buprenorphine

Research Excerpts

Overview

Buprenorphine is a Schedule III drug, thus having less abuse potential than the majority of opioids. It is an MOUD that can be prescribed in a primary care outpatient setting, although regulatory and administrative challenges are a barrier to prescribing it.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) that can be successfully initiated in the emergency department (ED)."	( Barriers and facilitators associated with establishment of emergency department-initiated buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in rural Maine. Hill, AB; Johnsky, L; Merchant, RC; Rosenberg, NK; Wiegn, D, 2022)	1.66
"Buprenorphine is a Schedule III drug, thus having less abuse potential than the majority of opioids."	( Atypical opioids and their effect on respiratory drive. Rauck, RL; Webster, L, 2021)	1.34
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. "	( Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy on Retention in Medication for Addiction Treatment Within a Large Medicaid Population. Eren, K; Herschell, A; Houck, P; Hurford, M; Loveland, D; Mihalyo, M; Neimark, G; Ryan, N; Schuster, J, )	1.57
"Buprenorphine (Bup) is an opioid analgesic that is commonly used in laboratory rodents to provide postoperative analgesia. "	( Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Long-lasting, Highly Concentrated Buprenorphine Solution in Rats. Burton, MK; Houston, ER; Kendall, LV; Knych, HK; Stasula, UL; Tan, SM; Thomas, SM, 2021)	2.3
"Buprenorphine is an MOUD that can be prescribed in a primary care outpatient setting, although regulatory and administrative challenges are a barrier to prescribing it."	( Increasing Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Primary Care: Removing the Training Requirement May Not Be Enough. Fiscella, K; Loomis, E; Meyer, JKV; Mullaney, T; Russell, HA; Sanders, M, )	0.85
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu opioid receptor. "	( Buprenorphine: a treatment and cause of opioid-induced respiratory depression. Dahan, A; Jansen, S; Simons, P; van der Schrier, R; van Lemmen, M, 2022)	3.61
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) when offered in community-based settings, but evidence is limited for incarcerated populations, particularly in relation to recidivism. "	( Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder. Evans, EA; Friedmann, PD; Wilson, D, 2022)	2.43
"Buprenorphine is a life-saving medication for people with opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Beyond state scope of practice laws for advanced practitioners: Additional supervision requirements for buprenorphine prescribing. Andraka-Christou, B; Calder, S; Golan, M; Gordon, AJ; Harrison, J; Kertesz, SG; Randall-Kosich, O; Spetz, J; Stein, BD; Totaram, R, 2022)	2.38
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at mu-opioid receptors and competes for these receptors with other opioids in vitro. "	( Comparison Between Preoperative Methadone and Buprenorphine Use on Postoperative Opioid Requirement: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Dale, RC; Delgado, C; Dinges, EM; Komatsu, R; Nash, M; Peperzak, KA; Terman, GW; Wu, J; Ziga, TM, 2022)	2.42
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist available as a transdermal patch for use in patients with chronic pain. "	( Application Site Reactions from the Buprenorphine Transdermal Patch: A Case Series. Fudin, J; Mendoza, K; Meyer-Junco, L; Rea, B, 2022)	2.44
"Buprenorphine utilization is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Is buprenorphine treatment availability associated with decreases in substantiated cases of child maltreatment? Ali, MM; Ghertner, R, 2022)	2.79
"Buprenorphine acts as a full mu agonist with fewer side effects compared to traditional opioids and can be effectively used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain."	( Demystifying Buprenorphine with Current Evidence-Based Practice in Acute and Chronic Pain Management. Giron, SE; Griffis, CA; Lai, G; Zhang, SJ, 2022)	1.81
"Like buprenorphine, methadone is a life-saving medication that can be initiated in the emergency department (ED) to treat patients with an opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Attitudes on Methadone Utilization in the Emergency Department: A Physician Cross-sectional Study. Baston, KE; Carroll, G; Ganetsky, VS; Haroz, R; Heil, J; Hunter, K; Ketcham, E; Salzman, MS, 2022)	1.24
"Buprenorphine is a life-saving treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	2.43
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder that reduces mortality; however, many patients are not retained in buprenorphine treatment, and an optimal length of treatment after which patients can safely discontinue treatment has not been identified. "	( The association between buprenorphine treatment duration and mortality: a multi-site cohort study of people who discontinued treatment. Ahmedani, B; Andrade, SE; Binswanger, IA; Boscarino, JA; Campbell, CI; Clarke, CL; Ford, MA; Glanz, JM; Hechter, RC; Nguyen, AP; Ray, GT; Roblin, DW; Rosa, CL; Xu, S; Yarborough, BJH, 2023)	2.66
"Buprenorphine (Suboxone) is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Assessing Motivations for Nonprescribed Buprenorphine Use Among Rural Appalachian Substance Users. Chilcoat, HD; DeVeaugh-Geiss, AM; Havens, JR; McDonald, MJ, )	1.84
"Buprenorphine is a frequently used medication for opioid use disorder and misunderstanding buprenorphine's unique pharmacology has historically complicated perioperative analgesia. "	( Continuing Chronic Buprenorphine Perioperatively is Associated With Reduced Postoperative Opioid Use. Johnson, EG; Murphy, JT; Olney, WJ; Oyler, DR; Potts, C, 2023)	2.68
