Compounds > ziconotide
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

ziconotide

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID16135415
CHEMBL ID4594214
CHEBI ID135912
CHEBI ID142406
MeSH IDM0210279

Synonyms (36)

Synonym
gtpl2536
omega-conotoxin m viia (reduced), cyclic (1-16),(8-20),(15-25)-tris(disulfide)
ziconotide
drg-0250
omega-conotoxin mviia, conus magus
omega-conotoxin mviia
l-cysteinyl-l-lysylglycyl-l-lysylglycyl-l-alanyl-l-lysyl-l-cysteinyl-l-seryl-l-arginyl-l-leucyl-l-methionyl-l-tyrosyl-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-cysteinyl-l-cysteinyl-l-threonylglycyl-l-seryl-l-cysteinyl-l-arginyl-l-serylglycyl-l-lysyl-l-cysteinamide cyclic (1-16
omega-conotoxin m viia
snx-111
omega-conopeptide mviia (conus)
CHEBI:135912
cys-lys-gly-lys-gly-ala-lys-cys-ser-arg-leu-met-tyr-asp-cys-cys-thr-gly-ser-cys-arg-ser-gly-lys-cys-nh2
AKOS015994641
unii-7i64c51o16
7i64c51o16 ,
hsdb 7609
ziconotide [usan:inn]
HS-2032
Y-100004
mfcd00145036
omega-conotoxin mviia, >=95% (hplc)
h-cys-lys-gly-lys-gly-ala-lys-cys-ser-arg-leu-met-tyr-asp-cys-cys-thr-gly-ser-cys-arg-ser-gly-lys-cy
150770-63-1
o-conotoxin mviia
.omega.-conotoxin m viia
HY-P0062
CS-0015087
DTXSID60883174 ,
CHEMBL4594214
ziconotida
ziconotidum
n02bg08
chebi:142406
ziconotide (mart.)
dtxcid901323852
AC-8938

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

No drug-related deaths, IT granulomas, or permanent adverse sequelae occurred with ziconotide therapy. Ziconotide is associated with neuropsychiatric AEs, such as cognitive impairment, hallucinations, and changes in mood or consciousness.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although adverse effects were reported, these appeared to be easily managed through dose reduction or symptomatic treatment."( Adverse effects associated with the intrathecal administration of ziconotide.
Paice, JA; Penn, RD, 2000)		0.31
" The resulting nonclinical toxicology profile was predictive of human adverse events reported in clinical trials and consistent with ziconotide's pharmacological activity."( Nonclinical safety of ziconotide: an intrathecal analgesic of a new pharmaceutical class.
Beck, JC; de Kater, AW; Shopp, GM; Skov, MJ, )		0.13
" Safety was assessed via adverse events (AEs), vital signs, and routine laboratory values."( Intrathecal ziconotide for severe chronic pain: safety and tolerability results of an open-label, long-term trial.
Charapata, SG; Dissanayake, S; Ellis, D; Fisher, R; Rauck, R; Wallace, MS, 2008)		0.35
" No drug-related deaths, IT granulomas, or permanent adverse sequelae occurred with ziconotide therapy."( Intrathecal ziconotide for severe chronic pain: safety and tolerability results of an open-label, long-term trial.
Charapata, SG; Dissanayake, S; Ellis, D; Fisher, R; Rauck, R; Wallace, MS, 2008)		0.35
" Doses in a range up to maximum no side effect doses were tested for antihyperalgesic effects in rats with hyperalgesia."( CNSB004 (Leconotide) causes antihyperalgesia without side effects when given intravenously: a comparison with ziconotide in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain.
Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A, 2010)		0.36
"The maximum no side effect dose of leconotide (2 mg/kg intravenously) caused 51."( CNSB004 (Leconotide) causes antihyperalgesia without side effects when given intravenously: a comparison with ziconotide in a rat model of diabetic neuropathic pain.
