicrobial dose response was evaluated based on the survival of mice treated for 3 days with CPFX (25-200 mg/kg) or SPFX (6."	( Pharmacodynamic activities of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin in a murine pneumococcal pneumonia model: relevance for drug efficacy. Azoulay-Dupuis, E; Bédos, JP; Moine, P; Muffat-Joly, M; Pocidalo, JJ; Vallée, E; Veber, B, 1998)	0.3
" It appears that although DU-6859a has a weak inhibitory effect on TP metabolism in vitro, its concomitant use with TP at clinical dosage levels does not cause any adverse effects, showing only a slight increase in blood TP concentrations and a decrease in urinary metabolites."	( Effects of DU-6859a, a new quinolone antimicrobial, on theophylline metabolism in in vitro and in vivo studies. Itokawa, K; Niki, Y; Okazaki, O, 1998)	0.3
" Each cat underwent a bacteriological examination before treatment (day 0) and received either marbofloxacin, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg once daily for five days, or amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (ACA) at a dosage of 12."	( Comparative field evaluation of marbofloxacin tablets in the treatment of feline upper respiratory infections. Dossin, O; Gruet, P; Thomas, E, 1998)	0.3
" tuberculosis, whereas both SPFX and MXFX were effective; administration six times weekly of either of the latter two drugs demonstrated dosage-dependent bactericidal effects, as measured by enumeration of CFU in the spleens, and MXFX appeared more bactericidal than the same dosage of SPFX."	( In vitro and in vivo activities of moxifloxacin and clinafloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bonnafous, P; Grosset, J; Ji, B; Lounis, N; Maslo, C; Truffot-Pernot, C, 1998)	0.3
" Sixty patients received 40 mg of omeprazole twice a day, 1500 mg of amoxicillin three times a day, and 300 mg of rebamipide three times a day (group OAR); the other 60 patients received the same dosage of omeprazole and amoxicillin but no rebamipide for two weeks (group OA)."	( Effect of rebamipide on Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer. Ando, K; Arakawa, T; Harihara, S; Higuchi, K; Ito, H; Kobayashi, K; Kuroki, T; Nebiki, H; Uchida, T, 1998)	0.3
" Grepafloxacin's once-daily dosing regimen may offer advantages in terms of patient compliance."	( Daily oral grepafloxacin vs. twice daily oral doxycycline in the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infection. Hook, EW; Jones, RB; Martin, DH; McCormack, WM, 1998)	0.3
" Its pharmacokinetics indicate that once-daily dosing may be possible."	( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the new long-acting quinolone DW-116 after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects. Choi, MS; Chung, YH; Dilger, C; Lee, CW; Lee, DK; Meyerhoff, C; Pabst, G; Reh, C; Ryu, JM; Yoon, SJ, 1998)	0.3
" Multiple dosing and long-term treatment with sparfloxacin seems to induce a mutation in ParC and an alteration leading to reduced drug accumulation that contribute to increasing the fluoroquinolone resistance level."	( Analysis of quinolone resistance mechanisms in a sparfloxacin-resistant clinical isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Haraoka, M; Kobayashi, I; Nagafuji, T; Nakayama, H; Saika, T; Tanaka, M, 1998)	0.3
"), treatment factors (daily dosage of LFLX, duration of treatment, total dose, concomitant drugs, and previous medication, etc."	( Photosensitivity reactions caused by lomefloxacin hydrochloride: a multicenter survey. Arata, J; Horio, T; Ohara, K; Soejima, R, 1998)	0.3
"At mean dosage of 5 mg/kg once daily, enrofloxacin tissue concentrations were significantly greater in dogs with pyoderma at 3 hours after pill administration."	( Determination of skin concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs with pyoderma. Brandt, CM; DeManuelle, TC; Ihrke, PJ; Kass, PH; Vulliet, PR, 1998)	0.3
" In conclusion, renal impairment has no biologically relevant influence on marbofloxacin disposition and there is no need for dosage adjustment of marbofloxacin in dogs with mild renal impairment."	( Effect of experimental renal impairment on disposition of marbofloxacin and its metabolites in the dog. Costes, G; Delesalle, L; Dupouy, V; Laroute, V; Lefebvre, HP; Schneider, M; Toutain, PL, 1998)	0.3
" Brain tissue sodium content was significantly reduced at the dosage of 300 mg/kg (P<0."	( Treatment of brain edema with a nonpeptide arginine vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268 in rats. Bemana, I; Nagao, S, 1999)	0.3
" This study was undertaken to determine an optimal time for dosing antacids in relation to sparfloxacin administration to minimize antacid-induced reduction in sparfloxacin bioavailability."	( Effect of Maalox on the oral absorption of sparfloxacin. Caille, G; Dorr, MB; Johnson, RD; Talbot, GH, )	0.13
" Groups of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats received either control material or grepafloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin at an oral dosage of 300 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive weeks."	( A comparative study of the repeat dose toxicity of grepafloxacin and a number of other fluoroquinolones in rats. Hasimoto, K; Itoh, N; Owen, K; Takizawa, T; Yamashita, S, 1999)	0.3
"A stability indicating, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method utilizing a smallbore HPLC column has been developed for the determination of clonazepam in a commercial tablet dosage form."	( Analysis of clonazepam in a tablet dosage form using smallbore HPLC. Spell, JC; Stewart, JT, 1998)	0.3
" Emesis induced by RS14203 exhibited a dose-response relationship but no such relationship was seen for R-rolipram or CT-2450."	( Emesis induced by inhibitors of type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in the ferret. Choudhury, I; Robichaud, A; Rodger, IW; Tattersall, FD, 1999)	0.3
" The concentration of theophylline in serum and the urinary excretion rates of theophylline on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to increase compared to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone; however, the urinary excretion rates of 1-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine on day 5 of concomitant dosing with HSR-903 tended to decrease in comparison to those on day 4, when theophylline was given alone."	( Effect of HSR-903, a new fluoroquinolone, on the concentration of theophylline in serum. Matsuoka, O; Matsushima, T; Miyashita, N; Nakajima, M; Niki, Y; Sekino, H; Tamada, S; Watanabe, S; Yoshida, K, 1999)	0.3
"Lomefloxacin eye drops used with a loading dosage followed by a twice daily regimen proved as effective, safe and well tolerated as five established standard treatments used at a 2, 4 or 5 times daily regimen, caused less discomfort upon instillation, and showed a lower risk to generate or select new resistant strains."	( Meta-analysis of six clinical phase III studies comparing lomefloxacin 0.3% eye drops twice daily to five standard antibiotics in patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis. Fsadni, M; Gamba, G; Jauch, A, 1999)	0.3
"Eight adult bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus (six male, two female) were employed in a single-dose study of orally administered enrofloxacin dosed at 5 mg/kg body weight."	( Enrofloxacin serum bioactivity in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, following oral administration of 5 mg/kg in whole fish. Linnehan, RM; Ridgway, S; Ulrich, RW, 1999)	0.3
"The disposition kinetics and dosage regimen of enrofloxacin were investigated in breeding buffalo bulls following a single intramuscular administration of 5 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of enrofloxacin in buffalo bulls after intramuscular administration. Chaudhary, RK; Pangawkar, GR; Srivastava, AK; Verma, HK, 1999)	0.3
" Studies of continuous dosing and studies of R115777 in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in advanced cancer. Belly, RT; Bol, CJ; Bowden, C; Chiao, J; Chow, C; Cowan, KH; End, DW; Gress, RE; Hakim, FT; Horak, ID; Kohler, DR; Kopp, WC; Kremer, AB; Larkin, G; Noone, M; Nussenblatt, RB; Piotrovsky, VK; Todd, A; Woestenborghs, R; Zujewski, J, 2000)	0.31
" Combination tests of glycineB ligands demonstrated that injection of a fixed dose of ACPC (200 mg/kg) or L-701,324 (3 mg/kg) together with different doses of AMPH or COC practically did not modify dose-response curves of the psychostimulants, nor did it affect their ED50 values."	( Lack of effects of glycineB receptor ligands on the psychostimulant-induced discriminative stimuli in rats. Filip, M; Papp, M; Przegaliński, E, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma enrofloxacin concentrations after intravenous dosing to healthy and infected birds were best described by a two-compartments model."	( Tissue distribution and disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin in healthy and E. coli infected broilers. Soliman, GA, 2000)	0.31
" This article proposes that dosage schedules should be developed to provide a basis for the rational use of antimicrobial drugs."	( Antibiotic treatment for animals: effect on bacterial population and dosage regimen optimisation. AliAbadi, FS; Lees, P, 2000)	0.31
"A highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric procedure is developed for the analysis of certain 4-quinolone antibiotics: sparfloxacin (I), oxolonic acid (II), flumequine (III) and enrofloxacin (IV) in their pharmaceutical dosage forms or in biological fluids."	( Spectrofluorimetric analysis of certain 4-quinolone in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Ahmed, S; Belal, F; el-Enany, N; Ibrahim, F; Rizk, M, 2000)	0.31
" Cultures grown in sucrose-peptone broth were dosed with enrofloxacin."	( Microbiological transformation of enrofloxacin by the fungus Mucor ramannianus. Beger, RD; Freeman, JP; Lay, JO; Parshikov, IA; Sutherland, JB; Williams, AJ, 2000)	0.31
" Results of the present study show that single dose oral rufloxacin may be used in routine clinical practice as a preoperative prophylactic antibiotic due to its low cost, its documented efficacy and its simple once daily dosage regimen."	( Comparison of single preoperative oral rufloxacin versus perioperative ciprofloxacin as prophylactic agents in transurethral surgery. Belgrano, E; Buttazzi, L; Ciampalini, S; Lissiani, A; Plaino, F; Raber, M; Savoca, G, 2000)	0.31
" The stability of the DPC 961 and 963 in the dosing formulation was followed over a 24-h period using a stability indicating HPLC method."	( In-use testing of extemporaneously prepared suspensions of second generation non-nucleoside reversed transcriptase inhibitors in support of phase I clinical studies. Aubry, AF; Gray, V; Hobson, T; Rabel, S; Sebastian, D; Xie, M; Xu, JQ, 2000)	0.31
" JTE-907 dosed orally inhibited carrageenin-induced mouse paw edema dose dependently."	( In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of JTE-907, a novel selective ligand for cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Inaba, T; Iwamura, H; Kaya, T; Suzuki, H; Ueda, Y, 2001)	0.31
" The competitive antagonistic action was further confirmed by the finding that rebamipide caused a parallel shift to the right in the dose-response curve of O2 production induced by fMLP."	( Rebamipide suppresses formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide production by inhibiting fMLP-receptor binding in human neutrophils. Azuma, A; Imagawa, K; Ishiyama, H; Kikuchi, M; Nagano, C; Sekiguchi, K, 2001)	0.31
" Marbofloxacin was safe and effective for the treatment of superficial and deep pyoderma in dogs at the dosage used in this study."	( Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) tablets for the treatment of canine pyoderma: an open clinical trial. Abbey, L; Baker, B; Coyne, M; Hannigan, M; Joffe, D; Paradis, M; Pukay, B; Trettien, A; Waisglass, S; Wellington, J, 2001)	0.31
" Parameters recorded included breed, age, sex, enrofloxacin dosage (daily dose and number of days administered), medical condition for which the antibiotic had been prescribed, ophthalmic signs, examination results, and the visual outcome."	( Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats. Andrew, SE; Biros, DJ; Brooks, DE; Cutler, TJ; Denis, HM; Gelatt, KN; Ketring, KL; van der Woerdt, A, 2001)	0.31
" The daily and total dosage of enrofloxacin and number of days of administration were also highly variable."	( Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats. Andrew, SE; Biros, DJ; Brooks, DE; Cutler, TJ; Denis, HM; Gelatt, KN; Ketring, KL; van der Woerdt, A, 2001)	0.31
" Practitioners should adhere closely to the manufacturer's current enrofloxacin dosage recommendation (5 mg/kg q 24 h), and continue clinical observations for this drug toxicity in cats."	( Enrofloxacin-associated retinal degeneration in cats. Andrew, SE; Biros, DJ; Brooks, DE; Cutler, TJ; Denis, HM; Gelatt, KN; Ketring, KL; van der Woerdt, A, 2001)	0.31
" In contrast, fluoxetine and imipramine each required at least four days of repeated dosing to show this activity."	( Antidepressant-like responses to the combined sigma and 5-HT1A receptor agonist OPC-14523. Altar, CA; Kikuchi, T; Miwa, T; Nakai, M; Oshiro, Y; Tottori, K; Uwahodo, Y; Yamada, S, 2001)	0.31
" This open, cross-sectional, multicenter study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of a once-daily dosage of 400 mg lomefloxacin in patients with AECB chronically treated with theophylline."	( Safety and effectiveness of lomefloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB) chronically treated with oral theophyllines. Cantoni, V; Melani, AS; Pirrelli, M; Sarlo, F, 2001)	0.31
" In conclusion, a dosage of 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin is sufficient to exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations in osteomyelitic bone against most pathogens that are sensitive in vitro, but clinical efficacy remains to be evaluated."	( Concentration of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in canine matrices of the locomotor system. Ehinger, AM; Kietzmann, M; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Nolte, I; Vick, M, 2002)	0.31
" Both dosage forms were administered once daily in doses of 300 or 400 mg."	( Evaluation of the bioequivalence of tablets and capsules containing the novel anticancer agent R115777 (Zarnestra) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Beijnen, JH; Bol, CJ; Crul, M; de Klerk, GJ; Palmer, PA; Schellens, JH; Swart, M; Weiner, L, )	0.13
"Continuous dosing of R115777 is feasible with an acceptable toxicity profile at a dose of 300 mg bid."	( Phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of chronic oral administration of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor R115777 in advanced cancer. Beijnen, JH; Boerrigter, L; Bol, CJ; Crul, M; de Gast, GC; de Jong, D; de Klerk, GJ; Palmer, PA; Schellens, JH; Swart, M; Tan, H; van't Veer, LJ, 2002)	0.31
" Eight subjects were assigned to each of five dose panels (100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 mg BMS-284756) and received daily oral dosing with either BMS-284756 (n = 6) or placebo (n = 2) for 14 days."	( Ecological impact of the des-F(6)-quinolone, BMS-284756, on the normal intestinal microflora. Gajjar, DA; Grasela, DM; Nord, CE, 2002)	0.31
" In this investigation the pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin were determined after intravenous and intramuscular dosing at a dosage of 2 mg/kg."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of marbofloxacin in calf serum, exudate and transudate. Aliabadi, FS; Lees, P, 2002)	0.31
" Its spectrum remains equivalent only if dosing schedules substantiate a proposed susceptible breakpoint of < or =4 mg/L."	( Comparative antimicrobial spectrum and activity of the desfluoroquinolone BMS284756 (T-3811) tested against non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli. Biedenbach, DJ; Howard, W; Jones, RN, 2002)	0.31
" Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence."	( The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. Schaeffer, AJ, 2002)	0.31
" In addition, concurrent dosing of BPAA (1 microgram/body) did not reduce the convulsion-inducing dose of PZFX mesilate."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" Owing to the high variations in MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) of sensitive veterinary pathogens, it is recommended that enrofloxacin dosage regimens be calculated according to the sensitivity of the individual pathogen, site of infection and clinical response, than by following a preset dosage regimen."	( Disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin (Baytril 5%) in sheep and goats following intravenous and intramuscular injection using a microbiological assay. Elsheikh, HA; Khalafallah, AI; Osman, IA; Taha, AA, 2002)	0.31
" Contaminated mice, maintained within 4 animal rooms, were administered Enrofloxacin in drinking water at a daily dosage of 25."	( Elimination of Pasteurella pneumotropica from a contaminated mouse colony by oral administration of Enrofloxacin. Itoh, T; Nozu, R; Shimizu, R; Sugiyama, F; Takahashi, S; Takakura, A; Ueno, Y; Yagami, K; Yamamoto, M, 2002)	0.31
" Animals were killed on Days 2, 3, 4, 5 or 8 (the dosing day was designated as Day 1), and the incidence of micronucleus in the epidermis was determined."	( In vivo photochemical micronucleus induction due to certain quinolone antimicrobial agents in the skin of hairless mice. Furuhama, K; Itoh, S; Katoh, M, 2002)	0.31
" Endometrial tissue concentrations taken from the mares after dosing showed that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin both penetrate this tissue adequately after systemic administration and would attain concentrations high enough in the tissue fluids to treat infections of the endometrium caused by susceptible bacteria."	( Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and the metabolite ciprofloxacin after i.v. administration of enrofloxacin to mares. Cole, JA; Papich, MG; Van Camp, SD; Whitacre, MD, 2002)	0.31
" Dosing on renal impairment."	( Fluoroquinolone-induced retinal degeneration in cats. Hamilton, P; Wiebe, V, 2002)	0.31
" Electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of urine from subjects dosed with DPC 963 also revealed the presence of other minor metabolites including glucuronide conjugate of 6-OH DPC 963 (M7)."	( Metabolism of (S)-5,6-difluoro-4-cyclopropylethynyl-4-trifluoromethyl-3, 4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinazolinone, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, in human liver microsomes. Metabolic activation and enzyme kinetics. Chen, H; Chen, W; Gan, LS; Mutlib, AE, 2003)	0.32
" Sixteen hours after inoculation, therapy was given by intravenous administration of BMS at 20 mg/kg of body weight, followed 5 h later by administration at a dosage of 10 mg/kg (n = 9 animals) or MOX as two doses of 20 mg/kg every 5 h (n = 8 animals)."	( Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and moxifloxacin in experimental meningitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant pneumococci. Barton, T; Bowlware, K; Hardy, RD; Iglehart, J; Katz, K; McCoig, CC; McCracken, GH; Michelow, IC; Rodriguez-Cerrato, V; Saavedra, J, 2003)	0.32
" Descriptive statistics were determined for each dosage, and comparisons were made among dosage groups for selected pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in dogs following single oral administration of enrofloxacin at 7.5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Boeckh, A; Boothe, DM; Boothe, HW; Jones, S; Wilkie, S, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of three dosing strategies for switching chronic, stable patients with schizophrenia from current oral antipsychotic monotherapy to once-daily oral aripiprazole monotherapy."	( Switching patients to aripiprazole from other antipsychotic agents: a multicenter randomized study. Ali, MW; Carson, WH; Casey, DE; Ingenito, GG; Jody, D; Liebeskind, A; Saha, AR, 2003)	0.32
"Aripiprazole is a dopamine partial agonist and a serotonin-2A antagonist; it is dosed 10-30 mg/d, with no initial titration necessary."	( Aripiprazole: a new atypical antipsychotic drug. Bowles, TM; Levin, GM, 2003)	0.32
" The corresponding values for the geometric mean area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUC(tau)) for garenoxacin in plasma at the 100- and 1200-mg doses were within the ranges of 11."	( Multiple-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of oral garenoxacin in healthy subjects. Bello, A; Christopher, L; Gajjar, DA; Ge, Z; Grasela, DM, 2003)	0.32
" The first cohort (n = 41) received a continuous dosing [CD] regimen of R115777 400 or 300 mg bid."	( Phase II study of the efficacy and tolerability of two dosing regimens of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor, R115777, in advanced breast cancer. Dowsett, M; Ellis, P; Hickish, T; Houston, S; Howes, A; Johnston, SR; Kelland, L; Michiels, B; Palmer, P; Perez-Ruixo, JJ; Salter, J, 2003)	0.32
" Dosing regimens and consequent drug exposures that amplify or suppress the emergence of resistant bacterial subpopulations were identified and prospectively validated."	( Application of a mathematical model to prevent in vivo amplification of antibiotic-resistant bacterial populations during therapy. Bachhawat, R; Bush, K; Deziel, MR; Drusano, GL; Dudley, MN; Freeman, C; Jumbe, N; Kahn, JB; Leary, R; Liu, W; Louie, A; Miller, MH; Tam, VH, 2003)	0.32
" The 26% reduction in theophylline clearance is probably not clinically significant in healthy dogs, but for dogs with renal impairment, there might be a chance of theophylline accumulation when dosed concomitantly with marbofloxacin."	( The effect of orally administered marbofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Dederichs, D; Hirt, RA; Teinfalt, M; van den Hoven, R, 2003)	0.32
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of aripiprazole are discussed."	( Aripiprazole. Winans, E, 2003)	0.32
" This compound also displayed in vivo efficacy in an anesthetized canine model of erection when dosed intravenously."	( Structure-activity relationships of N-acyl pyrroloquinolone PDE-5 inhibitors. Bhattacharjee, S; Clancy, J; Craig, E; Fiordeliso, JJ; Haynes-Johnson, D; Jiang, W; John, TM; Kraft, P; Lanter, JC; Macielag, MJ; Qiu, Y; Sui, Z, 2004)	0.32
"At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the modes of action, clinical indications, dosage regimens, and contraindications and cautions for several novel antibacterial agents for skin and skin structure infections."	( Novel antibacterial agents for skin and skin structure infections. Schweiger, ES; Weinberg, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Patients were treated with escalating doses of irinotecan with interval-modulated dosing of R115777 (continuously or on days 1-14, and repeated every 21 days)."	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in combination with R115777, a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor. de Bruijn, P; de Heus, G; de Jonge, MJ; Eskens, FA; Kehrer, DF; Klaren, A; Mathijssen, RH; Palmer, PA; Planting, AS; Sparreboom, A; Verhaeghe, T; Verheij, C; Verweij, J; Xie, R; Zhang, S, 2004)	0.32
" Although a recent dose-finding study in 22 pediatric patients (> or = 6 yrs old) described weight-based dosages that were safe and well tolerated, dosing of aripiprazole in children has not been well established."	( Excessive somnolence from aripiprazole in a child. Buck, ML; Davenport, JD; McCarthy, MW, 2004)	0.32
"33 mM in the ST cross only and without a clear dose-response effect."	( Genotoxicity of tamoxifen citrate and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster. Castañeda-Partida, L; Contreras-Sousa, M; Dueñas-García, I; Durán-Díaz, A; Graf, U; Heres-Pulido, ME; Sánchez-García, A, 2004)	0.32
" To produce incurred enrofloxacin (ENRO) tissues (where ENRO is incorporated into complex tissue matrices) for the method comparison, 40-d-old broilers (mixed sex) were orally dosed through drinking water for 3 d at the FDA-approved dose of ENRO (50 ppm)."	( Comparison of a bioassay and a liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) method for the detection of incurred enrofloxacin residues in chicken tissues. Donoghue, DJ; Schneider, MJ, 2004)	0.32
"Dogs with superficial or deep pyoderma (n = 228) presented to first opinion veterinarians (n = 20) were treated orally with either ibafloxacin, at a dosage of 15 mg/kg, or marbofloxacin, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg, once daily for 3-16 weeks."	( Treatment of canine pyoderma with ibafloxacin and marbofloxacin--fluoroquinolones with different pharmacokinetic profiles. Horspool, LJ; Mawhinney, I; van den Bos, R; van Laar, P, 2004)	0.32
" Areas between the control growth and the time--kill curves (ABBC in single dose simulations and the sum of ABBCs determined after the first, second and third dosing in multiple dose simulations--ABBC(1+2+3)) were higher with ABT492 than levofloxacin."	( ABT492 and levofloxacin: comparison of their pharmacodynamics and their abilities to prevent the selection of resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro dynamic model. Arzamastsev, AP; Firsov, AA; Lubenko, IY; Portnoy, YA; Vostrov, SN; Zinner, SH, 2004)	0.32
" It is suggested that these MPC values will be useful when considering dosing strategies."	( Mutant prevention concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for Salmonella enterica. Cooles, SW; Piddock, LJ; Randall, LP; Woodward, MJ, 2004)	0.32
" Dosage titration is not necessary and the drug is effective in the first few weeks of treatment."	( Aripiprazole: a review of its use in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Perry, CM; Swainston Harrison, T, 2004)	0.32
"5 h after oral dosing and no significant drug accumulation."	( Phase II study of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor R115777 in patients with sensitive relapse small-cell lung cancer. De Porre, PM; DeVore, RF; Heymach, JV; Jia, X; Johnson, BE; Johnson, DH; Khuri, FR; Richards, HM; Safran, H; Schlabach, LL; Yunus, F; Zhang, S, 2004)	0.32
" This is one of the first studies to demonstrate a significant effect of a computerized intervention on dosing route within an antibiotic class."	( Oral quinolones in hospitalized patients: an evaluation of a computerized decision support intervention. Arbogast, PG; Bansal, P; Hargrove, F; Hulgan, T; Kernodle, DS; Miller, RA; Rosenbloom, ST; Talbert, DA, 2004)	0.32
" Among them, using antibiotic dosing regimens that may be less likely to promote resistance is one measure which could be beneficial, and this will be the focus of this review."	( Optimization of antibiotic dosing schedules in the light of increasing antibiotic resistance. Gould, IM; Smith, SV, 2004)	0.32
" There is only limited information available on the use of aripiprazole in children and adolescents, and pilot data suggest that a revised dosing strategy, based on weight, is indicated in this population."	( Aripiprazole: a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a uniquely robust pharmacology. Davies, MA; Roth, BL; Sheffler, DJ, 2004)	0.32
" We conducted a National Cancer Institute-sponsored phase I trial to determine the feasibility of an intermittent dosing schedule of R115777 given orally twice daily on weeks 1 and 3 of a 28-day cycle in patients with malignant solid tumors."	( Intermittent dosing of the farnesyl transferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777) in advanced malignant solid tumors: a phase I California Cancer Consortium Trial. Doroshow, JH; Frankel, P; Gandara, DR; Gumerlock, PH; Kawaguchi, T; Lara, PN; Lau, DH; Law, LY; Lenz, HJ; Twardowski, P; Wright, JJ, 2005)	0.33
" Immunohistochemical analysis showed a reduction of phosphorylated PDGFRbeta and phosphorylated ERK in tumor cells after oral dosing with CHIR-258 compared with control tumors."	( In vivo target modulation and biological activity of CHIR-258, a multitargeted growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor, in colon cancer models. Aukerman, SL; Garrett, E; Gelb, AB; Harris, A; Heise, C; Lee, SH; Lopes de Menezes, D; Nordahl, L; Samara, E; Vora, J; Ye, H, 2005)	0.33
" Current anti-VEGF therapies in late-stage development, while efficacious, require dosing by frequent intravitreal injections that are inconvenient to patients."	( Inhibition of retinal and choroidal neovascularization by a novel KDR kinase inhibitor. Anderson, KD; Bonelli, F; Ciliberto, G; Holder, DJ; Kinose, F; Lamartina, S; Roscilli, G; Spence, SG; Thut, CJ; Toniatti, C; Vogt, TF, 2005)	0.33
"A novel KDR kinase inhibitor was dosed by oral gavage for 12 days at 0, 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg in an adult male Brown Norway rat laser induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model."	( Inhibition of retinal and choroidal neovascularization by a novel KDR kinase inhibitor. Anderson, KD; Bonelli, F; Ciliberto, G; Holder, DJ; Kinose, F; Lamartina, S; Roscilli, G; Spence, SG; Thut, CJ; Toniatti, C; Vogt, TF, 2005)	0.33
"Oral dosing of the described KDR kinase inhibitor effectively inhibits neovascularization in two well-established animal models of ocular neovascularization."	( Inhibition of retinal and choroidal neovascularization by a novel KDR kinase inhibitor. Anderson, KD; Bonelli, F; Ciliberto, G; Holder, DJ; Kinose, F; Lamartina, S; Roscilli, G; Spence, SG; Thut, CJ; Toniatti, C; Vogt, TF, 2005)	0.33
" From the pharmacokinetic and eicosanoid inhibition data for TA, pharmacodynamic parameters after dosing with TA alone for serum TxB2 and exudate PGE2 expressing efficacy (Emax=69."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of tolfenamic acid and marbofloxacin in goats. Landoni, MF; Lees, P; Sidhu, PK, 2006)	0.33
" The dosing of the drugs were scheduled for both treatment groups as follows: 1 drop of each solution was alternately instilled every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes (as loading dose), then 1 drop with 5-minute interval between 2 bottles instilled hourly for day 1-3, tapering to every 2 hours on day 4-6, and every 4 hours on day 7-14."	( Clinical evaluation of ophthalmic lomefloxacin 0.3% in comparison with fortified cefazolin and gentamicin ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of presumed bacterial keratitis. Erjongmanee, S; Kasetsuwan, N; Pariyakanok, L; Phusitphoykai, N; Puangsricharern, V, 2004)	0.32
" Serum marbofloxacin disposition was best described by bicompartmental and mono-compartmental open models with first-order elimination after IV and oral dosing respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single intravenous and repeat oral administration to cats. Albarellos, GA; Landoni, MF; Montoya, L, 2005)	0.33
" acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Phomopsis obscurans in a dose-response growth-inhibitory bioassay at 50."	( Isolation and identification of antifungal and antialgal alkaloids from Haplophyllum sieversii. Cantrell, CL; Dunbar, C; Kustova, TS; Mamonov, LK; Schrader, KK; Sitpaeva, GT; Wedge, DE, 2005)	0.33
" The method was applied to the determination of LFX, SFX and GFX in dilute urine samples and dosage forms, and compared with the HPLC method."	( Electrochemical adsorptive behavior of some fluoroquinolones at carbon paste electrode. Abdel Ghani, NT; El Ries, MA; El-Shall, MA; Wassel, AA, 2005)	0.33
" (3) Five double-blind placebo-controlled trials lasting 4 to 6 weeks showed that aripiprazole was a little more effective than placebo at daily doses of 10 mg to 30 mg, without a clear dose-response relationship."	( Aripiprazole: new drug. Just another neuroleptic. , 2005)	0.33
" Steady-state concentrations are attained within 14 days of dosing for both active moieties."	( Aripiprazole: an overview of a novel antipsychotic. Folnegović-Smalc, V; Kozumplik, O; Mimica, N; Uzun, S, 2005)	0.33
" Dosing could be reduced to 15 mg/day for tolerability and, subsequently, increased to 30 mg/day based on clinical response."	( Aripiprazole in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week placebo-controlled study. Abou-Gharbia, N; Carson, W; Impellizzeri, C; Iwamoto, T; Kaplita, S; Marcus, R; McQuade, R; Rollin, L; Sachs, G; Sanchez, R; Stock, E, 2006)	0.33
" The MTD was also evaluated on a chronic continuous dosing schedule (n = 6)."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; End, D; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; Jayaprakash, N; Palumbo, JS; Pitney, A; Salzer, WL; Whitcomb, P; Widemann, BC; Zannikos, P, 2006)	0.33
" The 200 mg/m2/dose was also tolerable on the continuous dosing schedule."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; End, D; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; Jayaprakash, N; Palumbo, JS; Pitney, A; Salzer, WL; Whitcomb, P; Widemann, BC; Zannikos, P, 2006)	0.33
"Oral tipifarnib is well tolerated in children receiving the drug twice daily for 21 days and a continuous dosing schedule at 200 mg/m2/dose, which is equivalent to the MTD in adults."	( Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in children with refractory solid tumors or neurofibromatosis type I and plexiform neurofibromas. Arceci, RJ; Balis, FM; Blaney, SM; End, D; Fox, E; Gillespie, A; Jayaprakash, N; Palumbo, JS; Pitney, A; Salzer, WL; Whitcomb, P; Widemann, BC; Zannikos, P, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, the preclinical profile of indacaterol suggests that this compound has a superior duration of action compatible with once-daily dosing in human, together with a fast onset of action and an improved cardiovascular safety profile over marketed inhaled beta(2) adrenoceptor agonists."	( In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of 5-[(R)-2-(5,6-diethyl-indan-2-ylamino)-1-hydroxy-ethyl]-8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin-2-one (indacaterol), a novel inhaled beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist with a 24-h duration of action. Battram, C; Charlton, SJ; Cuenoud, B; Dowling, MR; Fairhurst, RA; Farr, D; Fozard, JR; Leighton-Davies, JR; Lewis, CA; McEvoy, L; Trifilieff, A; Turner, RJ, 2006)	0.33
" The SC medication was specifically selected for each patient by the clinician and dosed according to prescribing guidelines for that medication."	( A prospective, multicenter, randomized, parallel-group, open-label study of aripiprazole in the management of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in general psychiatric practice: Broad Effectiveness Trial With Aripiprazole (BETA). Crandall, DT; Iwamoto, T; Kostic, D; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Nyilas, M; Pans, M; Riera, LC; Stock, EG; Tandon, R, 2006)	0.33
" All molecules except the macrolides caused a net reduction in bacterial counts that was time and concentration/MIC ratio dependent (four molecules tested in detail [gentamicin, oxacillin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin] showed typical sigmoidal dose-response curves at 24 h)."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the intracellular activities of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a model of THP-1 macrophages. Barcia-Macay, M; Mingeot-Leclercq, MP; Seral, C; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F, 2006)	0.33
" Subsequent trials demonstrated that pauses in therapy (with staccato dosing schedules) seem to increase tolerability without a clear decrease in efficacy."	( Tipifarnib: farnesyl transferase inhibition at a crossroads. Mesa, RA, 2006)	0.33
" The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms with good accuracy and precision; the percentages of label claim ranged from 97."	( Generic nonextractive spectrophotometric method for determination of 4-quinolone antibiotics by formation of ion-pair complexes with beta-naphthol. Askal, HF; Darwish, IA; Marzouq, MA; Refaat, IH, )	0.13
"A phase II study was undertaken in patients with recurrent malignant glioma to determine the efficacy and safety of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, dosed at the respective maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) for patients receiving and not receiving enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs)."	( Phase II trial of tipifarnib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma either receiving or not receiving enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs: a North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study. Abrey, L; Aldape, K; Chang, SM; Cloughesy, TF; DeAngelis, LM; Fink, KL; Gilbert, MR; Groves, MD; Junck, L; Kuhn, J; Lamborn, KR; Lieberman, F; Mehta, M; Prados, MD; Raizer, JJ; Robins, HI; Schiff, D; Wen, PY; Wright, J; Yung, WK, 2006)	0.33
" GS-9137 or matching placebo was administered with food for 10 days at 5 dosage regimens (200, 400, or 800 mg BID, 800 mg QD, or 50 mg+100 mg ritonavir QD; 6 active, 2 placebo per dose level)."	( Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and dose response of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor GS-9137 (JTK-303) in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. Berger, D; Cheng, AK; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Farthing, C; Hawkins, T; Kearney, BP; Markowitz, M; McColl, D; Ruane, P; Zhong, L, 2006)	0.33
" Each GS-9137 dosing regimen exhibited significant, exposure-dependent (mean reductions, -0."	( Antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, and dose response of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor GS-9137 (JTK-303) in treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. Berger, D; Cheng, AK; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Farthing, C; Hawkins, T; Kearney, BP; Markowitz, M; McColl, D; Ruane, P; Zhong, L, 2006)	0.33
", 30- to 60-fold more potent than linomide) in these assays and its lack of a proinflammation in the Beagle-dog, ABR-215050 (tasquinimod), Figure 1, was characterized for dose-response ability to inhibit the growth of a series of four additional human and rodent prostate cancer models in mice."	( Identification of ABR-215050 as lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer. Björk, A; Dalrymple, SL; Garrison, JB; Isaacs, JT; Kyprianou, N; Leanderson, T; Olsson, A; Pili, R; Qian, DZ, 2006)	0.33
" doses of tipifarnib, without a dose-response relationship."	( A phase I safety, pharmacological and biological study of the farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor, tipifarnib and capecitabine in advanced solid tumors. Cohen, RB; Eckhardt, SG; Gore, L; Gustafson, D; Holden, SN; Mikule, C; Morrow, M; O'Bryant, CL; Palmer, PA; Persky, M; Pierson, AS; Zhang, S, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to verify an approach for calculating pharmacokinetic parameters suitable for adjusting dosage regimens in patients with renal dysfunction."	( Dosage adjustment of quinolone antibiotics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with renal dysfunction. Kinoshita, Y; Miki, A; Nagasaki, Y; Ohtani, H; Sata, H; Sawada, Y; Tsujimoto, M, 2006)	0.33
" Also discussed are findings concerning the continuation of acute treatments, including antidepressants, into the maintenance phase; dosage adjustments for maintenance treatment; the rationale for combination treatments; and implications of comorbid substance abuse and strategies for its management."	( Maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: Applying research to clinical practice. Chou, JC; Fazzio, L, 2006)	0.33
" Further dosing was based on the individual day 5 pharmacokinetic data and absolute neutrophil count."	( Clinical and pharmacologic study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in cancer patients with normal or mildly or moderately impaired hepatic function. Beijnen, JH; Boot, H; Chang, I; Crul, M; De Porre, P; Schellens, JH; Siegel-Lakhai, WS; Zhang, S, 2006)	0.33
"A 57-year-old man with a 30 year history of schizophrenia had been taking olanzapine for 4 years, with the dosage titrated to 20 mg/day, to control the psychosis."	( Efficacy with high-dose aripiprazole after olanzapine-related metabolic disturbances. Chavez, B; Poveda, RA, 2006)	0.33
" Our recommendations for dosage and administration of aripiprazole are in agreement with the manufacturer's prescribing information."	( Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: a consensus report produced by schizophrenia experts in Italy. Cassano, GB; Fagiolini, A; Lattanzi, L; Monteleone, P; Niolu, C; Sacchetti, E; Siracusano, A; Vita, A, 2007)	0.34
" Steroids should be administered at a low dose and tapered off slowly, whereas antibiotics should be applied at a high dosage and discontinued abruptly."	( [Therapy and prognosis of bacterial keratitis]. Behrens-Baumann, W; Pleyer, U, 2007)	0.34
" Plasma concentrations attained with a dosage of 5 mg/kg every 24 hours would be expected to be efficacious for treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria (excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa)."	( Naïve averaged, naïve pooled, and population pharmacokinetics of orally administered marbofloxacin in juvenile harbor seals. Huff, D; KuKanich, B; Papich, MG; Riviere, JE, 2007)	0.34
"Twenty patients with the active distal type of UC in whom corticosteroid treatment had been unsuccessful were treated with rectal administration of Rebamipide twice a day for 3 weeks, during which corticosteroid dosage was kept constant."	( Rebamipide enema therapy as a treatment for patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. Ando, T; Furuta, R; Goto, H; Ina, K; Ishiguro, K; Kusugami, K; Maeda, O; Watanabe, O, 2007)	0.34
" After 15 sessions, the dose-response function of methamphetamine was determined under either a progressive- or a fixed-ratio schedule."	( Effect of aripiprazole, a partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist, on increased rate of methamphetamine self-administration in rats with prolonged session duration. Koob, GF; Pulvirenti, L; Wang, Z; Wee, S; Woolverton, WL, 2007)	0.34
"Quinolones, an expanding class of clinically established potent antibiotics, is not freely soluble in water which prevents the design of liquid dosage forms and restricts their use in topical applications."	( Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as biocompatible carriers of quinolone antimicrobials: an in vitro study. Cheng, Y; Fang, Y; Ma, M; Qu, H; Xu, P; Xu, T; Xu, Z, 2007)	0.34
" However, an exposure-guided approach to dosage adjustment to limit haematological and nonhaematological toxicity is not warranted."	( Exposure-toxicity relationships for tipifarnib in cancer patients. Chen, W; Chow, A; Hayes, S; Perez-Ruixo, JJ; Zhang, S, 2007)	0.34
" Lack of PK alteration for FTC, tenofovir (TFV), and GS-9137 was defined as a 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated ratio of geometric least squares means (coadministration/alone) between 70% and 143% for the primary PK parameters: maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration-time curve over dosing interval (AUCtau), and trough concentration (Ctau)."	( Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, tenofovir, and GS-9137 following coadministration of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and ritonavir-boosted GS-9137. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G, 2007)	0.34
" The dosage was increased to 10 mg daily two weeks later."	( Potential aripiprazole-mediated extrapyramidal symptoms in an adult with developmental disabilities. Brahm, NC; Brown, RC; McElwain, DL, 2007)	0.34
"0 mg/kg body weight dosage to five healthy Egyptian buffalo steers."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis L.) steers. Abd El-Aty, AM; Goudah, A; Regmi, NL; Shim, JH; Shimoda, M; Shin, HC, )	0.13
"Twenty-four outpatients aged 7 to 18 years with DSM-IV-diagnosed tic disorders were treated with aripiprazole using an open-label, flexible dosing schedule for 8 weeks from January 2005 to August 2006."	( An open-label study of the efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole for children and adolescents with tic disorders. Choi, SH; Hong, JP; Kim, CY; Park, S; Wang, HR; Yoo, HK, 2007)	0.34
" For example, a low dosage of cefotaxime, a cephalosporin, increased an uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain's production of the phage PhiMFP by more than 7-fold."	( Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics stimulate virulent phage growth. Comeau, AM; Krisch, HM; Prère, MF; Tétart, F; Trojet, SN, 2007)	0.34
" Haloperidol dose was fixed; aripiprazole was dosed at 15 mg/day for the first 4 weeks, then 30 mg/day for the following 4 weeks."	( Adjunctive treatment with a dopamine partial agonist, aripiprazole, for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: a placebo-controlled trial. Conley, RR; Jung, DU; Kelly, DL; Liu, KH; Seo, YS; Shim, JC; Shin, JG; Shon, JH, 2007)	0.34
"Four quinolones were tested against the GrlA mutant, and a resistant population emerged after treatment with 250 mg pazufloxacin intravenous drip infusion, 600 mg ciprofloxacin intravenous drip infusion, 200 mg levofloxacin oral dosing and 150 mg tosufloxacin oral dosing."	( Effect of GrlA mutation on the development of quinolone resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model. Mitsuyama, J; Oonishi, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2007)	0.34
" The standard of care for treating schizophrenia is to first use monotherapy of adequate dosage and duration, including a trial of clozapine before adding a second agent."	( Augmentation of aripiprazole with low-dose clozapine. Berges, A; Dahmen, MM; Petry, WM; Stoner, SC, 2007)	0.34
"Once-daily dosing with indacaterol provided sustained 24-h bronchodilation in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma, with a satisfactory overall safety profile."	( Indacaterol provides sustained 24 h bronchodilation on once-daily dosing in asthma: a 7-day dose-ranging study. Aisanov, Z; Alexander, M; Cameron, R; Deckelmann, R; Fabbri, LM; Higgins, M; LaForce, C; Owen, R, 2008)	0.35
"5) enrolled in an open-label, single-site trial with fixed-flexible dosing of aripiprazole (5-30 mg/day) for 8 weeks."	( Aripiprazole in the treatment of the psychosis prodrome: an open-label pilot study. Callahan, JL; Cohen, SJ; Hawkins, KA; Mathalon, DH; McGlashan, TH; Miller, TJ; Tully, EM; Walsh, BC; Woods, SW, 2007)	0.34
" Patients were randomized to placebo or aripiprazole (initiated at 10 mg/d, then flexibly dosed at 5-30 mg/d based on clinical effect and tolerability)."	( Aripiprazole monotherapy in nonpsychotic bipolar I depression: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Bowden, CL; Carson, WH; Jonas, A; Khan, A; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R; Thase, ME; Wu, X, 2008)	0.35
" Safety assessments were performed before and after dosing on days 1, 14, and 28, with particular attention to key beta2-agonist safety variables."	( Tolerability of indacaterol, a novel once-daily beta2-agonist, in patients with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 28-day safety study. Beier, J; Cameron, R; Higgins, M; Magula, D; Martinot, JB; Owen, R; Pohunek, P; Yang, WH, 2007)	0.34
" There was no dose-response relationship between indacaterol and the incidence of AEs (400 microg, 40."	( Tolerability of indacaterol, a novel once-daily beta2-agonist, in patients with asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled, 28-day safety study. Beier, J; Cameron, R; Higgins, M; Magula, D; Martinot, JB; Owen, R; Pohunek, P; Yang, WH, 2007)	0.34
" There was no obvious dose-response relationship."	( Phase I study of alternate-week administration of tipifarnib in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Beran, M; Blascovich, MA; Bucher, C; Cortes, JE; Estey, EH; Giles, FJ; Kantarjian, HM; Kurzrock, R; Pilat, SR; Sebti, SM; Verstovsek, S; Wright, JJ, 2008)	0.35
" Aripiprazole was dosed flexibly up to a maximum of 30 mg daily, based on tolerability and efficacy."	( A prospective, open-label study of Aripiprazole mono- and adjunctive treatment in acute bipolar depression. Chriki, LS; Dunn, RT; Filkowski, MM; Ghaemi, SN; Stan, VA, 2008)	0.35
" Enemas containing 150 mg rebamipide per dosing were administered after morning bowel movement, and always prior to bedtime, twice daily for 4 weeks."	( Rebampide enema therapy as a treatment for patients with chronic radiation proctitis: initial treatment or when other methods of conservative management have failed. Cho, M; Heo, J; Kang, DH; Kim, GH; Kim, TO; Lee, SM; Song, GA, 2008)	0.35
"Thirty-five patients were treated in four intermittent (25-100 mg/d) and three continuous (100-175 mg/d) dosing cohorts."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of TKI258, an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced solid tumors. Aziz, N; Braendle, E; Butzberger-Zimmerli, P; de Bono, JS; Evans, TR; Fox, JA; Garzon, F; Hardie, M; Heise, C; Jadayel, D; Judson, IR; Louie, S; Marriott, C; Michelson, G; Molife, R; Morrison, R; Sarker, D, 2008)	0.35
" At a mean dosage of 20."	( Combined antipsychotic treatment involving clozapine and aripiprazole. Englisch, S; Zink, M, 2008)	0.35
" We measured regional occupancy attained across a range of clinical dosing by the partial D(2) agonist aripiprazole using these methods."	( Dose-occupancy study of striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptors by aripiprazole in schizophrenia with PET and [18F]fallypride. Abi-Dargham, A; Alvarez, B; Bae, SA; Frankle, WG; Gil, R; Gonzales, R; Hackett, E; Kegeles, LS; Kim, JH; Laruelle, M; Slifstein, M; Xu, X, 2008)	0.35
"A 12-week, open-label trial with flexible dosing strategy of aripiprazole was performed with 15 participants, aged 7-19 years."	( Aripiprazole treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette disorder or chronic tic disorder. Bai, DS; Sea, HS; Seo, WS; Sung, HM, 2008)	0.35
"We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing regimens of the same antibiotic (same dosage and same route of administration) administered for a different time period."	( Short- versus long-duration antimicrobial treatment for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a meta-analysis. Avgeri, SG; Dimopoulos, G; Falagas, ME; Matthaiou, DK; Siempos, II, 2008)	0.35
" Despite its potential clinical benefits, the management of aripiprazole-treated patients can be challenging due to the lack of a simple dosing strategy and guidelines for preventing and managing potential adverse effects."	( Proposed strategies for successful clinical management with aripiprazole. Mago, R, 2008)	0.35
"The dosing strategy recommendations are based on clinical experience and a PubMed database search conducted with no date restrictions for English-language literature."	( Proposed strategies for successful clinical management with aripiprazole. Mago, R, 2008)	0.35
"4 mg/kg, aripiprazole decreased rates of cocaine self-administration without shifting the peak of the dose-response function."	( Aripiprazole blocks acute self-administration of cocaine and is not self-administered in mice. Brennum, LT; Fink-Jensen, A; Hee Bengtsen, C; Petersen, JH; Sager, TN; Sørensen, G; Thomsen, M; Thøgersen, P; Woldbye, DP; Wörtwein, G, 2008)	0.35
" Future studies are warranted to examine alternative tipifarnib dosing and continuation beyond 16 cycles."	( Phase II trial of tipifarnib as maintenance therapy in first complete remission in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia and poor-risk features. Garrett-Mayer, E; Gojo, I; Gore, SD; Greer, J; Karp, JE; Klein, M; Lancet, JE; Levis, MJ; Morris, L; Smith, BD; Wright, JJ, 2008)	0.35
" The interaction was observed after administration of DHQ and 3M-GBP combination at fixed dose ratios of 1:10 and 1:30 and the dose-response curves shifted approximately 13- and 17-fold leftward, respectively, from the theoretical additive values."	( Synergy between a NR2B receptor antagonist DHQ and 3-methyl-gabapentin in mice with neuropathic pain. Hizue, M; Imai, A; Toide, K, 2008)	0.35
" The main objective of the two clinical pharmacology studies reported here was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of aripiprazole after intramuscular dosing in healthy subjects and in patients with schizophrenia, and after intravenous and oral dosing in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of intramuscular, oral and intravenous aripiprazole in healthy subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Boulton, DW; Kollia, G; Komoroski, B; Kovalick, LJ; Mallikaarjun, S; Reeves, RA; Sharma, A, 2008)	0.35
" The results have confirmed that the D-optimal experimental design technique can be successfully employed for designing the long acting microsphere dosage form."	( D-optimal designing and optimization of long acting microsphere-based injectable formulation of aripiprazole. Nahata, T; Saini, TR, 2008)	0.35
" Following baseline Meth dosing (15 mg and 30 mg), participants received 2 wk treatment with aripiprazole (n=8) or placebo (n=8)."	( Evaluation of subjective effects of aripiprazole and methamphetamine in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers. Abad, A; Anderson, A; Condos, R; De La Garza, R; Elkashef, A; Halkitis, PN; Li, SH; Mahoney, JJ; Mojisak, J; Newton, TF; Palamar, J; Reid, MS, 2008)	0.35
" The methods developed were applied successfully to the determination of the subject drugs in their pharmaceutical dosage forms with good precision and accuracy compared to official and reported methods as revealed by t- and F-tests."	( Study of fluorescence characteristics of the charge-transfer reaction of quinolone agents with bromanil. Chen, XF; Li, WY; Xuan, CS, 2009)	0.35
" The colonic and plasma concentrations were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate colon-targeting action after oral administration of various dosage forms, and rebamipide with absorption enhancers in chitosan dosage forms."	( Permeabilities of rebamipide via rat intestinal membranes and its colon specific delivery using chitosan capsule as a carrier. Akira, Y; Duan, L; Huang, BB; Li, GF; Luo, JH; Nobuaki, K, 2008)	0.35
"This study joins several others in demonstrating the utility of subacute dosing laboratory paradigms for evaluating medication effects in alcoholics."	( Aripiprazole effects on alcohol consumption and subjective reports in a clinical laboratory paradigm--possible influence of self-control. Anton, R; Myrick, H; Randall, P; Voronin, K, 2008)	0.35
" This study systematically evaluated the ritonavir dose-response relationship on presystemic and systemic CYP3A metabolism using the human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor elvitegravir and midazolam as probe substrates."	( Dose-response of ritonavir on hepatic CYP3A activity and elvitegravir oral exposure. Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Mathias, AA; West, S, 2009)	0.35
" Adverse effects were evaluated using the Dosage Record and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale (DOTES)."	( Efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole augmentation in sertraline-resistant patients with borderline personality disorder. Bellino, S; Bogetto, F; Paradiso, E, 2008)	0.35
" Clinical factors such as gender, age, illness duration, education level, diagnostic subtype, and medication dosage were also recorded."	( Effects of DRD2/ANKK1 gene variations and clinical factors on aripiprazole efficacy in schizophrenic patients. Chen, CH; Chen, SF; Chen, SJ; Chen, YJ; Lin, CC; Luu, SU; Shen, YC, 2009)	0.35
" Serotonergic antidepressants, used both continuously and with increased dosage in the late luteal phase, are believed to be effective for major depressive disorder with premenstrual exacerbation."	( Effective treatment of premenstrual violence in major depression: augmentation with aripiprazole. Chiang, PH; Hsiao, MC; Liu, CY; Yao, YC, )	0.13
" A high kinetic stability was observed for three metastable polymorphs which can be categorized as suitable candidates for the development of solid dosage forms."	( Conformational polymorphism in aripiprazole: Preparation, stability and structure of five modifications. Braun, DE; Gelbrich, T; Griesser, UJ; Kahlenberg, V; Tessadri, R; Wieser, J, 2009)	0.35
" Some principles for dosing and switching are provided to assist with a successful treatment outcome with aripiprazole in mania."	( A UK consensus on the administration of aripiprazole for the treatment of mania. Aitchison, KJ; Bienroth, M; Cookson, J; Goodwin, GM; Gray, R; Haddad, PM; Moore, B; Ratna, L; Sullivan, G; Taylor, D; Taylor, M, 2009)	0.35
" This 5-day, randomized, double-blind trial evaluated relative improvements in agitation in hospitalized patients who received orally dosed olanzapine (n = 306, 20 mg/d) or aripiprazole (n = 298, 15 mg/d, increasing to 30 mg/d as needed)."	( Olanzapine versus aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. Chen, L; Kinon, BJ; Kollack-Walker, S; Sniadecki, J; Stauffer, VL, 2008)	0.35
" Tissue-selective activity was maintained when LGD-3303 was dosed orally or by continuous infusion, two routes of administration with markedly different time versus exposure profiles."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LGD-3303 [9-chloro-2-ethyl-1-methyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3H-pyrrolo-[3,2-f]quinolin-7(6H)-one], an orally available nonsteroidal-selective androgen receptor modulator. Chang, WY; Chen, Y; Hill, R; Lee, KJ; Lee, YH; López, FJ; Meglasson, MD; O'Brien, Z; Rix, P; Vajda, EG, 2009)	0.35
" No dosage adjustment of lamotrigine is required and the combination was generally safe and well tolerated."	( A non-randomized study to investigate the effects of the atypical antipsychotic aripiprazole on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine in patients with bipolar I disorder. Balch, AH; Benson, J; Boulton, DW; Carlson, BX; Croop, R; Mallikaarjun, S; Schieber, FC, 2009)	0.35
" Escitalopram and aripiprazole were flexibly dosed for 7 weeks, with maximum dosages of 20 and 30 mg/d, respectively."	( An open study of aripiprazole and escitalopram for psychotic major depressive disorder. Denninger, JW; Dording, C; Fava, M; Hilliker, S; Homberger, C; Matthews, JD; Park, L; Rooney, K; Siefert, C; Sklarsky, K; van Nieuwenhuizen, AO, 2009)	0.35
" Group 1 (n = 20) followed a sequence of 10-day dosing of elvitegravir/r (150/100 mg once daily) and elvitegravir/r plus etravirine (200 mg twice daily) or the reverse (n = 10 per sequence)."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.35
" Elvitegravir pharmacokinetic GMR was 6-7% higher following elvitegravir/r plus etravirine dosing versus elvitegravir/r."	( Pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir and etravirine following coadministration of ritonavir-boosted elvitegravir and etravirine. Kakuda, TN; Kearney, BP; Mack, R; Ramanathan, S; West, S, 2008)	0.35
" Consequently, the coadministration of elvitegravir with the protease inhibitor ritonavir (a substantial CYP3A4 inhibitor) results in significantly enhanced bioavailability and a longer half-life than with elvitegravir alone, allowing for the once-daily dosing of elvitegravir."	( Elvitegravir, an oral HIV integrase inhibitor, for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Klibanov, OM, 2009)	0.35