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder. "	( 48-hour Induction of Transdermal Buprenorphine to Sublingual Buprenorphine/Naloxone: The IPPAS Method. Azar, P; Greenwald, MK; Herring, AA; Krausz, RM; Maharaj, AR; Mathew, N; Montaner, JSG; Perrone, J; Vogel, M; Wong, JSH, )	1.86
"As buprenorphine is an essential component of a response to the opioid crisis, a robust evidence base is urgently needed."	( Buprenorphine Initiation in the Era of High-potency Synthetic Opioids: A Call for Community-based Participatory Research to Help Learning Health Systems Provide Precision Medicine for Opioid Use Disorder. Fiellin, DA, )	2.09
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid agonist that has been increasingly utilized to treat patients with chronic pain and opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Successful buprenorphine transition while overlapping with a full opioid agonist to treat chronic pain: a case report. Patel, KV; Sahni, S; Taylor, LF, 2023)	2.74
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), but the association between prior authorization policies and quality of care for individuals receiving buprenorphine treatment is not well-understood."	( Buprenorphine treatment episode duration, dosage, and concurrent prescribing of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics: The effects of Medicaid prior authorization policies. Gordon, AJ; Landis, RK; Leslie, DL; Opper, I; Saloner, B; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2022)	3.61
"Buprenorphine is an approved medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD); however, prescribing buprenorphine is limited by a requirement to obtain a waiver to prescribe it (hereinafter, "DATA [Drug Abuse Treatment Act]-waiver") and a lack of knowledge of the best practices among clinicians."	( Association of Project ECHO Training With Buprenorphine Prescribing by Primary Care Clinicians in Minnesota for Treating Opioid Use Disorder. Bart, GB; Barton, SL; Bell, HJ; Berger, AT; DeVine, KM; Grahan, B; Merrick, W; Nguyen, B; Solmeyer, AR, 2022)	2.43
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is an evidence-based treatment for OUD that is well suited for rural areas."	( Barriers and facilitators to nurse practitioner buprenorphine prescribing for opioid use disorder in primary care settings. Caiola, C; Scott, ES; Speight, C; Tyndall, DE, 2023)	1.89
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved to treat chronic pain and opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Buprenorphine Microdosing Cross Tapers: A Time for Change. Benhamou, OM; Kuo, J; Lembke, A; Raheemullah, A, 2022)	3.61
"Buprenorphine is an effective MOUD that may suppress craving; however, treatment discontinuation and resumed opioid use is common during the early phases of treatment."	( Effects of buprenorphine on opioid craving in comparison to other medications for opioid use disorder: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Batki, SL; Baxley, C; Becker, W; Borsari, B; Herbst, E; Manuel, JK; Pennington, D; Reavis, JV; Seal, K, 2023)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorders. "	( Emergency Department-Initiated Buprenorphine Treatment in a Population with a High Rate of Homelessness: An Observational Study. Castillo, EM; Childers, R; Cronin, AO; Lasoff, D; Swee, S, 2023)	2.64
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is an effective medication for opioid use disorder."	( Buprenorphine Program Evaluation in a Private Psychiatric Office-Based Practice. Lee, H; Mitchell, AM; Mullick, P; Palmer, J; Schlenk, EA, )	2.3
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for opioid use disorder but uptake is slow due in part to lack of provider knowledge, confidence, and negative attitudes/stigma toward patients with OUD."	( Evaluation and guide for embedding opioid use disorder education in health professions' curricula. Bhatt, SR; Bolaños-Sacoman, SL; Fox, LE; Katzman, JG; Kincaid, TW; Morrison, AE; Salvador, JG; Schneider, JS; Waldorf, VA, 2023)	1.63
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the µ-opioid receptor and an antagonist at the delta and kappa opioid receptors. "	( Analgesic Effect of Buprenorphine for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chan, TCW; Chan, TH; Cheung, CW; Ho, HC; Wang, F; Wong, SSC, 2023)	2.68
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is a medication shown to improve outcomes for individuals seeking treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD); however, outcomes are limited by low medication adherence rates. "	( Use of a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial to test contingency management and an integrated behavioral economic and mindfulness intervention for buprenorphine-naloxone medication adherence for opioid use disorder. Cowan, R; Derefinko, KJ; Hand, SB; Harris, M; Johnson, KC; Murphy, JG; Peter, SC; Thomas, F; Witkiewitz, K, 2023)	2.55
"Buprenorphine is a treatment medication that decreases mortality risks among people with opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Buprenorphine Treatment For Opioid Use Disorder: Comparison Of Insurance Restrictions, 2017-21. Andraka-Christou, B; Bradford, WD; Nguyen, T; Simon, KI, 2023)	3.8
"Buprenorphine is an effective and cost-effective medication to treat opioid use disorder (OUD), but is not readily available to many people with OUD in the US. "	( Cost-effectiveness of Increasing Buprenorphine Treatment Initiation, Duration, and Capacity Among Individuals Who Use Opioids. Bearnot, B; Claypool, AL; DiGennaro, C; Humphreys, K; Jalali, MS; Reid, Z; Russell, WA; Schackman, BR; Stringfellow, EJ; Yildirim, MF; Zhang, AF, 2023)	2.63