Cooke, I; Goodchild, CS; Kolosov, A, 2010)		0.36
" It is challenging to use and can induce several and sometimes serious adverse events."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
"To determine whether a low starting dosage of ziconotide, followed by slow titration, decreases the incidence of major adverse events associated with ziconotide when used for intractable cancer pain."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
"Patients with incurable cancer causing chronic pain rated above 6/10 on a numerical scale while receiving high-dose opioid therapy (more than 200 mg/d of oral morphine equivalent) and/or exhibiting severe opioid-related adverse events received intrathecal infusions of ziconotide combined with morphine, ropivacaine, and clonidine."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
" Adverse events were recorded in 57% of them; moderate adverse events occurred in 51%."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
" Determining the relative contributions of each drug to adverse events was difficult, and some of the adverse events manifested as clinical symptoms of a subjective nature."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
"The rates of minor and moderate adverse events were consistent with previous reports."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
"Potentially severe and clinically relevant adverse events (AEs) associated with IT morphine include respiratory depression, tolerance, and granuloma formulation, whereas IT ziconotide is associated with neuropsychiatric AEs, such as cognitive impairment, hallucinations, and changes in mood or consciousness, particularly with high doses and rapid titration."( The Relationship Between the Mechanisms of Action and Safety Profiles of Intrathecal Morphine and Ziconotide: A Review of the Literature.
Webster, LR, 2015)		0.42
" Ziconotide use is challenging given its adverse effect (AE) profile."( Ziconotide Combination Intrathecal Therapy for Noncancer Pain Is Limited Secondary to Delayed Adverse Effects: A Case Series With a 24-Month Follow-Up.
Hanes, MC; Hayek, SM; Veizi, IE; Wang, C, 2015)		0.42
"Use of intrathecal admixtures is widespread, but compounding these is sometimes challenging and may result in errors and complications causing super-potency or sub potency adverse events in patients or malfunctions in the pump itself."( Rationale for Prospective Assays of Intrathecal Mixtures Including Morphine, Ropivacaine and Ziconotide: Prevention of Adverse Events and Feasibility in Clinical Practice.
Bazin, C; Boré, F; Devys, C; Dubois, PY; Dupoiron, D; Folliard, C; Kieffer, H; Lebrec, N, )		0.13
"This study is monocentric and limitations include also its non-randomized nature with no clinical comparison of the rate of adverse events with a refill process without control of each component concentrations."( Rationale for Prospective Assays of Intrathecal Mixtures Including Morphine, Ropivacaine and Ziconotide: Prevention of Adverse Events and Feasibility in Clinical Practice.
Bazin, C; Boré, F; Devys, C; Dubois, PY; Dupoiron, D; Folliard, C; Kieffer, H; Lebrec, N, )		0.13
" The most common adverse events (≥ 10% of patients overall as of the data cut) were nausea (19."( Effectiveness and Safety of Intrathecal Ziconotide: Interim Analysis of the Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM).
Deer, T; Grigsby, EJ; Huang, IZ; Kim, P; McDowell, GC; Mori, F; Rauck, RL; Saulino, MF; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2018)		0.48
" The adverse event profile was consistent with the ziconotide prescribing information."( Effectiveness and Safety of Intrathecal Ziconotide: Interim Analysis of the Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM).
Deer, T; Grigsby, EJ; Huang, IZ; Kim, P; McDowell, GC; Mori, F; Rauck, RL; Saulino, MF; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2018)		0.48
" Adverse events were solicited at each visit."( Effectiveness and Safety of Intrathecal Ziconotide: Final Results of the Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM).
Deer, T; Grigsby, EJ; Huang, IZ; Kim, P; McDowell, GC; Rauck, RL; Ryan, R; Saulino, MF; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2020)		0.56
" Almost all patients experienced adverse events, the most common of which were nausea (25."( Effectiveness and Safety of Intrathecal Ziconotide: Final Results of the Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM).
Deer, T; Grigsby, EJ; Huang, IZ; Kim, P; McDowell, GC; Rauck, RL; Ryan, R; Saulino, MF; Vanhove, GF; Wallace, M, 2020)		0.56

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in rats and cynomologus monkeys to determine the disposition of this compound when it is administered for 24 hr by continuous, constant-rate intravenous infusion."( Pharmacokinetics of SNX-111, a selective N-type calcium channel blocker, in rats and cynomolgus monkeys.
Bowersox, S; Luther, RR; Mandema, J; Miljanich, G; Tarczy-Hornoch, K, 1997)		0.3
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intrathecal ziconotide in chronic pain patients.