" To evaluate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in aripiprazole tissue distribution and penetration across the blood-brain barrier, mice deficient in the P-gp gene (Abcb1a/b-/-) were dosed intraperitoneally with 2 microg/g mouse of the antipsychotic drug aripiprazole."	( Aripiprazole brain concentration is altered in P-glycoprotein deficient mice. Devane, CL; Donovan, JL; Geesey, ME; Markowitz, JS; Wang, JS; Yuan, HJ; Zhu, HJ, 2009)	0.35
" Clinical factors such as gender, age, duration of illness, education level, diagnostic subtype and medication dosage were recorded."	( Effects of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism on aripiprazole efficacy in schizophrenic patients as modified by clinical factors. Chen, CH; Chen, SF; Shen, YC, 2009)	0.35
"This analysis examined dosing patterns and safety of aripiprazole in elderly inpatients."	( Aripiprazole prescribing patterns and side effects in elderly psychiatric inpatients. Coley, KC; Fabian, TJ; Lenze, EJ; Ruby, C; Scipio, TM, 2009)	0.35
"A total of 52 elderly inpatients treated with aripiprazole over 3 years were retrospectively identified to examine dosing patterns and side effects associated with use of aripiprazole."	( Aripiprazole prescribing patterns and side effects in elderly psychiatric inpatients. Coley, KC; Fabian, TJ; Lenze, EJ; Ruby, C; Scipio, TM, 2009)	0.35
" Clinical factors such as gender, age, duration of illness, education level, diagnostic subtype, and medication dosage were noted as well."	( HTR2A A-1438G/T102C polymorphisms predict negative symptoms performance upon aripiprazole treatment in schizophrenic patients. Chen, CH; Chen, SF; Shen, YC, 2009)	0.35
" In addition, the clinical factors, including dosage of aripiprazole, age, duration of illness, and diagnostic subtype, were found to influence PANSS performance after aripiprazole treatment."	( HTR2A A-1438G/T102C polymorphisms predict negative symptoms performance upon aripiprazole treatment in schizophrenic patients. Chen, CH; Chen, SF; Shen, YC, 2009)	0.35
" In such situations, clinicians may want to consider prescribing a different antipsychotic or adding another antipsychotic and decreasing the dosage of clozapine."	( Aripiprazole in treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY; Kahn, DA; Lee, CI, 2009)	0.35
" Dosing was determined by clinical judgment."	( Efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: an open-label trial. Ishigooka, J; Oshimo, T; Takahashi, H, )	0.13
" The mean dosage of aripiprazole was 17."	( Efficacy and tolerability of aripiprazole in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia: an open-label trial. Ishigooka, J; Oshimo, T; Takahashi, H, )	0.13
" Phase II studies in relapsing MS demonstrate a dose-response effect on disease activity, measured by number of active lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and show favorable tolerability and safety based on clinical and laboratory indicators."	( Oral laquinimod therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Preiningerova, J, 2009)	0.35
" The mean daily dosage of aripiprazole in completers was 11."	( Aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 12-week open-label preliminary study. Albert, U; Bogetto, F; Maina, G; Pessina, E, 2009)	0.35
" The reasons for the change, course of illness, and types and dosage of antipsychotics previously used were collected."	( Switching of antipsychotics to aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia. Chong, MY; Lee, Y; Lin, HC; Lin, PY; Yeh, WC, )	0.13
" In this review we examined the efficacy data from short-term studies of aripiprazole in relapsed schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, in order to establish a dose-response relationship for aripiprazole."	( Aripiprazole: dose-response relationship in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Mace, S; Taylor, D, 2009)	0.35
" The maximum plasma concentration and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve were dose proportional over the dosing range."	( Multiple-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral nemonoxacin (TG-873870) in healthy volunteers. Chang, LW; Chang, YT; Chen, SJ; Chiu, KM; Chung, DT; Hsu, CH; Hsu, MC; King, CH; Tan, HC; Tsai, CY, 2010)	0.36
" Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to flexibly dosed aripiprazole (target dosage: 5, 10, or 15 mg/day) or placebo."	( Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Carson, WH; Corey-Lisle, P; Findling, RL; Manos, G; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R; Sikich, L, 2009)	0.35
" Vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate) were measured before and after dosing in both periods."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two formulations of rebamipide 100-mg tablets: a randomized, single-dose, two-period, two-sequence crossover study in healthy Korean male volunteers. Cho, HY; Lee, YB; Park, GK; Yoon, H, 2009)	0.35
" There was no relationship between elvitegravir dosage and adverse events."	( Activity of elvitegravir, a once-daily integrase inhibitor, against resistant HIV Type 1: results of a phase 2, randomized, controlled, dose-ranging clinical trial. Berger, DS; Cheng, AK; Chuck, SL; Enejosa, JV; Kearney, BP; Lampiris, H; Zhong, L; Zolopa, AR, 2010)	0.36
" Medication and dosing decisions were made by treating psychiatrists, constrained to once-a-day dosing, low initial doses and no clozapine."	( Early intervention with second-generation antipsychotics in first-episode psychosis: results of an 8-week naturalistic study. Audino, B; Curtis, J; Donohue, AM; Filymer, DM; Finkel, N; Josiassen, RC; Kacso, M; Shaughnessy, RA; Skuban, N, 2010)	0.36
" Outpatients who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia, who were not optimally controlled while on stable dosage of clozapine for > or =3 months and had experienced weight gain of > or =2."	( Effects of adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole on body weight and clinical efficacy in schizophrenia patients treated with clozapine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dewaele, P; Fleischhacker, WW; Heikkinen, ME; Hennicken, D; Kerselaers, W; Landsberg, W; Loze, JY; McQuade, RD; Olié, JP, 2010)	0.36
" In previous studies, indacaterol provided 24 h bronchodilation on once-daily dosing with a fast onset of action."	( Efficacy of a new once-daily long-acting inhaled beta2-agonist indacaterol versus twice-daily formoterol in COPD. Bleasdale, P; Buhl, R; Chung, KF; Dahl, R; Higgins, M; Jack, D; Kramer, B; Magnussen, H; Nonikov, V; Owen, R, 2010)	0.36
" Dopamine receptor occupancy appears to reach a plateau at doses above 10 mg, supporting the observation found in dose-response studies that 10 mg/d is the optimal dose for aripiprazole."	( A systematic review of aripiprazole--dose, plasma concentration, receptor occupancy, and response: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Kapur, S; Patel, MX; Sparshatt, A; Taylor, D, 2010)	0.36
" Mean effective dosage was 14."	( [Aripiprazole - a medical treatment alternative for Tourette Syndrome in childhood and adolescence]. Banaschewski, T; Frölich, J; Lehmkuhl, G; Starck, M, 2010)	0.36
" Relative to ritonavir-boosted EVG, the geometric least-squares means ratios (GMR) [90% confidence interval (CI)] for EVG area under plasma concentration-time curve from time zero until the end of the dosing interval (AUC)tau, maximum concentration (Cmax), and trough concentration (Ctau) were 118 (110 to 126), 108 (100 to 116), and 110 (95."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of an integrase and novel pharmacoenhancer-containing single-tablet fixed-dose combination regimen for the treatment of HIV. German, P; Hui, J; Kearney, BP; Warren, D; West, S, 2010)	0.36
"This was an 8-week, open-label trial with flexible dosing strategy of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with TD."	( Effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder: a pilot study in China. Cui, YH; Li, J; Liu, J; Yang, YP; Zheng, Y, 2010)	0.36
" The effect occurs even when a low dosage (3 mg/d) of aripiprazole was used and achieves a plateau at dosages beyond 6 mg/d."	( Dose-dependent effects of adjunctive treatment with aripiprazole on hyperprolactinemia induced by risperidone in female patients with schizophrenia. Fujii, A; Furukori, H; Kaneko, S; Sugawara, N; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2010)	0.36
") dosing in patients with COPD."	( Indacaterol once-daily is equally effective dosed in the evening or morning in COPD. Henley, M; Higgins, M; Jack, D; Jadayel, D; Kramer, B; Magnussen, H; Verkindre, C; Woessner, R, 2010)	0.36
"After diagnostic surgery or biopsy, treatment with tipifarnib started 5 to 9 days before initiating radiotherapy, twice daily, in 4-week cycles using discontinuous dosing (21 out of 28 days), until toxicity or progression."	( A phase I trial of tipifarnib with radiation therapy, with and without temozolomide, for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Abrey, L; Chang, SM; Cloughesy, TF; DeAngelis, LM; Demopoulos, A; Drappatz, J; Fine, HA; Fink, K; Kesari, S; Lamborn, KR; Lassman, AB; Lieberman, FS; Malkin, MG; Mehta, MP; Nghiemphu, PL; Prados, MD; Robins, HI; Torres-Trejo, A; Wen, PY, 2011)	0.37
" However, excessive dosing of the antipsychotic medications, in particular haloperidol, may have played an important role in accounting for the differences between aripiprazole and haloperidol in this study."	( Aripiprazole versus haloperidol treatment in early-stage schizophrenia. Girgis, RR; Lieberman, JA; Merrill, DB; Pikalov, A; Vorel, SR; Whitehead, R; You, M, 2011)	0.37
"Despite the growing epidemic of obesity in the United States, dosing medications in such patients remains poorly studied and understood."	( Pharmacotherapy in the critically ill obese patient. Medico, CJ; Walsh, P, 2010)	0.36
"This was a post hoc analysis of data from two 8-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trials to evaluate the efficacy of aripiprazole dosed flexibly (2-15 mg/day, n=47) or fixed (5, 10, or 15 mg/day, n = 166) versus placebo (flexibly dosed, n = 51; fixed dose, n = 52)."	( Line-item analysis of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist: results from two studies of aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability associated with autistic disorder. Aman, MG; Kasper, W; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, R; Mathew, S; Owen, R, 2010)	0.36
" A month after the aripiprazole dosage was increased to 50 mg daily, the patient developed confusion and loss of coordination."	( Increased aripiprazole concentrations in an HIV-positive male concurrently taking duloxetine, darunavir, and ritonavir. Aung, GL; Kawamoto, LS; O'Brien, JG; Tien, PG, 2010)	0.36
" Dosing regimens requiring less frequent dosing also provide improved treatment compliance."	( An update on the use of indacaterol in patients with COPD. Amor-Carro, O; Brienza, NS; Ramos-Barbón, D, 2011)	0.37
" The mean final aripiprazole dosage was 12."	( Aripiprazole augmentation in 39 adolescents with medication-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Berloffa, S; Masi, G; Millepiedi, S; Pfanner, C, 2010)	0.36
" Phase II studies in RRMS demonstrate a dose-response effect on disease activity, measured by the number of active lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging, and show favourable tolerability and safety based on clinical and laboratory indicators."	( Oral laquinimod treatment in multiple sclerosis. Fernández, O, 2011)	0.37
" In addition, specific issues associated with the use of aripiprazole as an adjunctive therapy in patients with MDD, including possible early treatment effect, appropriate timing of therapy initiation, appropriate dosing and duration of treatment, possible differential effect on depressive subgroups and long-term tolerability, are also discussed."	( Aripiprazole as adjunctive therapy for patients with major depressive disorder: overview and implications of clinical trial data. Forbes, A; Pae, CU; Patkar, AA, 2011)	0.37
" Choosing the appropriate dosing and tapering strategy, addressing the side effects, controlling withdrawal symptoms from previous medications and using adjunctive medications when necessary are key to successful treatment with aripiprazole."	( Aripiprazole for the treatment of bipolar disorder: a review of current evidence. Casamassima, F; Fagiolini, A; Forgione, RN; Marra, FS; Nitti, M, 2011)	0.37
"Indacaterol is an inhaled, long-acting β(2)-agonist providing 24-h bronchodilation with once-daily dosing in patients with COPD."	( Long-term safety and efficacy of indacaterol, a long-acting β₂-agonist, in subjects with COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chapman, KR; Dogra, A; Kramer, B; Lassen, C; Owen, R; Rennard, SI, 2011)	0.37
" A smoked cocaine dose-response curve (0, 12, 25, 50 mg) was determined twice under placebo and aripiprazole maintenance."	( Aripiprazole maintenance increases smoked cocaine self-administration in humans. Foltin, RW; Haney, M; Rubin, E, 2011)	0.37
" Decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate occurred within the first few weeks of dosing in participants receiving EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, remained within the normal range and did not progress at week 24 or 48; no participant experienced a clinical adverse event or discontinued study drug due to changes in serum creatinine or renal function."	( Randomized, phase 2 evaluation of two single-tablet regimens elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the initial treatment of HIV infection. Chuck, SL; Cohen, C; DeJesus, E; Elion, R; Kearney, BP; Liu, HC; Ramanathan, S; Rashbaum, B; Ruane, P; Shamblaw, D; Warren, DR; Yale, K, 2011)	0.37
"OCS were significantly more prevalent and severe in group I, in which OCS severity correlated with dosage of clozapine and duration of treatment."	( Antiserotonergic antipsychotics are associated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia. Englisch, S; Esslinger, C; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Rausch, F; Schirmbeck, F; Zink, M, 2011)	0.37
" Indacaterol with 24 hours duration and fast onset of bronchodilation is the first once daily dosing LABA."	( [New drugs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Chazan, RC, 2011)	0.37
" One patient required a dosage reduction of ropinirole because of sleepiness and one patient assigned to aripiprazole who reported moderate akathysia had the dosage reduced to 5 mg/day."	( Aripiprazole and ropinirole treatment for cocaine dependence: evidence from a pilot study. Ameglio, M; Biasci, L; Cecconi, D; Cellesi, V; Forgione, RN; Meini, M; Moncini, M; Pellegrini, M; Rucci, P; Simoni, G, 2011)	0.37
" A reduction of the histone gene dosage in the rad53 mutant restores Ixr1 levels."	( Ixr1 is required for the expression of the ribonucleotide reductase Rnr1 and maintenance of dNTP pools. Aström, SU; Barsoum, E; Chabes, A; Tsaponina, O, 2011)	0.37
"Indacaterol is a novel, inhaled, ultra-long-acting β(2)-agonist providing 24-h bronchodilation with once-daily (od) dosing for maintenance use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Profiling the bronchodilator effects of the novel ultra-long-acting β2-agonist indacaterol against established treatments in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Kramer, B; LaForce, C; Magnussen, H; Owen, R; Vogelmeier, C, 2011)	0.37
"Patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with a body mass index ≥ 27 and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl who were on a stable treatment dosage of olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone were randomly assigned to switch to ari-piprazole (N=109) for 24 weeks or stay on their current medication (N=106)."	( A randomized trial examining the effectiveness of switching from olanzapine, quetiapine, or risperidone to aripiprazole to reduce metabolic risk: comparison of antipsychotics for metabolic problems (CAMP). Hamer, RH; LaVange, LM; Lieberman, JA; McEvoy, JP; Nussbaum, AM; Perkins, DO; Ring, KD; Rosenheck, RA; Stroup, TS; Swartz, MS, 2011)	0.37
"A 52-week, open-label, flexibly dosed (2-15 mg/d) study of the safety and tolerability of aripiprazole in outpatients with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of autistic disorder who either had completed 1 of 2 antecedent, 8-week randomized trials or were enrolled de novo (ie, not treated in the randomized trials)."	( Safety and tolerability of aripiprazole for irritability in pediatric patients with autistic disorder: a 52-week, open-label, multicenter study. Carson, WH; Findling, RL; Kamen, L; Mankoski, R; Manos, G; Marcus, RN; McQuade, RD; Owen, R, 2011)	0.37
" The recent therapeutic developments in COPD underscore a shift from short-acting bronchodilators with multiple dosings per day to reduced dosing frequency and prolonged duration of action, including once-daily treatment, with more consistent effects on various clinical outcomes."	( Long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonists in the management of COPD: focus on indacaterol. Beeh, KM; Beier, J, 2011)	0.37
" There was no difference in baseline PANSS scores or the daily dosage used between responders (n = 28) and nonresponders (n = 17) (15."	( Aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole plasma concentrations and clinical responses in patients with schizophrenia. Chen, CK; Lin, SK; Liu, YL, 2011)	0.37
"After taking into account the physiochemical properties of RBM (solubility, melting point, dosage etc."	( Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy. Ha, JM; Kim, JY; Oh, TO; Park, CW; Park, ES; Rhee, YS; Tung, NT, 2011)	0.37
" He was started on aripiprazole 15 mg po daily for 4 days; the dosage was then increased to 30 mg po daily, with Valproic Acid 500 mg po tid."	( Pituitary microadenoma treated with antipsychotic drug aripiprazole. Capote, E; Ezequiel, U; Paez, R; Wix-Ramos, RJ, 2011)	0.37
" The patients were assigned to two groups: aripiprazole group (n=98) and tiapride group (n=97), with the treatment dosage of 5-25 mg/d and 100-500 mg/d, respectively."	( [A multicenter controlled study on aripiprazole treatment for children with Tourette syndrome in China]. Chen, YH; Liao, JX; Liu, ZS; Sun, D; Wang, DB; Wang, H; Zhong, YQ; Zou, LP, 2011)	0.37
" The mean dosage of aripiprazole required was 18."	( An open trial of aripiprazole for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients. Boettger, S; Breitbart, W, 2011)	0.37
"The mean maximum daily dosage of aripiprazole in the completers was 10."	( A case series of aripiprazole augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-refractory obsessive compulsive disorder. Hayashida, K; Kiriike, N; Maebayashi, K; Matsunaga, H; Mito, H, 2011)	0.37
" The dose-response relationships of these derivatives were established in a primary cell model."	( Novel structurally related compounds reactivate latent HIV-1 in a bcl-2-transduced primary CD4+ T cell model without inducing global T cell activation. Bhat, S; Liu, JO; Lopez, JA; Margolick, JB; Shroff, NS; Siliciano, RF; Xing, S; Zhang, H, 2012)	0.38
" SAR studies led to identification of piperazine 22 and pyrimidine 32, both of which reduced plasma nitrates following oral dosing in a mouse lipopolysaccharide challenge assay."	( Heteroaromatic-aminomethyl quinolones: potent and selective iNOS inhibitors. Bonnefous, C; Chen, X; Durón, SG; Hassig, CA; Lindstrom, A; Noble, SA; Rao, TS; Rix, P; Rozenkrants, N; Sablad, M; Shiau, AK; Smith, ND; Symons, KT; Wang, L; Yazdani, N; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
"Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of dopamine receptor occupancy can be used to assess dosing of antipsychotics."	( Predicting brain occupancy from plasma levels using PET: superiority of combining pharmacokinetics with pharmacodynamics while modeling the relationship. Howes, OD; Jang, IJ; Jeong, JM; Kapur, S; Kim, BH; Kim, E; Kwon, JS; Lee, JS; Shin, SG; Turkheimer, FE, 2012)	0.38
" We conducted a prospective, open-label nonrandomized, 4-week flexibly dosed (2."	( The effectiveness and safety of adjunctive aripiprazole in Taiwanese patients with antidepressant-refractory major depressive disorder: a prospective, open-label trial. Chen, SJ; Chen, ST; Hsiao, YL; Shen, TW, 2012)	0.38
" Using a similar dosing selection pressure, the emergence of levofloxacin resistance was delayed in a strain with acrAB deleted compared to the isogenic parent."	( Temporal interplay between efflux pumps and target mutations in development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Hu, M; Ledesma, KR; Singh, R; Swick, MC; Tam, VH; Yang, Z; Zechiedrich, L, 2012)	0.38
" Once-daily dosing offers an advantage over raltegravir, but the requirement for pharmacologic boosting increases regimen complexity."	( Elvitegravir: a once-daily inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase. Vega, V; Wills, T, 2012)	0.38
" It is likely that once-daily dosing of a bronchodilator would be a significant convenience and probably a compliance-enhancing advantage, leading to improved overall clinical outcomes in patients with COPD."	( Comparative efficacy of indacaterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chapman, KR; Ribeiro, M, 2012)	0.38
"We investigated the effects of the atypical antipsychotics risperidone, olanzapine, and aripiprazole on the cognitive functions of Japanese patients with schizophrenia with respect to dosage amounts and dosing schedules."	( The cognitive profile of aripiprazole differs from that of other atypical antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients. Hayashi, K; Hori, H; Ikenouchi-Sugita, A; Katsuki, A; Nakamura, J; Umene-Nakano, W; Yoshimura, R, 2012)	0.38
", PTSD criteria participated in this 12-week, open-label, flexibly dosed monotherapy trial."	( An open-label pilot study of aripiprazole for male and female veterans with chronic post-traumatic stress disorder who respond suboptimally to antidepressants. Bradford, DW; Butterfield, MI; Hertzberg, MA; Kilts, JD; Marx, CE; Naylor, JC; Strauss, JL; Youssef, NA; Zinn, S, 2012)	0.38
"4 weeks with a mean final aripiprazole dosage of 10."	( A retrospective review of the effectiveness of aripiprazole in the treatment of sensory abnormalities in autism. Bivas, R; Chahal, L; Fung, LK; Hardan, AY; Libove, RA, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, our results suggest that abediterol has a preclinical profile for once-daily dosing in humans together with a fast onset of action and a favorable cardiovascular safety profile."	( Pharmacological characterization of abediterol, a novel inhaled β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist with long duration of action and a favorable safety profile in preclinical models. Aparici, M; Beleta, J; Carcasona, C; Cortijo, J; De Alba, J; Gavaldà, A; Gómez-Angelats, M; Gras, J; Miralpeix, M; Morcillo, E; Otal, R; Puig, C; Ramos, I; Ryder, H; Vilella, D; Viñals, M, 2012)	0.38
" The PK and safety profiles of nemonoxacin in Chinese subjects support evaluation of once-daily dosing in the future development of this agent."	( Safety and clinical pharmacokinetics of nemonoxacin, a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, in healthy Chinese volunteers following single and multiple oral doses. Cao, G; Guo, B; Shi, Y; Wu, X; Yu, J; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Ataluren requires 3 times a day dosing and is currently in a Phase 3 placebo-controlled study."	( Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-modifying medications: the future of cystic fibrosis treatment. Pettit, RS, )	0.13
" The development of resistance and the need for a once-daily dosing option has led to the development of new INSTIs, including elvitegravir and dolutegravir."	( Update on raltegravir and the development of new integrase strand transfer inhibitors. Bookstaver, PB; Rokas, KE; Shamroe, CL; Weissman, SB, 2012)	0.38
" The plasma exposure profiles for each compound following a single oral dose in mice and estimated exposure parameters after repeated twice-daily dosing for 20 days are also presented."	( Pharmacological characterization, structural studies, and in vivo activities of anti-Chagas disease lead compounds derived from tipifarnib. Bahia, MT; Buckner, FS; Charman, SA; Chatelain, E; Chennamaneni, NK; Gelb, MH; Hulverson, MA; Laydbak, JU; Lepesheva, GI; Scandale, I; Shackleford, DM; Suryadevara, PK; Verlinde, CL; White, KL, 2012)	0.38
" Once daily dosing of raltegravir is virologically inferior to raltegravir taken twice daily."	( The use of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors in antiretroviral naive patients. Lennox, JL, 2012)	0.38
" These data better characterized integrase inhibitor pharmacokinetics, assessed dosing regimens, and investigated previously undescribed drug-drug interactions."	( Pharmacology of HIV integrase inhibitors. Adams, JL; Greener, BN; Kashuba, AD, 2012)	0.38
" Pharmacokinetic data in special populations (pregnancy, pediatrics) to optimize dosing are still required."	( Pharmacology of HIV integrase inhibitors. Adams, JL; Greener, BN; Kashuba, AD, 2012)	0.38
"The panel agreed that aripiprazole is effective in treating bipolar mania when prescribed and dosed appropriately, in both the short and long term, as monotherapy or in combination with a mood stabilizer."	( A UK panel consensus on the initiation of aripiprazole for the treatment of bipolar mania. Bobmanuel, S; Davies, W; Dratcu, L; Farmer, A; George, M; Rana, T; Singh, M; Turner, M, 2012)	0.38
" Despite the lack of evidence, experts recommend an overlap strategy that includes maintaining the current antipsychotic dosage while titrating to a therapeutic dose of aripiprazole."	( Strategies for transitioning therapy to aripiprazole from other antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Robert, S; Wisniewski, CS, )	0.13
"A randomized, double-masked, multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-response phase II study."	( Rebamipide (OPC-12759) in the treatment of dry eye: a randomized, double-masked, multicenter, placebo-controlled phase II study. Awamura, S; Kinoshita, S; Nakamichi, N; Oshiden, K; Suzuki, H; Yokoi, N, 2012)	0.38
"Patients were treated with aripiprazole monotherapy at a dosage of 10-30 mg/day."	( Effect of aripiprazole on verbal memory and fluency in schizophrenic patients : results from the ESCAPE study. Bervoets, C; Constant, E; de Patoul, A; Halkin, V; Kok, F; Morrens, M; Peuskens, J; Pitsi, D; Sabbe, B; Vansteelandt, K, 2012)	0.38
" The dosage of pre-existing atypical antipsychotics was fixed, while the dosage of aripiprazole ranged from 5 to 20 mg/day during the study period."	( Adjunctive effects of aripiprazole on metabolic profiles: comparison of patients treated with olanzapine to patients treated with other atypical antipsychotic drugs. Chen, CK; Hsiao, CC; Huang, YS; Ree, SC; Wang, LJ, 2013)	0.39
"All trials were industry supported, with some variability in dosage of haloperidol."	( Lower rate of depressive switch following antimanic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics versus haloperidol. Capapey, J; Colom, F; Goikolea, JM; Grande, I; Sanchez-Moreno, J; Torres, I; Undurraga, J; Valentí, M; Vieta, E, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to investigate the dosing patterns of adjunctive quetiapine or adjunctive aripiprazole in the treatment of major depressive disorder from 2006 to 2010, and to evaluate the impact of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on these dosing patterns."	( Dosing patterns of aripiprazole and quetiapine for adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (2006-2010). Forbes, RA; Guo, Z; Hebden, T; Jing, Y; Kalsekar, I; Thase, ME, 2013)	0.39
" A clinical trial performed to support ivacaftor dose selection demonstrated a dose-response relationship between improvement in FEV(1) and decrease in sweat chloride, a measure of CFTR function."	( Change in sweat chloride as a clinical end point in cystic fibrosis clinical trials: the ivacaftor experience. Chowdhury, BA; Durmowicz, AG; Rosebraugh, CJ; Witzmann, KA, 2013)	0.39
" A flexible dosing strategy based on clinical improvement and tolerability with a target dose 15 mg/d by the end of the fourth week."	( Aripiprazole for drug-naive or antipsychotic-short-exposure subjects with ultra-high risk state and first-episode psychosis: an open-label study. Chien, YL; Hsieh, MH; Hwang, TJ; Hwu, HG; Liu, CC; Liu, CM, 2013)	0.39
" Rapid displacement in the caudate and putamen, but not in the cerebellum, was observed after injection of the dopamine D2/3 receptor nonselective ligand S(-)-eticlopride at a low dosage (0."	( Positron emission tomography imaging of dopamine D2 receptors using a highly selective radiolabeled D2 receptor partial agonist. Chu, W; Cui, J; Fan, J; Jones, LA; Li, S; Mach, RH; Perlmutter, JS; Tu, Z; Vangveravong, S; Wang, R; Xu, J, 2013)	0.39
" They responded well to the reduction in dosage or to withdrawal of the apparent causing agent."	( [Medication-related oculogyric crises: a description of four cases and a review of the literature]. Campistol, J; Darling, A; Perez-Duenas, B; Poo, P, 2013)	0.39
" Initial phase 1 to 2 studies of dovitinib using a continuous daily dosing schedule has shown that dovitinib exhibits a prolonged and overproportional increase in dose and exposure relationship above 400 mg/d."	( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to assist dosing schedule selection for dovitinib. Anak, O; Angevin, E; Dugan, M; Escudier, B; Feng, Y; Kay, A; Schran, H; Wang, X; Zhou, W, 2013)	0.39
" However, it has the limitations of twice-daily dosing and a relatively modest genetic barrier to the development of resistance."	( Next-generation integrase inhibitors : where to after raltegravir? Karmon, SL; Markowitz, M, 2013)	0.39
" No effects were observed on glucose, potassium, heart rate, blood pressure and no dose-response effect was seen on corrected QT elongation."	( A new class of bronchodilator improves lung function in COPD: a trial with GSK961081. Baggen, S; Chan, R; Locantore, N; Ludwig-Sengpiel, A; Riley, JH; Wielders, PL, 2013)	0.39
" Assumed the importance of this topic and the lack of a clinical evaluation specifically designed to assess the impact of chronic administration of indacaterol on the response to salbutamol, we sought to compare the effect of 4-week treatment with indacaterol 150 μg once-daily versus formoterol 12 μg twice-daily on the dose-response curve to inhaled salbutamol (total cumulative dose of 800 μg) in a non-double-blinded, crossover, randomised, and controlled pilot trial that enrolled 20 outpatients with moderate to severe COPD."	( Chronic treatment with indacaterol and airway response to salbutamol in stable COPD. Cazzola, M; Matera, MG; Picciolo, S; Proietto, A; Rogliani, P; Ruggeri, P; Segreti, A, 2013)	0.39
" After oral dosing, the dosed 14C was predominantly excreted into the feces of the test animals and the hepato-biliary route mainly contributed to the excretion of 14C in rats."	( Disposition of the new potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor 8-[3-[1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-4-piperidiny]-1-oxopropyl]-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo [3, 2, 1-ij] quinolin-4-one (TAK-802) in rats, dogs and monkeys. Asahi, S; Kakehi, M; Kondo, T; Tagawa, Y, 2013)	0.39
" Bioavailability studies of the polymorphs of aripiprazole and their pharmaceutical preparations are very important to optimize the formulations of the dosage forms."	( Aripiprazole. Ardiana, F; Indrayanto, G; Lestari, ML, 2013)	0.39
"EVG exposures were 40%-50% lower upon simultaneous dosing of EVG/r and antacids, probably due to local complexation with cations in gastrointestinal tract, and were unaffected with ≥2 hours staggered dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of once-daily boosted elvitegravir when administered in combination with acid-reducing agents. Cheng, A; Kearney, BP; Koziara, J; Mathias, A; Ramanathan, S; Shen, G; Wei, X, 2013)	0.39
" The performance of this screening is currently based on the dosage of trypsin immuno reactive, followed in case of exceeding the threshold of a search of the 30 most common mutations, can detect around 96% of 150 to 200 CF cases every year."	( [News in cystic fibrosis]. Delaisi, B, 2013)	0.39
" This was the first 12-week prospective, multicentre, open-label study of the effectiveness and tolerability of flexibly dosed aripiprazole as an augmentation to ongoing antidepressant treatment in patients with chronic or recurrent MDD."	( Aripiprazole augmentation for treatment of patients with chronic or recurrent major depressive disorder: a 12-week prospective open-label multicentre study. Cho, SJ; Choi, JH; Hahn, SW; Han, C; Jeon, HJ; Jon, DI; Jun, TY; Kim, SG; Kim, W; Kwak, KP; Lee, BC; Pae, CU; Park, EJ; Seo, HJ, 2013)	0.39
" Available experimental evidences and published patents are indicative of broadening the circle of the applications in point of both technological advantages and dosage forms."	( [Pharmaceutical applications of sulfobuthylether-beta-cyclodextrin]. Sebestyén, Z; Szabó, B; Szepesi, K, 2013)	0.39
" Lowering the dosage of aripiprazole or changing the antipsychotic medication might be helpful in this situation."	( Aripiprazole associated urine retention in a male schizophrenia patient. Chang, TG; Chiu, NY; Hsu, WY, )	0.13
"Indacaterol is safe and beneficial for patients with COPD at dosage ≤150 ug."	( Indacaterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chung, VC; Hui, DS; Ma, PH; Tam, WW; Tang, JL, 2013)	0.39
" As a fixed-dose combination tablet given once daily, EFV/FTC/TDF was the first available STR combining efficacy, tolerability and convenience, with the simplest dosing schedule and smallest numbers of pills of any ART combination therapy."	( Single-tablet regimens in HIV: does it really make a difference? Aldir, I; Horta, A; Serrado, M, 2014)	0.4
"This was a 6-week prospective, multicenter, open-label study with flexibly dosed adjunctive aripiprazole."	( Augmentation of aripiprazole for depressed patients with an inadequate response to antidepressant treatment: a 6-week prospective, open-label, multicenter study. Bahk, WM; Jon, DI; Kim, DH; Kim, MD; Kwon, YJ; Min, KJ; Pae, CU; Seo, HJ; Suh, HS; Yang, JC, )	0.13
" Compared to baseline values, the R-methadone mean area under the concentration-time curve to the end of the dosing period (AUCtau) (5,550 versus 6,210 h · ng/ml) and mean maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) (316 versus 337 ng/ml) did not significantly increase in the presence of EVG/COBI."	( Investigation of the interactions between methadone and elvitegravir-cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic methadone maintenance. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, X; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.39
" Concerning adherence with drug treatment and real-life management in respect to long-acting β2-agonists, once-daily dosing makes indacaterol more convenient for COPD patients and is likely to enhance patient adherence."	( Role of indacaterol and the newer very long-acting β2-agonists in patients with stable COPD: a review. Incorvaia, C; Montagni, M; Olivieri, E; Riario-Sforza, GG; Ridolo, E, 2013)	0.39
"This study investigated the dosing patterns for aripiprazole augmentation for major depressive disorder (MDD) in a naturalistic treatment setting."	( Aripiprazole augmentation for major depressive disorder: dosing patterns in a naturalistic treatment setting. Han, C; Lee, SJ; Masand, PS; Pae, CU; Patkar, AA; Wang, SM, 2014)	0.4
" Further studies are necessary to evaluate both neuroprotective efficacy and optimal dosage of laquinimod in more detail."	( Review of laquinimod and its therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. Gold, R; Thöne, J, 2013)	0.39
"A 65-year-old man developed severe hyponatremia after an aripiprazole dosage increase."	( Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone associated with aripiprazole. Jackson, EA; Kwan, BK; Yam, FK, 2013)	0.39
" Indacaterol is a novel, inhaled, long-acting β2-agonist, with rapid onset of action and once-daily dosing providing 24-hour bronchodilation."	( New developments in the management of COPD: clinical utility of indacaterol 75 μg. Archontogeorgis, K; Bouros, D; Nena, E; Steiropoulos, P, 2014)	0.4
" Ancillary analyses indicated that tolerability was less favourable in younger (10-12 years) than in older (≥13 years) subjects, and less favourable with the higher (30 mg/day) than the lower dosage (10 mg/day)."	( Aripiprazole: a review of its use in the treatment of manic episodes in adolescents with bipolar I disorder. McKeage, K, 2014)	0.4
", self-administration) sessions and 1 dose-response session, were conducted (once during the lead-in and twice after randomization)."	( Aripiprazole effects on self-administration and pharmacodynamics of intravenous cocaine and cigarette smoking in humans. Campbell, C; Lofwall, MR; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2014)	0.4
"Human colon cancer cells with different RAS-RAF mutation status (HCT-116, HT-29, SW-480, CaCO2 and LS174T) were treated with a combination of Dovitinib and Oxaliplatin at low dosage followed by assays to investigate the effect of the combination on cell proliferation, cell migration, cell apoptosis and signaling pathways involved in molecular mechanism of drug(s)."	( Dovitinib synergizes with oxaliplatin in suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells regardless of RAS-RAF mutation status. Ann, V; Chang, VH; Chen, L; Gaur, S; Hsu, NY; Lin, WC; Shia, HS; Wang, Y; Yen, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In phase 1, single-blind aripiprazole was flexibly dosed (2-15 mg/d) for 13-26 weeks."	( A randomized controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole in the long-term maintenance treatment of pediatric patients with irritability associated with autistic disorder. Amatniek, J; Eudicone, JM; Findling, RL; Lears, K; Mankoski, R; Marcus, RN; McCartney, T; McQuade, RD; Sheehan, JJ; Timko, K, 2014)	0.4
"To determine if oral dosing with the CFTR-potentiator ivacaftor (VX-770, Kalydeco) improves CFTR-dependent sweating in CF subjects carrying G551D or R117H-5T mutations, we optically measured sweat secretion from 32-143 individually identified glands in each of 8 CF subjects; 6 F508del/G551D, one G551D/R117H-5T, and one I507del/R117H-5T."	( A little CFTR goes a long way: CFTR-dependent sweat secretion from G551D and R117H-5T cystic fibrosis subjects taking ivacaftor. Char, JE; Cho, HJ; Davies, Z; Dunn, C; Frisbee, E; Jeong, JH; Milla, C; Moss, RB; Park, IH; Thomas, EA; Wine, JJ; Wolfe, MH, 2014)	0.4
" All patients were titrated on iloperidone to 6mg BID by Day 4, then flexibly dosing between 6 and 12mg BID, as needed."	( A trial evaluating gradual- or immediate-switch strategies from risperidone, olanzapine, or aripiprazole to iloperidone in patients with schizophrenia. Alva, G; Brams, M; Citrome, L; Glick, ID; Hochfeld, M; Jackson, R; Kianifard, F; Mattingly, G; Meng, X; Pestreich, L; Weiden, PJ; Winseck, A, 2014)	0.4
" The geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval [CI]) for EVG area under the concentration-time curve over the dosing interval (AUCtau) and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) were 135% (103%, 177%) and 141% (109%, 183%), respectively."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of boosted elvitegravir in subjects with hepatic impairment. Custodio, JM; Kearney, BP; Ling, KH; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, M; Shen, G, 2014)	0.4
" In the quinolone allergic population, ofloxacin elicited inhibition of the 4 positive QA-specific IgE sera tested, in a dose-response manner."	( Immediate allergic hypersensitivity to quinolones associates with neuromuscular blocking agent sensitization. Bérard, F; Bienvenu, F; Bienvenu, J; Diot, N; Dubost, R; Guilloux, L; Mullet, C; Nosbaum, A; Piriou, V; Rouzaire, P, )	0.13
" When dual bronchodilation is indicated, QVA149 offers the convenience of two bronchodilators in a single inhaler coupled with a simple, once-daily dosing regimen that may encourage better treatment adherence."	( QVA149 (indacaterol/glycopyrronium fixed-dose combination): a review of its use in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Frampton, JE, 2014)	0.4
" A low dosage of phenobarbital caused a significant increase of the generalized seizure threshold in the L-701,324 pre-treated group, whereas it did not exert a comparable effect in animals that received vehicle during the massive kindling phase."	( Pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site antagonist L-701,324 improves pharmacosensitivity in a mouse kindling model. Aronica, E; Gorter, J; Potschka, H; Salvamoser, JD; Soerensen, J; van Vliet, EA; Zellinger, C, 2014)	0.4
" The grade of gastric mucosal injuries was evaluated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy before and after dosing (on day 0 and day 14), and the grade of gastric mucosal injury was assessed according to the modified Lanza score."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of rebamipide for gastric mucosal injury taking aspirin with or without clopidogrel. Fukui, H; Hida, N; Hori, K; Miwa, H; Nakamura, S; Ogawa, T; Ohda, Y; Okugawa, T; Oshima, T; Tomita, T; Tozawa, K; Watari, J, 2014)	0.4
" The proposed methods have been successfully applied to the analysis of REB in pharmaceutical dosage forms without interference from other dosage form excipients."	( Stability-indicating determination of rebamipide in the presence of its acid degradation products. Abbas, SS; El-Bardicy, MG; Essam, HA; Zaazaa, HE, )	0.13
" Once-a-day dolutegravir dosing also does not require a pharmacokinetic booster like elvitegravir which minimizes the drug-drug interaction potential of dolutegravir."	( Dolutegravir for the treatment of adult patients with HIV-1 infection. Abraham, T; Saad, N; Wu, G, 2014)	0.4
" As a stand-alone agent, elvitegravir will require twice-daily dosing to achieve effective viral reductions."	( Elvitegravir for the treatment of HIV infection. Reviriego, C, 2014)	0.4
"Indacaterol is an inhaled, ultra-long-acting β2-agonist that provides 24-h bronchodilation with once-daily dosing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of inhaled indacaterol in healthy Chinese volunteers. Emotte, C; Jiang, J; Khindri, S; Li, L; Li, R; Pei, H; Woessner, R; Yin, H, 2015)	0.42
"Pill burden, dosing frequency, and concerns about safety and tolerability are important obstacles to maintaining adequate medication adherence."	( Switching from twice-daily raltegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine to once-daily elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in virologically suppressed, HIV-1-infected subjects: 48 weeks data. Brinson, C; Cao, H; Cheng, A; Crofoot, G; Ebrahimi, R; Garner, W; Kulkarni, R; Mills, A; Ortiz, R; Rashbaum, B; Szwarcberg, J; Towner, W; Ward, D, )	0.13
" Analyses were performed assuming dosing of clinical trials, real-world practice, PIs, and highest therapeutic dose available, because of variation in practice settings."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" When PI dosing was assumed, this ICER increased to US$19,968/relapse averted."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" Under various dosing scenarios, AOM results indicated fewer relapses at lower overall costs or a reasonable cost-effectiveness threshold (i."	( Cost-effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly compared with paliperidone palmitate once-monthly injectable for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States. Baker, RA; Bentley, TG; Citrome, L; Eramo, A; Gutierrez, B; Hansen, K; Kamat, SA; Ortendahl, J; Sapin, C, 2014)	0.4
" Concerning the real-life management, in respect to LABA, the OD dosing makes indacaterol more convenient for COPD patients and is likely to positively influence the patient's adherence."	( Indacaterol in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: From Clinical Trials to Daily Practice. Incorvaia, C; Montagni, M; Riario-Sforza, E; Riario-Sforza, GG; Ridolo, E, 2014)	0.4
" The optimized RBM-SD was formulated in tablet dosage form, containing approximately 2 % sodium lauryl sulphate and poloxamer F68 as wetting agents."	( Development of a rebamipide solid dispersion system with improved dissolution and oral bioavailability. Choi, HG; Choi, IS; Choi, JY; Kim, JO; Pradhan, R; Tran, TH; Yong, CS, 2015)	0.42
"Patients with HIV on antiretroviral therapy might benefit from regimen simplification to reduce pill burden and dosing frequency."	( Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results o Arribas, JR; Di Perri, G; Ebrahimi, R; Gathe, J; Nguyen, T; Pialoux, G; Piontkowsky, D; Reynes, J; Tebas, P; White, K, 2014)	0.4
" Volunteers treated with 250 to 750 mg nemonoxacin exhibited a linear dose-response relationship between the AUC0-72 h and AUC0-∞."	( Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy chinese volunteers. Cao, GY; Chen, YC; Guo, BN; Shi, YG; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Yu, JC; Zhang, J; Zhang, YY, 2014)	0.4
" Combining these drugs to maximize rescue of ΔF508 CFTR may require changes in dosing and/or development of new potentiator compounds that do not interfere with CFTR stability."	( Potentiator ivacaftor abrogates pharmacological correction of ΔF508 CFTR in cystic fibrosis. Boucher, RC; Cholon, DM; Das, J; Dokholyan, NV; Esther, CR; Fulcher, ML; Gentzsch, M; Quinney, NL; Randell, SH, 2014)	0.4
" This finding suggests the need to increase the dosage during pregnancy in order to maintain stable PLs."	( A safety evaluation of aripiprazole for treating schizophrenia during pregnancy and puerperium. Gentile, S, 2014)	0.4
" His TD always improved immediately after the dosage was shifted to aripiprazole."	( Suppression of antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia with aripiprazole in an elderly patient with bipolar I disorder. Chan, HY; Tan, HK; Wu, WY, 2014)	0.4
" Indacaterol was developed using a combination of informed drug design and molecular chemistry to generate a β2-adrenergic agonist with a fast onset and long duration of action, enabling once-daily dosing with an acceptable safety profile."	( Turning a molecule into a medicine: the development of indacaterol as a novel once-daily bronchodilator treatment for patients with COPD. Beeh, KM; Dahl, R; Dederichs, J; Donohue, J; Fülle, HJ; Higgins, M; Molimard, M; Murphy, L; Rennard, S; Young, D, 2014)	0.4
" Following optimization of the propranolol dosing regimen (study 1), we conducted a five-period crossover study (study 2) in which subjects received the following treatments: dry powder inhaler (DPI) GSK961081 400 µg + oral placebo, DPI GSK961081 1,200 µg + oral placebo, DPI GSK961081 400 µg + oral propranolol 80 mg, DPI GSK961081 1,200 µg + oral propranolol 80 mg and DPI and oral placebo."	( Use of propranolol blockade to explore the pharmacology of GSK961081, a bi-functional bronchodilator, in healthy volunteers: results from two randomized trials. Ambery, C; Norris, V, 2014)	0.4
" RESULTS were adjusted for initial prescriber, initial medication, dosing regimen and relevant comorbidities."	( Impact of multiple-dose versus single-dose inhaler devices on COPD patients' persistence with long-acting β₂-agonists: a dispensing database analysis. Dekhuijzen, PN; Postma, MJ; van Boven, JF; van der Galiën, R; van der Molen, T; van Raaij, JJ; Vegter, S, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study is to assess urine levels of aripiprazole and metabolites among patients receiving steady-state dosing of aripiprazole."	( Quantitative levels of aripiprazole parent drug and metabolites in urine. Buckley, P; Corwin, MJ; Dretchen, K; McEvoy, J; Millet, RA; Morris, AA, 2014)	0.4
"One hundred fifty adults, judged compliant with a stable aripiprazole regimen, had observed dosing for 5 consecutive days."	( Quantitative levels of aripiprazole parent drug and metabolites in urine. Buckley, P; Corwin, MJ; Dretchen, K; McEvoy, J; Millet, RA; Morris, AA, 2014)	0.4
" This study aimed to determine abediterol doses with similar peak bronchodilatory effect to salbutamol 400 μg, and duration of action compatible with once-daily dosing in patients with persistent, stable asthma."	( A dose-ranging study of the bronchodilator effects of abediterol (LAS100977), a long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist, in asthma; a Phase II, randomized study. Astbury, C; de Miquel, G; Massana, E; Pujol, H; Ribera, A; Ruiz, S; Seoane, B; Singh, D, 2014)	0.4
" After multiple oral doses, steady state was achieved after 7 days of dosing (400 or 800 mg QD and 600 mg BID) and accumulation was dose-independent."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of setrobuvir, an orally administered hepatitis C virus non-nucleoside analogue inhibitor. Appleman, JR; Crowley, CA; Freddo, JL; Mallalieu, NL; Rahimy, MH; Smith, PF, 2014)	0.4
" A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the cumulative fraction of response of any dosing regimen was nearly 100% against Streptococcus pneumoniae."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple-dose intravenous nemonoxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Cao, GY; Chang, LW; Chang, YT; Chen, YC; Guo, BN; Shi, YG; Tsai, CY; Wu, JF; Wu, XJ; Ye, XY; Yu, JC; Zhang, J; Zhang, YY; Zhu, DM, 2015)	0.42
" Dosing with dizocilpine (0."	( Improvement of dizocilpine-induced social recognition deficits in mice by brexpiprazole, a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator. Futamura, T; Hashimoto, K; Yoshimi, N, 2015)	0.42
" Our results indicated that IV dosage of MTX-DOX is more effective than free DOX (12 fold) in inhibiting the activity of MMP-2 in OSCCs (P<0."	( Oral and IV dosages of doxorubicin-methotrexate loaded- nanoparticles inhibit progression of oral cancer by down- regulation of matrix Methaloproteinase 2 expression in vivo. Abbasi, MM; Hamishehkar, H; Jahanban-Esfahlan, R; Khiavi, MM; Monfaredan, A; Seidi, K, 2014)	0.4
" In a phase 2b trial, batefenterol produced statistical and clinically significant differences compared to placebo and numerically greater improvements in the primary end point of trough FEV1 compared to salmeterol after 4 weeks of dosing in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."	( Discovery of (R)-1-(3-((2-chloro-4-(((2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)piperidin-4-yl [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate (TD-5959, GSK961081, batefenterol): first-in-class dual pharmac Chen, Y; Hegde, SS; Hughes, AD; Jasper, JR; Jaw-Tsai, S; Lee, TW; Mammen, M; McNamara, A; Pulido-Rios, MT; Steinfeld, T, 2015)	0.42
" To constitute morphine tolerance, we used a 3 day cumulative dosing regimen."	( Attenuation of morphine antinociceptive tolerance by cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonists. Altun, A; Bagcivan, I; Durmus, N; Gursoy, S; Ozdemir, E; Yildirim, K, 2015)	0.42
"Escalating dose cohorts of daily erlotinib and dovitinib dosed 5 days on/2 days off, starting after a 2-week lead-in of erlotinib alone, were planned."	( Dovitinib and erlotinib in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A drug-drug interaction. Das, M; Frymoyer, A; Neal, JW; Padda, SK; Riess, JW; Wakelee, HA; Zhou, L, 2015)	0.42
" We evaluated the effect of daily dosing with armodafinil on the pharmacokinetics and safety of the CYP3A4 substrate aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic used to treat bipolar I disorder."	( Evaluation of Potential Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interaction between Armodafinil and Aripiprazole in Healthy Adults. Bond, M; Darwish, M; Hellriegel, ET; Robertson, P; Yang, R, 2015)	0.42
"This article reviews the clinical pharmacology, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, clinical efficacy and tolerability, drug interactions, and dosing and administration of cobicistat."	( Cobicistat: Review of a Pharmacokinetic Enhancer for HIV Infection. Gauthier, TP; Schafer, JJ; Sherman, EM; Unger, NR; Worley, MV, 2015)	0.42
"With potent durability through 48 weeks, a tolerability profile comparable to other first- and second-line antiretroviral therapies, and a convenient dosing schedule with low daily pill burden in fixed-dose combination tablets, cobicistat is a potential addition to the management of HIV infection as a PK enhancer."	( Cobicistat: Review of a Pharmacokinetic Enhancer for HIV Infection. Gauthier, TP; Schafer, JJ; Sherman, EM; Unger, NR; Worley, MV, 2015)	0.42
"Rats were given either vehicle or rebamipide (30 mg/kg) orally twice daily for two days, then on the third day respective groups were dosed with either vehicle, celecoxib (40 mg/kg), or diclofenac (10 mg/kg) in addition to a respective dose of vehicle or rebamipide."	( Celecoxib or diclofenac hepatic status in the presence or absence of rebamipide. Denham, JW; Harirforoosh, S; Murrell, DE; Panus, PC; Rahmasari, Y, 2015)	0.42
" For dolutegravir, plasma terminal elimination t1/2 to the last measurable concentration (within 216 h) was longer than its t1/2 within the dosing interval (0-24 h): 14."	( Dolutegravir and elvitegravir plasma concentrations following cessation of drug intake. Amara, A; Back, D; Boffito, M; Elliot, E; Else, L; Jackson, A; Khoo, S; Moyle, G; Owen, A, 2016)	0.43
"Three spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for determination of indacaterol (IND) and glycopyrronium (GLY) in their binary mixtures and novel pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of indacaterol and glycopyrronium in a newly approved pharmaceutical formulation using different signal processing techniques of ratio spectra. Abdel Ghany, MF; Hussein, LA; Magdy, N; Yamani, HZ, 2016)	0.43
" Simulations based on the final model served to compare expected drug concentrations under standard and alternative dosage regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of elvitegravir and cobicistat in HIV-1-infected individuals. Aouri, M; Barceló, C; Buclin, T; Cavassini, M; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Gaspar, F; Guidi, M; Panchaud, A; Rotger, M, 2016)	0.43
" New information about cardiovascular events is prompting the discontinuation of higher dosing regimens in both ongoing trials."	( Laquinimod in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Hainke, U; Thomas, K; Ziemssen, T, 2016)	0.43
"Cobicistat and ritonavir are structurally distinct compounds that both potently inhibit cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, the metabolizing enzyme primarily responsible for the elimination of several antiretroviral medications, and, as such, are pharmacokinetic boosters for antiretroviral agents that require longer dosing intervals."	( Drug Interactions with Cobicistat- or Ritonavir-Boosted Elvitegravir. Custodio, JM; McNicholl, I; Nguyen, T; Piontkowsky, D; Szwarcberg, J, )	0.13
" In our monotherapy assessments, we found that ATV functioned as a single-dose curative compound in suppressive tests whereas ELQ-300 demonstrated a unique cumulative dosing effect that successfully blocked recrudescence even in a high-parasitemia acute infection model."	( Atovaquone and ELQ-300 Combination Therapy as a Novel Dual-Site Cytochrome bc1 Inhibition Strategy for Malaria. Forquer, IP; Kelly, JX; Li, Y; Morrisey, JM; Nilsen, A; Pou, S; Riscoe, MK; Smilkstein, MJ; Stickles, AM; Vaidya, AB; Winter, RW, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of this study was to evaluate flexibly dosed brexpiprazole for early-episode schizophrenia through the assessment of efficacy, social functioning, and tolerability."	( The effect of brexpiprazole in adult outpatients with early-episode schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Baker, RA; Malla, A; Nagamizu, K; Ota, A; Perry, P; Weiller, E, 2016)	0.43
" Patients could continue to receive dovitinib capsules on the same dosing schedule during the post-bioequivalence phase."	( Randomized phase 1 crossover study assessing the bioequivalence of capsule and tablet formulations of dovitinib (TKI258) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Becerra, C; Bruce, J; Carlson, G; Chung, V; Goel, S; Infante, J; Kabbinavar, F; Lockhart, AC; Munster, P; Pant, S; Patel, MR; Sarantopoulos, J; Scott, JW; Sharma, S; Tan, E; Tawbi, H; Yang, S, 2016)	0.43
" Elvitegravir, cobicistat and darunavir concentrations at the end of the dosing interval ( C 24 ) were quantified using a validated LC with tandem MS method."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir and darunavir in HIV-infected patients. Benmarzouk-Hidalgo, OJ; Espinosa, N; Fernandez-Magdaleno, T; Gutierrez-Valencia, A; Llaves, S; Lopez-Cortes, LF; Viciana, P, 2017)	0.46
"The results provide evidence of similar elvitegravir and darunavir C 24 concentrations when these drugs are co-administered as co-formulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus 800 mg darunavir or dosed separately."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between cobicistat-boosted elvitegravir and darunavir in HIV-infected patients. Benmarzouk-Hidalgo, OJ; Espinosa, N; Fernandez-Magdaleno, T; Gutierrez-Valencia, A; Llaves, S; Lopez-Cortes, LF; Viciana, P, 2017)	0.46
" The pretreatment period, dosing frequency, and dose dependency of rebamipide were examined."	( Intra-oral administration of rebamipide liquid prevents tongue injuries induced by X-ray irradiation in rats. Nakashima, T; Sakurai, K; Uematsu, N, 2017)	0.46
"Brexpiprazole showed efficacy for the treatment of schizophrenia in the range of 2 to 4 mg/d and as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in MDD when dosed at 2 to 3 mg/d."	( Brexpiprazole. Gallipani, A; Markovic, M; Maroney, M; Patel, KH, 2017)	0.46
" The pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobials in these patients differ significantly from the patient groups from whose data the conventional dosing regimens were developed."	( The role of infection models and PK/PD modelling for optimising care of critically ill patients with severe infections. Bassetti, M; Brüggemann, RJ; Bulitta, JB; De Waele, JJ; Felton, TW; Friberg, LE; Marchand, S; Nielsen, EI; Ramos Martín, V; Roberts, JA; Tam, VH; Tängdén, T; Theuretzbacher, U; Tsuji, BT; Wareham, DW, 2017)	0.46
"5mg/kg) and 5-day repeated dosing at the highest doses achievable (IMA-08401: 100mg/kg/day; and IMA-07101: 75mg/kg/day)."	( Toxicological characterisation of two novel selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators in Sprague-Dawley rats. Esteban, J; Håkansson, H; Lindén, J; Mahiout, S; Pettersson, L; Pohjanvirta, R; Sánchez-Pérez, I; Sankari, S, 2017)	0.46
"Methacholine dose-response curves illustrate pharmacologic bronchoprotection against methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and can be used to quantitate changes in airway sensitivity (position), reactivity (slope), and maximal responsiveness following drug administration."	( The effect of glycopyrronium and indacaterol, as monotherapy and in combination, on the methacholine dose-response curve of mild asthmatics: a randomized three-way crossover study. Blais, CM; Cockcroft, DW; Davis, BE, 2017)	0.46