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is a recommended treatment for opioid use disorder that can be started in the emergency department (ED)."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone initiation and referral as a quality improvement intervention for patients who live with opioid use disorder: quantitative evaluation of provincial spread to 107 rural and urban Alberta emergency departments. Day, N; Deol, J; Dong, K; Fanaeian, J; Faris, P; Ghosh, M; Holroyd, BR; Lang, E; Low, K; McLane, P; Ross, M; Scott, K; Stone, KD; Taghizadeh, N; Tanguay, R; Yee, K, 2023)	3.07
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is a combination medication of an opioid partial agonist and opioid antagonist that is proven to be effective in outpatient management of opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( High-dose tramadol conversion to buprenorphine-naloxone. Boyd, CT; Cassidy-Vu, L; Fagan, EB; Kirk, JK; McRae, LP; Strickland, HE, )	1.86
"Buprenorphine is a key medication to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( National Trends in Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder From 2007 to 2018. Dick, AW; Gordon, AJ; Saloner, B; Schuler, MS; Stein, BD, 2023)	2.68
"Buprenorphine sublingual is an appropriate option for patients in the ICU who are unable to take oral/enteral medications."	( Effectiveness of Sublingual Buprenorphine for Pain Control in the ICU. Johnstone, C; Koelzow, H; Moran, B; Patanwala, AE; Penm, J, 2023)	1.93
"Buprenorphine is a safe and effective treatment for opioid use disorder but remains underutilized because a major challenge of conventional buprenorphine initiation (termed "	( A practical guide for buprenorphine initiation in the primary care setting. León-Barriera, R; Modesto-Lowe, V; Zwiebel, SJ, 2023)	2.67
"Buprenorphine is a highly effective medication for reducing the risk of overdose death, but only if a patient remains in treatment."	( Evidence on Buprenorphine Dose Limits: A Review. Cundiff, D; Grande, LA; Greenwald, MK; Martin, SA; Murray, M; Wright, TE, )	1.23
"Buprenorphine is a highly effective medication treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) that can be prescribed in multiple treatment settings. "	( Prescribing decisions at buprenorphine treatment initiation: Do they matter for treatment discontinuation and adverse opioid-related events? Bao, Y; Johnson, P; Meinhofer, A; Schackman, BR; Williams, AR, 2019)	2.26
"Buprenorphine is a critically important treatment for addressing the opioid epidemic, but there are virtually no studies of physicians' job satisfaction with providing buprenorphine. "	( Physicians' satisfaction with providing buprenorphine treatment. Brown, R; Collier, E; Haram, E; Horst, J; Jacobson, N; Kim, JS; Knudsen, HK; Madden, LM; Molfenter, T; Starr, S; Toy, A, 2019)	2.22
"Buprenorphine is a µ-partial agonist and k-antagonist acting on central opioid receptors. "	( Buprenorphine poisoning in children: a 10-year-experience of Marseille Poison Center. Boulamery, A; de Haro, L; Glaizal, M; Simon, N; von Fabeck, K, 2020)	3.44
"Buprenorphine is a Schedule III analgesic that is recommended as the firstline long-acting opioid for the treatment of chronic pain due to its ceiling effect on respiratory depression, adverse effect profile, and analgesic efficacy. "	( Limited Access to On-Label Formulations of Buprenorphine for Chronic Pain as Compared with Conventional Opioids. Fishman, MA; Kim, PSH; Scherer, A; Topfer, J, 2020)	2.26
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid agonist widely used for opioid maintenance therapy (OMT). "	( Buprenorphine-cannabis interaction in patients undergoing opioid maintenance therapy. Boettcher, M; Havemann-Reinecke, U; Hiemke, C; Marxen, B; Vierke, C, 2021)	3.51
"Buprenorphine is a partial-agonist opioid that is prescribed as a medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Perioperative Buprenorphine Continuous Maintenance and Administration Simultaneous With Full Opioid Agonist: Patient Priority at the Interface Between Medical Disciplines. Acampora, GA; Nisavic, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	2.36
"Buprenorphine appears to be a safe and effective substitute for naloxone in overdosed opioid-dependent patients. "	( Buprenorphine to reverse respiratory depression from methadone overdose in opioid-dependent patients: a prospective randomized trial. Buckley, NA; Hassanian-Moghaddam, H; Zamani, N, 2020)	3.44
"Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist used to treat opioid use disorder. "	( Rise and regional disparities in buprenorphine utilization in the United States. Chung, DY; Cruz-Mullane, A; Davis, CS; Kaleem, SH; Lam, WS; Lockard, LB; Mandel, MR; McCall, KL; Nichols, SD; Pashmineh Azar, AR; Piper, BJ; Podd, JC; Simoyan, OM, 2020)	2.28
"Buprenorphine is a cornerstone to curbing opioid epidemics, but emerging data suggest that rural pharmacists in the US sometimes refuse to dispense this medication. "	( Buprenorphine dispensing in an epicenter of the U.S. opioid epidemic: A case study of the rural risk environment in Appalachian Kentucky. Beane, S; Cloud, DH; Cooper, HL; Fadanelli, M; Freeman, PR; Green, T; Ibragimov, U; Van Meter, C; Young, AM, 2020)	3.44
"Buprenorphine is an opioid that is available for treatment of both chronic pain and opioid use disorder."	( Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Rudolf, GD, 2020)	2.72
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is an evidence-based treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. "	( Development of an integrated digital health intervention to promote engagement in and adherence to medication for opioid use disorder. Carey, K; Langdon, KJ; Ramsey, S; Ranney, ML; Rich, J; Scherzer, C, 2020)	2
"Buprenorphine is a Schedule III opioid with unique pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that contribute to effective analgesia and fewer safety risks than other opioids. "	( Buprenorphine buccal film for chronic pain management. Gimbel, J; Hale, M; Rauck, R, 2020)	3.44