Chao, S; Drass, M; Ellis, D; Hale, V; Mayo, M; McGuire, D; O'Connell, D; Wermeling, D, 2003)		0.32

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Presence of chitosan enhanced the overall bioavailability of ziconotide from intranasal solution and gel formulations."( Delivery of ziconotide to cerebrospinal fluid via intranasal pathway for the treatment of chronic pain.
Jo, SB; Kundu, S; Kushwaha, AS; Manda, P; Murthy, SN; Shivakumar, HN, 2016)		0.43

Dosage Studied

Future studies are warranted to determine the optimal dosing and titration schedules for ziconotide-baclofen usage. Newer modalities that include patient-controlled analgesia and nocturnal flex dosing have been shown to hold promise of further improvements in ziconocide efficacy and tolerability.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" SNX-111 reduced the injury-induced calcium accumulation within the ipsilateral cortex in a dose-response fashion when measured at 6, 12, and 48 hours after insult."( Effects of an N-type calcium channel antagonist (SNX 111; Ziconotide) on calcium-45 accumulation following fluid-percussion injury.
Badie, H; Fu, K; Hovda, DA; Luther, RR; Samii, A, 1999)		0.3
" The combination of ziconotide and morphine produced an additive inhibition of formalin-induced tonic flinch responses and a significant leftward shift of the morphine dose-response curve in the paw pressure test."( Interactions of intrathecally administered ziconotide, a selective blocker of neuronal N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels, with morphine on nociception in rats.
Bowersox, SS; Gao, D; Pettus, M; Phillips, C; Wang, YX, 2000)		0.31
" Because mitochondrial dysfunction is easy to assess compared with neurobehavioral endpoints, it might prove useful as an outcome measure to establish therapeutic time windows and dose-response curves in preclinical drug testing."( Improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction as a new surrogate efficiency measure for preclinical trials: dose-response and time-window profiles for administration of the calcium channel blocker Ziconotide in experimental brain injury.
Lee, CP; Muizelaar, JP; Peterson, PL; Verweij, BH; Vinas, FC; Xiong, Y, 2000)		0.31
"The authors established these time-window profiles and dose-response curves on the basis of mitochondrial outcome measures in a total of 42 rats because there were such low standard deviations in these tests."( Improvement in mitochondrial dysfunction as a new surrogate efficiency measure for preclinical trials: dose-response and time-window profiles for administration of the calcium channel blocker Ziconotide in experimental brain injury.
Lee, CP; Muizelaar, JP; Peterson, PL; Verweij, BH; Vinas, FC; Xiong, Y, 2000)		0.31
") bolus dosing in rats with adjuvant-induced chronic inflammatory pain of the right hindpaw and to (ii) quantify the inhibitory effects of AM336 relative to MVIIA on K+-evoked SP release from slices of rat spinal cord."( The novel N-type calcium channel blocker, AM336, produces potent dose-dependent antinociception after intrathecal dosing in rats and inhibits substance P release in rat spinal cord slices.
Cabot, PJ; Lewis, RJ; Robertson, AD; Ross, FB; Smith, MT, 2002)		0.31
"Intrathecal morphine dosing remained constant during the titration phase."( Phase II, open-label, multicenter study of combined intrathecal morphine and ziconotide: addition of ziconotide in patients receiving intrathecal morphine for severe chronic pain.
Fisher, R; Kosek, PS; Leong, M; Schultz, DM; Staats, P; Wallace, MS, 2008)		0.35
"Multicenter, open-label study with a 4-week morphine titration phase during which ziconotide was held constant and an extension phase during which dosing of either drug could vary."( Open-label, multicenter study of combined intrathecal morphine and ziconotide: addition of morphine in patients receiving ziconotide for severe chronic pain.
Charapata, S; Fakata, KL; Fisher, R; MineHart, M; Webster, LR, 2008)		0.35
"Ziconotide dosing remained constant during the titration phase; intrathecal morphine titration was based on each patient's daily systemic opioid dose at the study's start."( Open-label, multicenter study of combined intrathecal morphine and ziconotide: addition of morphine in patients receiving ziconotide for severe chronic pain.