"Methacholine dose-response curves differentiate the bronchoprotective mechanisms triggered by different classes of asthma medications."	( The effect of glycopyrronium and indacaterol, as monotherapy and in combination, on the methacholine dose-response curve of mild asthmatics: a randomized three-way crossover study. Blais, CM; Cockcroft, DW; Davis, BE, 2017)	0.46
"Standard elvitegravir and cobicistat dosing during pregnancy results in significantly lower exposure which may increase the risk of virologic failure and mother-to-child transmission."	( Elvitegravir/cobicistat pharmacokinetics in pregnant and postpartum women with HIV. Acosta, EP; Badell, ML; Barr, E; Best, BM; Burchett, S; Capparelli, EV; Chakhtoura, N; Mirochnick, M; Momper, JD; Park, K; Purswani, M; Shapiro, DE; Smith, E; Stek, A; Wang, J, 2018)	0.48
"Laquinimod is an orally dosed immuno-modulator currently under development for Huntington's disease (HD)."	( The effect of laquinimod, a novel immuno-modulator in development to treat Huntington disease, on the pharmacokinetics of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy young women. Bar-Ilan, O; Dror, V; Elgart, A; Korver, T; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Zur, AA, 2019)	0.51
" At baseline (pre-switch) and at 12 weeks post-switch, we measured HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma (SP) and blood plasma (BP), tenofovir (TFV) in SP and BP, and TFV-diphosphate (dp) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and seminal mononuclear cells (SMCs) at the end of the dosing interval (C24h)."	( Seminal Tenofovir Concentrations, Viral Suppression, and Semen Quality With Tenofovir Alafenamide, Compared With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network, PreEC/RIS 40). Cottrell, ML; Garcia, B; Imaz, A; Kashuba, ADM; Morenilla, S; Niubó, J; Perez, E; Podzamczer, D; Tiraboschi, JM, 2019)	0.51
"A sensitive, selective and precise high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the quantification of Brexpiprazole in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Stability Indicating TLC Method for Quantification of Brexpiprazole in Bulk and Its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Determination of Content Uniformity. Chhalotiya, UK; Desai, JV; Parekh, N; Shah, DA; Thakkar, AM, 2019)	0.51
" Combined with its favorable features, such as a low dosing frequency and a 5 days treatment regimen, ozenoxacin 1% cream is an important option for the treatment of impetigo for pediatric and adult populations."	( Topical Ozenoxacin Cream 1% for Impetigo: A Review Andriessen, A; Bhatia, N; Grada, A; Patele, D; Schachner, L, 2019)	0.51
"High urine FTC and TFV concentrations could provide an indication of adherence to daily oral dosing with TDF or TAF-based regimens used for treatment and prevention."	( Brief Report: Urine Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Concentrations Provide Markers of Recent Antiretroviral Drug Exposure Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men. Conway-Washington, C; Dinh, C; Fountain, J; Haaland, RE; Hall, L; Holder, A; Kelley, CF; Livermont, T; Lupo, LD; Martin, A, 2019)	0.51
" Cilostamide at the high dosage (20 μM) also upregulated GJA1 expression."	( Cilostamide and forskolin maintain gap junction function of incubated dog follicles. Brown, M; Chansaenroj, A; Doriguzzi, N; Nagashima, J; Songsasen, N; Thongkittidilok, C, 2020)	0.56
"Tailoring medication dosing for the individual patient is complex, and many factors can influence drug exposure."	( Impact of age and CYP2D6 genetics on exposure of aripiprazole and dehydroaripiprazole in patients using long-acting injectable versus oral formulation: relevance of poor and intermediate metabolizer status. Correll, CU; Høiseth, G; Molden, E; Smith, RL; Tveito, M, 2020)	0.56
" Due to its extremely low solubility in water, it was difficult to develop an injectable liquid dosage form."	( Injected laquinimod D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate polymeric micelles for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Chen, R; Tong, M; Wang, L; Xu, H; Xue, P; Yang, W; Yao, Q; Yuan, J; Zhao, Y; ZhuGe, D, 2020)	0.56
"The dose-response relationships of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia are not well defined, but such information would be important for decision making by clinicians."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
" Dose-response curves were constructed with random-effects dose-response meta-analyses and a spline model."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
" For some drugs, higher than currently licensed doses might be tested in further trials, because their dose-response curves did not plateau."	( Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic Drugs for Acute Schizophrenia. Crippa, A; Davis, JM; Leucht, S; Orsini, N; Patel, MX; Siafis, S, 2020)	0.56
"A simple and precise novel stability-indicating method for the simultaneous estimation of tezacaftor and ivacaftor in combined tablet dosage form was developed and validated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)."	( Development and Validation of a Novel Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Tezacaftor and Ivacaftor in Fixed Dose Combination. Bansal, P; Chauhan, Y; Maithani, M; Singh, N, 2020)	0.56
" To determine the drug-drug interaction potential of laquinimod with CYP3A inhibitors and inducers, interaction assessments were conducted in healthy volunteers using single-dose administration of laquinimod before and after multiple dosing of CYP3A inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and cimetidine) or a CYP3A4 inducer (rifampin)."	( The Effect of CYP3A Induction and Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod, a Novel Neuroimmunomodulator. Elgart, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Loupe, PS; Mimrod, D; Spiegelstein, O; Weiss, S; Zur, AA, 2020)	0.56
" The results support the recommendation against elvitegravir/cobicistat use during pregnancy, as the elvitegravir concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctrough) was reduced by 77%, with 85% of pregnant women having a Ctrough below the effective concentration (EC90)."	( Clinically Significant Lower Elvitegravir Exposure During the Third Trimester of Pregnant Patients Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Data From the Pharmacokinetics of ANtiretroviral agents in HIV-infected pregNAnt women (PANNA) Network. Bukkems, V; Burger, D; Colbers, A; Garcia, C; Konopnicki, D; Lambert, JS; Necsoi, C; Rockstroh, J; Schwarze-Zander, C; Tenorio, CH, 2020)	0.56
"Current dosing strategies of CFTR modulators are based on serum pharmacokinetics, but drug concentrations in target tissues such as airway epithelia are not known."	( Accumulation and persistence of ivacaftor in airway epithelia with prolonged treatment. Cholon, DM; Esther, CR; Gentzsch, M; Guhr Lee, TN; Quinney, NL, 2020)	0.56
" Direct measurement of drugs in target tissues may be needed to optimize dosing strategies, and the persistence of CFTR modulators after treatment cessation has implications for personalized medicine approaches."	( Accumulation and persistence of ivacaftor in airway epithelia with prolonged treatment. Cholon, DM; Esther, CR; Gentzsch, M; Guhr Lee, TN; Quinney, NL, 2020)	0.56
" Tipifarnib was dosed orally twice daily."	( Tipifarnib in recurrent, metastatic HRAS-mutant salivary gland cancer. Aggarwal, R; Brose, M; Chau, NG; Cohen, EEW; Gualberto, A; Guenette, JP; Hanna, GJ; Ho, AL; Metcalf, R; Pérez-Ruiz, E; Razaq, M; Sayehli, CM; Scholz, C; Wilhelm, C; Wong, DJ, 2020)	0.56
" We report results of a 3 + 3 dose-escalation Phase 1 study for twice-daily (BID) dosing of LY3023414 monotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced malignancies."	( Phase 1 dose-escalation study of a novel oral PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor, LY3023414, in patients with cancer. Asou, H; Doi, T; Funai, T; Inoue, K; Kondo, S; Ranka, VK; Tajimi, M; Wacheck, V, 2020)	0.56
" Here, we describe a computational model (COMBAT-COmputational Model of Bacterial Antibiotic Target-binding) that can quantitatively predict antibiotic dose-response relationships."	( Drug-target binding quantitatively predicts optimal antibiotic dose levels in quinolones. Abel Zur Wiesch, P; Abel, S; Clarelli, F; Cohen, T; Lauksund, S; Palmer, A; Singh, B; Storflor, M, 2020)	0.56
" The observed differences may be caused by the difference in dosing between the two regimens."	( Long-acting dual bronchodilator therapy (indacaterol/glycopyrronium) versus nebulized short-acting dual bronchodilator (salbutamol/ipratropium) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Carpaij, OA; Kerstjens, HAM; Niemeijer, A; Seigers, D; van Geffen, WH; Vonk, JM; Westbroek, LF, 2020)	0.56
" Correlations between CIP and ENR with TP were significant, while OFX was positively associated with total nitrogen (TN) which mainly originated from urban sewage as well as directly dosed drugs in fish farms."	( Occurrence, distribution, and health risk assessment of quinolone antibiotics in water, sediment, and fish species of Qingshitan reservoir, South China. Bashir, S; Chen, Z; Huang, L; Kang, B; Mo, Y; Rad, S; Song, X; Wu, Z; Zeng, H, 2020)	0.56
" This study demonstrated that crenigacestat combined with different anticancer agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) was poorly tolerated, leading to lowered dosing and disappointing clinical activity in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors."	( A phase 1b study of the Notch inhibitor crenigacestat (LY3039478) in combination with other anticancer target agents (taladegib, LY3023414, or abemaciclib) in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Anderson, B; Azaro, A; Benhadji, KA; Cassier, PA; Italiano, A; Massard, C; Merchan, J; Oakley, G; Pant, S; Tap, WD; Yu, D; Yuen, E, 2021)	0.62
"To optimize the dosing regimen in patients with severe renal impairment based on population pharmacokinetic (PPK)/pharmacodynamic analysis."	( Nemonoxacin dosage adjustment in patients with severe renal impairment based on population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Guo, B; Hu, J; Kang, Y; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, J; Wang, K; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Xu, X; Xue, J; Yu, J; Zeng, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2021)	0.62
"An extended dosing interval (0."	( Nemonoxacin dosage adjustment in patients with severe renal impairment based on population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. Chen, Y; Fan, Y; Guo, B; Hu, J; Kang, Y; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, J; Wang, K; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Wu, J; Xu, X; Xue, J; Yu, J; Zeng, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2021)	0.62
" This might indicate that the current recommended dose of ivacaftor is at the top of the dose-response curve and that some patients can be treated with lower doses of ivacaftor with similar clinical effect."	( Breast development in a 7 year old girl with CF treated with ivacaftor: An indication for personalized dosing? Beekman, JM; Berkers, G; Heijerman, HG; Jeyaratnam, J; van der Ent, CK; van der Meer, R, 2021)	0.62
" Additionally, these simulations suggest that CYP2D6 PMs consistently achieve lower minimum concentrations during the dosing interval than CYP2D6 EMs."	( Brexpiprazole Pharmacokinetics in CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers: Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Optimize Time to Effective Concentrations. Bruno, CD; Chow, CR; Elmokadem, A; Greenblatt, DJ; Housand, C; Jordie, EB; Lesko, LJ, 2022)	0.72
" These methods are useful for analysis of REB in pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Development and Validation of Four Spectrophotometric Methods for Assay of Rebamipide and its Impurity: Application to Tablet Dosage Form. Alqarni, MA; El Ghobashy, MR; Farid, NF; Moatamed, RS; Naguib, IA, 2022)	0.72
" The assay is suitable for state-of-the-art pharmacovigilance of CFTR modulator therapy in CF patients, in order to maximize safety and efficacy, and also to establish dose-response relationships in clinical trials."	( Isotope dilution LC-MS/MS quantification of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators ivacaftor, lumacaftor, tezacaftor, elexacaftor, and their major metabolites in human serum. Bruegel, M; Habler, K; Kalla, AS; Nährig, S; Paal, M; Rychlik, M; Teupser, D; Vogeser, M, 2022)	0.72
" In repeat-dose toxicity studies, except for IV bolus dosing related effects in rat (hyperactivity, mild convulsion, polypnoea and injection site irritation) and dog (emesis and salivation), no other adverse findings limiting the dosing duration were observed."	( Preclinical safety evaluation of levonadifloxacin, a novel anti-methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus benzoquinolizine fluoroquinolone by intravenous and oral administration. Gupta, S; Kansagara, A; Nandanwar, M; Patel, A; Patel, M; Patel, MA; Thorve, D; Yeole, R, 2022)	0.72
" Unexpectedly, despite enhanced dissolution rate in a controlled manner, a designed bilayer tablet had no dose- and dosage form dependent in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs as compared with IR 100 mg RBM reference tablet."	( Design and evaluation of in vivo bioavailability in beagle dogs of bilayer tablet consisting of immediate release nanosuspension and sustained release layers of rebamipide. Cao, QR; Cui, JH; Jin, G; Jung, M; Lee, BJ; Ngo, HV; Park, C; Wang, J, 2022)	0.72
" Moreover, the enhancement of potential DAMO rates is positively correlated with the dosage of QNs."	( Quinolone antibiotics enhance denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation in Wetland sediments: Counterintuitive results. Jiang, H; Liu, C; Wang, X; Yang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2022)	0.72
"Brexpiprazole augmentation is an effective treatment strategy for antidepressant-refractory depression, but its optimal dosage remains unclear."	( Optimal dose of brexpiprazole for augmentation therapy of antidepressant-refractory depression: A systematic review and dose-effect meta-analysis. Furukawa, Y; Hamza, T; Kasai, K; Obata, S; Oguro, S; Ostinelli, EG, 2022)	0.72
"To find the optimal dosage of brexpiprazole as augmentation of other antidepressants."	( Optimal dose of brexpiprazole for augmentation therapy of antidepressant-refractory depression: A systematic review and dose-effect meta-analysis. Furukawa, Y; Hamza, T; Kasai, K; Obata, S; Oguro, S; Ostinelli, EG, 2022)	0.72
" We found that patients on ivacaftor monotherapy have variable concentrations well above the maximal effective concentration and may maintain concentrations necessary for the clinical benefit even if dosing is reduced."	( Plasma and cellular ivacaftor concentrations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Acosta, EP; Anderson, JD; Guimbellot, JS; Parker, KL; Rowe, SM; Ryan, KJ; Victoria Odom, L, 2022)	0.72
"Due to the customary delay between medication approvals in adult and adolescent populations, adolescents with schizophrenia may receive off-label antipsychotic treatment, without empirically justified dosing recommendations."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Brexpiprazole to Support its Indication and Dose Selection in Adolescents With Schizophrenia. Cahill, D; Kohegyi, E; Larsen, F; Raoufinia, A; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Ward, C; Zoubroulis, A, 2023)	0.91
" Focusing on another indication, the ongoing RISE trial investigates the optimal dosage of mitapivat in sickle cell disease."	( Mitapivat: A Quinolone Sulfonamide to Manage Hemolytic Anemia in Adults With Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency. Dima, L; Horenstein, M; Kim, A; Silva, MA; Wills, J, )	0.13

Role	Description
bacterial xenobiotic metabolite	Any bacterial metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in bacteria.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
monohydroxyquinoline	A hydroxyquinoline carrying a single hydroxy substituent.
quinolone
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	Giardia intestinalis	Potency	15.8114	0.1409	11.1940	39.8107	AID2451
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	9.4495	0.0079	8.2332	1,122.0200	AID2546; AID2551
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4368	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, serum paraoxonase	Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)	Ki	2.0000	2.0000	2.0000	2.0000	AID977610
Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0930	0.0002	1.1043	9.9000	AID1387634; AID649870; AID649882
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	7.4867	0.0000	1.3726	10.0000	AID1387631; AID649879; AID649891
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	136.6667	0.0000	0.7236	9.9200	AID1387632; AID649878; AID649890
Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5700	0.0002	2.0102	10.0000	AID649877; AID649889
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3600	0.0002	1.9720	9.9200	AID649876; AID649888
Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0330	0.0001	1.4710	9.9200	AID649873; AID649885
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.4100	0.0000	1.2725	9.9000	AID649875; AID649887
Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.4200	0.0002	1.3737	9.9000	AID649872; AID649884
Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0820	0.0001	0.7874	9.9000	AID1387633; AID649871; AID649883
Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0650	0.0003	1.2309	9.8000	AID649869; AID649881
Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	20.0000	0.0021	0.6750	5.1300	AID748132
Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0360	0.0002	1.5099	9.9000	AID649868; AID649880
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.7500	0.0000	1.3412	9.9700	AID649874; AID649886
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
estrous cycle	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide anion generation	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein targeting to membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide metabolic process	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular defense response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide anion generation	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
respiratory burst	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascade	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cadmium ion	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose stimulus	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to testosterone stimulus	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transport	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosterone	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
protein polyubiquitination	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathway	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein poly-ADP-ribosylation	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein auto-ADP-ribosylation	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of telomere capping	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bacterium	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nickel cation binding	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide-generating NAD(P)H oxidase activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
SH3 domain binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate binding	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotidyltransferase activity	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 12	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 3	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phagolysosome	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
NADPH oxidase complex	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Neutrophil cytosol factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Carbonic anhydrase 6	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 7	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 13	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
pericentriolar material	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric region	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 14	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID566699	Inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase at 1 mM after 10 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID566705	Inhibition of human recombinant MMP8 at 1 mM after 30 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649882	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649878	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID748132	Inhibition of auto-PARsylation of GST-tagged TNKS2 PARP domain (947 to 1162) (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) after 2 hrs by LC/MS analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11	Fragment-based ligand design of novel potent inhibitors of tankyrases.
AID649872	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649887	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5A preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649886	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5B preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID238164	Displacement of PRP-1 peptide from mouse Tec kinase SH3 domain by fluorescence polarization; No binding	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-21, Volume: 47, Issue:22	Identification and specificity studies of small-molecule ligands for SH3 protein domains.
AID566703	Inhibition of human recombinant MMP2 at 1 mM after 30 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649873	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 6 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1387634	Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 12 incubated 15 mins prior to testing by CO2 hydration based stopped-flow assay	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-13, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Heterocoumarins Are Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors with Cytotoxic Effects against Cancer Cells Lines.
AID566702	Inhibition of human recombinant MMP1 at 1 mM after 30 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649870	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649871	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649879	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID566700	Inhibition of human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase at 1 mM after 10 mins by fluorescence assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649883	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 9 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1582668	Covalent inhibition of recombinant human His-tagged p47phox SH3A-B domain (151 to 285 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells interaction with Cy5-p22phox149-162 incubated for 10 mins by fluorescence polarization competition assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-13, Volume: 63, Issue:3	Developing Inhibitors of the p47phox-p22phox Protein-Protein Interaction by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery.
AID1387633	Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 9 incubated 15 mins prior to testing by CO2 hydration based stopped-flow assay	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-13, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Heterocoumarins Are Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors with Cytotoxic Effects against Cancer Cells Lines.
AID1387631	Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 1 incubated 15 mins prior to testing by CO2 hydration based stopped-flow assay	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-13, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Heterocoumarins Are Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors with Cytotoxic Effects against Cancer Cells Lines.
AID668288	Cytotoxicity against mouse J774A1 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54	Discovery of a new antileishmanial hit in 8-nitroquinoline series.
AID649889	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 3 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1360418	Antitrypanosomal activity against trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei AnTat 1.9 assessed as decrease in parasite viability after 69 hrs by Alamar Blue assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study.
AID566706	Inhibition of human recombinant MMP9 at 1 mM after 30 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID1360417	Antileishmanial activity against axenic amastigote stage of Leishmania infantum MHOM/MA/67/ITMAP-263 assessed as inhibition of parasite metabolic activity after 48 hrs by luciferase reporter assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study.
AID649875	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5A preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649885	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 6 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1387632	Inhibition of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 2 incubated 15 mins prior to testing by CO2 hydration based stopped-flow assay	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-13, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Heterocoumarins Are Selective Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII Inhibitors with Cytotoxic Effects against Cancer Cells Lines.
AID649884	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 7 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID668283	Antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani MHOM/IN/00/DEVI promastigotes after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54	Discovery of a new antileishmanial hit in 8-nitroquinoline series.
AID1467207	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as reduction in LPS-induced NO production pretreated for 30 mins followed by LPS stimulation for 24 hrs by Griess assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Alkaloids from aerial parts of Houttuynia cordata and their anti-inflammatory activity.
AID1360416	Electrochemical behavior of the compound assessed as redox potential corrected toward normal hydrogen electrode at 10'-3 mol/L by cyclic voltammetry	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study.
AID649877	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 3 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649891	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 1 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649868	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1582677	Binding affinity to immobilized recombinant human His-tagged p47phox SH3A-B domain (151 to 285 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells assessed as maximal response by SPR assay relative to quinolin-2-amine	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-13, Volume: 63, Issue:3	Developing Inhibitors of the p47phox-p22phox Protein-Protein Interaction by Fragment-Based Drug Discovery.
AID668289	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 54	Discovery of a new antileishmanial hit in 8-nitroquinoline series.
AID649890	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649876	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 4 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649888	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 4 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID566701	Inhibition of recombinant anthrax lethal factor at 1 mM after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649881	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 13 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID649869	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 13 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID1360419	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 155	Novel 8-nitroquinolin-2(1H)-ones as NTR-bioactivated antikinetoplastid molecules: Synthesis, electrochemical and SAR study.
AID649874	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 5B preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID566704	Inhibition of human recombinant MMP3 at 1 mM after 30 mins	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID649880	Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated for 15 mins to 72 hrs measured after 6 hrs by stopped flow CO2 hydration method	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6	New chemotypes acting as isozyme-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with low affinity for the offtarget cytosolic isoform II.
AID566707	Inhibition of mouse recombinant iNOS at 1 mM after 40 mins by colorimetric assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 54, Issue:2	Identifying chelators for metalloprotein inhibitors using a fragment-based approach.
AID977610	Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB	2012	Journal of molecular biology, May-04, Volume: 418, Issue:3-4	Catalytic versatility and backups in enzyme active sites: the case of serum paraoxonase 1.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	433 (3.52)	18.7374
1990's	2455 (19.94)	18.2507
2000's	3378 (27.44)	29.6817
2010's	4806 (39.04)	24.3611
2020's	1237 (10.05)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,323 (10.29%)	5.53%
Reviews	1,396 (10.86%)	6.00%
Case Studies	807 (6.28%)	4.05%
Observational	80 (0.62%)	0.25%
Other	9,249 (71.95%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.	2.47	2	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	5.8	3	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.03	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.71	10	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.52	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	5.09	1	1	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	5.98	14	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	4.31	4	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.08	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.43	2	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	17.85	97	38	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
curdlan D-hexose : A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.	2.13	1	0	hexose
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.14	5	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	3.86	11	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.39	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.98	4	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.43	2	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbamates [no description available]	16.87	73	31	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.42	6	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.15	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.43	2	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	7.08	13	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	3.97	2	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.78	2	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	14.97	75	23	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.44	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	4.89	10	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.48	5	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
octane Octanes: Eight-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. octane : A straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms.	2.74	3	0	alkane	xenobiotic
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	2.01	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.39	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.25	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	5.53	4	1	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	8.25	7	3	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.06	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.71	3	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	3.48	1	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	4.93	6	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.92	13	2	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
5,6-dihydroorotate 4,5-dihydroorotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. dihydroorotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; N-acylurea; pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid; secondary amide
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	6.33	11	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.42	7	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	9.33	46	2	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.75	6	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.35	6	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.15	1	0
histamine [no description available]	9.98	23	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
thiocyanic acid thiocyanic acid : A hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom.	2.25	1	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.07	13	1	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	4.3	5	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	3.66	2	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.07	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	15.83	69	30	diatomic iodine	nutrient
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	8.86	22	1	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	4.36	6	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.94	4	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
endolysin lysine-4,4,5,5-d4 : A deuterated compound that is lysne in which the methylene hydrogens at positions 4, 4, 5 and 5 have been replaced by deuterium.	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid; diamino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.63	24	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	2.05	1	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.96	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	6.44	3	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	3.03	4	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	6.92	12	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	13.17	31	13	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.62	8	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.46	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.96	4	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.44	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.21	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.37	1	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.49	2	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.88	3	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.47	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.06	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
pqq cofactor PQQ Cofactor: A pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.. pyrroloquinoline quinone : A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.	11.52	264	0	orthoquinones; pyrroloquinoline cofactor; tricarboxylic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; water-soluble vitamin (role)
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	1.98	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
pteridines [no description available]	3.1	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.05	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.38	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	2.81	3	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.16	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	3.07	5	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine phosphate pyridoxamine phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate : A vitamin B6 phosphate that is the phosphoric ester derivative of pyridoxamine.	1.97	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.42	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.43	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.8	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.44	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.01	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.31	6	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	6.8	6	2	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	3.41	7	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	3.42	7	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.7	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.48	2	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	5.15	3	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.05	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	5.1	2	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.13	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.14	15	2	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.25	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	1.97	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	3.4	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	3.63	9	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	3.09	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.7	3	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.42	2	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	3.1	5	0
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	2.06	1	0	quinolone
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.06	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.42	2	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline: structure in first source. isoquinoline-1,5-diol : An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	2.01	1	0	isoquinolinol	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine 1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.4	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
my 5445 MY 5445: potential platelet aggregation inhibitor	1.97	1	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	4.23	5	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.91	4	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-oleoyl-2-acetoyl-sn-glycerol [no description available]	2.08	1	0
pd 173074 [no description available]	3.21	5	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.75	3	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
beta-resorcylic acid beta-resorcylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.4	2	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	2.44	2	0
2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline n-oxide 2-(n-heptyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide: structure. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain at cytochrome bc1 and of photosynthetic electron flow immediately before cytochrome b559.	2.5	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline
pyrithione pyrithione: split from cephalosporin molecule; some metal complexes of this have fumarate reductase inhibitory activity and may be useful against trypanosomes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pyrithione : A pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.	2.94	4	0	monohydroxypyridine; pyridinethione	ionophore
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.11	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	2.02	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.03	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.69	3	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	1.97	1	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	phenols
3-methoxytyrosine [no description available]	2	1	0	tyrosine derivative
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	1.97	1	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide 4-amino-1,8-naphthalimide: inhibits ADP-ribosylation; sometimes abreviated as 4-AN;	5.51	62	0	benzoisoquinoline; dicarboximide
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	4.32	3	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	6.93	7	4	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.	3.6	3	0	1-pyrroline nitrones	neuroprotective agent; spin trapping reagent
phenytoin [no description available]	2.46	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site	3.26	6	0	quinolines
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.02	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenanthridone phenanthridone: coal tar derivative; structure given in first source. phenanthridone : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.	2.46	2	0	lactam; phenanthridines	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; mutagen
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	2.4	2	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	5.59	5	1	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.48	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.38	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.44	2	0	monoazo compound
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.47	2	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.54	2	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
acridone acridone : A member of the class of acridines that is 9,10-dihydroacridine substituted by an oxo group at position 9.	3.25	1	0	acridines; cyclic ketone
albendazole [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	16.86	69	26	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	4.54	7	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0
alrestatin alrestatin: aldose reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	4.23	3	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.84	2	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	3.41	1	1	aromatic amine
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.48	2	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	2.02	1	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	12.25	52	17	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	3.18	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	11.74	34	3	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	2.49	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.03	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.49	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.38	2	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	4.47	7	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.02	1	0	guanidines
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.99	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	8.52	20	8	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	3.81	2	1	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	3.52	2	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.38	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.08	1	0	azobenzenes
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	4.99	7	0
baclofen [no description available]	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.97	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	3.87	4	0	benzamides
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.93	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.73	3	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	3.31	2	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.43	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.72	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	2.44	2	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	1.98	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.07	1	0
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.38	1	1	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	2.75	3	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
caffeine [no description available]	7.25	9	4	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.42	2	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.39	11	2	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.01	1	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	3.24	6	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	5.8	12	2	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	5.34	12	1	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	6.45	7	2
cetraxate [no description available]	3.13	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.46	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.46	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.72	3	0	benzodiazepine
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.94	11	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.67	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	8.6	9	1	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.25	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cilostamide cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure	9.45	161	0	quinolines
cilostazol [no description available]	5.72	7	1	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	7.16	13	3	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	3.92	13	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	17.47	727	42	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	3.38	1	1	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	13.57	36	11	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	3.63	9	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	6.35	6	2	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.43	7	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.81	3	0	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.07	3	1	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2.07	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.07	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	2.41	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	4.35	6	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
denbufylline denbufylline: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	oxopurine
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	3.15	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	3.5	1	1	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	6.1	16	2	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	3.26	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.42	2	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	6.83	17	4	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.92	4	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	1.97	1	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.48	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.68	3	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.06	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	4	4	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
distigmine distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.	2.02	1	0	carbamate ester; pyridinium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; muscarinic agonist
disulfiram [no description available]	3.12	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	14.27	38	11	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.31	1	0
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.09	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	2.17	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	2.5	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	1.97	1	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	1.99	1	0	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.25	1	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	2.94	4	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	1.98	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.02	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	9.84	73	3	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	5.25	3	1
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.1	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	2.95	4	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	5.85	6	4	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.07	5	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	1.98	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.13	1	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.07	1	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	8.43	59	2	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.98	4	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	2.01	1	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.25	6	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	4.49	23	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	3.24	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	8.13	16	3	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	13.82	37	9	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2.05	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	3.8	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.88	8	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.06	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.05	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	8.4	39	1
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	2.25	1	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.24	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.11	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	5.39	13	1	methoxybenzenes
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.41	2	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.43	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.06	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	17.76	144	23	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.39	2	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.52	2	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
beta-thujaplicin beta-thujaplicin: structure. beta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.	2.06	1	0	cyclic ketone; enol; monoterpenoid	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiplasmodial drug; plant metabolite
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.65	9	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.99	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	1.98	1	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	2.81	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	6.39	15	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
ibudilast [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	5.67	3	2	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	1.97	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
idebenone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.72	3	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	2.69	3	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	9.46	42	1	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2	1	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	3.42	1	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
irsogladine irsogladine: RN given refers to parent cpd; MN 1695 refers to maleate salt	2.53	2	0	dichlorobenzene
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	5.78	34	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	7.18	9	2	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.38	7	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	9.72	37	1	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.08	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.72	3	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.4	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	5.42	8	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.11	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kojic acid [no description available]	2.79	3	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	3.89	12	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine [no description available]	9.83	16	5	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	9.27	11	10	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.94	4	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	5.17	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.34	1	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	3.43	1	1	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	16.38	368	71	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	10.17	20	5	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.06	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.02	4	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	2.41	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.84	11	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
makaluvamine a makaluvamine A: from fruiting bodies of Didymium bahiense; structure in first source	2.96	4	0
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.06	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	2	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
memantine [no description available]	3.29	6	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.95	4	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.53	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.04	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	3.88	2	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.89	12	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	4.58	24	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	9.23	16	2	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	9.84	37	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	6.48	7	2	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.5	1	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	7.78	30	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	6.35	6	2	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.85	3	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	4.81	2	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.68	3	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2.38	2	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.7	3	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	3.08	1	0	catecholamine
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.81	2	1	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadifloxacin nadifloxacin: (R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.97	4	0	heteroarylpiperidine; hydroxypiperidine; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug
naftopidil [no description available]	2.06	1	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	8.75	152	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.45	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.07	1	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	3.11	1	0	naphthalenes
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	3.54	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	1.99	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.71	3	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.02	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.49	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.42	2	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	12.74	195	14	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.53	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.93	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	16.08	357	17	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olprinone olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	bipyridines
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	9.51	20	11	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	4.02	4	0	carbazoles
1,2-cyclohexanediamine 1,2-cyclohexanediamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.39	2	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.48	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	3.6	9	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	4.77	31	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	2.92	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pamidronate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.67	3	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine 1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.	4.32	2	2	dimethylxanthine	central nervous system stimulant; human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3	4	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	3.1	5	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.02	1	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	2	1	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	4.91	4	2	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenazine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	azaarene; heteranthrene; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; phenazines; polycyclic heteroarene
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.41	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.27	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.41	2	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	5.18	6	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	6.23	19	2	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.98	4	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.05	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	6.85	6	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.71	3	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	3.53	7	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	6.09	11	3	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.13	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	3.77	2	0	quinolines
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.52	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	3.09	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	2.46	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.42	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	6.69	9	2	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
proxyphylline [no description available]	1.97	1	0	oxopurine
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.47	2	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.43	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	4.44	2	2	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	20.24	425	81	secondary carboxamide
repirinast repirinast: structure given in first source	6.4	23	2	organic molecular entity
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	2.02	1	0	benzothiazoles
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	20.52	228	46	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	4.13	16	0	methoxybenzenes
rolipram [no description available]	7.73	50	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole [no description available]	4.14	3	1	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
roxatidine acetate roxatidine acetate: structure given in first source	3.4	1	1	piperidines
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
carbamylhydrazine carbamylhydrazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0	carbohydrazide; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound; ureas
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	6.63	9	1	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.68	3	0	morpholines
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
fluoroacetic acid fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.	1.99	1	0	haloacetic acid; organofluorine compound	EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.08	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	1.99	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	4.01	5	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
ponalrestat [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phthalazines