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the mu opioid receptors, which has been merely available through sublingual form until now."	( Prolonged-release buprenorphine formulations: Perspectives for clinical practice. Bachellier, J; Bendimerad, P; Brousse, G; Chappuy, M; Nubukpo, P; Rolland, B; Trojak, B, )	1.19
"Buprenorphine is an opioid derivate commonly prescribed for opiate agonist treatment."	( Treatment with buprenorphine prior to EcoHIV infection of mice prevents the development of neurocognitive impairment. Arnsten, JH; Berman, JW; Carvallo, L; Cunningham, CO; Hadas, E; Jaureguiberry-Bravo, M; Kelschenbach, J; Murphy, A; Rivera-Mindt, M; Scott, TM; Tesfa, L; Volsky, DJ, 2021)	1.7
"Buprenorphine is an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), but recent increases in the rate of OUD in the U.S. "	( Buprenorphine waiver uptake among nurse practitioners and physician assistants: The role of existing waivered prescriber supply. Auty, SG; Drainoni, ML; Stein, MD; Walley, AY, 2020)	3.44
"Buprenorphine is a unique μ-opioid receptor partial agonist with avid receptor binding, nominal euphoric reward, and a ceiling effect on sedation and respiratory depression. "	( Opioid Overdose Deaths with Buprenorphine Detected in Postmortem Toxicology: a Retrospective Analysis. Krieger, M; Marshall, BDL; Nelson, LS; Perrone, J; Scagos, R; Wightman, RS, 2021)	2.36
"Buprenorphine is an attractive option for pain management because of its safety profile, unique pharmacology, and availability in transdermal, buccal, parenteral, and sublingual (SL) dosage forms."	( Sublingual Buprenorphine for Pediatric Cancer Pain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Marks, A; Quirk, K; Smith, MA; Wright, J, 2020)	1.67
"Buprenorphine appears to be a promising and safer option due to its partial agonism at the mu opioid receptor."	( Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Dember, LM; Jhamb, M; Liebschutz, J; Roy, PJ; Weltman, M, 2020)	1.28
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist that, unlike full μ-opioid receptor agonists, has been shown to have a ceiling effect on respiratory depression. "	( A Phase I Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Buprenorphine Buccal Film and Oral Oxycodone Hydrochloride Administration on Respiratory Drive. Cater, J; Hansen, E; Smith, T; Webster, LR, 2020)	2.24
"Buprenorphine is a commonly used opioid for mitigating pain in laboratory mice after surgical procedures; however, the dosing interval necessary for standard buprenorphine may require treatment every 4 to 6 h to maintain an adequate plane of analgesia. "	( Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Long-lasting, Highly Concentrated Buprenorphine Solution in Mice. Bailey, AL; Doane, CJ; Houston, ER; Kendall, LV; Patil, K; Singh, B; Smith, BJ, 2021)	2.3
"Buprenorphine is a frequently used analgetic agent in veterinary medicine. "	( Design and in vivo evaluation of a microparticulate depot formulation of buprenorphine for veterinary use. Arras, M; Detampel, P; Durst, M; Huwyler, J; Jirkof, P; Schreiner, V, 2020)	2.23
"Buprenorphine is a generic opioid used since the 1980s in tablet form to treat pain and to treat opioid addiction."	( Buprenorphine implants: a model for expedited development and approval of new drugs. Guarnieri, M; Kedda, J; Tyler, B, 2021)	2.79
"Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic opioid that is often used in opiate maintenance therapy. "	( Consumption of the Sugar Substitute Stevia Leads to Cross-Reactivity of CEDIA® Buprenorphine II Immunoassay. Pavlic, M; Pitterl, F; Plattner, S; Schubert, B, 2021)	2.29
"Buprenorphine is a safe and effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), yet a small fraction of people with OUD receive it, and rates of retention in treatment are suboptimal. "	( Same-day vs. delayed buprenorphine prescribing and patient retention in an office-based buprenorphine treatment program. Cunningham, C; DiRenno, F; Fox, A; Giovanniello, A; Jadow, B; Jakubowski, A; Lu, T; Nahvi, S, 2020)	2.32
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid dependence; however, it demonstrates individual variability in efficacy. "	( A review of the existing literature on buprenorphine pharmacogenomics. Asri, R; Meaden, CW; Mozeika, A; Santos, CD, 2021)	2.33
"Buprenorphine is a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) partial agonist used to manage pain and addiction. "	( Mechanisms of QT prolongation by buprenorphine cannot be explained by direct hERG channel block. Baron, CA; Blinova, K; Johannesen, L; Patel, D; Randolph, AL; Ren, M; Sheng, J; Strauss, DG; Thiebaud, N; Tran, PN; Volpe, DA; Wu, M; Wu, WW, 2020)	2.28
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used in the treatment of opioid dependence and chronic pain. "	( Characteristics and circumstances of death related to buprenorphine toxicity in Australia. Darke, S; Duflou, J; Farrell, M; Lappin, J; Larance, B, 2021)	2.31
"Buprenorphine is a highly effective, office-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), but affordable access to it remains challenging despite initial government investment in its development. "	( Buprenorphine for opioid use disorder: The role of public funding in its development. Barenie, RE; Kesselheim, AS, 2021)	3.51
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist commonly used to treat opioid dependence. "	( Managing opioid withdrawal precipitated by buprenorphine with buprenorphine. Hayes, V; Lintzeris, N; Oakley, B; Wilson, H, 2021)	2.33
"Buprenorphine is an essential medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), but studies show it has been underused over the last 2 decades. "	( Factors Affecting Buprenorphine Utilization and Spending in Medicaid, 2002-2018. Barenie, RE; Kesselheim, AS; Sinha, MS, 2021)	2.4
