Amyloid-beta precursor protein

An amyloid-beta precursor protein that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DAN]

Synonyms

APP;
ABPP;
APPI;
Alzheimer disease amyloid protein;
Amyloid precursor protein;
Amyloid-beta A4 protein;
Cerebral vascular amyloid peptide;
CVAP;
PreA4;
Protease nexin-II;
PN-II

Research

Bioassay Publications (91)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	14 (15.38)	29.6817
2010's	65 (71.43)	24.3611
2020's	12 (13.19)	2.80

Compounds (160)

Drugs with Potency Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)
[3-carboxy-2-(1-oxohexadecoxy)propyl]-trimethylammonium	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	1
1,10-phenanthroline	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
3,4-dichloroisocoumarin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	1
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.6109	1
6-nitroso-1,2-benzopyrone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	1
cantharidin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	1
dephostatin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
dequalinium	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	1
disulfiram	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.1735	1
2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
ebastine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
ebselen	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	1
fluorouracil	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
1-(2-naphthalenyl)-3-[(phenylmethyl)-propan-2-ylamino]-1-propanone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
lansoprazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
beta-lapachone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
mitoxantrone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	1
ACar 18-0	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.8048	1
tyrphostin a9	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.5929	1
idarubicin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	1
3-octadecanamido-2-ethoxypropylphosphocholine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
zpck	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.5810	1
selenomethylselenocysteine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
abt 980	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	1
5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydrochrysene-2,8-diol	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
ketoconazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.3078	1
IPA-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.1995	1
isoliquiritigenin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	1
3,4-methylenedioxy-beta-nitrostyrene	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.0596	1
phenylthiazolylthiourea	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	9.2000	1
(2'-(4-aminophenyl)-(2,5'-bi-1h-benzimidazol)-5-amine)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
stattic	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.8048	1
1,4-bis[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamino]anthracene-9,10-dione	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
LSM-1318	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2311	1
cyclosporine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	4.6109	1
n-oleoyldopamine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	1
as 604850	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	1
bay 11-7082	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.3109	1
bay 11-7085	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.1582	1
cisplatin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.5962	1
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	1
b 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
edelfosine	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
17-cyclopropylmethyl-6,7-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-5'-guanidinyl-3,14-dihydroxyindolo(2',3'-6,7)morphinan	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.1735	1
calcimycin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4581	1
ucl 2077	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	18.3564	1
(E,E)-1-bromo-2,5-bis-(4-hydroxystyryl)benzene	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.0929	1
ag-879	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.1735	1