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	2.43	2	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.8	10	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	5.1	10	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaquinoxaline Sulfaquinoxaline: An antiprotozoal agent used to combat coccidial infections of swine, cattle, fowl, and other veterinary animals. Also used in controlling outbreaks of fowl typhoid and fowl cholera and in treatment of infectious enteritis.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.03	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	1.98	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	12.35	45	4	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.11	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	7.81	54	1	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	3.45	1	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.83	3	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.1	1	0	diarylmethane
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	6.52	9	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	3.1	1	0	thiazolidenedione
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	5.69	5	1	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.13	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	2.13	1	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tosufloxacin tosufloxacin: quinolone anti-infective agent; structure given in first source. tosufloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.. 7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively.	4.63	27	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; aminopyrrolidine; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolone antibiotic; tertiary amino compound
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	3.61	9	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	3.13	1	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	3.14	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trequinsin trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	1.99	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
triclosan [no description available]	5.14	2	1	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	2.98	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	2.46	2	0	amine
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	2.05	1	0	phenothiazines
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	7.03	33	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.1	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tulobuterol [no description available]	3.27	1	0	organochlorine compound
urapidil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	2.73	3	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesnarinone [no description available]	5.3	5	0	organic molecular entity
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.17	1	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate: structure given in first source; inhibits DMBA-induced carcinogenesis by inhibiting DMBA-DNA adduct formation	2.03	1	0
zardaverine zardaverine: structure given in first source. zardaverine : A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.	1.98	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyridazinone	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; peripheral nervous system drug
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.41	2	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.39	2	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.07	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zotepine zotepine: structure	2.07	1	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	6.06	8	1	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	3.16	5	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.2	6	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.05	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.91	13	2	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.39	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	4.46	7	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
thymidine [no description available]	3.61	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	3.56	2	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
2-aminophenol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	1.97	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	4.74	9	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	5.18	11	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone [no description available]	2.69	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	1.98	1	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.92	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.25	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.4	4	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.01	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	3.86	12	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.05	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.99	1	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.74	3	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.11	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	2.02	1	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.44	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	3.79	2	1	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	21.49	473	99	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	8.43	24	1	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	7.38	102	1	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	7.48	51	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	7.37	7	2	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.96	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	5.44	8	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.11	5	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.68	3	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	5.74	5	4	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	5.1	10	1	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	5.29	3	1	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	3.71	10	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	4.49	5	1	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	3.8	11	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.73	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	5.09	1	1	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	3.24	6	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	5.02	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	3.5	8	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	7.51	23	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.43	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	2	1	0
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	1.98	1	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.57	9	2	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	5.64	14	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
4-deoxypyridoxine 4-deoxypyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; pyridoxine antagonist. 4-deoxypyridoxine : A pyridine ring substituted with methyl groups at positions 2 and 4, a hydroxyl at position 3, and a hydroxymethyl group at position 5.	1.97	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine	metabolite
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.4	2	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	1.98	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	3.44	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.42	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	7.37	8	6	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	4.81	7	1	anilines; primary arylamine
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.72	3	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.83	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.94	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.03	12	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.37	7	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.79	12	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	3.51	8	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.44	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.42	2	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.48	2	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.5	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.27	6	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	7.56	42	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	4.22	5	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	9.3	11	4	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.4	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	5.09	1	1	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
phenacyl bromide phenacyl bromide: structure. phenacyl bromide : An alpha-bromoketone that is acetophenone substituted by a bromo group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	acetophenones; alpha-bromoketone	metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.7	3	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.38	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.08	1	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.08	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.49	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
chlorquinaldol Chlorquinaldol: Local anti-infective agent used for skin, gastrointestinal, and vaginal infections with fungi, protozoa, and certain bacteria. In animals, it causes central nervous system damage and is not administered parenterally. It is also used as antiseptic, fungistat, or deodorant.. chlorquinaldol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.	5.09	1	1	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.32	23	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	4.63	8	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.51	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.17	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.13	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.75	10	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	2.41	1	0	acyl chloride
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.46	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2.07	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	3.53	8	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	5.98	14	2	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.68	3	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	3.11	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.08	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
propionamide [no description available]	3.57	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
acrylamide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
chloroacetamide [no description available]	2.25	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.41	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.93	4	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
3-methylsalicylic acid 3-methylsalicylic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of salicylic acid carrying a methyl group at the 3-position.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	3.81	2	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
echinopsine echinopsine: structure	2.89	4	0	quinolines
lawsone lawsone: a molluscacide from leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. topical sunscreening agent; structure; powdered leaves of Lawsonia inermis(Lythraceae) used as brown hair dye. lawsone : 1,4-Naphthoquinone carrying a hydroxy function at C-2. It is obtained from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis.	2.06	1	0
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.01	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
skimmianine skimmianine: furanoquinoline alkaloid from Teclea (RUTACEAE)	2.73	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	6.02	33	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
carbazole carbazole: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	carbazole
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	2	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.07	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	3.26	6	0	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.79	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
5-methylsalicylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	2.03	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.06	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.04	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.04	21	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	12.02	30	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	3.22	5	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	2.75	3	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylquinoline : Any member of the class of quinolines carrying at least one methyl substituent.. quinaldine : A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.	2.53	2	0	quinolines
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.15	1	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.96	4	0	xanthene
quinaldic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.25	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
benzotriazole benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.	2.07	1	0	benzotriazoles	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benzothiophene [no description available]	3.9	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; benzothiophene
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	6.08	22	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol : A primary alcohol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group.	1.99	1	0	oxolanes; primary alcohol	protic solvent
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.17	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.25	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-cymene 4-cymene: structure. p-cymene : A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.	2.57	2	0	monoterpene; toluenes	human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl-4-toluidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocinchomeronic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.06	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.05	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.66	3	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	10.69	12	4	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.01	1	0
acetoacetanilide N-phenylacetoacetamide: structure in first source	2.48	2	0
boric acid [no description available]	2.55	2	0	boric acids	astringent
butane butane : A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.	2.01	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant; refrigerant
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.71	3	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.76	3	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	3.15	5	0	alkane
2-cyanoacetamide 2-cyanoacetamide: used in fluorimetric labeling of monosaccharides; structure	2.11	1	0
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	10.4	20	10	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
thiophenol thiophenol : A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.	2.31	1	0	aryl thiol
2-aminopyrimidine pyrimidin-2-amine : An aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.. aminopyrimidine : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.	2.48	2	0	aminopyrimidine
dicyanmethane malononitrile : A dinitrile that is methane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.83	3	0	aliphatic nitrile; dinitrile
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	14.34	107	9	pyrrole; secondary amine
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	3.16	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	20.59	220	40	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.79	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.97	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.06	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	3.28	6	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	4.38	3	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	tertiary amine
1-hydroxyanthraquinone [no description available]	2	1	0	monohydroxyanthraquinone
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.55	2	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.49	2	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
methyl anthranilate methyl anthranilate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of anthranilic acid.	2	1	0	benzoate ester	flavouring agent; metabolite
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	5.54	64	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.73	3	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminobenzothiazole [no description available]	2.48	2	0	benzothiazoles
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	5.48	2	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrosodimethylaniline 4-nitrosodimethylaniline: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline : A member of the class of dimethylanilines that is N,N-dimethylaniline having a nitroso group at the 4-position.	2.38	2	0	dimethylaniline; nitroso compound; tertiary amino compound
aluminum acetate [no description available]	3.9	3	0
benzathine benzathine: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locants for phenylmethyl groups; structure	2.07	1	0	diamine
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.08	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl acetoacetate ethyl acetoacetate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. ethyl acetoacetate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid with ethanol.	2.11	1	0	ethyl ester	antibacterial agent; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.06	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.93	4	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.66	3	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.4	2	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.21	1	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	3.19	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	8.72	33	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	5.83	12	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	6.08	11	0	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.49	2	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	4	13	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	5.84	16	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.77	3	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	11.19	31	3	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	5.66	10	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	20.02	213	39	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
1,2,4-triazole 1,2,4-triazole: RN given refers to 1H-1,2,4-triazole	2.06	1	0	1,2,4-triazole
pyrimidine pyrimidine : The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.	3.16	1	0	diazine; pyrimidines	Daphnia magna metabolite
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	7.9	15	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	1.98	1	0	organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	2.39	2	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	2.03	1	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	5.54	20	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
gamma-resorcylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	metabolite
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.07	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	4.46	5	1	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	4.91	6	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid
triflusal triflusal: inhibits platelet aggregation similarly to aspirin; structure	2	1	0	benzoic acids; carboxylic ester; salicylates
nicarbazin Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.39	2	0	organic molecular entity
perfluorooctanoic acid perfluorooctanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. perfluorooctanoic acid : A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.	2.07	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; surfactant; xenobiotic
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.07	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	2.39	2	0	ergoline alkaloid
cuprizone [no description available]	3.09	4	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	4.95	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2	1	0
4-methylcatechol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methylcatechol	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; hapten; human metabolite; plant metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.06	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	5.48	4	1	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	2.03	1	0	ketene
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	4.66	3	2	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.41	2	0
phthalimidine phthalimidine: structure given in first source. isoindolin-1-one : A member of the class of isoindoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole in which the hydrogens at positon 1 are replaced by an oxo group.	2.59	2	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.13	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
reticulin Reticulin: A scleroprotein fibril consisting mostly of type III collagen. Reticulin fibrils are extremely thin, with a diameter of between 0.5 and 2 um. They are involved in maintaining the structural integrity in a variety of organs.	2.02	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline; isoquinolinol	plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	4.35	6	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	indoles
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.06	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.05	1	0	quinone imine	dye
azetidine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	20.77	308	33
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.44	2	0	thiazolidine
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	4.07	4	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
triphenylmethane triphenylmethane : A triarylmethane in which the three aryl groups are phenyl. It forms the basic skeleton of several synthetic dyes.	2.17	1	0	triarylmethane	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	4.61	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	4.94	2	1
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.42	2	0	furanocoumarin
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.91	4	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.88	11	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	8.32	19	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
hydroxyhydroquinone benzene-1,2,4-triol : A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol	mouse metabolite
tropolone Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.	2.49	2	0	alpha-hydroxy ketone; cyclic ketone; enol	bacterial metabolite; fungicide; toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	6.65	5	4	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	8.83	13	3	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	1.98	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
tropone [no description available]	2.11	1	0
2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane: nephrotoxic. isooctane : An alkane that consists of pentane bearing two methyl substituents at position 2 and a single methyl substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	fuel additive; nephrotoxin; non-polar solvent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.65	6	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
phenalen-1-one phenalen-1-one: fossil fuel combustion product	2.41	1	0
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.97	1	0
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	1.99	1	0
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	8	10	1	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	1.99	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
doxylamine succinate [no description available]	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.44	2	0	epoxide	mutagen
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	naphthalenediol	mouse metabolite
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.03	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	4.06	4	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
8-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.99	4	0
6-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
1,2-Dihydroquinolin-2-imine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	aminoquinoline
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	1.97	1	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.1	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	19.52	136	57	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
triphenylphosphine triphenylphosphine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triphenylphosphine : A member of the class of tertiary phosphines that is phosphane in which the three hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; tertiary phosphine	NMR chemical shift reference compound; reducing agent
ferrocin c N-methyl-2-quinolone: structure in first source	2.58	2	0
5-nitroquinoline [no description available]	2.07	1	0
2-nitrofluorene 2-nitrofluorene: RN given refers to cpd with locant with nitro moiety in 2 position. 2-nitrofluorene : A nitroarene that is fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.	2.01	1	0	nitroarene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
5-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.25	1	0
2-chloroquinoline [no description available]	2.78	3	0
2-anthramine 2-anthramine: structure	2.01	1	0	anthracenamine
2-iodobenzenamine 2-iodobenzenamine: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	3.68	9	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
chorismic acid Chorismic Acid: A cyclohexadiene carboxylic acid derived from SHIKIMIC ACID and a precursor for the biosynthesis of UBIQUINONE and the AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS.. chorismic acid : The (3R,4R)-stereoisomer of 5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid.	2.46	2	0	5-[(1-carboxyethenyl)oxy]-6-hydroxycyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	2.17	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
valeramide pentanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of valeric acid with ammonia.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide
1,4-cyclohexadiene [no description available]	2	1	0	cyclohexadiene
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.07	1	0
clopenthixol Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.59	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; primary alcohol; thioxanthenes	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.06	1	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	9.84	67	3	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoethene: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	5.44	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	4.02	4	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.69	3	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	4.37	2	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline 8-hydroxy-2-methylquinoline: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	hydroxyquinoline
adamantanecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole: structure in first source. 2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; phenols	geroprotector
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
3-hydroxypicolinic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxypyridine	MALDI matrix material
nitrosobenzylmethylamine nitrosobenzylmethylamine: structure	2.08	1	0
deoxycytidine [no description available]	16.95	73	33	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-phenylpyridine 2-phenylpyridine: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
acetylhydrazine acetylhydrazine: metabolite of isoniazid in animals and humans; RN given refers to parent cpd. acetohydrazide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.41	1	0	carbohydrazide; carbohydrazonic acid	drug metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	5.17	11	1	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide 8-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinoline N-oxide
carmine Carmine: Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker.	5.09	1	1
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.91	4	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.46	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	4.99	2	1	zinc molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	3.19	5	0
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	10.87	51	1	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.31	1	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.26	6	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.02	1	0
3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	5.81	22	1	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
clopyralid clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.	2.06	1	0	organochlorine pesticide; pyridines	herbicide
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: 0	2.06	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.08	4	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.53	7	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.7	3	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.27	6	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
meldrum's acid Meldrum's acid: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	5.63	5	1	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	1.98	1	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	5.79	7	1	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.21	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	3.59	2	0	thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.42	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one: a preservative in water-based solutions such as paints, cutting fluids, printing inks, cleaning agents, polyvinyl chloride gloves, etc.. benzo[d]isothiazol-3-one : An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.	2.17	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	disinfectant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sensitiser; xenobiotic
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
clopidol pharmcoccide: Russian drug; no other info available 1/1/79	4.75	7	1	chloropyridine
4-nitroimidazole 5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.	3.17	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.03	1	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.43	2	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.49	2	0	thujene	plant metabolite
2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)phenol : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	benzothiazoles; phenols	geroprotector
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	5.45	4	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.03	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
fenethylline fenethylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
streptomycin [no description available]	6.79	11	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.58	2	0	carbon oxoanion
cladribine [no description available]	7.36	15	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
n-hydroxypiperidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0
ethyl maltol ethyl maltol: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	pyranone
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	3.1	1	0	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
buquinolate [no description available]	2.06	1	0
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	2.66	3	0
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	3.84	2	1	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	2.05	1	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.04	14	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
candicine candicine: from trunk bark of Galipea officinalis; structure in first source	2	1	0	primary amine
dimethylpropiothetin dimethylpropiothetin: has antineoplastic activity; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt. S,S-dimethyl-beta-propiothetin : A sulfonium betaine obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionic acid.	2.03	1	0	sulfonium betaine	marine metabolite; osmolyte
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	3.57	2	0	indoles
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	5.64	4	1	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.74	10	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.13	5	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.41	2	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	6.7	40	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.93	4	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	2.13	1	0	manganese group element atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	4.98	11	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	4.23	16	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	5.83	6	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.95	4	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	3.53	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3	4	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.11	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.94	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.76	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
erbium Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.	2.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	5.54	4	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	6.25	10	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	6.17	3	2	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.42	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.17	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.49	2	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.15	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	2.1	1	0	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
titanium tetrachloride titanium tetrachloride: RN given refers to TiCl4	2	1	0
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.48	2	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	8.63	11	2	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.1	1	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	5	3	3	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.	2.41	1	0	mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine	carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	2.1	1	0	diatomic bromine
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.11	1	0	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.02	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.41	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.4	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.55	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	3.13	5	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
antimony pentafluoride antimony pentafluoride: often mixed with acids to form super acids	2.05	1	0	antimony molecular entity; inorganic fluoride salt	Lewis acid; NMR solvent
silver chloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
potassium chromate(vi) potassium chromate(VI): RN given refers to cpd with MF of K2-CrH2O4. potassium chromate : A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.02	1	0	potassium salt	carcinogenic agent; oxidising agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.09	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.06	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
sulfonyl chloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sulfuryl halide
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	3.59	1	1
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.42	2	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.29	6	0
zirconium chloride zirconium tetrachloride : A zirconium coordination entity comprising four chlorine atoms bound to a central zirconium atom.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; zirconium coordination entity	catalyst
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.46	2	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	1.97	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.36	4	1
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	4.3	4	1	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ac 45594 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.52	2	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	2.13	1	0
nequinate nequinate: minor descriptor (75-88); on line & & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (75-88)	4.86	8	1	quinolines
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.99	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.15	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
thiamphenicol [no description available]	5.2	6	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	3.1	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
vinyl carbamate vinyl carbamate: promutagen & more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate (urethane); structure	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	12.63	67	14	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.25	18	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
2,3-dihydroxypyridine 2,3-dihydroxypyridine: affects thyroid function. pyridine-2,3-diol : A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3.	2.06	1	0	dihydroxypyridine
fluorides [no description available]	3.56	8	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
acridine half-mustard acridine half-mustard: RN given refers to parent cpd. acridine half-mustard : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 2, chlorine at position 6, and a {3-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]propyl}amino group at position 9.	2.03	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	mutagen
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	2.69	3	0	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.72	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
decoquinate Decoquinate: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.13	1	0
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	1.99	1	0	geosmin
iodine [no description available]	3.18	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	5.59	6	1	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.01	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.71	3	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.94	25	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.89	2	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
acetylacetone acetylacetone : A beta-diketone that is pentane in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are replaced by oxo groups.	2.06	1	0	beta-diketone
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
isoamyl acetate isoamyl acetate: structure in Merck, 9th ed, #4958. isoamyl acetate : The acetate ester of isoamylol.	2.08	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4.19	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.46	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.38	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.13	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	3.86	11	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	6.92	20	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	3.4	7	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
pyoluteorin pyoluteorin: from Pseudomonas fluorescens; protects various plants from diseases caused by soilborne pathogenic fungi. pyoluteorin : A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 4,5-dichloro-1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyl group. It is a natural product found in Pseudomonas fluorescens which exhibits antibacterial properties and is a strong inducer of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; beta-hydroxy ketone; diol; organochlorine compound; organochlorine pesticide; polyketide; pyrroles; resorcinols	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	4.92	8	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	2.42	2	0	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.69	3	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.18	5	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.02	1	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	14.76	66	23	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.01	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.15	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ferrozine Ferrozine: A ferroin compound that forms a stable magenta-colored solution with the ferrous ion. The complex has an absorption peak at 562 nm and is used as a reagent and indicator for iron.	2.03	1	0
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
4-ethynylbiphenyl 4-ethynylbiphenyl: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.2	6	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	8.33	20	2	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	9.25	16	2	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	9.43	23	2	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	4.76	7	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	5.19	6	2	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	5.14	3	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	5.79	21	1	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	1.97	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	1.99	1	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	1.98	1	0	penicillin
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.9	4	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	2.41	2	0	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.06	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	2.21	1	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	3.09	5	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	3.13	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	2.55	2	0	epoxide	intercalator
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	2.1	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
eg 626 phthalazinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with phthalazinol: 62054-23-3; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.95	1	0	phthalazines
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	3.45	1	1	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener	2.03	1	0	pyridines
nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine: structure. nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine : A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).	2	1	0	ketone; nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.81	11	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefotiam Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.	1.96	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	8.6	15	7	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	2.9	4	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	1.96	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	1.97	1	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.66	3	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	7.16	44	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.28	4	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	17.51	236	86	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.62	3	2	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	11.01	73	8	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	organic molecular entity
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	1.98	1	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.06	1	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	2.68	3	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	4.01	4	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	3.07	1	0	piperidines
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.32	6	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.44	2	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	3.72	10	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.46	2	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	4.09	4	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.15	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.71	3	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
amifloxacin amifloxacin: structure in UD	3.08	5	0	quinolines
trospectomycin trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer	2.66	3	0	dioxanes
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	6.24	19	2	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source	4.15	16	0	quinolines
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	15.24	49	17	naphthoic acid
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2	1	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.77	3	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.21	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
pemirolast pemirolast: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; antiallergic drug	2.03	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
sdz 208-912 [no description available]	3.79	2	1
rufloxacin rufloxacin: structure in first source	11.19	76	17	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
opc 14117 OPC 14117: has both brain function activating effect & protective effect against cerebral ischemia; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	5.09	1	1	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	15.63	185	31	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	9.56	73	2	quinolines
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	6.76	7	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	3.09	1	0	organic molecular entity
sparfloxacin [no description available]	16.68	313	36	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	3.37	7	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
orbifloxacin orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)	2.73	3	0	quinolines
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	7.17	5	2	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	3.56	2	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
marbofloxacin [no description available]	10.87	80	19	quinolines
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
eliprodil 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.	2.68	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	3.1	1	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	9.01	16	8	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	2.02	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
toborinone toborinone: structure given in first source	10.13	34	9	quinolines
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	27.4	1,633	350	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
atorvastatin [no description available]	3.26	5	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	8.46	8	3	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	6.47	9	1	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
irinotecan [no description available]	6.68	5	2	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	16.54	98	13	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	3.54	2	0
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	18.04	104	51	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.6	9	0	proline derivative
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	7.05	5	3	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4.71	9	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.42	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
scarlet red Scarlet Red: structure. Sudan IV : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	1.99	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	3.01	4	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid: deblocking reagent for peptide synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd. triflic acid : A one-carbon compound that is methanesulfonic acid in which the hydrogens attached to the methyl carbon have been replaced by fluorines.	2.73	3	0	one-carbon compound; perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid
halofuginone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	10.19	16	10	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	8.34	37	1
dexamethasone 21-methanesulfonate dexamethasone 21-methanesulfonate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.11	1	0
carmoterol carmoterol: CHF4226.01 and CHF4232.01 are diastereoisomers; structure in first source	10.87	22	1
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	9.2	14	6	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	6.14	16	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydro-2(1h)-quinolinone 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone: structure in first source	3.39	6	0	quinolines
trimethoprim sulfamethizole trimethoprim sulfamethizole: used in treating liver pulmonary lesions	2.02	1	0
sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination sulfadiazine, trimethoprim drug combination: combination of trimethoprim & sulfadiazine	3.81	3	0
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.03	1	0
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.74	10	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
thymidine 5'-triphosphate thymidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. dTTP : A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	2.63	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	2.11	1	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
2',3'-dideoxythymidine triphosphate ddTTP : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having thymine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; thymidine phosphate
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	5.36	2	2	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	2.07	1	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bathocuproine bathocuproine: reagent for copper; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.07	1	0	iodine oxoacid
xanthyletine xanthyletine: structure	2	1	0	coumarins
fructose-1-phosphate fructose-1-phosphate: RN in Chemline for alpha-D-fructopyranose-cpd:126-25-0; RN given refers to (D)-isomer. D-fructose 1-phosphate : The D-enantiomer of fructose 1-phosphate.. keto-D-fructose 1-phosphate : The open chain form of D-fructose 1-phosphate.	1.96	1	0	D-fructose 1-phosphate
fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination: combination drug containing fanasil & pyrimethamine	2.05	1	0
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	16.61	209	6	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
dicarbine dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2	1	0	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.41	2	0	beta-carbolines
ecabet ecabet: structure in first source	5.43	4	1	diterpenoid
bicozamycin bicozamycin : A commercially important azabicyclic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces sapporonensis. It inhibits the Rho protein of E. coli.	2.02	1	0	azabicycloalkane; bridged compound	antibacterial agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; antiinfective agent
pirfloxacin pirfloxacin: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	1.97	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	2.31	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.89	4	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
fropenem [no description available]	2.04	1	0	faropenem
abecarnil [no description available]	3.12	1	0
prulifloxacin prulifloxacin: structure given in first source	12.68	59	13	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic
pazufloxacin [no description available]	3.73	10	0	quinolines
balofloxacin balofloxacin: showed potent bactericidal activity & inhibited the supercoiling activity of DNA gyrase of S. aureus, E. coli, & P aeruginosa; structure given in first source	7.11	20	5
e-4868 E-4868: has activity against gram-negative & some gram-positive bacteria; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
methacycline [no description available]	2	1	0	1,2-diglyceride
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	2	1	0	steroid ester
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	5.56	65	0
chloranilic acid chloranilic acid: structure	2.01	1	0
viridicatin viridicatin: structure. viridicatin : A hydroxyquinolone that is 3-hydroxyuinolin-2(1H)-one which is substituted at position 4 by a phenyl groups. Isolated from the mycelium of several Penicillium species, it exhibits strong antibiotic activity against M. tuberculosis and also against B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae.	4.07	4	0	hydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; marine metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
2,4-diaminopyrimidine 2,6-diaminopyrimidine: structure in first source. pyrimidine-2,4-diamine : An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.	2.05	1	0	aminopyrimidine
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.93	4	0	phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.03	1	0	imidazopyridine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	12.9	54	5	1,2,3-triazole
1h-tetrazole tetrazole : An azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.. 2H-tetrazole : A tetrazole tautomer where the proton is located on the 2 position.	2.1	1	0	one-carbon compound; tetrazole
5-fluorosalicylic acid 5-fluorosalicylic acid: structure given in first source; product from action of alkaline phosphatase on 5-fluorosalicyl phosphate; forms highly fluorescent terbium ternary complex	2.06	1	0
bromanil bromanil: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
pyromeconic acid pyromeconic acid: from herb Dengzhanhua; structure	2.06	1	0
flindersine flindersine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
2-hydroxypyrimidine pyrimidone : A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.. pyrimidin-2-ol : The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine	electron donor; Lewis base
1-octacosanol 1-octacosanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. octacosan-1-ol : An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.1	1	0	fatty alcohol 28:0; ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol	plant metabolite
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	2.54	2	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	3.08	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether
setoperone [no description available]	3.42	1	1
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3.85	2	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	9.87	19	8	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	3.78	3	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.43	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
tazofelone tazofelone: structure in first source	2	1	0
fexinidazole fexinidazole: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.02	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.13	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
4-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one 4-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is quinolin-2(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	2.08	1	0	quinolone
4-hydroxyquinoline 4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	3.21	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure in first source. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline : A member of the class of quinolines that is the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of quinoline.	4.15	2	0	quinolines
allomaltol allomaltol: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.15	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
1-hydroxy-2(1h)-pyridinone 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine 1-(4-pyridyl)piperazine: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
diphenyltin [no description available]	3.14	1	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source. 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde carrying hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.08	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	3.41	2	0
ibafloxacin ibafloxacin: structure given in first source	3.4	1	1
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	14.29	407	27	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.68	3	0
nanterinone nanterinone: structure given in first source	4.47	5	1
lazabemide lazabemide: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin [no description available]	7.35	34	1	quinolines
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	1.98	1	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	8.25	7	2	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	3.35	1	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	1.98	1	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
tocophersolan tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.25	1	0	tocol
premafloxacin [no description available]	3.39	7	0	quinolines
a 78773 A 78773: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	2.39	2	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	3.65	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.48	1	1	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	2.81	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
2-tetradecylglycidic acid 2-tetradecylglycidic acid: structure	2.1	1	0
metrenperone [no description available]	1.98	1	0
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	2.6	1	0
zidovudine triphosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	3.18	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2	1	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
narciclasine narciclasine: antitumor alkaloid from bulbs of Narcissus species	2.48	2	0	phenanthridines	metabolite
pd 131628 PD 131628: CI-990 is L-alanylamide prodrug of PD-131628; structure given in first source	4.06	15	0
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	13.45	81	16	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
phleomycins Phleomycins: Water-soluble, copper-containing low molecular weight polypeptides obtained from the culture medium of Streptomyces verticillus. They are specific inhibitors of DNA synthesis in bacteria and have been found to act as antitumor agents. They have also been used against rust fungi of plants.. phleomycin : A mixture of glycopeptide antibiotics originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus whose components all contain a thiazolinylthiazole moiety and can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe. (Bleomycins are very similar to phleomycins, but have a bithiazole moiety in place of the thiazolinylthiazole moiety).	2.48	2	0
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	2.53	2	0	carbapenems
fr 109615 cispentacin: structure given in first source; isolated from Bacillus cereus	2	1	0
alborixin alborixin: polycyclic, polyether, acidic, ionophore antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd with stereoisomeric designation; structure in sixth source. alborixin : A polyether antibiotic that is isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces albus.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic	ionophore
pd 117588 PD 117588: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
glycyl-histidyl-lysine glycyl-histidyl-lysine: found in human plasma; promotes proliferation of hepatoma cells, lymphocytes & mycoplsma; maintains viability of hepatocytes, eosinophils and macrophages; inhibits growth of glial cells; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His-Lys : A tripeptide composed of glycine, L-histidine and L-lysine residues joined in sequence.	1.99	1	0	tripeptide	chelator; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; vulnerary