"Buprenorphine is a promising molecule for symptomatic relief of chronic pain."	( Transdermal delivery of buprenorphine from reduced graphene oxide laden hydrogel to treat osteoarthritis. Bai, M; Li, P; Qi, W; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2021)	1.65
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD) but access is difficult for patients, especially in rural locations. "	( Tracking the geographic distribution and growth of clinicians with a DEA waiver to prescribe buprenorphine to treat opioid use disorder. Andrilla, CHA; Patterson, DG, 2022)	2.38
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist that has shown to be an effective medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD)."	( Buprenorphine Treatment Intake and Critical Encounters following a Nonfatal Opioid Overdose. Bailey, K; Ray, B; Victor, GA, 2021)	2.79
"Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic opioid, a partial mu-opioid agonist with limited respiratory toxicity preferably used by these patients, as it is accompanied by significantly lower risk factors in the development of obstructive and central sleep apnea."	( The effect of buprenorphine vs methadone on sleep breathing disorders. Adimi Naghan, P; Malekmohammad, M; Setareh, J, 2021)	1.7
"Buprenorphine is a gold standard treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Toward a Typology of Office-based Buprenorphine Treatment Laws: Themes From a Review of State Laws. Andraka-Christou, B; Bouskill, K; Golan, M; Gordon, AJ; Randall-Kosich, O; Smart, R; Stein, BD; Totaram, R, )	1.85
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a commonly prescribed medication for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Buprenorphine-Related Deaths in North Carolina from 2010 to 2018. Bishop-Freeman, SC; Feaster, MS; Friederich, LW; Hudson, JS, 2021)	3.51
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Feasibility and acceptability of a digital health intervention to promote engagement in and adherence to medication for opioid use disorder. Carey, K; Langdon, KJ; Ramsey, S; Ranney, ML; Rich, J; Scherzer, C, 2021)	2.06
"Tele-buprenorphine is a promising modality especially when treatment access is limited."	( Comparing telemedicine to in-person buprenorphine treatment in U.S. veterans with opioid use disorder. Bohnert, ASB; Coughlin, LN; Fortney, JC; Lin, LA; Piette, JD; Zhang, L, 2022)	1.45
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist that is FDA approved to treat OUD and may be initiated in the ED."	( Continuation of outpatient buprenorphine therapy after dispensing Buprenorphine-Naloxone from the emergency department. Hayes, BD; Koehl, JL; Krenz, JR; Martin, A; Raja, AS; Wakeman, SE; White, BA, 2022)	1.74
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder but the supply of buprenorphine physicians is currently inadequate to address the nation's prescription opioid crisis. "	( Buprenorphine physician supply: Relationship with state-level prescription opioid mortality. Havens, JR; Knudsen, HK; Lofwall, MR; Studts, JL; Walsh, SL, 2017)	3.34
"Buprenorphine is an underutilized pharmacotherapy that can play a key role in combating the opioid epidemic. "	( Why aren't physicians prescribing more buprenorphine? Dunn, KE; Huhn, AS, 2017)	2.17
"Buprenorphine is an efficacious, widely used treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Effect of Buprenorphine Weekly Depot (CAM2038) and Hydromorphone Blockade in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Coe, MA; Comer, SD; Jones, JD; Kelsh, D; Kim, S; Levy-Cooperman, N; Lofwall, MR; Nuzzo, PA; Sheldon, B; Tiberg, F; Vince, B; Walsh, SL, 2017)	2.3
"Buprenorphine appears to be a strong protective factor against mortality."	( Mortality Associated With Time in and Out of Buprenorphine Treatment in French Office-Based General Practice: A 7-Year Cohort Study. Auriacombe, M; Dupouy, J; Fatséas, M; Lapeyre-Mestre, M; Micallef, J; Oustric, S; Palmaro, A, 2017)	1.44
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid agonist used for analgesia. "	( Effects of Time and Storage Conditions on the Chemical and Microbiologic Stability of Diluted Buprenorphine for Injection. Bobe, G; DenHerder, JM; Diggs, HE; Reed, RL; Sargent, JL; Stevens, JF, 2017)	2.12
"Buprenorphine is a highly effective treatment for opioid use disorders, but its continuation in the perioperative setting remains controversial, unlike the accepted practice of perioperative methadone continuation."	( Comparison of Post-Cesarean Section Opioid Analgesic Requirements in Women With Opioid Use Disorder Treated With Methadone or Buprenorphine. Alford, DP; Bagley, SM; Hahn, KA; Rojas-Miguez, F; Saia, K; Vilkins, AL; Wachman, EM, )	1.78
"Buprenorphine is a long-acting opioid with therapeutic use in medication-assisted treatment of opioid dependency in adults and adolescents."	( Buprenorphine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Kraft, WK, 2018)	2.64
"Buprenorphine is a medication with unique pharmacological and regulatory characteristics that make it a promising component of adolescent and young adult OUD treatment models."	( Buprenorphine Treatment for Adolescents and Young Adults With Opioid Use Disorders: A Narrative Review. Borodovsky, JT; Fishman, M; Levy, S; Marsch, LA, )	2.3
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ agonist opioid used for analgesia in dogs. "	( The pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of extended-release buprenorphine administered subcutaneously in healthy dogs. Barletta, M; Lascelles, BDX; Messenger, KM; Ostenkamp, SM; Quandt, J; Taylor, AC, 2018)	2.16
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for OUD, but access is difficult for patients, especially in rural locations."	( Geographic Distribution of Providers With a DEA Waiver to Prescribe Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A 5-Year Update. Andrilla, CHA; Larson, EH; Moore, TE; Patterson, DG, 2019)	1.47