Charapata, S; Fakata, KL; Fisher, R; MineHart, M; Webster, LR, 2008)		0.35
"The purpose of this article was to review the available safety, efficacy and dosing information for ziconotide."( Ziconotide: an update and review.
Day, M; Heavner, JE; Williams, JA, 2008)		0.35
" It is highly potent, has a steep dose-response curve, a slow onset of action and a narrow margin of safety and responses to dose adjustments are slow."( Ziconotide: an update and review.
Day, M; Heavner, JE; Williams, JA, 2008)		0.35
" Future studies are warranted to determine the optimal dosing and titration schedules for ziconotide-baclofen usage."( Intrathecal ziconotide and baclofen provide pain relief in seven patients with neuropathic pain and spasticity: case reports.
Burton, AW; Danyo, DA; Frost, S; Glanzer, J; Saulino, M; Solanki, DR, 2009)		0.35
" The most sensitive parameter was the dosage of ziconotide: using the lower and upper bounds of the average ziconotide dosage observed in the long-term open-label study changed the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to pound 15,500 [pound 8206-25,405] and pound 44,700 [pound 30,541-62, 670]."( Cost-effectiveness of ziconotide in intrathecal pain management for severe chronic pain patients in the UK.
Dewilde, S; Maclaine, GD; Verdian, L, 2009)		0.35
" One patient with high morphine dosage (20 mg/d), interestingly, did not show any withdrawal symptoms."( Ziconotide: A rapid detoxification protocol for the conversion from intrathecal morphine--the Raffaeli Detoxification Model.
Balestri, M; Caminiti, A; Ferioli, I; Monterubbianesi, MC; Raffaeli, W; Righetti, D; Sarti, D, )		0.13
" A low initial dosage followed by slow titration may reduce serious adverse events."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
"To determine whether a low starting dosage of ziconotide, followed by slow titration, decreases the incidence of major adverse events associated with ziconotide when used for intractable cancer pain."( Ziconotide adverse events in patients with cancer pain: a multicenter observational study of a slow titration, multidrug protocol.
Bore, F; Brenet, O; Buisset, N; Debourmont, S; Dixmerias, F; Dupoiron, D; Lebrec, N; Lefebvre-Kuntz, D; Monnin, D, )		0.13
" Larger studies are needed to determine if bolus dosing with ziconotide is a good predictor of response to continuous IT ziconotide via an intrathecal drug delivery system."( Bolus intrathecal injection of ziconotide (Prialt®) to evaluate the option of continuous administration via an implanted intrathecal drug delivery (ITDD) system: a pilot study.
Baranidharan, G; Batterham, AM; Brookes, M; Buchser, E; Crowther, T; Eldabe, S; Gulve, A; Madzinga, G; Mohammed, SI; Perruchoud, C; Radford, H; Simpson, KH, )		0.13
" However, the maximum recommended dosing and titration schedule provided in the prescribing information may be too aggressive for some patients, and experience has demonstrated that ziconotide is better tolerated with slower titration to a lower maximum dose."( Administering ziconotide and monitoring patients treated with ziconotide: expert opinions.
Hanley, KL; Lokey, KJ; McDowell, GC; Mitchell, AA; Sapienza-Crawford, AJ; Stanton-Hicks, M; Wells, L, 2013)		0.39
" We introduce a novel dosing strategy to improve patient outcomes and sustainability."( Intrathecal Pharmacology Update: Novel Dosing Strategy for Intrathecal Monotherapy Ziconotide on Efficacy and Sustainability.
Deer, TR; Pope, JE, 2015)		0.42
" Ziconotide was then initiated with a flex dosing strategy, weighted during nocturnal dosing."( Intrathecal Pharmacology Update: Novel Dosing Strategy for Intrathecal Monotherapy Ziconotide on Efficacy and Sustainability.
Deer, TR; Pope, JE, 2015)		0.42
"The efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy ziconotide may be improved by using a weighted bolus flex dosing strategy as compared with slow continuous infusions."( Intrathecal Pharmacology Update: Novel Dosing Strategy for Intrathecal Monotherapy Ziconotide on Efficacy and Sustainability.