1-aminoisoquinoline [no description available]	2.48	2	0
2,2'-dipicolylamine 2,2'-dipicolylamine: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	6.55	19	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.15	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
8-hydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	quinolines
3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione 3-chloro-2,4-pentanedione: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	3.61	8	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1-benzylpiperidine 1-benzylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine 4,5-dimethyl-1,2-phenylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.39	2	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	3.9	2	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-hydrazinopyridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	3.79	2	0
2-methyl-3-nitro-4-methoxymethyl-5-cyano-6-oxypyridine 2-methyl-3-nitro-4-methoxymethyl-5-cyano-6-oxypyridine: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
4-amino-2-methylquinoline 4-amino-2-methylquinoline: used to induce miniature endplate potentials	2.25	1	0
n-hydroxynaphthalimide N-hydroxynaphthalimide: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
5-ethylphenazine [no description available]	2.4	2	0
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	bromine oxoacid
norfloxacin nicotinate norfloxacin nicotinate: structure given in first source	3.38	1	1
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	1.98	1	0	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
14-hydroxyclarithromycin 14-hydroxyclarithromycin: major metabolite of A 56268; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	aminoglycoside
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	13.62	60	10	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.49	2	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
1-methyl-2-ethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	2.06	1	0
cp094 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.04	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ethylhydrocupreine ethylhydrocupreine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. optochin : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of 10,11-dihydrocinchonan bearing hydroxy and ethoxy substituents at positions 9 and 6' respectively.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ether; cinchona alkaloid	EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
1-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-2-one [no description available]	2.06	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.71	3	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
n,n'-dibenzoylcystine N,N'-dibenzoylcystine: a low molecular weight gelator; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.49	2	0
goethite [no description available]	2.66	2	0
acid green 50 [no description available]	4.37	1	1
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
fluoromisonidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.15	1	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	8.02	7	4	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	2.25	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2.41	2	0
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	2.06	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.15	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
1-phenazinecarboxylic acid 1-phenazinecarboxylic acid: from Streptomyces cinnamonensis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. phenazine-1-carboxylic acid : An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.	2.49	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; phenazines	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
1-benzylindole 1-benzylindole: structure	2.06	1	0
2,8-dihydroxyquinoline [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyquinoline; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.	1.99	1	0	glutathione conjugate
oxoglaucine 1,2,9,10-tetramethoxy-7H-dibenzo(de,g)quinolin-7-one: a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110alpha inhibitor that reactivates latent HIV-1; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid
2-acetylcyclopentanone 2-acetylcyclopentanone: an enolate-forming compound that is protective against electrophilic drugs; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
quindoline quindoline: a fused indole-quinoline alkaloid from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta; structure	3.19	1	0
pd 118879 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
saframycin a saframycin A: structure given in first source	3.71	2	0
benzo(g)isoquinoline-5,10-dione benzo(g)isoquinoline-5,10-dione: insect teratogen	1.96	1	0
cyclopenol cyclopenol: RN given refers to cis-(-)-isomer	2.36	2	0
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	5.09	1	1	methyladenosine
bis(i,i-trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate): structure in first source	2.49	2	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.28	9	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.23	6	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	6.33	4	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	organic thiophosphate
calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate calcium phosphate, dibasic, dihydrate: Molecular formula CaHPO(4)-2(H2O)	2.11	1	0	calcium salt; hydrate
vitamin b 6 Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.	2.01	1	0
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.07	1	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	6.5	35	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.41	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	2.68	3	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	1.98	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.13	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	beta-carbolines
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	3.07	5	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.79	3	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.17	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	beta-carbolines
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.98	1	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	2.06	1	0
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.5	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.13	1	0	proanthocyanidin
sr 95531 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzenes
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.31	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
phosphites Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.	2.49	2	0	phosphite ion; trivalent inorganic anion
bretazenil bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer	3.12	1	0
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	3.19	1	0	benzazepine
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	7.81	19	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
triptolide [no description available]	3.16	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain	1.99	1	0
ml 9 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	2.13	1	0
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	2.02	1	0
npc 12626 NPC 12626: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; NPC 17742, the (2R,4R,5S)-isomer, is the most potent isomer in the mixture NPC 12626	2.02	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	7.55	24	2	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	4.05	3	1
s 135 S 135: GABA receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.97	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	4.88	4	2	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
opc 21268 OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist	10.95	118	3
protoberberine protoberberine: a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative that appears as an isoquinoline annelated (adjoined) with a naphthylene; the nitrogen is typically quarternary; nitidine is annelated differently; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.55	2	0
viridicatol [no description available]	3.27	6	0
amdinocillin pivoxil Amdinocillin Pivoxil: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.. pivmecillinam : A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.	2.74	3	0	penicillanic acid ester; penicillin; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; prodrug
phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-prolyl-arginine-chloromethyl ketone: do not confuse with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl or with Phe-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl, both sometimes also referred to as PPACK	2.01	1	0
bn 52063 BN 52063: mixture of ginkolide A derivatives; platelet activating factor antagonist isolated from Ginkgo biloba tree	1.97	1	0
panipenem-betamipron panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
n-phthaloylglutamic acid N-phthaloylglutamic acid: hydrolytic metabolite of thalidomide; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.04	1	0
perospirone perospirone: structure given in first source	6.2	5	2	N-arylpiperazine
duocarmycin sa duocarmycin SA: structure similar to CC-1065 and yatakemycin, composed of a pyrrolo-indole plus an indole; isolated from Streptomyces	2.69	3	0
2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1h)-one 2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one: structure in first source	3.33	6	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	3.11	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
chalepin chalepin: furanocoumarin isolated from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0	furanocoumarin
n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3h)-furanone N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-3-aminodihydro-2(3H)-furanone: cpd synthesized by luminous bacteria excreted into medium that induces luciferase synthesis at threshold concentration; structure in first source. N-(3-oxohexanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-oxohexanoic acid with the amino group of homoserine lactone.	2.07	1	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone; secondary carboxamide
clofarabine [no description available]	4.07	4	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
cp 115953 CP 115953: enhances topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage; structure given in first source	5.16	15	0
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.05	44	0	benzamides	aquaretic
bay y3118 Bay Y3118: structure given in first source	4.76	31	0
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride: structure given in first source; a sigma receptor ligand	2.42	2	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.53	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.	2	1	0	phosphine derivative; tricarboxylic acid	reducing agent
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	2.48	2	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.1	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
phenazine-1-carboxamide phenazine-1-carboxamide: used as a root colonization. phenazine-1-carboxamide : An aromatic amide that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carbamoyl group.	2.44	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenazines
ci 934 CI 934: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.48	2	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline 4-trans-2-carboxy-5,7-dichloro-4-phenylaminocarbonylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline: structure given in first source; selective antagonist for the glycine site on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor	1.99	1	0
win 57273 Win 57273: bactericidal for Legionella pneumophila	4.37	21	0
thymidine diphosphate-l-rhamnose dTDP-beta-L-rhamnose : The beta-anomer of dTDP-L-rhamnose.	2.15	1	0	dTDP-L-rhamnose	Escherichia coli metabolite
ly 255283 LY 255283: structure given in UD; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2	1	0	aromatic ketone
8-hydroxycoumarin 8-hydroxycoumarin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
pd-117596 PD-117596: structure given in first source	3.48	8	0
chaetoglobosins chaetoglobosins: like CYTOCHALASINS but with an indoyl in place of a phenyl ring at C10; chaetoglobosins A-J; metabolites of Chaetomium species; RN given refers to chaetoglobosin A; structure. chaetoglobosin A : A cytochalasan alkaloid isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Calonectria morganii.	1.99	1	0
dv 7751a DV 7751a: a fluoroquinolone with an aminopyrrolidine substituent at the C-10 position of the benzoxazine skeleton; structure given in first source	5.08	10	1
aaptamine aaptamine: natural product from sea sponge Aaptos aaptos; structure given in first source; RN from CA Index Guide 1984	2.07	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	4.29	5	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	3.14	5	0	nitrogen oxoacid
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.07	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	9.25	17	3	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.9	4	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	6.53	7	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
bay x 1005 2-(4-(quinolin-2-yl-methoxy)phenyl)-2-cyclopentylacetic acid: inhibits synthesis of leukotriene B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; inhibits five-lipoxygenase activating protein(FLAP)and leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H); structure given in first source;	2.4	2	0
7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one: structure. 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one : A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.	3.12	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bdf 9148 BDF 9148: sodium channel activator; structure given in first source; BDF 9196 - S enantiomer; LY-341311 is the (S)-isomer and monohydrate	1.99	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	2.31	1	0	organic molecular entity
6-hydroxydopa quinone 6-hydroxydopa quinone: structure given in first source; quinoid cofactor of quinoproteins; RN given refers to the 4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxo- tautomer. L-topaquinone : A topaquinone that has S configuration.	6.61	11	0
4-oxo-enoxacin 4-oxo-enoxacin: enoxacin metabolite	1.97	1	0
garenoxacin garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.	8.76	89	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; isoindoles; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1-cyclopropyl-8-(difluoromethoxy)-7-(1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1h-5-isoindolyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid methanesulfonate monohydrate T 3811ME: structure in first source	4.87	6	0
ulifloxacin ulifloxacin: structure given in first source	6.55	26	2	quinolines
solutol hs 15 Solutol HS 15: multidrug resistance modification agent in tumor cells; polyoxyethylene esters of 12-hydroxystearic acid; previous RN 105109-85-1	2.15	1	0	aliphatic alcohol
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.11	1	0
l 687414 L 687414: RN given refers to (3S-cis)-isomer	2.68	3	0
blonanserin [no description available]	3.86	2	1	organic molecular entity
e 4695 E 4695: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
psorospermin psorospermin: from Psorospermum febrifugum (Clusiaceae); some evidence it alkylates Gua N7 of DNA. psorospermin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,2-dihydro-6H-furo[2,3-c]xanthene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 10, a methoxy group at position 5 nad a 2-methyloxiran-2-yl group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	epoxide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; xanthones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lestaurtinib [no description available]	2.95	4	0	indolocarbazole
gyki 53655 GYKI 53655: an AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptor antagonist	2.03	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	2.76	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
8-chloro-4-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinolin-3(2h)-one 8-chloro-4-methyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-octahydrobenzo(f)quinolin-3(2H)-one: selective, non-steroidal inhibitor of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 1; structure given in first source	3.38	7	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether
n-desmethylrufloxacin N-desmethylrufloxacin: structure given in first source; metabolite of rufloxacin found in urine of Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta	2.38	2	0
pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer: autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes; structure given in first source. N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.	4.64	8	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone
tamsulosin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
pd 138312 PD 138312: structure in first source	2.39	2	0
y 590 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	penicillanic acids
n-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide [no description available]	2.47	2	0
pd 124816 PD 124816: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
gamma-carboline gamma-carboline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	pyridoindole
org 9935 [no description available]	2.7	3	0
opc 3911 OPC 3911: RN from CA Index Guide 1982-86	4.13	16	0
flosequinoxan flosequinoxan: metabolite of BTS 49465	5.72	11	2
umifenovir umifenovir: an antiviral agent	2.31	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4h-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1h)-one 5-(dipropylamino)-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo-(5,1ij)quinolin-2(1H)-one: structure given in first source; U 86170F is the monohydrobromide hydrate	1.98	1	0
ly 274614 LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer	2.02	1	0
ici d2138 ICI D2138: structure given in first source; inhibitor of leukotriene B4 synthesis	6.07	16	2
ly 293284 LY 293284: a conformationally restricted tryptamine derivative; a 5-HT 1A receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (505-511): synthetic peptide deduced from the sequence corresponding to positions 505 to 511 of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	2.51	2	0
y 26611 7-(2-aminomethylmorpholino)-1-cyclopropyl-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	3.08	5	0
a 62176 A 62176: InChIKey: OLNJLTFSGFZCKE-JTQLQIEISA-N	3.25	6	0
l 368899 L 368899: a selective oxytocin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
zinquin zinquin: zinquin is an ethyl ester in second source; specific chelator for zinc(II)	6.47	56	0
abiraterone [no description available]	3.62	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
zm 230487 ZM 230487: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor	4.01	14	0
ml-3000 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
l 741626 3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	piperidines
pixantrone pixantrone: an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
carbapenems [no description available]	9.66	62	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.38	2	0	D-xylose
quinone methide quinone methide: intermediate in eumelanin biosynthesis; structure given in first source. quinomethane : A methylidenecyclohexadienone, formally derived from a benzoquinone by replacement of one of the quinone oxygens by a methylidene group.	3.27	5	0	quinomethane
duroquinol durohydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol carrying four methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6.	1.98	1	0	hydroquinones; methylbenzene	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; volatile oil component
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	10.96	123	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	5.65	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isodibut virstatin: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	isoquinolines
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	2.31	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
ici 118233 ICI 118233: structure given in first source	2	1	0
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	7.98	9	3	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
lonafarnib lonafarnib: inhibitor of farnesyl protein transferase. lonafarnib : A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.	9.73	26	1	4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
diquafosol diquafosol: purinoceptor P2Y(2) receptor agonist. P(1),P(4)-bis(uridin-5'-yl) tetraphosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	6.99	8	1	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	mouse metabolite; P2Y2 receptor agonist
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.02	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	15.35	148	10	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.32	6	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
phenylalanylarginine phenylalanylarginine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Phe-Arg : A dipeptide composed of L-phenylalanine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
cilomilast [no description available]	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzenes
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.79	3	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
vatalanib [no description available]	4.58	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
evodiamine [no description available]	3.83	3	0	beta-carbolines
arginine beta-naphthylamide arginine beta-naphthylamide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. L-arginine 2-naphthylamide : An L-arginine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.	2.06	1	0	amino acid amide; L-arginine derivative; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide	chromogenic compound
8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline 8-(methylsulfonylamino)quinoline: has diabetogenic properties; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
methylmercury cysteine methylmercury cysteine: degradation product of methylmercury glutathione; RN given refers to (L-cysteinato)-isomer	2.02	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
my 1250 MY 1250: structure given in first source; an active metabolite of the prodrug repirinast (BAY u 2372)	5.3	13	1
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	12.47	84	6	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
cyc 682 sapacitabine: structure in first source. sapacitabine : A nucleoside analogue resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the amino group of CNDAC. It is the prodrug of CNDAC and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).	2.47	2	0	nitrile; nucleoside analogue; secondary carboxamide	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.08	1	0	morpholines
8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine: inhibitor of phosphodiesterase I	2.02	1	0	oxopurine
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.44	2	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.43	1	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	6.29	11	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
pirlimycin pirlimycin: RN given refers to (mono-HCl(2S-cis)-isomer)	1.99	1	0
satavaptan satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.51	2	0
atazanavir sulfate Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.	12.14	16	10	organic sulfate salt
tipifarnib [no description available]	21.15	284	96	imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
ci 949 CI 949: antiallergic cpd; interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 antagonist	1.97	1	0
cerium sulfate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	4.23	5	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
metabisulfite metabisulfite: see also related Na metabisulfite & K metabisulfite	3.08	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
perlolyrine perlolyrine: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.17	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.55	2	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
oxirene oxirene: structure	2.01	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; oxacycle
sulochrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzophenones; carboxylic ester; phenols	metabolite
4-ethoxycarbonyl-2-quinolone 4-ethoxycarbonyl-2-quinolone: from Brucea javanica; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline 2-phenyl-4-oxohydroquinoline: structure given in first source	3.8	11	0
neodymium pyrocatechin disulfonate neodymium pyrocatechin disulfonate: rare earth metal complex	2.05	1	0
prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.	2	1	0
furprofen furprofen: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
erythrulose [no description available]	3.51	2	0	ketotetrose; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	3.99	3	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
opc 4392 OPC 4392: agonist of presynaptic dopamine D(2) receptor; structure given in first source	5.31	13	1
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane [no description available]	2.01	1	0
bmy 40062 BMY 40062: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
org 31710 Org 31710: structure given in first source; progestational hormone antagonist	2.03	1	0
ici 211965 ICI 211965: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
my 12-62c MY 12-62c: from Pseudomonas methanica KY4634. 2-heptyl-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.. 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline : A monohydroxyquinoline that is 4-hydroxyquinoline bearing an additional heptyl substituent at position 2.	5.04	12	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	antibacterial agent; iron chelator; metabolite; signalling molecule
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.54	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
silver fluoride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	fluoride salt; silver salt
nybomycin nybomycin: antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces A 717; structure	3.86	12	0
aminoquinolone aminoquinolone: metabolite of peptido-aminobenzophenone; structure given in first source	2.41	1	0
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	2.04	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.71	3	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	1.98	1	0	penicillin
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
lixivaptan [no description available]	3.11	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.81	4	0
ad 1308 AD 1308: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.99	4	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	8.1	8	3	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	16.13	60	22	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0
a 816719.1 ABT 719: a 2-pyridone compound; a gyrase inhibitor	2.11	1	0
1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridyl)-6-fluoro-7-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride [no description available]	5.96	14	2
esketamine esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.	3.35	1	0	ketamine	analgesic; intravenous anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist
sunepitron sunepitron: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
emd 53998 EMD 53998: EMD 53998 is racemic; EMD 57439 is the (-)-isomer; EMD 57033 is the (+)-isomer	2.1	1	0
1,4,7-triazacyclononane 1,4,7-triazacyclononane: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	azacycloalkane; crown amine; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
minalrestat minalrestat: a vasoactive agent	2.72	3	0	isoquinolines
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	3.41	1	1	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	5.49	4	1	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
maduramicin maduramicin: isolated from Actinomadura rubra	1.97	1	0
aspergillomarasmine a [no description available]	3.35	1	0
rpr 104632 RPR 104632: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
maropitant maropitant: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for treatment and prevention of emesis	3.18	1	0
bifeprunox bifeprunox: an antipsychotic agent	3.84	11	0	biphenyls
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	11.11	15	5	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
tolvaptan [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	12.28	24	14	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.17	5	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
l 778,123 L 778,123: prenyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. L-778,123 hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of L-778,123. It is a dual inhibitor of FPTase and GGPTase-I (IC50 of 2nM and 98nm, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer properties.	6.35	8	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.59 (protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide: a thioredoxin inhibitor with antineoplastic activity	2.17	1	0	imidazoles
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.42	2	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2h-benzimidazol-2-one 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
eudesmin eudesmin: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source; very similar to pinoresinol	2.02	1	0
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	4.12	3	1	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2.02	1	0
lanosterol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.45	7	0
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	3.35	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
rosoxacin rosoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by an ethyl group at position 1 and by a pyridin-4-yl group at position 7. An antibacterial drug, active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it has been used for treating urinary tract infections and certain sexually transmitted diseases.	10.2	73	11	pyridines; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
wortmannin [no description available]	3.42	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.78	3	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
sorbinil sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.	1.97	1	0	azaspiro compound; chromanes; imidazolidinone; organofluorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
amyrin acetate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
1,3(2h,4h)-isoquinolinedione 1,3(2H,4H)-isoquinolinedione: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
graveoline graveoline: structure in first source	2.52	2	0	quinolines
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	12.66	52	6
nsc 663284 NSC 663284: structure in first source	4.52	7	0	quinolone
nsc668394 [no description available]	4.96	10	0
bortezomib [no description available]	7.12	8	2	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	14.46	41	25	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.11	5	0
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	3.84	3	0
carboplatin [no description available]	4.53	5	1
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.8	3	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	2.39	2	0
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.13	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	5.56	5	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.44	2	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
elastin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	6.13	5	1	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	6	4	1	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.4	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.06	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.13	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	5.34	10	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	kanamycins
3-dehydroquinic acid 3-dehydroquinic acid: structure in first source. 3-dehydroquinic acid : A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from quinic acid by oxidation of the hydroxy group at position 3 to the corresponding keto group.	3.11	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; 5-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	2.91	4	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.67	3	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	1.97	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	3.04	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	2.66	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.39	2	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	3.89	12	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	2.92	4	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	3.61	9	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	1.97	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.01	1	0
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	2.38	2	0
mometasone furoate Mometasone Furoate: A pregnadienediol derivative ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT and ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENT that is used in the management of ASTHMA and ALLERGIC RHINITIS. It is also used as a topical treatment for skin disorders.	11.81	17	8	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; organochlorine compound; steroid ester	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
linezolid [no description available]	4.94	11	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	2.1	1	0
ingenol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	cyclic terpene ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.7	3	0
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	1.99	1	0
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8,14,24-trienol: a meiosis activating sterol; RN given refers to (5alpha,3beta)-isomer	2.02	1	0	3beta-sterol; Delta(14) steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.13	16	0	tripeptide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	peptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	3.5	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 N-butyrylhomoserine lactone: quorum sensing compound biosynthesized by LasI protein; structure given in first source	3.11	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.01	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
pyochelin pyochelin: phenolic iron-binding cpd from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; promotes the growth of bacterium when added to iron-deficient media. pyochelin : A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4R)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl group. A siderophore that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (via condensation of salicylic acid and two molecules of cysteine) as a mixture of two easily interconvertible diastereoisomers, pyochelin I (major) and pyochelin II (minor). The enantiomeric compounds, enant-pyochelin, are produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols; thiazolidines	metabolite; siderophore
ro 09-1437 cyclothialidine: a DNA gyrase inhibitor; isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis; MF C26-H35-N5-O12-S; structure in first source	3.19	1	0	peptide
valnemulin valnemulin: a pleuromutilin derivative	3.41	1	1	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.72	3	0	organic molecular entity
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	2.6	1	0	penicillanic acid ester
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	4.77	9	0	cyclodextrin
maleic acid maleic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer which is maleic acid; all RR's given refer to (Z)-isomer; (E)-isomer is fumaric acid. maleic acid : A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.	3.64	1	1	butenedioic acid	algal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	1.98	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.17	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.14	5	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	5.27	12	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.91	4	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.73	3	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	1.98	1	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.8	3	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.44	2	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitoleic acid hexadecenoate : A long-chain unsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.94	2	0	hexadec-9-enoic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human blood serum metabolite
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.84	5	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	3.54	2	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.47	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	8.45	20	6	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.76	3	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	5.4	5	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	4.52	7	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	7.68	25	0
keratan sulfate Keratan Sulfate: A sulfated mucopolysaccharide initially isolated from bovine cornea. At least two types are known. Type I, found mostly in the cornea, contains D-galactose and D-glucosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit; type II, found in skeletal tissues, contains D-galactose and D-galactosamine-6-O-sulfate as the repeating unit.. keratan sulfate : A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions.. keratan 6'-sulfate : A keratan sulfate with random sulfation at the 6'-position.	2.02	1	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	6.38	13	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	8.75	43	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.06	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
cyfluthrin cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).	2.01	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	2.51	2	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	1.97	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.	3.45	1	1	benzoate ester; tropane alkaloid	epitope; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.38	2	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	7.09	13	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
roflumilast [no description available]	5.99	10	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; chloropyridine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound	anti-asthmatic drug; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.95	4	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.03	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.4	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	4.91	6	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.06	1	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.39	2	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
pa 824 pretomanid: nitroimidazopyran derived from 5-nitroimidazoles; a prodrug that requires activation by a bacterial F420-depedent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Fgd) and nitroreductase to activate components that then inhibit bacterial mycolic acid and protein synthesis; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.02	1	0	purvalanol
diclazuril [no description available]	1.97	1	0	nitrile
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.15	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.15	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
bevirimat bevirimat: an HIV inhibitor; disrupts late step in processing HIV Major Core Protein p24, preventing the capsid precursor p25 from being converted to mature capsid p24. bevirimat : A pentacyclic triterpenoid obtained by the formal condensation of 2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of betulinic acid. It is isolated from the Chinese herb Syzygium claviflorum. The first in the class of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors to be studied in humans, bevirimat was identified as a potent HIV drug candidate and several clinical trials were conducted, but development into a new drug was plagued by numerous resistance-related problems.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 maturation inhibitor; metabolite
mf 5137 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.71	3	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	18.13	109	52	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
resorcinomycin a resorcinomycin A: from Streptoverticillium roseoverticillatum; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
posaconazole [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
nsc305787 [no description available]	4.14	4	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	3.78	3	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
dpc 961 [no description available]	2	1	0
dpc 963 DPC 963: structure in first source	3.26	6	0
l 731988 L 731988: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
olamufloxacin [no description available]	5.86	18	0
cmx 001 [no description available]	3.23	1	0
glucosulfone glucosulfone: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym promin refers to di-Na salt	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide
abt 492 WQ 3034: structure in first source	5.2	15	0
dq113 DQ113: a potent quinolone, effective against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible and -resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci; formerly referred to as D61-1113	3.11	5	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	3.38	1	1	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.11	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.31	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.43	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
calix(4)arene calix(4)arene: a cyclophane consisting of four phenolic units linked by methylene groups; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
1-hydroxy-2-dodecyl-4(1h)quinolone 1-hydroxy-2-dodecyl-4(1H)quinolone: inhibits alternative NADH dehydrogenase; structure in first source	3.16	5	0
tolfenamic acid tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.	4.13	3	1	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
4-phenylcoumarin 4-phenylcoumarin: structure given in first source. 4-phenylcoumarin : The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	neoflavones
xantphos xantphos: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.1	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.99	4	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
dimethyl fumarate [no description available]	7.31	14	0	diester; enoate ester; methyl ester	antipsoriatic; immunomodulator
glycosides [no description available]	3.15	1	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	3.31	6	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.45	13	1	isomethyleugenol
squalene Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate	2.71	3	0	triterpene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.48	2	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	4.02	4	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.08	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	7.86	58	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
s 1033 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
haplamine haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source	3.14	5	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2	1	0
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	5.96	4	2	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
tiamulin tiamulin: 81723 HFU and tiamutin are for fumarate salt; prevents senescence in ascomycete; pleuromutilin derivative; RN given refers to ((3aS-(3aalpha,4beta,5alpha,6alpha,8beta,9alpha,9abeta,10S*))-isomer. tiamulin : A carbotricyclic compound that is pleuromutilin in which the hydroxyacetate group is replaced by a 2-{[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfanyl}acetate group. An antibacterial drug, tiamulin is used in veterinary medicine (generally as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of swine dysentery caused by Serpulina hyodysenteriae.	3.38	7	0	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide; secondary alcohol; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary amino compound; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antibacterial drug
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.25	1	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine [no description available]	3.84	2	1	purine nucleoside
dithizone Dithizone: Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes.	2.06	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	3.08	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	5.04	7	0
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.06	1	0	pyrimidone
4,6-dimethyl-2-thiopyrimidine 4,6-dimethyl-2-thiopyrimidine: structure	2.06	1	0
vrt 532 VRT 532: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1h)-one 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source. dihydroxyquinoline : Any hydroxyquinoline in which the number of hydroxy substituents is specified as two.	2.55	2	0	hydroxyquinoline; quinolone
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.94	7	1	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
brd 7389 BRD 7389: a protein kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	anthracenes
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.07	1	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	2.44	2	0	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.06	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	2.41	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.11	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.62	9	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
terbinafine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
coniferyl alcohol coniferyl alcohol: structure. coniferol : A phenylpropanoid that is one of the main monolignols, produced by the reduction of the carboxy functional group in cinnamic acid and the addition of a hydroxy and a methoxy substituent to the aromatic ring.	1.97	1	0	guaiacols; phenylpropanoid	animal metabolite; monolignol; mouse metabolite; pheromone; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.11	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.15	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	2.69	2	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.43	7	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
indigo carmine Indigo Carmine: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk.. indigo carmine : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.	5.09	1	1
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	7.67	8	2	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.74	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
aflatoxin b aflatoxin B2: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. aflatoxin B2 : An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.01	1	0	aflatoxin
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	5.06	5	2	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
tamoxifen [no description available]	6.8	12	2	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
4-thiouracil [no description available]	2.06	1	0
nadp [no description available]	4.35	6	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	5	14	0
2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone: structure in first source. 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone : A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.	8.94	127	0	quinolone	signalling molecule
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	6.42	7	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
r-82913 R-82913: antiviral target on reverse transcriptase of HIV-1	1.98	1	0
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	3.38	7	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.31	4	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
helvolic acid helvolic acid: structure. helvolic acid : A steroid C-21 acid having a 29-nordammarane skeleton substituted with an acetoxy group at C-16 and oxo groups at C-3 and -7, with double bonds at C-1, -17(20) and -24.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid; acetate ester; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid	antibacterial agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
maraviroc [no description available]	5.96	7	1	tropane alkaloid
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
vicriviroc vicriviroc: structure in first source	2.46	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	3.41	7	0
4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2h)-pyridazinone 4,5-dihydro-6-(4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)-5-methyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone: RN & structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
tetomilast [no description available]	2	1	0
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.46	2	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	8.65	11	2	alkali metal atom
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.51	2	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	5.38	2	1	nitrogen oxide
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	2.05	1	0
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	5.84	8	3	salicylamides
quinine [no description available]	4.37	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.07	1	0
tryptophan tryptophylquinone tryptophan tryptophylquinone: prosthetic group of the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase; structure given in first source	6.34	11	0
2-ketogluconate 2-ketogluconate: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2-dehydro-D-gluconic acid : A ketoaldonic acid that is D-gluconic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been oxidised to a keto group.	3.78	3	0	keto-D-gluconic acid	bacterial metabolite
opc 8490 OPC 8490: structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
cystine [no description available]	2.48	2	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
n(6)-benzoyl-cyclic amp [no description available]	2.03	1	0
isepamicin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
vx-745 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; pyrimidopyridazine	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
modipafant modipafant: structure given in first source ; PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.91	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-ile(2,4)- argipressin, beta-mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Ile(2,4)-: RN refers to (L-Ile-D-Ile-L-Arg)-isomer; vasopressin and vasopressin (2) receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
laromustine laromustine: has antineoplastic activity	3.55	2	0
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.94	4	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apramycin apramycin : An aminoglycoside that is 2-deoxystreptamine that is substituted on the oxygen at position 4 by an (8R)-2-amino-8-O-(4-amino-4-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)-2,3,7-trideoxy-7-(methylamino)-D-glycero-alpha-D-allo-octodialdo-1,5:8,4-dipyranos-1-yl) group.	2	1	0	2-deoxystreptamine derivative; aminoglycoside; organic heterobicyclic compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.03	1	0
lenabasum lenabasum: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	coumarins
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.15	1	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.68	3	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	6.14	17	0
nafadotride nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenecarboxamide; nitrile; pyrrolidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	5.01	7	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	2.68	3	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
homoserine lactone homoserine lactone: a putative signal for starvation in E. coli; structure in first source. homoserinium lactone : The conjugate acid of homoserine lactone; major species at pH 7.3.. homoserine lactone : A butan-4-olide having an amino substituent at the 2-position.	4.64	8	0	ammonium ion derivative; organic cation
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.79	2	1
tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate: used for labeling of antibodies with fluorochromes; easily dissolved with DMSO; conjugates with immunoglobulins	1.98	1	0
3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4h-pyran-4-thione 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-thione: inhibits Bla2 beta-lactamase; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.03	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	4.87	10	0
4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid 4-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(6-methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid: structure in first source	3.01	4	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	indolecarboxamide
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.05	1	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
flosequinan [no description available]	7.41	12	2	quinolines
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.99	4	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	4.05	4	0
tcn 201 [no description available]	2.1	1	0
merbarone merbarone: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.02	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
pyrroloquinoline pyrroloquinoline: check to see if actually PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE (PQQ COFACTOR)	2.46	2	0
cinnamamide cinnamamide: structure in first source. cinnamamide : The simplest member of the class of cinnamamides that consists of acrylamide bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position.. trans-cinnamamide : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamamide.	2.1	1	0	cinnamamide
eupatilin eupatilin: isolated from Artemisia argyi. eupatilin : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.	2.21	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; trimethoxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-ulcer drug; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; metabolite
abacavir, lamivudine drug combination abacavir, lamivudine drug combination: combination of Epivir and Ziagen	5.3	3	1
jtk-303 [no description available]	21.71	331	74	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	7.56	17	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.94	13	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.02	3	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.24	24	3	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.15	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	5.8	6	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.52	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.42	2	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	5.81	22	1	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.4	2	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.98	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	2.05	1	0	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
rosin rosin: Resin from plant. Do not confuse with the specific compound: 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-(E)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, also know as rosin.	2.31	1	0
alprostadil [no description available]	4.18	5	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.9	4	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.52	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	1.96	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.43	2	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	4.62	3	2	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin b2 prostaglandin B2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	2	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	3.08	5	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.01	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
naringenin chalcone naringenin chalcone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified stereoisomer & from CA Vol 92 Form Index; RN for cpd not in Chemline 7/6/83; structure in first source. 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.	2.08	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	6.98	13	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.12	5	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	7.05	10	1	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	8.86	12	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
cefzil cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.	1.98	1	0
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.14	3	1	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	2.05	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.03	1	0	geranylgeraniol
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.41	1	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.06	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.02	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.25	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	1.97	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.08	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
mycolactone mycolactone: toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence	3.16	1	0	macrolide
miocamycin Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.	2.38	2	0
geranylgeranylacetone geranylgeranylacetone: structure in first source; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers. teprenone : A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).	5.18	3	1
ornoprostil ornoprostil: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R,17S)-isomer	3.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.9	4	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	2.39	2	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.05	1	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.5	1	1	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	5.49	4	1
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.25	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
2-dodecenoic acid 2-dodecenoic acid: structure in first source. trans-2-dodecenoic acid : The trans isomer of 2-dodecenoic acid.. 2-dodecenoic acid : A dodecenoic acid having its double bond at position 2.	2.08	1	0	2-dodecenoic acid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	5.25	12	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ubiquinone 8 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	ubiquinones	biomarker
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.55	2	0
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.21	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
methyl linoleate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	plant metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	4.12	3	1	hydrochloride
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.05	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.18	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.94	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	2.11	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	7.86	12	3	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	7.04	5	2	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.25	1	0	cyclodextrin