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid addiction, but current barriers to buprenorphine access limit treatment availability for many patients. "	( Comparison between buprenorphine provider availability and opioid deaths among US counties. Baston, K; Christman, Z; Haroz, R; Jones, CW; Safferman, MR; Salzman, M; Smith, CM, 2018)	2.25
"Buprenorphine is a form of opioid agonist treatment that has been demonstrated to be an effective medication for opioid addiction. "	( Buprenorphine Supply, Access, and Quality: Where We Have Come and the Path Forward. Breen, CT; Fiellin, DA, 2018)	3.37
"Buprenorphine is a potent lipophilic opioid analgesic that is largely used in the multimodal treatment of acute pain. "	( The analgesic effects of buprenorphine (Vetergesic or Simbadol) in combination with carprofen in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Castonguay, A; Edge, D; Evangelista, MC; Monteiro, BP; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R, 2018)	2.23
"Buprenorphine is an effective and safe analgesic that is tolerated at least as well, if not better, than other opioids."	( Buprenorphine for Chronic Pain: a Systemic Review. Fishman, MA; Kim, PS, 2018)	2.64
"Buprenorphine is an effective office-based treatment that can be prescribed by physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants with a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) waiver."	( Overcoming Barriers to Prescribing Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: Recommendations from Rural Physicians. Andrilla, CHA; Moore, TE; Patterson, DG, 2019)	1.51
"Buprenorphine is a medication designed, researched, and effectively used to assist in OUD recovery."	( Approach to buprenorphine use for opioid withdrawal treatment in the emergency setting. Cisewski, DH; Koyfman, A; Long, B; Santos, C, 2019)	1.61
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist with high affinity and low intrinsic activity. "	( Approach to buprenorphine use for opioid withdrawal treatment in the emergency setting. Cisewski, DH; Koyfman, A; Long, B; Santos, C, 2019)	2.34
"Buprenorphine is an evidence-based, safe, effective treatment option for OUD in an ED-setting. "	( Approach to buprenorphine use for opioid withdrawal treatment in the emergency setting. Cisewski, DH; Koyfman, A; Long, B; Santos, C, 2019)	2.34
": Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder. "	( Buprenorphine Pharmacology Review: Update on Transmucosal and Long-acting Formulations. Coe, MA; Lofwall, MR; Walsh, SL, )	2.3
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin and prescription opioid use disorder; however, little is known about treatment outcomes among people using fentanyl."	( Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence. Chang, Y; Flood, J; Metlay, J; Regan, S; Rigotti, N; Wakeman, SE; Yu, L, )	1.15
"Buprenorphine is a commonly used opioid in pain therapy as well as in opiate maintenance therapy. "	( A Novel Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine and Their Glucuronides in Urine. Pavlic, M; Pitterl, F; Saxl, B; Schubert, B, 2019)	2.21
"Buprenorphine is a potent partial opioid agonist that is analyzed in urine to (i) monitor adherence to maintenance or detoxification therapy and (ii) detect illicit use. "	( False-positive buprenorphine by CEDIA in patients prescribed amisulpride or sulpiride. Birch, MA; Couchman, L; Flanagan, RJ; Karna, T; Marsh, A; McAllister, R; Paton, C; Pietromartire, S, 2013)	2.19
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist and may have less impact on the risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to full opioid agonists like methadone."	( Predictors of diabetes mellitus and abnormal blood glucose in patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment. Byrd-Sellers, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Phillips, L; Vayalapalli, S, )	1.57
"Buprenorphine is an opioid, used in the United States and abroad for both analgesia and addiction, with unique opioid receptor binding properties. "	( Transdermal buprenorphine, opioid rotation to sublingual buprenorphine, and the avoidance of precipitated withdrawal: a review of the literature and demonstration in three chronic pain patients treated with butrans. Kornfeld, H; Reetz, H, )	1.95
"Buprenorphine is a chemically synthesized opioid characterized as the partial mu agonist and kappa antagonist, and transdermal buprenorphine patch will be considered useful as a strong analgesic with fewer psychological side effects in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. "	( [Buprenorphine transdermal patch (Norspan tape)]. Hamaguchi, S; Ikeda, T, 2013)	2.74
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependence, retaining people in treatment at any dose above 2 mg, and suppressing illicit opioid use (at doses 16 mg or greater) based on placebo-controlled trials.However, compared to methadone, buprenorphine retains fewer people when doses are flexibly delivered and at low fixed doses. "	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2014)	3.29
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a psychoactive pharmaceutical drug largely used to treat opiate addiction. "	( Hair analysis for long-term monitoring of buprenorphine intake in opiate withdrawal. De Vivo, E; Di Corcia, D; Fusari, I; Gerace, E; Pirro, V; Salomone, A; Vincenti, M, 2014)	2.11
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective medication used to treat opioid dependence. "	( Self-management of buprenorphine/naloxone among online discussion board users. Altice, FL; Brown, SE, 2014)	2.17
"Buprenorphine is an effective maintenance treatment for opioid dependence, valued for its ability to reduce the positive subjective effects of other opioids."	( The reinforcing and subjective effects of intravenous and intranasal buprenorphine in heroin users. Comer, SD; Jones, JD; Madera, G, 2014)	1.36