Deer, TR; Pope, JE, 2015)		0.42
"We present a novel strategy to deliver ziconotide using a unique continuous infusion flex dosing strategy."( Intrathecal Pharmacology Update: Novel Dosing Strategy for Intrathecal Monotherapy Ziconotide on Efficacy and Sustainability.
Deer, TR; Pope, JE, 2015)		0.42
" The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and clinically relevant summary of the literature on dosing and administration with IT ziconotide in the management of refractory chronic pain, and to describe novel dosing strategies intended to improve clinical outcomes."( Intrathecal Ziconotide: Dosing and Administration Strategies in Patients With Refractory Chronic Pain.
McDowell, GC; Pope, JE, 2016)		0.43
"Newer modalities that include patient-controlled analgesia and nocturnal flex dosing have been shown to hold promise of further improvements in ziconotide efficacy and tolerability."( Intrathecal Ziconotide: Dosing and Administration Strategies in Patients With Refractory Chronic Pain.
McDowell, GC; Pope, JE, 2016)		0.43
"Ziconotide use in intrathecal drug therapy (IDT) has been limited by dosing related side effects."( Use of Low Dose Ziconotide as First-Line Intrathecal Monotherapy.
Argoff, C; Peng, S; Pilitsis, JG; Prusik, J, 2017)		0.46
" Using a conservative dosing strategy, we were able to effectively treat 53% of patients."( Use of Low Dose Ziconotide as First-Line Intrathecal Monotherapy.
Argoff, C; Peng, S; Pilitsis, JG; Prusik, J, 2017)		0.46
" Of special concern regarding safety is the partial incongruity between dosing statements in the Summary of Product Characteristics and novel low-dosage, slow uptitration recommendations."( Do the potential benefits outweigh the risks? An update on the use of ziconotide in clinical practice.
Bäckryd, E, 2018)		0.48
" The recovery of spatial memory, besides a reduction of serum leptin levels, allied to central and peripheral elevation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, was solely modulated by CTK 01512-2, dosed intrathecally."( Beneficial Effects of the Calcium Channel Blocker CTK 01512-2 in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.
Campos, MM; da Costa, JC; Gomez, MV; Greggio, S; Silva, RBM; Venturin, GT, 2018)		0.48
" For both morphine and ziconotide, the PACC guidelines recommend conservative initial dosing strategies."( Intrathecal Therapy for Chronic Pain: A Review of Morphine and Ziconotide as Firstline Options.
Deer, TR; Hanes, MC; McDowell, GC; Pope, JE, 2019)		0.51
"In all dosing regimens, ziconotide significantly decreased the seizure frequency and also delayed the latency period compared with control."( Intracerebroventricular administration of N-type calcium channel blocker ziconotide displays anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects in rats: A preclinical and pilot study.
Bozorgi, H; Budde, T; Zamani, M, 2020)		0.56
" Before a consensus process can formally begin, the group called for additional European prospective studies to investigate ziconotide in low-and-slow dosing strategies, in different patient settings."( Intrathecal pain management with ziconotide: Time for consensus?
De Negri, P; Dupoiron, D; Likar, R; Matis, G; Rasche, D; Zuidema, X, 2021)		0.62
" The aim of this project is to conduct a budget impact analysis to estimate the costs or savings associated with the changes in ziconotide dosage in addition to its use in combination with morphine for the management of cancer pain."( Ziconotide for the Management of Cancer Pain: A Budget Impact Analysis.
Black, S; Copley, S; Duarte, R; Dupoiron, D; Eldabe, R; Eldabe, S; Kansal, A; Lambe, T, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.55000.04004.113710.0000AID248800; AID248976
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-betaVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion import across plasma membraneVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
amyloid-beta bindingVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
high voltage-gated calcium channel activityVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
synapseVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated calcium channel complexVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyVoltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1BHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (14)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1731258Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of hyperactivity at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1731256Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of drowsiness at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1731257Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of abnormal gait at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID248976In vitro antagonism of N-type calcium channels expressed in PC12 cells was determined as the increase in intracellular calcium influx in the presence of 10 uM nifedipine2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-aminopiperidine derivatives as N-type calcium channel blockers active on pain and neuropathic pain.