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.04	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	3.14	1	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.22	11	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pyoverdin pyoverdin: a partly cyclic octapeptide linked to a chromophore, derived from 2,3-diamino-6,7-dihydroxyquinoline, which confers color and fluorescence to the molecule; yellow-green pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa; pyoverdin Pf from P. fluorescens; structure has been determined	3.78	10	0
as 605240 5-quinoxalin-6-ylmethylenethiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source. (5Z)-5-(quinoxalin-6-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A quinoxaline derivative that is quinoxaline in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a (2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl group. It is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kgamma, with an IC50 of 8 nM and inhibits the progression of joint inflammation and damage in both lymphocyte-independent and dependent mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.06	1	0	quinoxaline derivative; thiazolidinediones	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.06	1	0
atosiban [no description available]	1.99	1	0	oligopeptide
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2	1	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	3.08	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.23	6	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	8.55	13	7	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.43	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	4.73	9	0
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
ly 320135 LY 320135: cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzofurans
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	7.96	14	2
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	1.99	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	5.19	4	3
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.06	1	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.78	3	0
gr 218231 GR 218231: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2	1	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
biliverdine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
evocarpine evocarpine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.39	7	0	quinolines
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	5.65	5	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.45	2	0
su 11248 [no description available]	10.19	9	6	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib [no description available]	2.21	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; cyclopentanes; piperidines; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.01	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.84	6	1	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	2.91	4	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.68	3	0
bw b70c BW B70C: arachidonic acid antagonist. BW B70C : A hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid; organofluorine compound; ureas	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.41	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.05	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.41	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.39	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.1	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.21	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	1.99	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	7.71	6	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.19	5	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.07	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	5.95	4	1	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.8	2	1	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	3.39	1	1	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	2	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.13	1	0	boron group element atom
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	2.39	2	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
ridogrel [no description available]	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	4.65	8	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2	1	0	azoxy compound
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
bedaquiline bedaquiline: a diarylquinoline Antitubercular Agent. bedaquiline : A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.	3.89	3	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenes; organobromine compound; quinolines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antitubercular agent; ATP synthase inhibitor
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.37	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.46	2	0
ternatin (flavonoid) ternatin (flavonoid): from Sceptridium ternatum; also isolated from Egletes viscosa; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	ether; flavonoids
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	7.56	17	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.65	16	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
n-acetylmuramic acid N-acetylmuramic acid: RN given refers to D-Glucopyranose, (R)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-muramic acid : The pyranose form of N-acetylmuramic acid.	2.03	1	0	N-acetylmuramic acid
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.78	3	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.78	3	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.82	3	0
cefquinome cefquinome: broad spectrum antibiotic; RN given refers to (6R(6alpha,7beta(Z)-isomer); structure given in first source	4.39	2	2
2,3-dehydrosilybin dehydrosilybin: inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 catalytic activity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	flavonolignan
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.7	7	1	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.08	5	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	4.09	3	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
licostinel licostinel: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.08	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	17.57	75	32
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	2.67	3	0	cephalosporin
otamixaban otamixaban: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
arglabin arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.	3.12	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
epicinchonine epicinchonine: structure in first source. cinchonine : Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	1.92	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	4.3	5	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.02	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	7.57	31	5	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
7-fluoro-2-phenyl-4-quinolone 7-fluoro-2-phenyl-4-quinolone: structure given in first source; interacts with tubulin and prevents colchicine binding to tubulin	1.98	1	0
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
roquefortine roquefortine: metabolite of Penicillium roqueforti; structure	2.02	1	0	pyrroloindole
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	2.93	4	0
aurachin d aurachin D: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O; MW: 363; structure given in first source	4.23	17	0	sesquiterpenoid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2	1	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.83	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
ma-1 tipiracil: inhibits thymidine phosphorylase. tipiracil : A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.	5.09	1	1	carboxamidine; organochlorine compound; pyrimidone; pyrrolidines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.4 (thymidine phosphorylase) inhibitor
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.4	2	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.11	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.72	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.8	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
radium Radium: A radioactive element of the alkaline earth series of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ra and atomic number 88. Radium is the product of the disintegration of URANIUM and is present in pitchblende and all ores containing uranium. It is used clinically as a source of beta and gamma-rays in radiotherapy, particularly BRACHYTHERAPY.	3.58	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.5	2	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.15	1	0	organic anion
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	3.37	1	1
clinoptilolite clinoptilolite: clinoptilolite was SY to zeolite (NM); use zeolites (NM) to search through 1993; RN is for cpd with unknown MF	2.02	1	0
cgp 39551 CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	4.66	27	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	3.09	5	0	amidobenzoic acid
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2	1	0	azoxy compound
cilastatin [no description available]	4.04	4	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.15	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.46	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.73	3	0
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	1.98	1	0
1-(1-glycero)tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene 1-(1-glycero)tetradeca-1,3,5,7,9-pentaene: fecapentaene mutagen of bacterial origin from human feces; structure given in first source	3.07	1	0
gephyrotoxin gephyrotoxin: alkaloid from Colombian frog Dendrobates histrionicus	2	1	0
1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidine)quinolinium, tetraiodide 1,1'-((4,4,7,7-tetramethyl)-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-oxazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN refers to the tetraiodide compound	2.08	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	2.48	2	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
igmesine [no description available]	3.12	1	0
bwa 4c [no description available]	2.41	2	0
limaprost limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
palitantin palitantin: RN given refers to (2alpha,3beta(1E,3E),5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.99	1	0
aurachin b aurachin B: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O2; MW: 379; structure given in first source. aurachin B : An A-type aurachin that is quinoline N-oxide which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2, a hydroxy group at position 3, and a triprenyl group at position 4.	2.94	4	0	A-type aurachin; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; olefinic compound; quinoline N-oxide	bacterial metabolite
aurachin c aurachin C: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O2; MW: 379; structure given in first source. aurachin C : A C-type aurachin that is quinolin-4-one which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 1, a methyl group at position 2, and a triprenyl group at position 3.	3.89	12	0	C-type aurachin; hydroxylamines; organic heterobicyclic compound; quinolone	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.5.4 (sulfide:quinone reductase) inhibitor
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.21	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
4-coumaroyl-coenzyme a 4-coumaroyl-coenzyme A: structure given in first source. trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA : A 4-coumaroyl-CoA in which the double bond of the coumaroyl group has trans-geochemistry.. 4-coumaroyl-CoA : The S-(4-coumaroyl) derivative of coenzyme A.	2.08	1	0	4-coumaroyl-CoA
everolimus [no description available]	7.27	9	2	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
u 75302 U 75302: RN refers to (R-(R,S-(E,Z)))-isomer; leukotriene B4 antagonist	2.01	1	0
axitinib [no description available]	4.42	3	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; indazoles; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
cgp-56697 Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination: Drug combination of artemether and lumefantrine that is used to treat PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MALARIA.	2.05	1	0
s 1360 [no description available]	2.44	2	0
l 744832 L 744832: a CaaX peptidomimetic; a specific farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. L-744,832 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(2S,3S)-2-{[(2R)-2-amino-3-sulfanylpropyl]amino}-3-methylpentyl]oxy}-3-phenylpropanoic acid with the amino group of propan-2-yl (2S)-2-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)butanoate. It is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor that exhibits anticancer properties.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; ether; isopropyl ester; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; thiol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; geroprotector
rilpivirine [no description available]	5.86	11	0	aminopyrimidine; nitrile	EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	2.6	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.74	3	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	2.4	2	0	monobactam	antibacterial drug
beta-escin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
a 77636 A 77636: structure given in first source; a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist. (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol : An isochromene that is 3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol bearing additional aminomethyl and 1-adamantyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively (the 1R,3S-diastereomer). Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2	1	0	adamantanes; catechols; isochromenes; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.43	2	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	7.48	8	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	3.15	5	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	sulfonamide
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0	naphthyridine derivative
andrastin a andrastin A: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure given in first source. andrastin A : A 19-oxo steroid that is that is andrastin B in which the hydroxy group at position 19 has been oxidised to give the corresponding aldehyde. A farnesyltransferase inhibitor produced by Penicillium roqueforti, a filamentous fungus involved in the ripening of several kinds of blue cheeses.	2.02	1	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
aspidospermidine aspidospermidine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	Aspidosperma alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	4.32	4	1	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
helium-3 atom helium-3 atom : The stable isotope of helium with relative atomic mass 3.016029. The least abundant (0.000137 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring helium.	6.17	3	2	helium atom
platensimycin platensimycin: has antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities; a pentacyclic ketolide (structurally similar to adamantane) connected by an amide bond to 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid; inhibits cellular lipid biosynthesis; discovered while screening compounds from Streptomyces platensis bacteria in a South African soil sample with S. aureus bacteria deficient in FabF protein; structure in first source. platensimycin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of 3-amino-2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with the carboxy group of the oxatetracyclic cage component. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces platensis and exhibits inhibitory activity against fatty acid synthase.	3.17	1	0	aromatic amide; cyclic ether; cyclic ketone; dihydroxybenzoic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; polycyclic cage	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.09	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
17-n,n-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one 17-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-azaandrostane-3-one: inhibitor of testosterone 5-alpha reductase, receptor binding & nuclear uptake of androgens in the prostate	3.5	2	0
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	4.41	2	2
vapiprost vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
ro-23-9424 Ro-23-9424: fused compound containing fleroxacin combined with desacetylcefotaxime; active against gram-positive bacteria	1.97	1	0
sitafloxacin sitafloxacin: structure in first source	9.06	59	4
flibanserin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzimidazoles; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist
adrogolide hydrochloride adrogolide hydrochloride: the diacetyl prodrug of A-86929; structure given in first source	4.29	4	1
vilazodone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.11	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bay 12-9566 Bay 12-9566: an angiogenesis inhibitor with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activity	3.11	1	0	biphenyls; organochlorine compound
sarizotan sarizotan: serotonin 5-HT1A agonist improves motor complications in rodent and primate parkinsonian models	2.06	1	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	3.11	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
retapamulin retapamulin: a synthetic pleuromutilin	5.34	3	1	carbotricyclic compound; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone
isavuconazole isavuconazole : A 1,3-thiazole that is butan-2-ol which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 3 by 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 2,5-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis.	2.57	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; nitrile; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor; orphan drug
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.49	2	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
indacaterol indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	22.7	302	113	indanes; monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
pep005 3-ingenyl angelate: protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
valopicitabine valopicitabine: prodrug of 2'-C-methylcytidine; an anti-hepatitis C virus agent; structure in first source	3.14	1	0
panobinostat Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.. panobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.	2.45	2	0	cinnamamides; hydroxamic acid; methylindole; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
isoborneol isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.99	1	0	borneol
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.64	9	0	ammonium ion derivative
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	3.12	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.98	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cholanic acid cholanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomer designation. cholanic acid : A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.. colanic acid : A polyanionic heteropolysaccharide containing a repeat unit with D-glucose, L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucuronic acid sugars that are non-stoichiometrically decorated with O-acetyl and pyruvate side-chains	2.21	1	0	cholanic acids
mannich bases Mannich Bases: Ketonic amines prepared from the condensation of a ketone with formaldehyde and ammonia or a primary or secondary amine. A Mannich base can act as the equivalent of an alpha,beta unsaturated ketone in synthesis or can be reduced to form physiologically active amino alcohols.	2.4	2	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.38	2	0
s 1743 Esomeprazole: The S-isomer of omeprazole.. esomeprazole : A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.	4.51	2	2	magnesium salt	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	6.4	12	1	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340 tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	14.49	40	18	6-aminopurines; ether; isopropyl ester; L-alanine derivative; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
cefoselis cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	2.39	2	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.92	4	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pridopidine pridopidine: a dopamine stabilizer; structure in first source	3.54	2	0
osu 6162 OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia	3.54	2	0
orteronel orteronel: non-steroidal 17,20-lyase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.25	1	0
tebipenem tebipenem: an oral carbapenem antibiotic, against penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
rs 14203 RS 14203: a type IV cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	8.32	22	5
ggti 298 GGTI 298: inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase-I; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	leucine derivative
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	3.17	1	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
lenvatinib lenvatinib : A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.	7.51	4	4	aromatic amide; aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; orphan drug; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
andarine [no description available]	3.57	2	0	acetamides; anilide
midostaurin midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.	3.16	5	0	benzamides; gamma-lactam; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	2.67	3	0
efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: Inhibitor of reverse transcriptases or of RNA-directed DNA polymerases.	6.32	4	2
etomoxir [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	1.99	1	0
2-propyl-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1-ena(c)phenanthrene-9,10-diol A 86929: a selective dopamine D1 agonists; structure given in first source	5.26	12	1
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.11	1	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
jorumycin jorumycin: structure in first source	2.53	2	0
wck 771 WCK 771: structure in first source	2.97	4	0
(S)-nadifloxacin levonadifloxacin: broad-spectrum anti-MRSA benzoquinolizine quinolone agent	5.27	7	0	nadifloxacin
paliperidone palmitate Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	8.23	17	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; fatty acid ester; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine
biln 2061 BILN 2061: a macrocyclic NS3 protease inhibitor and antiviral agent; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.41	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cabazitaxel cabazitaxel: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source. cabazitaxel : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.	5.27	3	1	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-stabilising agent
fluticasone furoate fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	6.77	4	3	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-furoate ester; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; prodrug
pseudane ix pseudane IX: isolated from Ruta angustifolia leaves; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
ozenoxacin ozenoxacin: an antibacterial for treatment of impetigo; structure in first source	13	38	9	quinolines
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	7.35	19	2	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.77	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
org 34517 Org 34517: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
jte 907 JTE 907: a cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligand; structure in first source	5.4	13	0	aromatic amide; quinolines
tafluprost tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	isopropyl ester; organofluorine compound; prostaglandins Falpha	prostaglandin receptor agonist
avanafil [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; prolinols; pyrimidines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	2.75	3	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	4.51	1	1	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ajm300 AJM300: an alpha4 integrin antagonist	3.25	1	0
s-013420 EDP 420: a bicyclolide with anti-infective activity	2.04	1	0
slv 313 [no description available]	2.73	3	0
gw844520 GW844520: anti-malarial mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
cs 940 CS 940: structure in first source	2.9	4	0
ggti 2147 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
clerocidin [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5h)-one 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
flb 457 FLB 457: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	4.42	2	2
l 838,417 L 838,417: structure in first source	3.12	1	0
k 134 compound OPC 33509: has both anti-thrombotic and anti-hyperplastic activities; structure in first source	2.4	2	0
tivozanib N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	4.15	2	0	aromatic ether
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	4.65	4	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cediranib [no description available]	3.18	1	0	aromatic ether
tae226 TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	morpholines
cc 1065 CC 1065: from Streptomyces zelensis; structure in second sourc	3.83	3	0
zeolites [no description available]	5.27	3	1
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone [no description available]	2.04	1	0
vosaroxin vosaroxin: has antineoplastic activity; vosaroxin was formerly voreloxin; structure in first source	5.25	3	1
1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride SA 4503: a sigma(1) receptor agonist; structure in first source	3.12	1	0
ubiquinol ubiquinol: reduced forms of ubiquinone; see also record for ubiquinol 10. ubiquinol-10 : A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.	2.71	3	0	polyprenylhydroquinone; ubiquinol	biomarker; metabolite
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.25	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	3.1	1	0
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	4.31	4	0
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source	2.44	2	0
fidaxomicin Fidaxomicin: A narrow-spectrum macrolide antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of diarrhea associated with CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION.. fidaxomicin : An 18-membered macrolide that is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. A narrow spectrum antibiotic used for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related infections.	2.07	1	0
altrenogest altrenogest: a synthetic PROGESTERONE agonist; used in estrus synchronization	2	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid
pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.	3.6	2	0	aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist
masitinib [no description available]	3.64	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ly-2157299 LY-2157299: an orally active transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF-beraR) kinase inhibitor. LY-2157299 : A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.	3.99	1	1	aromatic amide; methylpyridines; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolopyrazole; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; TGFbeta receptor antagonist
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.07	1	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.93	3	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
opc-14857 OPC-14857: metabolite of aripiprazole; structure in first source	9.66	38	11
sepantronium sepantronium: a survivin suppressant with antineoplastic activity. sepantronium : An organic cation that is 1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2-methyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione in which the nitrogen at position 3 of the napthoimidazole moiety has been alkylated by a pyrazin-2-ylmethyl group.	2.31	1	0	organic cation
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.11	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
vilanterol [no description available]	11.07	15	4	benzyl alcohols; dichlorobenzene; ether; phenols; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
77-lh-28-1 77-LH-28-1: a CNS penetrant, selective M1 muscarinic receptor agonist, structure in first source	3.77	10	0
lepadiformine lepadiformine: isolated from Clavelina lepadiformis (Muller) and C. molluccensis (Sluiter); structure in first source	4.05	4	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.21	1	0
3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene 3,3'-dihydroxyisorenieratene: isolated from Streptomyces mediolani; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
kaspar kaspar: structure given in first source	2.21	1	0
crenolanib [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aminopiperidine; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; oxetanes; quinolines; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
batefenterol batefenterol: a bronchodilator	9.62	12	9
zabofloxacin zabofloxacin: a fluoroquinolone antibiotic	3.58	2	0
1,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2h-furo(2,3-h)quinolin-2-one 1,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2H-furo(2,3-h)quinolin-2-one: a tetramethylfuroquinolinone; an isoster of angelicin; structure given in first source	2.92	4	0
renieramycin m renieramycin M: from the Thai sponge Xestospongia sp.; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	7.41	20	0
fasicularin fasicularin: structure in first source	3.53	2	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	4.98	2	1	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	2.06	1	0
streptogramin b Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.	2.13	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
cariprazine cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.	6.47	13	0
regorafenib [no description available]	5.09	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; hepatotoxic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid acetyl-11-ketoboswellic acid: a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	triterpenoid
gamendazole gamendazole: Spermatogenesis Blocking Agents; structure in first source. gamendazole : A member of the class of indazoles that is 3-(indazol-3-yl}prop-2-enoic acid carrying additional 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 1 and 6 respectively. An orally active antispermatogenic compound with antifertility effects that is a potential male contraceptive drug.	2.17	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; dichlorobenzene; indazoles; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	antispermatogenic agent; eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha 1 inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; synthetic oral contraceptive
ptc 124 [no description available]	6.68	12	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
abt-737 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
tedizolid DA 7157: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. tedizolid : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a 2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl group at position 2 and by a 2-fluoro-4-[(5R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl group at position 5. It is used as its phosphate pro-drug used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; drug metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
brivanib [no description available]	3.18	1	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoroindole; pyrrolotriazine; secondary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.01	1	0
lurasidone hydrochloride Lurasidone Hydrochloride: A thiazole derivative and atypical ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST, serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, and antagonist of the adrenergic α2A and α2C receptors, as well as a partial SEROTONIN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR AGONIST. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER.. lurasidone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	8.53	12	1	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
np 031112 tideglusib: an NSAID and neuroprotective agent. tideglusib : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a naphthalen-1-yl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) and has neuroprotective effects. Currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.	2.31	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
mk 2866 [no description available]	3.57	2	0
psammaplysene a psammaplysene A: dimeric bromotyrosine alkaloid; specific inhibitor of FOXO1a nuclear export; structure in first source	3.35	1	0
tedizolid phosphate tedizolid phosphate: a prodrug of DA-7157; structure in first source. tedizolid phosphate : A phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone; phosphate monoester; pyridines; tetrazoles	antimicrobial agent; prodrug; protein synthesis inhibitor
arq 197 [no description available]	5.05	2	1	indoles
olodaterol [no description available]	6.42	7	0	aromatic ether; benzoxazine; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
gsk573719 GSK573719: Muscarinic Antagonist. umeclidinium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is quinuclidine substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl and hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl groups respectively.	10.35	10	4
aclidinium bromide aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.01	4	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
hu 308 HU 308: a specific agonist for CB(2), a peripheral cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. HU-308 : A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 2, a 2,6-dimethoxy-4-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenyl group at position 4, and two methyl groups at position 6 (the 1S,4S,5S stereoisomer). A highly selective and effective cannabinoid type-2 agonist and the enantiomer of HU-433.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; bridged compound; carbobicyclic compound; primary allylic alcohol; synthetic cannabinoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; CB2 receptor agonist
carfilzomib [no description available]	3.18	1	0	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
finafloxacin finafloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 by cyclopropyl, fluoro, hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-b][1,4]oxazin-6-yl and cyano groups respectively; an antibiotic used for treatment of acute otitis externa (swimmer's ear) caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.	3.23	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; nitrile; organofluorine compound; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	5.59	64	0	quinolines
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.99	1	0
crizotinib Crizotinib: A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. crizotinib : A 3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)	4.18	3	1	3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine	antineoplastic agent; biomarker; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cefdinir Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.	3.09	5	0
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.	2.08	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant
ru 66647 telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis;	3.12	5	0
trametinib [no description available]	2.17	1	0	acetamides; aromatic amine; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; organoiodine compound; pyridopyrimidine; ring assembly	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	7.61	9	2
emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of emtricitabine and tenofovir that is used as an ANTI-HIV AGENT in the treatment and prevention of HIV INFECTIONS.	2.46	2	0
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	5.81	22	1	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.03	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.11	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.44	2	0
brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source	20.2	166	38	N-arylpiperazine
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	8.59	29	2
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	6.53	14	0
tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium (ii) tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium (II): reagent which distinguishes right- & left-handed DNA helices	2.05	1	0	ruthenium coordination entity	fluorochrome
nemonoxacin nemonoxacin: has antibacterial activity	13.66	38	15	quinolines
n-monoacetylcystine N-monoacetylcystine: antidote for paracetamol poisoning	2.25	1	0
thienopyridine thienopyridine: patients were treated with thienopyridine after percutaneous coronary intervention; Antiplatelet Agents. thienopyridine : Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.	2.11	1	0
cyclopenin cyclopenin: Penicillium metabolite; structure	2.4	2	0
rifamycins [no description available]	8.12	18	0
clove Madagascar: One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)	1.98	1	0
1,4-dihydroquinoline 1,4-dihydroquinoline: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid decahydroquinoline-5-carboxylic acid: contains GABA moiety; RN given refers to HCl, (4a alpha,5 alpha,8a alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.44	2	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.21	1	0
silver carbonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
n-desmethyldanofloxacin N-desmethyldanofloxacin: structure given in first source	3.82	2	1
jaw [no description available]	2.06	1	0	indolecarboxamide
pyrazole-5-carboxamide pyrazole-5-carboxamide: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
korormicin korormicin: from marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas sp.; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
quinoline-3-carboxamide quinoline-3-carboxamide: structure in first source	4.11	4	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.74	29	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	6.22	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
vonoprazan 1-(5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-(pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-N-methylmethanamine: a proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	3.59	1	1	pyrroles
5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 5-(alpha-methyl-4-bromobenzylamino)phosphonomethyl-1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: an excitatory amino acid antagonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
jorunnamycin a jorunnamycin A: structure in first source	4.78	8	0	isoquinolines
ach 702 ACH 702: an anti-tubercular agent; structure in first source	3.32	6	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.96	4	0
rg 7128 2'-fluoro-2'-methyl-3',5'-diisobutyryldeoxycytidine: inhibits HCV polymerase; structure in first source	4.43	1	1
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.41	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	2.02	1	0
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	2.43	2	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.71	3	0	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	4.33	4	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	2.71	3	0	peptide hormone
avoparcin avoparcin: glycopeptide antibiotic from Streptomyces candidus; antibiotic growth promoter for improving growth rates & feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens & pigs	2.01	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.41	1	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	2.13	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.05	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	5.05	7	0
liraglutide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.76	2	0
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	3.19	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.61	2	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	2.21	1	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	3.02	4	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.06	4	0	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	5.1	10	1
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.72	3	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.96	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
edratide edratide: based on the complementarity determining region of human 16/6Id; do not confuse with CDR1 protein, human	3.23	1	0
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	10.37	17	13	21-hydroxy steroid
divalinal-angiotensin iv divalinal-angiotensin IV: AT4 receptors antagonist	2.31	1	0
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	23.5	629	82	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
lumacaftor lumacaftor: a corrector of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CTFR); structure in first source. lumacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	17.49	133	12	aromatic amide; benzodioxoles; benzoic acids; cyclopropanes; organofluorine compound; pyridines	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
peniprequinolone peniprequinolone: isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum; structure in first source	2	1	0	quinolines
gsk690693 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; acetylenic compound; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; imidazopyridine; piperidines; primary amino compound; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.15	1	0
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	2.06	1	0
quinabactin quinabactin: an abscisic acid agonist; structure in first source	4.32	5	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	4.91	11	0
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	2.41	2	0
robenidine Robenidine: An anticoccidial agent mainly for poultry.	4.26	4	1
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.51	2	0
sodium cyanoborohydride sodium cyanoborohydride: reagent for preparing biologically active nitroxides	1.97	1	0
gv 196771a GV 196771A: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
pyrazolopyridine pyrazolopyridine: act as competitive antagonists of brain adenosine A1 receptors	2.21	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	1.99	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	3.05	4	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.93	1	0
lincospectin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.02	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.4	7	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
raltegravir potassium Raltegravir Potassium: A pyrrolidinone derivative and HIV INTEGRASE INHIBITOR that is used in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS for the treatment of HIV INFECTION.	16.33	136	8
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	1.97	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	8.08	27	1
ici 105552 ICI 105552: RN given refers to Na salt	3.47	8	0
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	3.92	3	0
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	13.56	110	1
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	5.95	13	0	organic molecular entity
arginine Teniposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Teniposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent cells from entering into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, and lead to cell death. Teniposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cycle.. teniposide : A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.	3.08	5	0
echinomycin Echinomycin: A cytotoxic polypeptide quinoxaline antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces echinatus that binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis.	1.98	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide
olaparib [no description available]	2.82	3	0	cyclopropanes; monofluorobenzenes; N-acylpiperazine; phthalazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
srt1720 [no description available]	2.21	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.21	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gdc 0449 HhAntag691: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity	2.08	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; SMO receptor antagonist; teratogenic agent
valbenazine valbenazine: inhibits vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2); used to treat tardive dyskinesia; structure in first source	3.68	2	0
lomibuvir lomibuvir: an antiviral agent with polymerase NS5 inhibitory activity	2.1	1	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
rosettacin rosettacin: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
florbetapir f 18 florbetapir: a PET agent for Abeta plaques; structure in first source. florbetapir F-18 : An aromatic ether consisting of a pyridine ring substituted at position 2 by a 2-{2-[2-((18)F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy group and at position 5 and a 2-(4-methylaminophenyl)vinyl group. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.	3.19	1	0	(18)F radiopharmaceutical; aromatic ether; organofluorine compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	radioactive imaging agent
ponatinib [no description available]	3.63	8	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	2.02	1	0
sgi-1027 SGI-1027: inhibits DNA methyltransferase 1; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
heme o heme O: hemes of cytochrome o; heme A-like molecule, containing a 17-carbon hydroxyethylfarnesyl side chain but with a methyl residue replacing the formyl group. ferroheme o : A ferroheme having a methyl group at ring position 8 and an isoprenoid chain at position 2.	2.05	1	0
navitoclax [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
lucitanib E-3810: a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. E-3810 : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 6-({7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. E-3810 is a dual VEGFR and FGFR inhibitor. E-3810 free base : A naphthalenecarboxamide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-1-naphthoic acid with methylamine.	3.27	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; naphthalenecarboxamide; primary amino compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-oxo-1-pentyl-6-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-oxo-1-pentyl-6-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide: structure in first source	3.01	4	0
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	18.97	157	24	fumarate salt
ter 199 gamma-Glu-S-BzCys-PhGly diethyl ester: a glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibitor; structure given in first source	3.15	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.99	4	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	2.05	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
cabozantinib cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.	9.59	7	4	aromatic ether; dicarboxylic acid diamide; organofluorine compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ammosamide b ammosamide B: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
defactinib [no description available]	2.58	2	0
incb-018424 [no description available]	3.14	1	0	nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
cobicistat [no description available]	18.88	124	51	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; ureas	P450 inhibitor
bms-790052 daclatasvir: an HCV NS5A inhibitor. daclatasvir : A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.	2.13	1	0	biphenyls; carbamate ester; carboxamide; imidazoles; valine derivative	antiviral drug; nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
ammosamide a ammosamide A: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma.	3.21	1	0	benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor
lgd 3303 9-chloro-2-ethyl-1-methyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-3H-pyrrolo(3,2-f)quinolin-7(6H)-one: an androgen receptor modulator; structure in first source	4.06	4	0
cem 101 solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source	3.19	1	0
cx 5461 CX 5461: structure in first source	3.06	1	0	diazepine; naphthyridine derivative; organic heterotetracyclic compound; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor
azd2014 vistusertib: potent and selective dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
plx4032 [no description available]	3.88	3	0	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone 2,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylsulfanyl)-(1,4)naphthoquinone: CDC25A & B inhibitor	3.53	2	0
mk-7655 relebactam: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
cytochromes c1 Cytochromes c1: The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p545)	1.99	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	5.39	13	1
quad pill Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of the ANTI-HIV AGENTS elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS.	10.19	17	2
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	16.19	238	10
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	6.27	19	2
pf 04971729 ertugliflozin: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	diarylmethane
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	4.21	16	0
tilmicosin tilmicosin: semi-synthetic antibiotic. tilmicosin : A macrolide antibiotic with formula C46H80N2O13. It is used for the treatment of respiratory disease in cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease associated with Mannheimia haemolytica.	4.64	3	2
tylosin [no description available]	5.82	12	2
sofosbuvir Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.	2.13	1	0	isopropyl ester; L-alanyl ester; nucleotide conjugate; organofluorine compound; phosphoramidate ester	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; prodrug
abemaciclib [no description available]	5.68	2	2
gsk299423 GSK299423: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
glpg0634 [no description available]	3.35	1	0
aripiprazole lauroxil [no description available]	4.19	2	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; dodecanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	H1-receptor antagonist; prodrug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
abt-199 venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; oxanes; pyrrolopyridine	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
ly2940680 [no description available]	4.62	1	1
azd4547 [no description available]	3.11	4	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	4.5	6	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	3.85	3	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	3.39	7	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	5.41	14	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coumermycin coumermycin: RN given refers to coumermycin A1; structure. coumermycin A1 : A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.	2.93	4	0	aromatic amide; coumarins; glycoside; heteroarenecarboxylate ester; pyrroles	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	5.29	17	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	10.1	70	1
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.46	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.02	14	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	6.35	30	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.69	3	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.02	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	4.22	5	0	aromatic amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.48	1	1	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
laquinimod [no description available]	17.03	120	15	aromatic amide
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	9.93	57	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.13	1	0
2,4-dihydroxyquinoline 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source. 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone : A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.	2.8	3	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; quinolone
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	6.67	4	3	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
l 701324 L 701324: a glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist	5.31	53	0	quinolines
antimycin [no description available]	2.44	2	0
tasquinimod tasquinimod: a lead second generation quinoline-3-carboxamide anti-angiogenic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer; structure in first source	13.42	40	9
teriflunomide [no description available]	7.63	18	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
n,n-dimethylglycylamidominocycline [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	4.56	7	0
mdl 104653 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-7-chloroquinolin-2(1H)-one: an NMDA/glycine site antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
gsk1265744 [no description available]	5.06	6	0	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
dolutegravir [no description available]	14.75	93	5	difluorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary carboxamide	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.31	1	0
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	14.17	32	20
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	5.33	10	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.41	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.02	13	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.1	1	0
semaglutide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1h)-one 7-chloro-3-methyl-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl)phenyl)quinolin-4(1H)-one: an antimalarial; structure in first source	2.79	3	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.03	1	0	ketal
pbtz169 macozinone: an antitubercular agent; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
sm 1 peptide fumigaclavine C: isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus; structure in first source. fumigaclavine C : An ergot alkaloid produced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus that is ergoline which is substituted by a 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl group at position 2, methyl groups at the 6 and 8beta positions, and by an acetoxy group at the 9beta position.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; ergot alkaloid	metabolite
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.06	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
doravirine [no description available]	7.32	3	2
cefuroxime axetil [no description available]	3.37	1	1
6-chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phenyl)quinolin-4(1h)-one 6-Chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3-(4-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)phenyl)quinolin-4(1H)-one: structure in first source	3.76	9	0
erdafitinib erdafitinib: inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors	3.27	1	0
mbp-8298 MBP-8298: a synthetic peptide analog of myelin basic protein for the treatment of multiple sclerosis	3.15	1	0
lysine tyrosylquinone lysine tyrosylquinone: structure given in first source. 5'-(N(6)-L-lysine)-L-tyrosylquinone : An L-lysine derivative in which one of the amino hydrogens at N(6)-amino is substituted by a 6-[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]-3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl group.	4.85	4	0	1,2-benzoquinones; L-lysine derivative; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
lumacaftor, ivacaftor drug combination Orkambi : A two-drug mixture consisting of lumacaftor and ivacaftor, which is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	17.04	121	12
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	2.21	1	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.98	4	0
phleomycin d1 phleomycin D1 : A glycopeptide originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus which contains a (4'R)-4',5'-dihydro-2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2',4-diyl moiety with a a 4-guanidylbutylaminocarbonyl group attached to the 4-position of the terminal thiazole ring. Like all phleomycins, phleomycin D1 can form complexes with redox-active metals such as Co, Cu, and Fe.	2.21	1	0	bi-1,3-thiazole; chelate-forming peptide; disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; guanidines	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
as 1842856 5-amino-7-(cyclohexylamino)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: inhibits Foxo1 transactivation; inhibits mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; structure in first source. AS1842856 : A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.	6.61	33	0	organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; forkhead box protein O1 inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.75	3	0
ly 2140023 LY 2140023: prodrug of LY-404039	3.47	1	1
azd0914 zoliflodacin: a DNA gyrase inhibitor for treatment of gonorrhea	2.6	1	0
cefiderocol cefiderocol: structure in first source. cefiderocol : A fourth-generation siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic having {1-[2-(2-chloro-3,4-dihydroxybenzamido)ethyl]pyrrolidinium-1-yl}methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively, developed to combat a variety of bacterial pathogens, including beta-lactam- and carbapenem-resistant organisms.	3.51	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; siderophore
albicidin albicidin: partially characterized as a 38 carbon compound with several aromatic rings; from Xanthomonas albilineans; Albicidin blocked DNA synthesis in intact cells of a PolA- EndA- Escherichia coli strain; albicidin resistance gene (albB) from Alcaligenes denitrificans encodes a 23 kDa protein capable of detoxifying albicidin by reversible binding	2.03	1	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.15	1	0
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.02	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.59	2	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.01	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
bictegravir bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.	6.21	11	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
glaucarubin Glaucarubin: (1 beta,2 alpha,11 beta,12 alpha,15 beta(S))-11,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroxy-15-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-oxobutoxy)picras-3-en-16-one. A quassinoid (Simaroubolide) from Simaruba glauca, a tropical shrub. It has been used as an antiamebic agent and is found to be cytotoxic. It may be of use in cancer chemotherapy.	1.97	1	0
gsk1278863 GSK1278863: a HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. daprodustat : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid substituted by cyclohexyl groups at positions 1 and 3, and by a (carboxymethyl)aminocarbonyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.	2.41	1	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	2.07	1	0
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	3.8	1	1