"Buprenorphine is a newer treatment for maternal opioid addiction and appears to result in a milder withdrawal syndrome than methadone."	( Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Hsi, A; Leeman, L; Sutter, MB, 2014)	1.12
"Buprenorphine is a commonly prescribed opioid analgesic, and many individuals do not respond to buprenorphine therapy."	( Buprenorphine signalling is compromised at the N40D polymorphism of the human μ opioid receptor in vitro. Connor, M; Knapman, A; Santiago, M, 2014)	2.57
"Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic with high affinity at μ, δ and κ and moderate affinity at nociceptin opioid (NOP) receptors. "	( BU08073 a buprenorphine analogue with partial agonist activity at μ-receptors in vitro but long-lasting opioid antagonist activity in vivo in mice. Cami-Kobeci, G; Fotaki, N; Husbands, SM; Khroyan, TV; Polgar, WE; Toll, L; Wu, J, 2015)	2.26
"Buprenorphine is a promising treatment for heroin addiction. "	( A randomized controlled trial of prison-initiated buprenorphine: prison outcomes and community treatment entry. Fitzgerald, TT; Gordon, MS; Kinlock, TW; O'Grady, KE; Schwartz, RP; Vocci, FJ, 2014)	2.1
"Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic opioid with both agonist and antagonist activity at the opioid receptor. "	( Perioperative management of a patient undergoing Clagett window closure stabilized on Suboxone® for chronic pain: a case report. Clarke, H; de Perrot, M; Huang, A; Katznelson, R, 2014)	1.85
"Buprenorphine is a viable alternative to other treatment approaches for opioid dependence in commercial integrated health systems, with total costs of health care similar to abstinence-based counseling. "	( Costs of care for persons with opioid dependence in commercial integrated health systems. Anderson, BM; Dickerson, JF; Green, CA; Lynch, FL; McCarty, D; Mertens, J; Parthasarathy, S; Pating, D; Perrin, NA, 2014)	1.85
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a semisynthetic derivative of the opium alkaloid thebaine found in the poppy Papaver somniferum. "	( Buprenorphine for cancer pain: is it ready for prime time? Prommer, E, 2015)	3.3
"Buprenorphine which is a long-acting partial agonist was also approved as pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence."	( [Therapy in heroin addiction]. Fürst, Z; Hosztafi, S, 2014)	1.12
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is an effective treatment for opioid use disorder and can be provided in office-based settings, but this treatment is unavailable to many patients who could benefit."	( Geographic and specialty distribution of US physicians trained to treat opioid use disorder. Andrilla, CH; Catlin, M; Larson, EH; Rosenblatt, RA, )	0.85
"Buprenorphine is an effective tool when treating the opioid-dependent chronic pain patient."	( An observational study of buprenorphine treatment of the prescription opioid dependent pain patient. Davidson, R; Goebert, D; Streltzer, J, 2015)	2.16
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu receptor agonist and kappa/delta antagonist commonly used for the treatment of opioid dependence or as an analgesic. "	( Effect of buprenorphine on total intravenous anesthetic requirements during spine surgery. Khelemsky, Y; Loo, N; Schauer, J, )	1.98
"Buprenorphine is an effective and popular treatment for opioid dependence. "	( Naltrexone-facilitated buprenorphine discontinuation: a feasibility trial. Dakwar, E; Kleber, HD, 2015)	2.17
"Buprenorphine is a successful analgesic and treatment for opioid abuse, with both activities relying on its partial agonist activity at mu opioid receptors. "	( C7β-methyl analogues of the orvinols: the discovery of kappa opioid antagonists with nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor partial agonism and low, or zero, efficacy at mu opioid receptors. Clark, MJ; Cueva, JP; Hillhouse, TM; Husbands, SM; Kumar, V; Lewis, JW; Ostovar, M; Roche, C; Traynor, JR, 2015)	1.86
"Buprenorphine is a lipid-soluble pharmaceutic used in the management of chronic pain. "	( Buprenorphine: revisiting the efficacy of transdermal delivery system. Barnett, CJ; Bergese, SD; Kamar, N; Kitzmiller, JP; Luzum, JA; Mikulik, E; Steiner, NS; Stoicea, N, 2015)	3.3
"Buprenorphine acts as a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist and a κ-receptor antagonist."	( Combined administration of buprenorphine and naltrexone produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. Almatroudi, A; Bailey, CP; Bailey, SJ; Husbands, SM, 2015)	1.44
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist medication that is both safe and effective in the treatment of opioid use disorders and the prevention of opioid overdoses. "	( Buprenorphine infrequently found in fatal overdose in New York City. Allen, B; Kunins, H; Mantha, S; Paone, D; Sampson, B; Stajic, M; Tuazon, E, 2015)	3.3
"Buprenorphine is an effective opioid dependence treatment that has expanded access to care since its 2002 approval, but it can only be prescribed by physicians waivered to treat a limited number of individuals. "	( Where Is Buprenorphine Dispensed to Treat Opioid Use Disorders? The Role of Private Offices, Opioid Treatment Programs, and Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities in Urban and Rural Counties. Bauhoff, S; Burns, RM; Dick, AW; Gordon, AJ; Leslie, DL; Mandell, TW; Pacula, RL; Sorbero, MJ; Stein, BD, 2015)	2.28
"Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic commonly administered to alleviate pain in sheep used in research. "	( Pharmacokinetics and Antinociceptive Activity of Sustained-Release Buprenorphine in Sheep. Graham, ML; Walkowiak, KJ, 2015)	2.1