AID248800In vitro antagonism of N-type calcium channels expressed in PC12 cells was determined as the increase in intracellular calcium influx2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24
Design, synthesis, and preliminary pharmacological evaluation of 4-aminopiperidine derivatives as N-type calcium channel blockers active on pain and neuropathic pain.
AID1731254Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of dizziness at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1731252Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of formalin-induced nociception pain assessed as reduction in pain behaviour by measuring less lifting of formalin injected hind paw during acute phase at 1 microg/kg, IT measured for 9 mins
AID1731275Antinociceptive activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of formalin-induced nociception pain assessed as reduction in pain behaviour by measuring less lifting of formalin injected hind paw during inflammatory phase at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1731253Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of ataxia at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1731255Toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as induction of tremor at 1 microg/kg, IT
AID1346693Rat Cav2.2 (Voltage-gated calcium channels)2000The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 275, Issue:45
Novel omega-conotoxins from Conus catus discriminate among neuronal calcium channel subtypes.
AID1346724Rat Cav2.1 (Voltage-gated calcium channels)2000The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 275, Issue:45
Novel omega-conotoxins from Conus catus discriminate among neuronal calcium channel subtypes.
AID1346693Rat Cav2.2 (Voltage-gated calcium channels)2006Biochemical pharmacology, Sep-14, Volume: 72, Issue:6
Pharmacological characterization of recombinant N-type calcium channel (Cav2.2) mediated calcium mobilization using FLIPR.
AID1346686Human Cav2.2 (Voltage-gated calcium channels)2002The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Jan-01, Volume: 22, Issue:1
Identification and characterization of novel human Ca(v)2.2 (alpha 1B) calcium channel variants lacking the synaptic protein interaction site.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (277)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's69 (24.91)18.2507
2000's98 (35.38)29.6817
2010's82 (29.60)24.3611
2020's28 (10.11)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials15 (4.90%)5.53%
Reviews52 (16.99%)6.00%
Case Studies28 (9.15%)4.05%
Observational4 (1.31%)0.25%
Other207 (67.65%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of a Structured Algorithm for Intrathecal Bolus Doses of Ziconotide (Prialt®)- The Swedish Ziconotide Bolus Study [NCT01373983]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Phase II Study of Intrathecal Ziconotide for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Patients With Cancer [NCT00996983]Phase 216 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2009-09-30Active, not recruiting
Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM): An Open-Label, Long Term, Multi-Center, Observational Study of PRIALT® (Ziconotide) Solution, Intrathecal Infusion, in Patients With Severe Chronic Pain [NCT01888120]93 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2013-07-31Completed
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Clinical Trial of a Single Shot of Intrathecal Ziconotide for the Treatment of Chronic, Medically Refractory Pain From Painful Peripheral Neuropathy or Myelopathy [NCT01992562]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Logistical issues with study process and recruitment)
OP2C : Prialt® Observatory in Clinical Practice [NCT04321408]300 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2020-07-10Recruiting
A Multicenter Phase II/III, Placebo-Controlled Study of SNX-111 Administered Intrathecally to Cancer and AIDS Patients With Chronic Pain [NCT00002160]Phase 2100 participants InterventionalCompleted
An Open-Label, Long-Term, Multi-Center, Intrathecal Ziconotide (PRIALT) Effectiveness and Safety Trial (ZEST) in Patients With Chronic Severe Pain [NCT00076544]Phase 3300 participants Interventional2004-02-29Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Intrathecal Ziconotide in Adults With Severe Chronic Pain [NCT00047749]Phase 3220 participants Interventional2002-08-31Completed
Prospective Study of Conservative Ziconotide Dosing as a First-Line Intrathecal Drug Therapy for Neuropathic Pain [NCT03321955]Phase 413 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-03Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		6.34110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.1110ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		1.9910halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		3.150aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4220alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		210methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
spermine
[no description available]		1.9810polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		2.0310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		210tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		1.9910long-chain fatty acid
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		210imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0510carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.0510dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		3.3110benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
baclofen
[no description available]		10.7780amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.420(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		3.6420aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.7130aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.0310dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		1.9810monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		1.9810aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		5.4980clonidine;
imidazoline
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.0510indolesfluorochrome
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.0310primary amine
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		3.3110amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.0210N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
dm-nitrophen
DM-nitrophen: photolabile chelator for the rapid photorelease of divalent cations; also called caged calcium (liberates Ca2+ photolytically)		1.9910
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.110anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		10.6650gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		210quaternary ammonium salt
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.0410monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.3110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		3.8130benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.1410cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		2.0510ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		3.1410aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		1.9910dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		210benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		3.2660C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9910aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.7302-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0210inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		210arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		1.9910benzothiazoles
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		2.1110haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		210naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.7330monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0210imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		1.9910N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.2510organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.3920aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.9140amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9810aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		210mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.0310quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		1.9810aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0210hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.21101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.5201,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.311011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		2.03101-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.0510
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.2110thiazolidine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.0210benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		2.0510amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.4120f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.3220benzenes;
phenyl acetates
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.4180glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0810taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		2.4420peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.04105-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.4220alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		7.3110anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510aminopyridine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.0210