mesotocin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.89	4	0
daptomycin [no description available]	4.21	5	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.91	4	0
aurachin a aurachin A: extracted from myxobacterium, Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15; MF: C25-H33-N-O3; MW: 395; structure given in first source. aurachin A : An A-type aurichin that is 1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline 5-oxide which is substituted at position 2 by a (6E)-10-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylundeca-2,6-dien-10-yl group and at position 4 by a methyl group (relative configuration shown). Found in the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca strain Sg a15.	2.7	3	0	A-type aurachin; furoquinoline; quinoline N-oxide; tertiary alcohol	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite
oblimersen oblimersen: targets the Bcl-2 oncogene good efficacy with low toxicity tumour regressions	4.03	2	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	3.36	1	1
s 8932 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic amine; C-nucleoside; carboxylic ester; nitrile; phosphoramidate ester; pyrrolotriazine	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; prodrug
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2.21	1	0
moxidectin moxidectin: family of macrolide antibiotics with insecticidal & acaricidal activity	2.02	1	0
nickel ferrite nickel ferrite : A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.	2.21	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	6.39	11	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.46	2	0
apicidin apicidin: structure in first source	2	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	2.41	1	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	4.36	4	1
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.55	2	0
danoprevir [no description available]	4.43	1	1
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.11	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.91	4	0
8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4h-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one 8-(3-(1-((3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-piperidinyl)-1-oxopropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo(3,2,1-ij)quinolin-4-one: structure in first source	4.93	8	1
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.21	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.15	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	1.99	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	3.02	4	0
narasin narasin: related to salinomycin & A28086B; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
akt-i-1,2 compound Akt-I-1,2 compound: an aminopeptidase P inhibitor; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4.97	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	6.02	36	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sepiapterin sepiapterin: A substrate of sepiapterin reductase	3.1	1	0	sepiapterin
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.81	10	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.38	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	5.4	4	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	5.24	9	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine tetraphosphate Guanosine Tetraphosphate: Guanosine 5'-diphosphate 2'(3')-diphosphate. A guanine nucleotide containing four phosphate groups. Two phosphate groups are esterified to the sugar moiety in the 5' position and the other two in the 2' or 3' position. This nucleotide serves as a messenger to turn off the synthesis of ribosomal RNA when amino acids are not available for protein synthesis. Synonym: magic spot I.. guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) : A guanosine bisphosphate having diphosphate groups at both the 3' and 5'-positions.	2.03	1	0	guanosine bisphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	3.81	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	1.99	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.43	7	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	12.21	49	4	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	17.42	151	14	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.45	1	1	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	2.03	1	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	20.12	229	33	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.68	3	0	triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	3.78	11	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2.4	2	0
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
makaluvamine f makaluvamine F: a potent & cytotoxic marine alkaloid; structure in first source	4.04	2	0
2,4-diaminohypoxanthine 2,4-diaminohypoxanthine: do not confuse abbreviation DAHP with various dehydro-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonic acid phosphates which also use DAHP; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	hydroxypyrimidine
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	2.37	2	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	3.31	6	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.11	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.41	6	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	2.1	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
xav939 XAV939: selectively inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription; structure in first source. XAV939 : A thiopyranopyrimidine in which a 7,8-dihydro-5H-thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine skeleton is substituted at C-4 by a hydroxy group and at C-2 by a para-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; thiopyranopyrimidine	tankyrase inhibitor
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine
nintedanib nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.	2.57	2	0
3'-hydroxy-5'-(4-isobutylpiperazinyl)benzoxazinorifamycin KRM 1648: structure in first source	4	4	0	phenoxazine
lixazinone lixazinone: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	3.73	10	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid [no description available]	3.13	1	0	cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	immunomodulator; signalling molecule
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.71	9	0	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	1.99	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; ribonucleotide	protein kinase agonist
5-methyltetrahydrofolate 5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	3.14	1	0
enng [no description available]	1.99	1	0
olanzapine-fluoxetine combination olanzapine-fluoxetine combination: used to treat bipolar depression	3.57	2	0
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.02	1	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.44	2	0
pyrroloazepinone pyrroloazepinone: structure in first source	2	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.07	1	0
eye [no description available]	5.22	16	0
quinolidomicin a1 quinolidomicin A1: from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora sp. JY16; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ferroquine ferroquine: an antimalarial agent; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
ru 40555 RU 40555: a potent antiglucocorticoid; differs from mifepristone only by a methyl radical	1.98	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.71	3	0
technetium tc 99m bicisate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
lucinactant lucinactant: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid	2.08	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.62	9	0
antimony sodium gluconate Antimony Sodium Gluconate: Antimony complex where the metal may exist in either the pentavalent or trivalent states. The pentavalent gluconate is used in leishmaniasis. The trivalent gluconate is most frequently used in schistosomiasis.	2.03	1	0
dactinomycin cefozopran: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/91. cefozopran : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.03	1	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.03	1	0
biphenylylacetic acid biphenylylacetic acid: metabolite of BHD 7538; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locants for acetic acid moities	2.68	3	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	6.15	9	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	4.94	8	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.08	4	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.17	1	0
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	2.7	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	19.01	148	47
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	19.01	148	47
Inhalation Injury, Smoke [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	5.09	10	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	10.94	55	3
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	10.94	55	3
Breast Cancer [description not available]	13.56	65	14
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	8.01	18	3
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	13.56	65	14
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	13.01	18	3
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	11.2	29	9
Sepsis Associated Delirium [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	11.2	29	9
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	14.45	142	10
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	5.36	21	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	10.36	21	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	3.63	9	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	25.67	854	201
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	25.67	854	201
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	11.59	23	6
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	9.21	13	4
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	4.87	8	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	15.07	115	13
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	24.31	403	191
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	24.31	403	191
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	24.78	645	173
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	24.78	645	173
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	15.7	311	5
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.6	8	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.83	2	1
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.69	2	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	6.13	7	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	6.13	7	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	11.92	59	7
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	11.92	59	7
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	12.29	49	9
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	12.29	49	9
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated [description not available]	5.51	11	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	13.85	90	36
Recrudescence [description not available]	15.25	68	33
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	8.29	14	3
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis [description not available]	10.55	32	10
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	7.21	12	2
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	13.85	90	36
Prostatitis Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the parenchyma of PROSTATE. The subtypes are classified by their varied laboratory analysis, clinical presentation and response to treatment.	10.55	32	10
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	7.21	12	2
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	17.54	131	59
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.36	6	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	11.3	68	2
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	2.31	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	11.3	68	2
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	5.26	10	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	5.26	10	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	9.38	40	4
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	6.53	23	2
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	5.7	17	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	9.38	40	4
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	6.53	23	2
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	10.21	120	1
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	10.21	120	1
Acne [description not available]	4.21	5	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	4.21	5	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	19.5	203	89
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	19.5	203	89
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.82	2	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	22.79	337	130
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	22.79	337	130
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	13.22	26	19
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	13.22	26	19
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	3.42	2	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	9.68	24	6
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	9.68	24	6
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	13.36	42	17
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	13.36	42	17
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	3.65	7	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	8.6	19	5
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.65	7	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	8.6	19	5
Anoxemia [description not available]	4.3	6	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	4.3	6	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	5.14	15	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	5.14	15	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Briquet Syndrome [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Somatoform Disorders Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)	3.02	4	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.66	2	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.66	2	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	14.6	163	33
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	7.79	11	3
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	7.79	11	3
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	10.78	19	17
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	6.13	15	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	2.69	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.41	1	0
Campylobacter Infection [description not available]	10.71	45	6
Canine Diseases [description not available]	9.77	52	5
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	8.61	36	3
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	17.82	128	67
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	17.63	212	21
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	17.63	212	21
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	2.41	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	4.26	18	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	14.05	71	24
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	4.26	18	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	14.05	71	24
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.67	9	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	7.49	25	2
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.47	8	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	11.97	76	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	11.97	76	5
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.47	8	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	16.08	84	25
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	16.08	84	25
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.91	30	9
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.91	30	9
E coli Infections [description not available]	12.26	227	14
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	12.26	227	14
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	7.45	19	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	7.45	19	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	12.91	44	9
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.93	3	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	3.11	4	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	7.15	11	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	7.15	11	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.57	2	0
Hypomania [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	3.33	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	7.28	15	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	3.33	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	10.02	20	5
Acneiform Eruptions Visible efflorescent lesions of the skin caused by acne or resembling acne. (Dorland, 28th ed, p18, 575)	2.57	2	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hypervitaminosis A A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of VITAMIN A.	2.82	2	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.46	2	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	7.47	35	4
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.41	1	0
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	4.02	2	1
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.	5.69	7	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	19.13	119	53
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	10.14	27	4
Exanthem [description not available]	8.1	7	3
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	8.1	7	3
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	6.17	5	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	13.72	45	8
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	13.72	45	8
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	10.82	23	10
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	7.22	63	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	8.51	32	2
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	8.51	32	2
Sinus Infections [description not available]	7.04	16	2
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	7.04	16	2
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	8.26	36	2
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	8.26	36	2
Kahler Disease [description not available]	9.22	25	3
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	9.22	25	3
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	11.25	18	8
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	11.25	18	8
Lassitude [description not available]	10.44	16	13
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	10.44	16	13
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	7.84	16	1
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	6.78	33	2
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	6.78	33	2
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	7.22	12	2
Community Acquired Infection [description not available]	14.54	71	14
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	12.63	49	9
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	8.79	19	5
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	12.63	49	9
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	8.79	19	5
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	7.06	5	3
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	10.32	13	8
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	7.06	5	3
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.36	6	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	7.3	7	2
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	9.56	13	6
Asialia [description not available]	4.21	3	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	7.3	7	2
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	9.56	13	6
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	4.21	3	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	3.38	6	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6.6	5	1
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	6.6	5	1
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	8.8	59	2
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	8.8	59	2
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	2.79	3	0
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	3.17	5	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	12.62	106	7
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	12.62	106	7
Ornithosis [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Psittacosis Infection with CHLAMYDOPHILA PSITTACI (formerly Chlamydia psittaci), transmitted to humans by inhalation of dust-borne contaminated nasal secretions or excreta of infected BIRDS. This infection results in a febrile illness characterized by PNEUMONITIS and systemic manifestations.	2.95	4	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	12.92	21	12
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	22.86	260	119
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	22.86	260	119
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	12.92	21	12
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	3.71	3	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	2.9	2	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	4.17	5	0
Injuries, Tendon [description not available]	4.25	6	0
Ankle Injuries Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.	2.41	1	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	3.71	3	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	8.04	29	2
Infections, Vibrio [description not available]	4.71	10	0
Psychoses [description not available]	19.33	212	47
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	19.33	212	47
Ache [description not available]	10.9	24	7
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	10.9	24	7
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	7.02	28	1
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	7.02	28	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	6.12	10	1
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	4.21	3	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	8.57	16	4
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	8.57	16	4
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	3.3	6	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	8.56	24	4
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	9.93	27	4
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	9.91	30	5
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	8.56	24	4
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	9.93	27	4
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	9.91	30	5
Preterm Birth [description not available]	4.92	5	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	4.92	5	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	7.72	29	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	7.72	29	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	9.75	12	5
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	9.75	12	5
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.8	3	0
Hiccough [description not available]	5.04	8	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.73	3	0
Sycosis [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Folliculitis Inflammation of follicles, primarily hair follicles.	3.85	2	1
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	12.71	64	4
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	12.71	64	4
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	5.64	6	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	5.64	6	1
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	14.45	79	17
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	14.45	79	17
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	7.52	15	1
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	4.02	9	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	9.23	19	10
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	9.23	19	10
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	5.67	18	1
Koch's Disease [description not available]	11.47	37	2
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	11.47	37	2
Food Poisoning [description not available]	4.62	5	1
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	6.22	12	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	6.22	12	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	8.04	13	3
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	8.04	13	3
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	9.7	11	5
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	9.7	11	5
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	3.69	9	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	3.69	9	0
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	3.06	4	0
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	3.06	4	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.51	2	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.51	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.97	8	4
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	3.04	4	0
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	6.25	12	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	6.25	12	1
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	11.57	48	2
Co-infection [description not available]	6.95	5	1
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	2.6	1	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	16.56	65	37
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	16.56	65	37
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	10.11	21	2
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Malnourishment [description not available]	5.11	3	1
DDPAC [description not available]	5.99	5	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	5.69	3	2
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	6.53	15	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	11.63	32	10
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	4.9	2	1
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	4.94	2	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	9.21	17	3
African Lymphoma [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	5.66	3	2
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	6.35	4	2
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	5.64	3	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	5.96	5	1
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	6.16	3	3
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	13.61	56	7
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	5.27	2	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	14.31	44	25
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	9.46	21	7
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.91	1	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	8.05	6	4
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	4.86	2	1
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	6.54	10	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	5.08	3	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	8.24	13	2
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	12.68	21	19
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	8.74	18	4
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	6.25	6	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	6.36	14	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	6	5	1
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	5.36	4	1
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	4.91	1	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	4.91	1	1
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	8.76	12	11
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	11.63	32	10
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	9.6	14	8
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	4.9	2	1
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	8.76	12	11
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	7.39	4	3
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	4.94	2	1
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	9.21	17	3
Burkitt Lymphoma A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.	4.91	1	1
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	5.66	3	2
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	5.96	9	1
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.64	3	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	5.96	5	1
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.1	11	1
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	13.61	56	7
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	5.27	2	1
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	14.31	44	25
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	9.46	21	7
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.91	1	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	8.05	6	4
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	4.86	2	1
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	6.54	10	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	5.08	3	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	8.24	13	2
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	12.68	21	19
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	8.74	18	4
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	6.25	6	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	6.36	14	1
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	4.94	2	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	4.91	1	1
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	5.36	4	1
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	5.11	3	1
Azoospermia A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).	4.91	1	1
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	4.91	1	1
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	5.99	5	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	5.69	3	2
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.91	1	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	5.78	14	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	5.78	14	0
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	8.2	37	3
Habit Chorea [description not available]	6.53	9	2
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)	6.53	9	2
Dry Eye [description not available]	10.8	28	6
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	10.8	28	6
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	14.17	57	14
Grippe [description not available]	3.95	4	0
Infections, Legionella pneumophila [description not available]	5.26	12	0
Mycoplasma dispar Infection [description not available]	6.65	12	1
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	3.95	4	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	5.03	9	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	14.19	27	16
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	14.19	27	16
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	10.84	116	2
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	10.84	116	2
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	4.75	6	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	6.4	8	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	4.75	6	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	6.4	8	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	5.54	8	2
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	5.54	8	2
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	9.91	18	2
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	9.91	18	2
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	7.3	55	2
Travel Sickness [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	8.18	12	4
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	8.18	12	4
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	9.14	16	4
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	9.14	16	4
Arrhythmia [description not available]	4.45	8	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	5.89	14	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	12.65	35	13
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	4.45	8	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	5.89	14	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	12.65	35	13
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.55	2	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	6.64	9	2
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	5.11	8	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	5.11	8	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	7.96	19	2
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	9.35	19	1
Infection [description not available]	5.92	9	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	5.92	9	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	2.81	3	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	13.47	38	7
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	3.35	6	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	3.35	6	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	13.91	103	14
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.87	4	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	2.77	3	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	13.91	103	14
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.76	3	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.07	14	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	12.77	36	9
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	4.07	14	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	8.2	13	5
Amentia [description not available]	10.53	20	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	10.53	20	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	4.49	5	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	4.49	5	1
Acute Symptom Flare [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	7.33	9	2
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	6.59	9	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.33	9	2
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	6.59	9	2
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	3.64	1	1
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	3.64	1	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.68	19	2
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	4.28	6	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	7.68	19	2
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	6.44	9	1
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	4.09	5	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	18.34	105	29
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	6.44	9	1
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	6.5	12	4
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	6.5	12	4
Otitis Media, Purulent [description not available]	5.02	6	0
Otitis Media, Suppurative Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.	5.02	6	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	6.07	14	2
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	6.07	14	2
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	13.37	47	13
Bleeding [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.66	2	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	3.52	8	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	5.45	5	1
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	13.37	47	13
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	4.72	11	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	4.72	11	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	2.66	2	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	12.47	21	8
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	12.47	21	8
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.25	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.25	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.66	2	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	2.54	2	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.66	2	0
Dermatitis, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Radiodermatitis A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation.	2.25	1	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	15.04	57	22
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	5.17	17	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	8.74	26	3
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	8.74	26	3
Lacrimal Duct Obstruction Interference with the secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands. Obstruction of the LACRIMAL SAC or NASOLACRIMAL DUCT causing acute or chronic inflammation of the lacrimal sac (DACRYOCYSTITIS). It is caused also in infants by failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open into the inferior meatus and occurs about the third week of life. In adults occlusion may occur spontaneously or after injury or nasal disease. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p250)	2.58	2	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	12.64	30	7
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	12.64	30	7
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	5.45	5	1
Microsatellite Instability The occurrence of highly polymorphic mono- and dinucleotide MICROSATELLITE REPEATS in somatic cells. It is a form of genome instability associated with defects in DNA MISMATCH REPAIR.	2.25	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.25	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	6.57	34	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	6.57	34	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.9	3	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	5.06	9	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	5.06	9	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	7.61	9	4
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	7.61	9	4
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	7.71	5	4
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	7.71	5	4
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	5.75	14	0
Infections, Ureaplasma [description not available]	4.84	7	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.25	1	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.25	1	0
Emesis [description not available]	7.72	14	5
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	7.72	14	5
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neonatal Sepsis Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.	2.25	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	13.44	24	20
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	13.44	24	20
Infections, Chlamydia [description not available]	9.02	19	5
Chlamydia Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.	9.02	19	5
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.91	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	2.81	3	0
T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Lymphoma, T-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors representing malignant transformations of T-lymphocytes.	2.25	1	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	2.81	3	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.74	3	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	7.55	11	1
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.25	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	11.12	31	5
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	11.12	31	5
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	7.51	11	3
Febrile Neutropenia Fever accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of NEUTROPHILS.	2.25	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	5.24	11	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	4.44	21	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	4.44	21	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.25	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	4.45	8	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.82	9	3
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	7.82	9	3
Encephalitis, Japanese B [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Encephalitis, Japanese A mosquito-borne encephalitis caused by the Japanese B encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE) occurring throughout Eastern Asia and Australia. The majority of infections occur in children and are subclinical or have features limited to transient fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. Inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges may occur and lead to transient or permanent neurologic deficits (including a POLIOMYELITIS-like presentation); SEIZURES; COMA; and death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p751; Lancet 1998 Apr 11;351(9109):1094-7)	2.25	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	2.52	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	13.23	36	24
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	4.51	2	2
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	13.23	36	24
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	4.51	2	2
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	5.11	5	2
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	7.58	12	2
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	7.6	8	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	7.58	12	2
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	7.6	8	1
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors An internationally recognized set of published rules used for evaluation of cancer treatment that define when tumors found in cancer patients improve, worsen, or remain stable during treatment. These criteria are based specifically on the response of the tumor(s) to treatment, and not on the overall health status of the patient resulting from treatment.	3.64	1	1
Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)	2.25	1	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	8.44	11	3
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	8.44	11	3
Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	5.8	2	1
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	5.8	2	1
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	3.17	1	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	3.82	2	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	3.82	2	1
Paranasal Sinus Diseases Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.	3.05	4	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	9.31	24	2
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.43	2	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	6.71	12	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	6.71	12	1
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	7.44	5	1
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	7.44	5	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	6.18	7	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	4.67	10	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	6.18	7	1
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	4.52	8	0
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	4.52	8	0
Aura [description not available]	7.25	14	1
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	7.25	14	1
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	9.53	14	1
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	7.68	19	2
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	9.53	14	1
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	6.03	9	1
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.87	3	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	6.03	9	1
Eye Disorders [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.69	3	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	7.15	18	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	5.03	3	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	7.15	18	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	3.96	4	0
Osteomyelitis INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.	6.57	11	1
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	3.96	4	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.67	18	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	11.37	46	6
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	11.37	46	6
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin [description not available]	5.43	5	1
Staphylococcal Skin Infections Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	5.43	5	1
Allergy, Food [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	3.81	2	1
Late Onset Diseases [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	3.81	2	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.72	6	0
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	2.25	1	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	9.81	17	5
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	9.81	17	5
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	4.23	3	1
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.52	2	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.25	1	0
MODS [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.31	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	5.02	9	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.31	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	5.91	13	2
Corridor Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.23	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	12.99	33	8
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.5	2	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.31	1	0
Tardive Dystonia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Tardive Dyskinesia Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is associated with a long-term exposure to certain neuroleptic medications (e.g., METOCLOPRAMIDE).	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.25	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2.31	1	0
Pyuria The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.	2.48	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	11.88	41	3
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	11.88	41	3
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	7.46	24	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	7.79	14	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	7.79	14	3
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.44	4	2
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	19.82	212	50
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	19.82	212	50
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	5.85	4	2
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	5.85	4	2
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	3.7	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.48	8	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.8	3	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	7.2	8	5
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	7.2	8	5
Infections, Soft Tissue [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Soft Tissue Infections Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)	4.04	5	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	7.86	11	1
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	7.86	11	1
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	2.31	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	4.11	3	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.63	3	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.63	3	0
Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes [description not available]	9.47	15	8
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages. They predominantly affect patients over 60, are considered preleukemic conditions, and have high probability of transformation into ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.	9.47	15	8
Candida Infection [description not available]	4.33	7	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.33	7	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	10.17	18	5
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	10.17	18	5
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	6.73	11	2
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	6.73	11	2
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.41	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	5.25	6	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	2.31	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	6.9	11	1
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	6.9	11	1
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	9.47	15	12
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	9.47	15	12
Pyrexia [description not available]	10.41	17	2
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	10.41	17	2
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.47	2	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	3.41	7	0
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).	2.31	1	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.11	4	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.31	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.11	4	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	2.52	2	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	4.77	2	1
Itching [description not available]	6.51	6	3
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	6.51	6	3
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	4.96	8	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	4.96	8	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	4.48	2	2
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.48	2	2
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	4.25	6	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	4.25	6	0
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	2.58	2	0
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	2.58	2	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	15.28	38	25
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	15.28	38	25
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	10.32	30	14
Adhesive Capsulitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bursitis Inflammation or irritation of a SYNOVIAL BURSA, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.	2.15	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	3.74	3	0
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.55	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4.87	13	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4.87	13	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	7.02	11	3
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	13.38	26	21
Chlamydiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE.	2.15	1	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.55	2	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	7.83	6	4
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	7.67	14	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	7.67	14	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.76	3	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	2.82	3	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	2.82	3	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	8.72	12	4
Pleuropneumonia, Contagious A pleuropneumonia of cattle and goats caused by species of MYCOPLASMA.	2.15	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	5.01	5	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	5.01	5	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	11	18	9
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	11	18	9
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	8.27	37	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	7.46	28	5
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	7.47	45	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	9.7	12	6
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	9.7	12	6
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	11.3	18	10
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	11.3	18	10
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	11.22	31	16
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	5.33	4	3
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	5.33	4	3
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.77	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.46	2	0
Myeloproliferative Disorders Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.	5.15	7	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	2.52	2	0
Surgical Incision [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	6.5	6	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Acute Q Fever [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	3.47	2	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	3.47	2	0
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	2.76	3	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	2.15	1	0
Mucositis An INFLAMMATION of the MUCOSA with burning or tingling sensation. It is characterized by atrophy of the squamous EPITHELIUM, vascular damage, inflammatory infiltration, and ulceration. It usually occurs at the mucous lining of the MOUTH, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the airway due to chemical irritations, CHEMOTHERAPY, or radiation therapy (RADIOTHERAPY).	4.56	5	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	8.29	19	4
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	8.29	19	4
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Indigestion [description not available]	6.91	7	4
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	6.91	7	4
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	7.41	12	4
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.7	3	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.74	3	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	4.89	4	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	4.89	4	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	10.54	29	6
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	10.54	29	6
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	4.87	2	1
Neoplasms, Pleural [description not available]	5.16	3	1
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	4.75	4	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	6.85	13	0
Autosomal Hemophilia A [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Hemophilia A The classic hemophilia resulting from a deficiency of factor VIII. It is an inherited disorder of blood coagulation characterized by a permanent tendency to hemorrhage.	2.17	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.45	2	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	2.49	2	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.17	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.74	3	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.17	1	0
Abscess, Abdominal [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Abdominal Abscess An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.96	4	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	5.23	8	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	5.23	8	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.17	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.17	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	3.03	4	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	9.17	25	8
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.45	2	0
Keratosis, Oral [description not available]	4.43	4	1
Leukoplakia, Oral A white patch seen on the oral mucosa. It is considered a premalignant condition and is often tobacco-induced. When evidence of Epstein-Barr virus is present, the condition is called hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	4.43	4	1
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	2.17	1	0
Trichomoniasis, Human [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Trichomonas Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina, marked by a purulent discharge. This disease is caused by the protozoan TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS.	2.17	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	5.21	8	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	5.21	8	0
Infection, Wound [description not available]	5.07	16	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	3.4	2	0
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.77	3	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	2.17	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	2.17	1	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	2.75	3	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	2.21	1	0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.	2.57	2	0
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.17	1	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	3.11	5	0
Thyroid Cancer, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thyroid Carcinoma, Anaplastic An aggressive THYROID GLAND malignancy which generally occurs in IODINE-deficient areas in people with previous thyroid pathology such as GOITER. It is associated with CELL DEDIFFERENTIATION of THYROID CARCINOMA (e.g., FOLLICULAR THYROID CARCINOMA; PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER). Typical initial presentation is a rapidly growing neck mass which upon metastasis is associated with DYSPHAGIA; NECK PAIN; bone pain; DYSPNEA; and NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS.	2.21	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Mucorales Infection [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	2.44	2	0
Mucormycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by any fungus in the order MUCORALES (e.g., RHIZOPUS; MUCOR; CUNNINGHAMELLA; APOPHYSOMYCES; ABSIDIA; SAKSENAEA and RHIZOMUCOR) There are many clinical types associated with infection including central nervous system, lung, gastrointestinal tract, skin, orbit and paranasal sinuses. In humans, it usually occurs as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION.	2.17	1	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.58	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	3.4	2	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Muscle Pain [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Myalgia Painful sensation in the muscles.	3.56	1	1
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	4.36	4	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	4.36	4	0
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.21	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	10	36	5
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	10	36	5
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	3.95	2	1
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	2.21	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	2.5	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	2.21	1	0
Blast Phase [description not available]	4.9	4	2
Blast Crisis An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia, characterized by a rapid increase in the proportion of immature white blood cells (blasts) in the blood and bone marrow to greater than 30%.	4.9	4	2
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	6.81	18	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	2.21	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.21	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.21	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	10.34	12	5
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	13.06	24	12
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	13.06	24	12
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.63	6	1
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.21	1	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.63	6	1
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.21	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.21	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	2.21	1	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	2.78	3	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	2.21	1	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	5.45	23	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.08	1	0