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
inositol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
niacin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	28.4000	2	2
tramiprosate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
cgp 52411	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.0000	1	1
tacrine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0456	2	2
amodiaquine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.7000	2	2
carvedilol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	1	1
chloroquine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.9000	2	2
clioquinol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	39.8667	3	3
donepezil	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0220	1	1
flurbiprofen	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	305.0000	1	1
edaravone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.5500	1	1
1,3-dicyclohexylurea	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0253	1	2
oxybutynin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0059	1	1
vorinostat	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	20.0000	1	1
edetic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	18.0500	2	2
methylene blue	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.5000	1	1
quinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
dehydrothio-4-toluidine	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0095	1	1
benzil	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
congo red	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.3000	2	2
congo red	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.0000	3	3
azure a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.0000	1	1
orange g	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.8500	2	2
thioflavin t	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.9633	6	6
thioflavin t	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.4800	4	6
acridine orange	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6000	1	1
epigallocatechin gallate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	27.0250	4	4
azure b	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.0000	1	1
pinobanksin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	500.0000	1	1
sarsasapogenin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
tarenflurbil	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	280.0000	1	1
aromadedrin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	500.0000	2	2
demethoxyviridin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	13.4000	1	1
solifenacin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0100	1	1
chrysamine g	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5716	6	7
ampelopsin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	19.0500	2	2
2-(4-aminophenyl)benzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0370	1	1
taxifolin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	33.0000	2	3
e-z cinnamic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
tretinoin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1800	1	1
resveratrol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	11.5375	12	12
retinol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1800	1	1
ferulic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	163.1150	2	2
cocaine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.3380	1	1
3-coumaric acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
retinaldehyde	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1800	1	1
isoliquiritigenin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	19.7000	1	1
omapatrilat	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1995	1	1
caffeic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	24.2000	2	2
curcumin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.8541	30	30
chlorogenic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	92.9000	1	1
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0088	6	6
ginkgetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	13.2000	1	1
quercetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	40.7850	4	4
apigenin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	83.0667	3	3
luteolin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	6.4000	1	1
gossypetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.0000	1	1
kaempferol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	75.1000	3	3
amentoflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.8000	1	1
datiscetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	55.4000	2	2
galangin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	500.0000	2	2
hinokiflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.5000	1	1
morin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	23.0333	3	3
myricetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.9143	7	7
sciadopitysin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
3,4-di-o-caffeoylquinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.7000	1	1
rosmarinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	71.9000	1	1
ellagic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	200.0000	2	2
bilobetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.7000	1	1
isocryptomerin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
isoginkgetin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.1000	1	1
podocarpusflavone a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.9000	1	1
methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0551	2	2
Isoliquiritigenin 4,4'-dimethyl ether	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.4000	1	1
grifolin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	148.8000	2	2
2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)benzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0023	1	1
sequoiaflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.9000	1	1
w-13	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
su 4312	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0916	1	1
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1000	1	1
indigo carmine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	16.4000	1	1
daurichromenic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	24.7000	1	1
methyl chlorogenate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
clovamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.7000	1	1
bis(7)-tacrine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.4000	1	1
2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0061	2	2
memoquin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	11.5225	4	4
chf 5074	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	27.5000	2	2
4-(6-iodo-2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0937	12	13
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0190	1	1
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1426	7	8
lipocrine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	45.0000	1	1
bay94 9172	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0022	2	2
gosogliptin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	1	1
mrk 560	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0006	3	0
n-trans-p-coumaroyl-l-tyrosine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	1	1
vizamyl	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0007	1	1
n-(3-fluorophenyl)-1-((4-(((3s)-3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl)phenyl)acetyl)-4-piperidinamine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	26.0000	1	1
florbetapir f 18	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0029	3	3
azd4694	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0240	1	1
cnb 001	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.8333	3	3
hydrazinocurcumin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	6.2920	3	3

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
thioflavin t	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	1.9000	1	1
latrepirdine	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	25,000.0000	1	1
resveratrol	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	38.5000	1	1
teucrol	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	20.6000	1	1
caffeic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	216.0000	1	1
methyl caffeate	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	67.7000	1	1
caffeic acid phenethyl ester	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	8.4100	1	1
rosmarinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	48.5333	3	3
2-Phenylethyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	1,040.0000	1	1
propyl caffeate	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	24.7000	1	1
n-caffeoyldopamine	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	69.0000	1	1
ar 231453	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0006	1	1

Drugs with Other Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
primaquine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC33	30.0000	1	1
quinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	1.2000	1	1
curcumin	Homo sapiens (human)	DC50	0.7550	2	2
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	10.0000	1	1
hydrazinocurcumin	Homo sapiens (human)	DC50	1.4700	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 13 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
DNA binding	molecular function	Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	molecular function	Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase. [GOC:ai]
signaling receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
heparin binding	molecular function	Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
enzyme binding	molecular function	Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity. [GOC:jl]
identical protein binding	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
transition metal ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a transition metal ions; a transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver. [ISBN:0198506732]
receptor ligand activity	molecular function	The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands). [GOC:kv, GOC:molecular_function_refactoring, GOC:pdt]
PTB domain binding	molecular function	Binding to a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) Binding to a phosphotyrosine-bindin domain. [Pfam:PF02174, PMID:15924411]
protein serine/threonine kinase binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein serine/threonine kinase. [GOC:krc, GOC:sl, PMID:28608965]
signaling receptor activator activity	molecular function	The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased. [GOC:ceb]