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.0210tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		1.9910L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.0510organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		2.2510azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		1.9910glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.79301,2,3-triazole
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		2.0310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.420nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.03103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		2.0510
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		1.9910
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		1.9910ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		3.5220
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		2.1710hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
clofarabine
[no description available]		2.4320adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.7220
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		210amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.420
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		7.5920piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
solifenacin succinate
Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.		2.0310isoquinolines
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.0310
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.9540
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		2.420heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		1.9910myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0210L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		2.03101-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
streptothricins
Streptothricins: A group of antibiotic aminoglycosides differing only in the number of repeating residues in the peptide side chain. They are produced by Streptomyces and Actinomyces and may have broad spectrum antimicrobial and some antiviral properties.. streptothricin : An N-glycosyl compound consisting of 2-amino-4-O-carbamoyl-2-deoxy-N-[(3aS,7R,7aS)-7-hydroxy-4-oxooctahydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-ylidene]-beta-D-gulopyranosylamine in which the amino group at position 2 of the gulopyranosyl moiety is acylated by a peptide unit made up of between 1 and 7 N(epsilon)-linked units of beta-lysine.		1.9910
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		2.420vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		1.9910diarylmethane
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.0610capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		3.3110phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
thiocillin
thiocillin: closely related to microccin P; RN given refers to mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(Z)))-isomer		2.2110azamacrocycle;
lactam
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.95402-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
codeine
[no description available]		3.3110morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		7.4520morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		9.76322morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.2710medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.0210carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		210alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.4320cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		4.7530gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		3.150azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		2.6830maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
piperacillin
5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source		1.9910
pd 173212
PD 173212: structure in first source		2.3110
halichondrin b
halichondrin B: from marine sponge Halichondria okadai; binds in the Vinca domain of tubulin		2.2110furopyran
snx-7081
SNX-7081: Anti-Inflammatory Agent; structure in first source		2.0410
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.3110oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		3.5220
am336
AM336: calcium channel blocker and antihyperalgesia agent; isolated from the venom of the cone snail, Conus catus		3.1350
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.2110
conotoxin gv
conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus		3.5320
echistatin
echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis		1.9910
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0210
largazole
largazole: an antiproliferative agent from Symploca; structure in first source		2.2110
5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-3-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-1-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2h-indol-2-one
5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-3-(pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one: a voltage-gated calcium channel 2 blocker with analgesic activity; structure in first source		2.7930
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.4220
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.4320
almagate
pegaptanib: a 28-base ribonucleic acid aptamer covalently linked to two branched 20-kD polyethylene glycol moieties to block the activity of extracellular VEGF, specifically the 165-amino-acid isoform (VEGF165); for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration		2.4320
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		3.95130
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		5.3210
laspartomycin c
laspartomycin C: an acidic lipopeptide antibiotic with a unique peptide core; structure in first source		2.2110
snx 482
SNX 482: from venom of tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas; amino acid sequence in first source		2.4120
daptomycin
[no description available]		2.2110
calciseptine
calciseptine: amino acid sequence given in first source; specific blocker of the L-type calcium channel; from black mamba venom		2.4120
lugdunin
lugdunin: antibiotic from Staphylococcus lugdunensis. lugdunin : A thiazolidine-containing homodetic cyclic peptide that is isolated from human nasal bacteria. Exhibits bactericidal activity against many major pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).		2.2110homodetic cyclic peptide;
indoles;
macrocycle;
peptide antibiotic;
thiazolidines		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.2110
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55)
[no description available]		2.1710
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		2.03102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		2.03102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trypan blue
Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Ache
[description not available]		011.75567
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		04.1960
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		113.75567
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		04.1960
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		02.5920
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		010.3301
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		02.5920
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		010.3301
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		05.7570
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		06.94111
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		05.7570
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		06.94111
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		09.19262
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		09.19262
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		02.6120
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.4620
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		03.940
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		03.940
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.5220
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.5220
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.5220
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		03.940
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		03.940
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.3180
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.5220
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.2510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.2510
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.2510
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.2510
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.2510
Allodynia
[description not available]		09.13150
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.3110
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.5520
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.3110
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.5520
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		02.3110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.1710
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.4520
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.4520
