Page last updated: 2024-12-06

2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid

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Description

2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID72571
CHEMBL ID1340633
SCHEMBL ID1720516
MeSH IDM0246254

Synonyms (31)

Synonym
n,n'-bis(o-carboxyphenyl)-o-dianisidine
NCI60_041614
52962-95-5
nsc73735
redoxal
2-[4-[4-(2-carboxyanilino)-3-methoxy-phenyl]-2-methoxy-anilino]benzoic acid
benzoic acid, 2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-
benzoic acid,2'-[(3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)diimino]bis-
b 3845
nsc-73735
mls000736810 ,
smr000528333
2-[4-[4-(2-carboxyanilino)-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-methoxyanilino]benzoic acid
NCGC00246948-01
KUC112424N
ksc-285-109-1
q0vk2156m5 ,
nsc 73735
unii-q0vk2156m5
2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis-benzoic acid
2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bisbenzoic acid
HMS2852O22
CHEMBL1340633
SCHEMBL1720516
AKOS024429314
cid_72571
2-[[4-[4-[(2-carboxyphenyl)amino]-3-methoxy-phenyl]-2-methoxy-phenyl]amino]benzoic acid
bdbm50646
DTXSID90201004
2-{[4'-(2-carboxyanilino)-3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]amino}benzoic acid
2,2'-((3,3'-dimethoxy(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diyl)diimino)bis(benzoic acid)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These adverse effects were completely abrogated by uridine."( Pyrimidine nucleoside depletion sensitizes to the mitochondrial hepatotoxicity of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor stavudine.
Lebrecht, D; Setzer, B; Walker, UA, 2008
)
0.35
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (52)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolaseGiardia intestinalisPotency35.39730.140911.194039.8107AID2451
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3AHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.631035.7641100.0000AID504339
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.177814.390939.8107AID2147
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.125919.1169125.8920AID2549
LuciferasePhotinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)Potency37.93300.007215.758889.3584AID588342
glp-1 receptor, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.07950.01846.806014.1254AID624417
WRNHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.168331.2583100.0000AID651768
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency50.11870.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.58020.004110.890331.5287AID504467
USP1 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.031637.5844354.8130AID743255
GLS proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.35487.935539.8107AID624170
thioredoxin glutathione reductaseSchistosoma mansoniPotency44.66840.100022.9075100.0000AID485364
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1Plasmodium falciparum 3D7Potency17.78280.707912.194339.8107AID720542
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2BHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.62340.707936.904389.1251AID504333
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.79430.035520.977089.1251AID504332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.354828.065989.1251AID504847
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency35.48130.006026.168889.1251AID540317
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.59620.00419.984825.9290AID504444
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.05930.794321.275750.1187AID624246; AID651804
flap endonuclease 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.133725.412989.1251AID588795
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.83360.168316.404067.0158AID720504
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.425612.059128.1838AID504891
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.06560.100028.9256213.3130AID588591; AID720502
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency37.47960.050127.073689.1251AID588590; AID720496
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency23.72460.004611.374133.4983AID624296; AID624297
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency25.25520.031622.3146100.0000AID588579; AID720501
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency79.43286.309660.2008112.2020AID720709
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.22024.46688.344810.0000AID624291
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, RNA-directed RNA polymerase NS5Dengue virus 2 16681-PDK53IC50 (µMol)18.81002.370054.1398100.0000AID588689
calpain II, partialSus scrofa (pig)IC50 (µMol)2.86751.77424.93387.7087AID1420
SUMO-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)2.27350.64707.494715.9000AID624382; AID624383
Mcl-1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.18630.40007.134454.0000AID1417; AID1418
Apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)63.35000.037518.623253.2000AID588524; AID588538
small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 isoform b precursorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.12502.34006.280015.8000AID624384; AID624385
caspase-9 isoform alpha precursorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)18.20000.025616.507052.8000AID588574
fatty acid synthaseHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)7.14500.16605.647218.2000AID624326; AID624327
caspase-3 isoform a preproproteinHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)18.20000.025620.323574.3000AID588574
rac GTPase-activating protein 1 isoform aHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)41.42007.390057.8904301.2400AID624330
VifHuman immunodeficiency virus 1IC50 (µMol)0.94000.270034.0015100.0000AID1117319
TatHuman immunodeficiency virus 1IC50 (µMol)12.65600.996039.8009100.0000AID1117361
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.94000.270026.3638100.0000AID1117319
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.85000.00052.773925.1700AID1418
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.85000.00052.891925.1700AID1418
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.85000.00052.747825.1700AID1418
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.85000.00052.780225.1700AID1418
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.85000.00053.314249.5000AID1418
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 1 Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)7.60000.00427.468021.1000AID2073
3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)7.60000.00037.329421.1000AID2073
BZLF2Human herpesvirus 4 type 2 (Epstein-Barr virus type 2)IC50 (µMol)54.00000.42004.434216.2300AID1419
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Caspase 6, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidaseHomo sapiens (human)AC504.60000.063611.235844.9700AID720632
LANAHuman gammaherpesvirus 8AC5078.92500.042032.4569312.0010AID504725
Caspase-8Homo sapiens (human)AC5047.97000.310012.451547.9700AID743294
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (71)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
associative learningRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
Rap protein signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of actin cytoskeleton organizationRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of GTPase activityRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein export from nucleusRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stress fiber assemblyRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of endothelial barrierRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretionRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of signaling receptor activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic processGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid gland developmentGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
luteinizing hormone secretionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
organ growthGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathwayGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone secretionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generationGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine productionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
heart developmentCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathwayCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage differentiationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
response to cobalt ionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
response to tumor necrosis factorCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathwayCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of innate immune responseCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage differentiationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of proteolysisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturationCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of necroptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
syncytiotrophoblast cell differentiation involved in labyrinthine layer developmentCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
pyroptosisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulusCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compoundCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathwayCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
execution phase of apoptosisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activityCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
self proteolysisCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptorsCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP bindingRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
hormone activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone activityGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
death receptor bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor receptor bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
peptidase activityCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type peptidase activityCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
death effector domain bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathwayCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (24)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cortical actin cytoskeletonRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
microvillusRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
filopodiumRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeRap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone complexGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
pituitary gonadotropin complexGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceGlycoprotein hormones alpha chainHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cytoskeletonCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
cell bodyCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
death-inducing signaling complexCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
CD95 death-inducing signaling complexCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
ripoptosomeCaspase-8Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (14)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID720501qHTS for Inhibitors of Polymerase Kappa: Confirmatory Assay for Cherry-picked Compounds2012PloS one, , Volume: 7, Issue:10
A comprehensive strategy to discover inhibitors of the translesion synthesis DNA polymerase κ.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (11)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (9.09)18.2507
2000's4 (36.36)29.6817
2010's5 (45.45)24.3611
2020's1 (9.09)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.18

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.18 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.48 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.66 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.18)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other11 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]