Located In

This protein is located in 39 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
extracellular region	cellular component	The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. [GOC:go_curators]
extracellular space	cellular component	That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
nuclear envelope lumen	cellular component	The region between the two lipid bilayers of the nuclear envelope; 20-40 nm wide. [GOC:ai]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
mitochondrial inner membrane	cellular component	The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae. [GOC:ai]
endosome	cellular component	A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered. [ISBN:0198506732, PMID:19696797]
early endosome	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached). [ISBN:0198506732]
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	cellular component	The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. [ISBN:0198547684]
smooth endoplasmic reticulum	cellular component	The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER or SER) has no ribosomes attached to it. The smooth ER is the recipient of the proteins synthesized in the rough ER. Those proteins to be exported are passed to the Golgi complex, the resident proteins are returned to the rough ER and the lysosomal proteins after phosphorylation of their mannose residues are passed to the lysosomes. Glycosylation of the glycoproteins also continues. The smooth ER is the site of synthesis of lipids, including the phospholipids. The membranes of the smooth ER also contain enzymes that catalyze a series of reactions to detoxify both lipid-soluble drugs and harmful products of metabolism. Large quantities of certain compounds such as phenobarbital cause an increase in the amount of the smooth ER. [ISBN:0198506732]
Golgi apparatus	cellular component	A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. [ISBN:0198506732]
Golgi lumen	cellular component	The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks. [GOC:mah]
Golgi-associated vesicle	cellular component	Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. [GOC:mah]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
clathrin-coated pit	cellular component	A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, NIF_Subcellular:sao1969557946, PMID:10559856, PMID:17284835]
cell-cell junction	cellular component	A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:dgh, GOC:hb, GOC:mah, PMID:21422226, PMID:28096264]
synaptic vesicle	cellular component	A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane. [PMID:10099709, PMID:12563290]
cell surface	cellular component	The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
membrane	cellular component	A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle	cellular component	A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport). [PMID:11252894, PMID:17499046, PMID:22160157, PMID:8004676, Wikipedia:COPII]
axon	cellular component	The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter. [GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
growth cone	cellular component	The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, ISBN:0815316194, PMID:10082468]
platelet alpha granule lumen	cellular component	The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule. [GOC:mah, PMID:8467233]
neuromuscular junction	cellular component	The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. [GOC:nln]
endosome lumen	cellular component	The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome. [GOC:mah]
trans-Golgi network membrane	cellular component	The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network. [GOC:mah]
ciliary rootlet	cellular component	A cytoskeleton-like structure, originating from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium, and extending proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. [GOC:cilia, PMID:12427867]
dendritic spine	cellular component	A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity. [GOC:nln]
dendritic shaft	cellular component	Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines. [GOC:nln]
perikaryon	cellular component	The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus. [GOC:jl]
membrane raft	cellular component	Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
apical part of cell	cellular component	The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0815316194]
synapse	cellular component	The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. [GOC:aruk, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:24619342, PMID:29383328, PMID:31998110]
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	cellular component	Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus. [GOC:jid]
presynaptic active zone	cellular component	A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix. [GOC:dh, GOC:dl, GOC:ef, GOC:jid, GOC:pr, PMID:3152289]
spindle midzone	cellular component	The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap. [GOC:ai, PMID:15296749]
recycling endosome	cellular component	An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:kmv, GOC:rph, PMID:10930469, PMID:15601896, PMID:16246101, PMID:21556374, PMID:21562044]
extracellular exosome	cellular component	A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles, PMID:15908444, PMID:17641064, PMID:19442504, PMID:19498381, PMID:22418571, PMID:24009894]

Active In

This protein is active in 7 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
extracellular space	cellular component	That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. [ISBN:0198547684]
dendrite	cellular component	A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:dos, GOC:mah, GOC:nln, ISBN:0198506732]
early endosome	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways. [GOC:mah, NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090701, PMID:19696797]
membrane raft	cellular component	Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. [PMID:16645198, PMID:20044567]
cell surface	cellular component	The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_sensu, GOC:sm]
Golgi apparatus	cellular component	A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. [ISBN:0198506732]
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]