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.4520
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.4520
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5320
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.5320
Action Tremor
[description not available]		02.5720
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		02.5720
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.2110
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0810
Cervicogenic Headache
[description not available]		02.0810
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.		02.0810
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		03.3420
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0810
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.9840
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		02.0810
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0810
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		07.9840
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0810
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0810
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4620
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.0810
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		02.4620
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		09.77214
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		03.3720
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		09.77214
Aseptic Meningitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Meningitis, Aseptic
A syndrome characterized by headache, neck stiffness, low grade fever, and CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis in the absence of an acute bacterial pathogen. Viral meningitis is the most frequent cause although MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; RICKETTSIA INFECTIONS; diagnostic or therapeutic procedures; NEOPLASTIC PROCESSES; septic perimeningeal foci; and other conditions may result in this syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p745)		02.1110
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		03.4220
Minimally Conscious State
[description not available]		02.1310
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		02.1310
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
A condition of persistent pain and discomfort in the BACK and the LEG following lumbar surgery, often seen in patients enrolled in pain centers.		02.1110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.1110
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.420
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		03.0310
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		03.0310
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.420
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		03.0310
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0310
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		02.1110
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		02.1110
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1110
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		02.4720
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.4720
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.4820
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.4820
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.1110
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.1110
Motor Disorders
Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)		02.1310
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		08.78132
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.4520
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.1510
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		02.4920
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1510
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.4520
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell
A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.		02.1510
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		02.4920
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4320
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.0510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		02.0510
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.4320
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.0510
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		02.0510
Demyelinative Myelitis
[description not available]		02.0510
Autism
[description not available]		07.0610
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		02.0610
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.1130
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.1130
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.4120
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0610
Bites
[description not available]		02.0610
Lingual Nerve Contusion
[description not available]		02.0610
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0610
Mucocele
A retention cyst of the salivary gland, lacrimal sac, paranasal sinuses, appendix, or gallbladder. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.0610
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.4320
Ethmoid Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the ETHMOID SINUS. It may present itself as an acute (infectious) or chronic (allergic) condition.		02.0610
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		02.0610
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.4320
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		02.0610
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		02.0810
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		02.0810
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		02.0810
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0831
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		04.0831
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.0210
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.0210
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.0310
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		02.0310
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0310
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		02.0310
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.0310
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		02.0310
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.0310
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0310
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.0310
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.0310
Aura
[description not available]		02.0310
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0310
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.0310
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0310
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0310
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0310
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		02.0310
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		02.0310
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.4311
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.0410
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		01.9810
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		01.9810
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		01.9810
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.6830
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9810
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.2460
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.2460
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.6830
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		03.0950
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.6830
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		03.0950
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		01.9810
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.3920
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		01.9810
Anoxemia
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		01.9910
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		01.9910
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		01.9910
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.0950
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9910
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.0950
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9910
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		03.7921
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		03.7921
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		01.9910
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		01.9910
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		0710
Apoplexy
[description not available]		0210
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		0210
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		0210
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		0210
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		0210
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		0210
Back Ache
[description not available]		0210
Bewilderment
[description not available]		0210
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		0210
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		0210
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		01.9810