Ectoparasitic Infestations Infestations by PARASITES which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's EPIDERMIS. Most ectoparasites are ARTHROPODS.	2.97	4	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	3.89	2	1
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.24	4	1
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.24	4	1
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	11.17	38	7
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	11.17	38	7
Bucket Handle Tears [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Allodynia [description not available]	4.33	7	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	3.26	6	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.49	2	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.08	1	0
Intra-Abdominal Infections [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Intraabdominal Infections Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.	2.08	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	5.05	15	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.43	7	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.43	7	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	3.38	2	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	5.99	25	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	4.58	5	1
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	4.58	5	1
Autism [description not available]	15.18	41	25
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	15.18	41	25
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.74	3	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	7.17	15	1
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	7.17	15	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	13.85	30	15
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.7	3	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.7	3	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	10.34	40	10
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	10.34	40	10
Colicky Pain [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	4.12	3	1
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	3.92	12	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	4.18	3	1
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	2.08	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	5.78	15	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	5.78	15	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	2.08	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	4.18	3	1
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	11.45	17	17
Corneal Wavefront Aberration Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.	2.08	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.08	1	0
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	9.7	47	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	3.44	7	0
Polyomavirus Infections Infections with POLYOMAVIRUS, which are often cultured from the urine of kidney transplant patients. Excretion of BK VIRUS is associated with ureteral strictures and CYSTITIS, and that of JC VIRUS with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY, PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL).	4.7	4	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	3.89	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	11.36	22	9
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	11.36	22	9
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.42	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.49	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	2.49	2	0
Delusional Parasitosis A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition.	2.08	1	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	7.51	4	4
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	7.51	4	4
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	7.56	17	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	7.56	17	1
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	2.41	2	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	5.06	3	3
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.78	3	0
Inflammatory Breast Cancer [description not available]	4.39	1	1
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	6.45	3	3
Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Metastatic breast cancer characterized by EDEMA and ERYTHEMA of the affected breast due to LYMPHATIC METASTASIS and eventual obstruction of LYMPHATIC VESSELS by the cancer cells.	4.39	1	1
Hyper IgD Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency Autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene. Because of the mutations cholesterol biosynthesis is disrupted and MEVALONIC ACID accumulates. It is characterized by a range of symptoms, including dysmorphic FACIES, psychomotor retardation, CATARACT, hepatosplenomegaly, CEREBELLAR ATAXIA, elevated IMMUNOGLOBULIN D, and recurrent febrile crises with FEVER; LYMPHADENOPATHY; ARTHRALGIA; EDEMA; and rash.	2.48	2	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	14.08	43	17
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	7.84	10	2
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	7.84	10	2
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.45	2	0
ADDH [description not available]	11.72	22	8
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	11.72	22	8
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available]	13.32	32	4
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.	13.32	32	4
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	6.67	4	1
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	6.67	4	1
Central Nervous System Lyme Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	7.4	12	4
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	7.4	12	4
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	4.32	4	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	4.32	4	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	6.1	11	1
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	2.42	2	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	3.32	6	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	11.7	49	3
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	11.7	49	3
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	4.23	17	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	4.13	3	1
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	9.15	19	7
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	9.15	19	7
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.1	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	3.01	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	5.51	6	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	5.51	6	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	2.5	2	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	2.52	2	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.71	3	0
Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant [description not available]	7.61	13	2
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.	7.61	13	2
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.08	1	0
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	7.95	8	4
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	7.95	8	4
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	6.62	6	2
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	6.62	6	2
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	5.27	4	3
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available]	9.59	14	3
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.	9.59	14	3
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	8.21	6	5
Elephantiasis Neuromatosis [description not available]	8.34	7	5
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	8.21	6	5
Neurofibroma, Plexiform A type of neurofibroma manifesting as a diffuse overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue, usually involving the face, scalp, neck, and chest but occasionally occurring in the abdomen or pelvis. The tumors tend to progress, and may extend along nerve roots to eventually involve the spinal roots and spinal cord. This process is almost always a manifestation of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016; J Pediatr 1997 Nov;131(5):678-82)	8.34	7	5
Asperger Disease [description not available]	4.91	4	2
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	2.45	2	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	3.14	5	0
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)	4.91	4	2
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	3.63	9	0
Acute Generalised Exanthematous Pustulosis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.94	4	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.46	2	0
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	4.9	13	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	4.9	13	0
Amputation, Traumatic Loss of a limb or other bodily appendage by accidental injury.	2.1	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	2.49	2	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.85	2	0
Mouth Ulcer [description not available]	4.33	2	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	2.1	1	0
Oral Ulcer A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (STOMATITIS, APHTHOUS); NOMA; necrotizing gingivitis (GINGIVITIS, NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE); TOOTHBRUSHING; and various irritants. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p842)	4.33	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	4.85	5	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	4.85	5	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.47	7	0
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge.	2.11	1	0
Legionellosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEGIONELLA.	4.83	5	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	2.1	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	2.1	1	0
Piscirickettsiaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family PISCIRICKETTSIACEAE, causing septicemic disease of salmonid fish (SALMONIDAE). Piscirickettsia-like bacteria are also associated with disease syndromes in non-salmonid fish.	2.11	1	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	3.01	1	0
Paranoia [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B 12 [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Vitamin B 12 Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN B 12 in the diet, characterized by megaloblastic anemia. Since vitamin B 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnormalities is also seen in vitamin B 12 deficiency and appears to be due to an undefined defect involving myelin synthesis. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p848)	2.1	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	2.1	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.49	2	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	2.45	2	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	3.01	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	3.01	1	0
Allergic Neuritis, Experimental [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	5.91	5	1
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	5.91	5	1
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.1	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.8	2	1
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.1	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	4.36	4	1
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	2.1	1	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	2.1	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	4.29	4	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	4.29	4	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	4.47	8	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.98	4	0
Cells, Neoplasm Circulating [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	2.92	4	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	6.16	6	2
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	6.16	6	2
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	6.02	10	3
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	7.23	7	2
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	7.23	7	2
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	6.42	3	1
Aphthae [description not available]	6.14	2	1
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	6.42	3	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	6.14	2	1
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	5.97	3	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	5.72	5	4
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	5.72	5	4
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	2.47	2	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	2.49	2	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	3.01	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	3.91	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	7.57	4	3
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	7.57	4	3
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	5.79	2	2
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Bacterial Skin Diseases [description not available]	4.79	7	0
Skin Diseases, Bacterial Skin diseases caused by bacteria.	4.79	7	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	4.34	4	1
Galactorrhea Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.	4.81	7	1
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	4.34	4	1
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	5.75	7	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.11	1	0
Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Juvenile A leukemia affecting young children characterized by SPLENOMEGALY, enlarged lymph nodes, rashes, and hemorrhages. Traditionally classed as a myeloproliferative disease, it is now considered a mixed myeloproliferative-mylelodysplastic disorder.	3.5	1	1
Brucella Infection [description not available]	4.91	8	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	4.91	8	0
Benign Mucosal Pemphigoid [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane A chronic blistering disease with predilection for mucous membranes and less frequently the skin, and with a tendency to scarring. It is sometimes called ocular pemphigoid because of conjunctival mucous membrane involvement.	2.11	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	5.28	4	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.47	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Tuberculosis resistant to ISONIAZID and RIFAMPIN and at least three of the six main classes of second-line drugs (AMINOGLYCOSIDES; polypeptide agents; FLUOROQUINOLONES; THIOAMIDES; CYCLOSERINE; and PARA-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID) as defined by the CDC.	2.11	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	2.11	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.11	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	9.97	11	10
Joint Pain [description not available]	10.71	10	9
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	10.71	10	9
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Palatal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.	2.13	1	0
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	2.13	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	4.78	2	1
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.15	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.15	1	0
Nearsightedness [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	4.16	3	1
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.3	8	1
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.11	1	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	3.7	3	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	3.34	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	9.14	21	3
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.8	12	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.11	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.42	2	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Occupational Injuries Injuries sustained from incidents in the course of work-related activities.	3.94	1	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	3.94	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.13	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	2.92	4	0
Granulomas [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
P carinii Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	2.11	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	2.96	4	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.52	2	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.11	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.11	1	0
Pneumocystis Infections Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.	2.11	1	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.44	2	0
Miliaria A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.11	1	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.13	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.11	1	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	12.1	21	21
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	13.11	25	20
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	4.09	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.39	7	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.13	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.13	1	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	5.44	10	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.13	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	2.48	2	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	2.47	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	4.43	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	4.43	1	1
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	4.34	2	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	4.34	2	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.13	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.04	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	3.06	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.15	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.13	1	0
Arthritis, Spinal [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Endothelioma, Vascular [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hemangioendothelioma A neoplasm derived from blood vessels, characterized by numerous prominent endothelial cells that occur singly, in aggregates, and as the lining of congeries of vascular tubes or channels. Hemangioendotheliomas are relatively rare and are of intermediate malignancy (between benign hemangiomas and conventional angiosarcomas). They affect men and women about equally and rarely develop in childhood. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2.13	1	0
Aspiration, Respiratory [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	5.06	3	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	5.06	3	1
Leukemic Infiltration A pathologic change in leukemia in which leukemic cells permeate various organs at any stage of the disease. All types of leukemia show various degrees of infiltration, depending upon the type of leukemia. The degree of infiltration may vary from site to site. The liver and spleen are common sites of infiltration, the greatest appearing in myelocytic leukemia, but infiltration is seen also in the granulocytic and lymphocytic types. The kidney is also a common site and of the gastrointestinal system, the stomach and ileum are commonly involved. In lymphocytic leukemia the skin is often infiltrated. The central nervous system too is a common site.	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Endolymphatic Hydrops An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.	2.15	1	0
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	6.64	8	1
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	6.64	8	1
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.31	6	0
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)	2.13	1	0
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	2.15	1	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	3.51	1	1
Atheroma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.46	2	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	4.3	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.15	1	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.72	3	0
Fractures, Compound [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	3.54	8	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	3.15	5	0
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	9.54	12	5
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	9.54	12	5
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	2.44	2	0
Colitis, Ischemic Inflammation of the COLON due to colonic ISCHEMIA resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.	2.04	1	0
Stammering [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Stuttering A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.45	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.1	15	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	2.04	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.55	8	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.44	2	0
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available]	4.74	2	1
As If Personality [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	3.6	3	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	2.44	2	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.45	2	0
Aggressive Natural Killer Cell Leukemia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic A spectrum of disorders characterized by clonal expansions of the peripheral blood LYMPHOCYTE populations known as large granular lymphocytes which contain abundant cytoplasm and azurophilic granules. Subtypes develop from either CD3-negative NATURAL KILLER CELLS or CD3-positive T-CELLS. The clinical course of both subtypes can vary from spontaneous regression to progressive, malignant disease.	2.46	2	0
Parasitic Skin Diseases [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	5.61	6	1
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	5.61	6	1
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Herpes Simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	2.46	2	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	7.43	11	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	4.75	2	1
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	7.43	11	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	4.75	2	1
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	2.44	2	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.05	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	11.21	16	10
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	2.04	1	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	2.72	3	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	3.88	4	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	2.05	1	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	3.38	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	8.33	10	6
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	8.33	10	6
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	2.05	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.05	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.93	4	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.93	4	0
Drooling [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	2.05	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.45	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.05	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	3.87	4	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	6.57	11	1
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	5.08	5	0
Leukemia, Smoldering [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts Chronic refractory anemia with granulocytopenia, and/or thrombocytopenia. Myeloblasts and progranulocytes constitute 5 to 40 percent of the nucleated marrow cells.	2.05	1	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	2.05	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2.05	1	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.72	3	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	2.05	1	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	4.3	4	1
Catatonic Schizophrenia [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	3.43	1	1
Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.	2.46	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.29	6	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia [description not available]	6.45	5	2
Primary Myelofibrosis A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.	6.45	5	2
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	3.89	4	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	2.05	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	3.36	2	0
Arachnoid Cysts Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)	2.05	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	8.19	18	2
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	8.19	18	2
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.38	2	0
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	5.04	3	1
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	3.94	13	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.1	5	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.1	5	0
Hyperamylasemia A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.	2.05	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	2.05	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	2.05	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	2.05	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	4.47	5	1
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	4.47	5	1
Congenital Limb Deformities [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Absence of Brain, Congenital [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Anophthalmia [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Harelip [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Atresia, Choanal [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	2.96	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	2.96	1	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	2.96	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.46	2	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	2.47	2	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	2.05	1	0
Diffuse Lymphocytic Lymphoma, Poorly-Differentiated [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell A form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma having a usually diffuse pattern with both small and medium lymphocytes and small cleaved cells. It accounts for about 5% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States and Europe. The majority of mantle-cell lymphomas are associated with a t(11;14) translocation resulting in overexpression of the CYCLIN D1 gene (GENES, BCL-1).	3.84	2	1
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	2.44	2	0
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Trichotillomania Compulsion to pull out one's hair.	7.82	6	4
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	2.45	2	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Actinomycetoma [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Mycetoma A chronic progressive subcutaneous infection caused by species of fungi (eumycetoma), or actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). It is characterized by tumefaction, abscesses, and tumor-like granules representing microcolonies of pathogens, such as MADURELLA fungi and bacteria ACTINOMYCETES, with different grain colors.	2.05	1	0
Catheter-Associated Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.94	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.97	1	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	2.05	1	0
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
DiGeorge Syndrome Congenital syndrome characterized by a wide spectrum of characteristics including the absence of the THYMUS and PARATHYROID GLANDS resulting in T-cell immunodeficiency, HYPOCALCEMIA, defects in the outflow tract of the heart, and craniofacial anomalies.	2.05	1	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.05	1	0
Central Nervous System Syphilis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Personality Disorder, Schizoid [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Middle Ear Effusion [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Otitis Media with Effusion Inflammation of the middle ear with a clear pale yellow-colored transudate.	2.97	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.97	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.77	2	1
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.77	2	1
Absence Status [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.05	1	0
Body Dysmorphic Disorders Preoccupations with appearance or self-image causing significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	5.41	5	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	5.41	5	1
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.33	2	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.33	2	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	3.57	8	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	3.57	8	0
Neglected Diseases Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).	2.98	1	0
Buruli Ulcer Disease [description not available]	2.98	1	0
Buruli Ulcer A lesion in the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to infections by MYCOBACTERIUM ULCERANS. It was first reported in Uganda, Africa.	2.98	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.45	2	0
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.05	1	0
Bacterial Vaginitides [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Vaginosis, Bacterial Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.	2.42	2	0
Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	6.37	5	3
Brain Stem Neoplasms Benign and malignant intra-axial tumors of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; or MEDULLA OBLONGATA of the BRAIN STEM. Primary and metastatic neoplasms may occur in this location. Clinical features include ATAXIA, cranial neuropathies (see CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES), NAUSEA, hemiparesis (see HEMIPLEGIA), and quadriparesis. Primary brain stem neoplasms are more frequent in children. Histologic subtypes include GLIOMA; HEMANGIOBLASTOMA; GANGLIOGLIOMA; and EPENDYMOMA.	6.37	5	3
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Opportunistic Infections An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression.	4.99	9	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Dysthymia [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Dysthymic Disorder Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)	2.97	1	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	3.44	1	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.44	1	1
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	4.09	3	1
Inferior Dislocation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.	2.47	2	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.45	1	1
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.06	1	0
Fecal Impaction Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.	2.06	1	0
Analgesic Overuse Headache [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.85	4	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.48	2	0
Central Nervous System Lupus [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Altidudinal Hemianopia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.42	2	0
Frigidity [description not available]	5.04	3	1
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	5.04	3	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	5.92	9	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	5.92	9	1
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	2.07	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	3.61	9	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	2.06	1	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	3.15	5	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	6.37	9	1
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	6.37	9	1
Carditis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.06	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	3.84	2	1
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	3.84	2	1
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.46	2	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	2.07	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.71	3	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.07	1	0
Serotonin Syndrome An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.	2.07	1	0
Impotence [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.19	6	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.07	1	0
Malacoplakia The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract.	2.07	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3	1	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.07	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	3.36	2	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.08	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.07	1	0
Benign Infratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Choroid Plexus Papilloma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.05	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.07	1	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	2.07	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	2.07	1	0
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	3.66	3	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	3.66	3	0
Fasciitis, Necrotizing A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.	2.44	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	2.46	2	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	3.47	1	1
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Asystole [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.08	1	0
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.	3	1	0
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	8.19	18	4
Anaplasmataceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.	2.01	1	0
Infections, Mycoplasmatales [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.9	4	0
Bites [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	2.01	1	0
Chondromalacia Softening and degeneration of the CARTILAGE.	2.39	2	0
Cartilage Diseases Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).	2.39	2	0
Genital Diseases, Male Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).	3.61	3	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Aggressive Phase [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic, Stable Phase [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.63	10	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.63	10	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	4.02	5	0
Bacterial Meningitides [description not available]	4.03	5	0
Meningitis, Bacterial Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.	4.03	5	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Classic Galactosemia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Galactosemias A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)	2.01	1	0
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Spermatic Cord Torsion The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.	2.01	1	0
Erythremia [description not available]	4.1	3	1
Hemorrhagic Thrombocythemia [description not available]	3.81	2	1
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	4.1	3	1
Thrombocythemia, Essential A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.	3.81	2	1
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.79	2	1
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.41	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Photoallergic [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.93	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.42	2	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	3.4	1	1
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	3.4	1	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	3.4	1	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	3.4	1	1
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	4.87	4	2
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	4.87	4	2
Actinobacillus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOBACILLUS.	4.77	7	1
Mucocele A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.01	1	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.01	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.34	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	4.69	11	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	4.69	11	0
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.93	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	2.02	1	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.02	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.02	1	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.02	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	2.02	1	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.42	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.02	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	2.02	1	0
Fowl Paralysis [description not available]	3.4	1	1
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	5.2	6	2
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.4	2	0
Leishmania Infection [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leishmaniasis A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).	2.02	1	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.93	1	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	6.25	7	2
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	2.02	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.42	2	0
Edema Disease of Swine An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.	4.86	4	2
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	2.02	1	0
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Meningitis, Pneumococcal An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)	3.39	7	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.41	2	0
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	3.79	2	1
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.93	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	3.33	2	0
Infections, Rhabditida [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	2.42	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	3.6	3	0
Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.	5.03	5	2
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Encephalitis, JC Polyomavirus [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system associated with conditions that impair cell-mediated immunity (e.g., ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; and COLLAGEN DISEASES). The causative organism is JC Polyomavirus (JC VIRUS) which primarily affects oligodendrocytes, resulting in multiple areas of demyelination. Clinical manifestations include DEMENTIA; ATAXIA; visual disturbances; and other focal neurologic deficits, generally progressing to a vegetative state within 6 months. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp36-7)	2.02	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.02	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.02	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	4.08	3	0
Blennorrhea, Inclusion [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	4.7	2	1
Conjunctivitis, Inclusion An infection of the eyes characterized by the presence in conjunctival epithelial cells of inclusion bodies indistinguishable from those of trachoma. It is acquired by infants during birth and by adults from swimming pools. The etiological agent is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS whose natural habitat appears to be the genito-urinary tract. Inclusion conjunctivitis is a less severe disease than trachoma and usually clears up spontaneously.	2.94	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Ear Infection [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	2.43	2	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	2.03	1	0
Dermatomycoses Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.	2.03	1	0
Infections, Lentivirus [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Pouch Ileitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pouchitis Acute INFLAMMATION in the INTESTINAL MUCOSA of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ILEOSTOMY and restorative proctocolectomy (PROCTOCOLECTOMY, RESTORATIVE).	2.03	1	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	4.29	4	0
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	4.11	3	1
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	2.03	1	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	2.03	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2.03	1	0
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	2.72	3	0
Tracheal Diseases Diseases involving the TRACHEA.	2.41	2	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	5.17	11	1
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	5.17	11	1
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	5.04	5	2
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	5.04	5	2
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	3.09	5	0
AIDS, Feline [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	2.03	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.94	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.94	1	0
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	2.03	1	0
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.	3.61	3	0
Reactive Attachment Disorder Markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness that begins before age 5 and is associated with grossly pathological child care. The child may persistently fail to initiate and respond to social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way (inhibited type) or there may be a pattern of diffuse attachments with nondiscriminate sociability (disinhibited type). (From DSM-V)	2.03	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.03	1	0
Infections, Pasteurellaceae [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.69	3	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.03	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of ILEUM [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.03	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	4.09	3	1
Blood Diseases [description not available]	4.65	3	2
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	4.65	3	2
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	2.03	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Neuromuscular Junction Diseases Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.	2.95	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.95	1	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	3.42	1	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	3.42	1	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.4	2	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	3.42	1	1
Incipient Schizophrenia [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Schizotypal Personality Disorder A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.	3.82	2	1
Aneuploid [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.04	1	0
Infection, Pelvic [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.1	5	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.1	5	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.81	2	1
Onycholysis Separation of nail plate from the underlying nail bed. It can be a sign of skin disease, infection (such as ONYCHOMYCOSIS) or tissue injury.	2.04	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2.04	1	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	2.42	2	0
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.96	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	1.98	1	0
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	1.98	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Bites, Human Bites inflicted by humans.	2.39	2	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	1.98	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.39	2	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	7.71	12	6
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	7.71	12	6
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Orchitis Inflammation of a TESTIS. It has many features of EPIDIDYMITIS, such as swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS and then the TESTIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.	1.98	1	0
Tennis Elbow A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.	1.98	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Fever of Unknown Origin Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.	2.9	1	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.9	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.82	4	0
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	2.4	2	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	3.3	2	0
Black Death [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Plague An acute infectious disease caused by YERSINIA PESTIS that affects humans, wild rodents, and their ectoparasites. This condition persists due to its firm entrenchment in sylvatic rodent-flea ecosystems throughout the world. Bubonic plague is the most common form.	2.38	2	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	1.98	1	0
Infections, Listeria [description not available]	2.9	4	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	1.98	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	2.4	2	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.39	2	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	3.59	3	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	3.59	3	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	1.98	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Neisseriaceae [description not available]	4.99	3	1
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	2.9	1	0
Hives [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	1.98	1	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Abscess, Periodontal [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.98	1	0
Epulides [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Periapical Cyst [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gingival Diseases Diseases involving the GINGIVA.	1.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasm [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the brain, spinal cord, or meninges.	1.98	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	1.98	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	2.39	2	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	2.39	2	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	1.98	1	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	3.37	1	1
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	3.59	3	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	3.49	8	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Peritoneal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.	1.98	1	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.98	1	0
Cancrum Oris [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	1.98	1	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Balanitis Inflammation of the head of the PENIS, glans penis.	1.98	1	0
Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the VULVA and the VAGINA, characterized by discharge, burning, and PRURITUS.	1.98	1	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.68	3	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	1.98	1	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	1.98	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	5.65	5	4
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	5.65	5	4
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.9	4	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	1.98	1	0
Albinism, Ocular Albinism affecting the eye in which pigment of the hair and skin is normal or only slightly diluted. The classic type is X-linked (Nettleship-Falls), but an autosomal recessive form also exists. Ocular abnormalities may include reduced pigmentation of the iris, nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, and decreased visual acuity.	1.98	1	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	1.98	1	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	1.98	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	4.34	2	2
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	4.34	2	2
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	1.98	1	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.99	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	1.99	1	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.9	4	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	2.4	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	1.99	1	0
Mastoiditis Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.	1.99	1	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.4	2	0
Bacterial Conjunctivitides [description not available]	6.13	4	3
Conjunctivitis, Bacterial Purulent infections of the conjunctiva by several species of gram-negative, gram-positive, or acid-fast organisms. Some of the more commonly found genera causing conjunctival infections are Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, and Chlamydia.	6.13	4	3
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	3.37	1	1
Pemphigoid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Duhring Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dermatitis Herpetiformis Rare, chronic, papulo-vesicular disease characterized by an intensely pruritic eruption consisting of various combinations of symmetrical, erythematous, papular, vesicular, or bullous lesions. The disease is strongly associated with the presence of HLA-B8 and HLA-DR3 antigens. A variety of different autoantibodies has been detected in small numbers in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis.	1.99	1	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	2.4	2	0
Pemphigoid, Bullous A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.	1.99	1	0
Angiomatosis, Bacillary A reactive vascular proliferation that is characterized by the multiple tumor-like lesions in skin, bone, brain, and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis is caused by infection with gram-negative Bartonella bacilli (such as BARTONELLA HENSELAE), and is often seen in AIDS patients and other IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS.	1.99	1	0
Discitis Inflammation of an INTERVERTEBRAL DISC or disk space which may lead to disk erosion. Until recently, discitis has been defined as a nonbacterial inflammation and has been attributed to aseptic processes (e.g., chemical reaction to an injected substance). However, recent studies provide evidence that infection may be the initial cause, but perhaps not the promoter, of most cases of discitis. Discitis has been diagnosed in patients following discography, myelography, lumbar puncture, paravertebral injection, and obstetrical epidural anesthesia. Discitis following chemonucleolysis (especially with chymopapain) is attributed to chemical reaction by some and to introduction of microorganisms by others.	1.99	1	0
Congenital Hypocupremia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome An inherited disorder of copper metabolism transmitted as an X-linked trait and characterized by the infantile onset of HYPOTHERMIA, feeding difficulties, hypotonia, SEIZURES, bony deformities, pili torti (twisted hair), and severely impaired intellectual development. Defective copper transport across plasma and endoplasmic reticulum membranes results in copper being unavailable for the synthesis of several copper containing enzymes, including PROTEIN-LYSINE 6-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; and SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE. Pathologic changes include defects in arterial elastin, neuronal loss, and gliosis. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p125)	1.99	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.99	1	0
Pleuropneumonia Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with PLEURISY, inflammation of the PLEURA.	1.99	1	0
Ozena [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Rhinitis, Atrophic A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).	1.99	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.4	2	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	4.64	3	2
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	1.99	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	4.64	3	2
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cervicitis [description not available]	5.8	6	4
Uterine Cervicitis Inflammation of the UTERINE CERVIX.	5.8	6	4
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.39	2	0
Empyema, Thoracic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Empyema, Pleural Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.	2.4	2	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.4	2	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	1.99	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.99	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	1.99	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.38	1	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.91	4	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.66	3	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2	1	0
Inflammatory Pseudotumor [description not available]	2	1	0
Scrofuloderma [description not available]	2	1	0
Granuloma, Plasma Cell A slow-growing benign pseudotumor in which plasma cells greatly outnumber the inflammatory cells.	2	1	0
Gastric Outlet Obstruction The hindering of output from the STOMACH into the SMALL INTESTINE. This obstruction may be of mechanical or functional origin such as EDEMA from PEPTIC ULCER; NEOPLASMS; FOREIGN BODIES; or AGING.	2	1	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2	1	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	2	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	3.38	1	1
Boils [description not available]	2	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.4	2	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	2	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2	1	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	3.79	2	1
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	2	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	2.39	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2	1	0
Deficiency Disease, Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase [description not available]	2	1	0
Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease An inherited urea cycle disorder associated with deficiency of the enzyme ORNITHINE CARBAMOYLTRANSFERASE, transmitted as an X-linked trait and featuring elevations of amino acids and ammonia in the serum. Clinical features, which are more prominent in males, include seizures, behavioral alterations, episodic vomiting, lethargy, and coma. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp49-50)	2	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2	1	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2	1	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	2.39	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2	1	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Infarct of the Spleen [description not available]	2	1	0
Anemia, Splenic [description not available]	2	1	0
Histiocytosis General term for the abnormal appearance of histiocytes in the blood. Based on the pathological features of the cells involved rather than on clinical findings, the histiocytic diseases are subdivided into three groups: HISTIOCYTOSIS, LANGERHANS CELL; HISTIOCYTOSIS, NON-LANGERHANS-CELL; and HISTIOCYTIC DISORDERS, MALIGNANT.	2	1	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.39	2	0
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND.	2	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2	1	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2	1	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	2	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	2	1	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	2	1	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	2	1	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	2	1	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	2	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	2	1	0
Allergic Angiitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Churg-Strauss Syndrome Widespread necrotizing angiitis with granulomas. Pulmonary involvement is frequent. Asthma or other respiratory infection may precede evidence of vasculitis. Eosinophilia and lung involvement differentiate this disease from POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.	2	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.41	2	0
Belching [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	2.01	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	2.01	1	0
Cryptosporidium Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cryptosporidiosis Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.	2.01	1	0
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Chancroid Acute, localized autoinoculable infectious disease usually acquired through sexual contact. Caused by HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI, it occurs endemically almost worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical countries and more commonly in seaports and urban areas than in rural areas.	2.38	2	0
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.	3.99	5	0
Enterocolitis Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	1.98	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	4.28	1	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	4.28	1	1
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	3.3	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.89	1	0
Actinomycetales Infections Infections with bacteria of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.	1.97	1	0
Brazilian Spotted Fever [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever An acute febrile illness caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. It is transmitted to humans by bites of infected ticks and occurs only in North and South America. Characteristics include a sudden onset with headache and chills and fever lasting about two to three weeks. A cutaneous rash commonly appears on the extremities and trunk about the fourth day of illness.	1.97	1	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	1.97	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Coronaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.	3.36	1	1
Agranulocytosis A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).	4.05	3	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	1.97	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	3.76	2	1
B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.	1.97	1	0
Charcot's Joint [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arthropathy, Neurogenic Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly TABES DORSALIS, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	1.97	1	0

carbostyril

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