Part Of

This protein is part of 1 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
receptor complex	cellular component	Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:go_curators]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 78 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle	biological process	The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle]
microglial cell activation	biological process	The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10626665, PMID:10695728, PMID:12580336, PMID:9893949]
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. [GOC:hjd]
suckling behavior	biological process	Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast. [GOC:dph, GOC:pr]
astrocyte activation involved in immune response	biological process	A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response. [GOC:add, PMID:11138785]
regulation of translation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. [GOC:isa_complete]
protein phosphorylation	biological process	The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
intracellular copper ion homeostasis	biological process	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
endocytosis	biological process	A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732, ISBN:0716731363, Wikipedia:Endocytosis]
response to oxidative stress	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. [GOC:jl, PMID:12115731]
cell adhesion	biological process	The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. [GOC:hb, GOC:pf]
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators]
Notch signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:signaling]
axonogenesis	biological process	De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:pg, GOC:pr, ISBN:0198506732]
learning or memory	biological process	The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time. [GOC:jid, PMID:8938125]
learning	biological process	Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience. [ISBN:0582227089, ISBN:0721662544]
mating behavior	biological process	The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]
locomotory behavior	biological process	The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions. [GOC:dph]
axo-dendritic transport	biological process	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. [ISBN:0815316194]
cholesterol metabolic process	biological process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues. [ISBN:0198506732]
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
adult locomotory behavior	biological process	Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism. [GOC:ai]
visual learning	biological process	Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue. [GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]
regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
positive regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
negative regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle	biological process	Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, GOC:tb]
microglia development	biological process	The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:dgh, GOC:ef]
axon midline choice point recognition	biological process	The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline. [PMID:11376484]
neuron remodeling	biological process	The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development. [GOC:hb]
dendrite development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:22683681]
regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:tb]
extracellular matrix organization	biological process	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. [GOC:mah]
forebrain development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). [http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=forebrain]
neuron projection development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of chemokine production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:10891884, PMID:15560120]
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. [GOC:mah]
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:signaling, ISBN:0198506732]
regulation of multicellular organism growth	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:tb]
negative regulation of neuron differentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of glycolytic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. [GOC:dph, GOC:go_curators, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of JNK cascade	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. [GOC:bf]
astrocyte activation	biological process	A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor. [GOC:mgi_curators, PMID:10526094, PMID:10695728, PMID:12529254, PMID:12580336, PMID:9585813]
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	biological process	A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers. [GOC:jid, PMID:11891290]
collateral sprouting in absence of injury	biological process	The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons. [GOC:dgh, GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:lm]
positive regulation of inflammatory response	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. [GOC:ai]
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. [GOC:ai]
regulation of synapse structure or activity	biological process	Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai]
synapse organization	biological process	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). [GOC:ai, GOC:pr]
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling. [GOC:ai]
neuromuscular process controlling balance	biological process	Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph]
synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction	biological process	The assembly of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction. [PMID:20215342]
positive regulation of protein metabolic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. [GOC:ai]
neuron apoptotic process	biological process	Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [CL:0000540, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis	biological process	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah]
neuron cellular homeostasis	biological process	The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. [GOC:mah]
response to interleukin-1	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah]
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential. [GOC:dos]
NMDA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an NMDA-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:dos, ISBN:9780071120005]
regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous synaptic transmission. [GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, PMID:15457210]
cytosolic mRNA polyadenylation	biological process	Any process by which dormant, translationally inactive mRNAs become activated, or mRNAs become stabilized, via the elongation of their poly(A) tails in the cytosol. [PMID:21536428]
negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation. [GOC:BHF, GOC:TermGenie]
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade. [GOC:TermGenie]
cellular response to amyloid-beta	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus. [GO_REF:0000071, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23555824]
regulation of presynapse assembly	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:bc, GOC:PARL, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25533483]
positive regulation of amyloid fibril formation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:aruk, GOC:bc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23106396]
amyloid fibril formation	biological process	The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins. [GOC:cvs, GOC:jj, GOC:ppm, GOC:sj, PMID:21148556, PMID:22817896, PMID:28937655, PMID:29654159]
neuron projection maintenance	biological process	The organization process that preserves a neuron projection in a stable functional or structural state. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. [GOC:kmv, PMID:25359212]
positive regulation of T cell migration	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration. [GOC:mah]
central nervous system development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. [GOC:bf, GOC:jid, ISBN:0582227089]