"Buprenorphine is an opioid drug that has been used to treat opioid dependence on an outpatient basis, and is also prescribed for managing moderate to severe pain. "	( Quantitation of Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, Buprenorphine Glucuronide, Norbuprenorphine Glucuronide, and Naloxone in Urine by LC-MS/MS. Marin, SJ; McMillin, GA, 2016)	2.22
"Buprenorphine is a proven alternative to methadone."	( Sexual Dysfunction in Heroin Dependents: A Comparison between Methadone and Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment. Danaee, M; Loh, HS; Ng, CG; Sulaiman, AH; Yee, A, 2016)	1.39
"Buprenorphine HCl (BUP) is a μ-opioid agonist used in laboratory rodents. "	( Voluntary Running-Wheel Activity, Arterial Blood Gases, and Thermal Antinociception in Rats after 3 Buprenorphine Formulations. Johnson, RA, 2016)	2.09
"Buprenorphine is known to be a potent opioid agonist. "	( No evidence of potentiation of buprenorphine by milnacipran in healthy subjects using a nociceptive test battery. Alvarez-Jimenez, R; de Kam, ML; Groeneveld, GJ; Hay, JL; Kumar, R; Okkerse, P; Tehim, A, 2017)	2.18
"Buprenorphine is a Food and Drug Administration-approved maintenance therapy for opioid use disorders and is increasingly being used in pregnant women with opioid use disorders as an alternative to methadone. "	( Dose-adjusted plasma concentrations of sublingual buprenorphine are lower during than after pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; English, D; Rothenberger, S; Tarter, R; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	2.15
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid-derived agent with analgesic effects."	( Treatment of Opioid Dependence With Buprenorphine/Naloxone After Liver Transplantation: Report of Two Cases. Aldemir, E; Coskunol, H; Kilic, M; Sert, I, 2016)	1.43
"Buprenorphine is a key tool in the management of opioid use disorder, but there are growing concerns about abuse, diversion, and safety. "	( Overlapping buprenorphine, opioid, and benzodiazepine prescriptions among veterans dually enrolled in Department of Veterans Affairs and Medicare Part D. Cashy, JP; Fine, MJ; Gellad, WF; Good, CB; Hale, JA; Hausmann, LR; Mor, M; Radomski, T; Sileanu, FE; Thorpe, CT; Thorpe, JM; Zhao, X, )	1.95
"Buprenorphine is a new and attractive medication option for many opioid-addicted adults and their physicians. "	( Practical considerations for the clinical use of buprenorphine. Jones, HE, 2004)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is a safe, effective and underutilized treatment for opioid dependence that requires special credentialing, known as a waiver, to prescribe in the United States."	( Office-based management of opioid dependence with buprenorphine: clinical practices and barriers. Alford, DP; Alperen, JK; Botticelli, M; Castro-Donlan, C; Cheng, DM; Samet, JH; Walley, AY, 2008)	2.04
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist used for treatment of adult detoxification and maintenance but has never been administered to neonates with opioid abstinence syndrome."	( Sublingual buprenorphine for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a randomized trial. Damle, VS; Dysart, K; Ehrlich, ME; Gibson, E; Greenspan, JS; Kaltenbach, K; Kraft, WK; Larusso, JL; Moody, DE, 2008)	1.46
"Buprenorphine is an effective long-term opioid agonist treatment. "	( Factors affecting willingness to provide buprenorphine treatment. Botsko, M; Cunningham, CO; Egan, JE; Fiellin, DA; Finkelstein, R; Gourevitch, MN; Netherland, J; Renner, JA; Saxon, AJ; Sohler, N; Sullivan, LE; Weiss, L, 2009)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a low-molecular-weight, lipophilic, opioid analgesic. "	( Allergic contact dermatitis from transdermal buprenorphine. Baeck, M; Dewulf, V; Giménez-Arnau, A; Goossens, A; Jacobs, C; Parera Amer, E; Pujol Vallverdú, RM; Tennstedt, D; Vander Hulst, K, 2008)	2.05
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is available in the sublingual, injectable, or transdermic forms."	( [Transdermal buprenorphine: a current overview of pharmacological and clinical data]. Faymonville, ME; Libbrecht, D, 2008)	1.44
"Buprenorphine is a potent opioid available as a transdermal delivery system (TDS) formulation. "	( Short- and intermediate-term efficacy of buprenorphine TDS in chronic painful neuropathies. Camozzi, F; Campanella, A; Devigili, G; Lauria, G; Lombardi, R; Martini, A; Melli, G; Penza, P, 2008)	2.05
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and has generally similar efficacy to methadone, although more data are needed."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone: a review of its use in the treatment of opioid dependence. Keating, GM; Orman, JS, 2009)	2.52
"Buprenorphine is an opioid, however, and potential for misuse remains, even in combination with naloxone."	( Buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Ling, W, 2009)	2.52
"Buprenorphine is an effective alternative to methadone for treatment of opioid dependence, but economic concerns represent a barrier to implementation. "	( Comparison of costs and utilization among buprenorphine and methadone patients. Barnett, PG, 2009)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu agonist opioid that is FDA-approved to manage opioid addiction in settings outside of traditional methadone clinics. "	( Buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Caravati, EM; Crouch, BI; Milne, M, 2009)	3.24
"Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist at mu-opioid receptors that is used for treatment of pain and addiction. "	( Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist that inhibits opioid receptor desensitization. Arttamangkul, S; Birdsong, WT; Virk, MS; Williams, JT, 2009)	3.24
"Buprenorphine is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic pain and opioid dependence. "	( Lipid nanoparticles with different oil/fatty ester ratios as carriers of buprenorphine and its prodrugs for injection. Fang, JY; Liu, KS; Sung, KC; Tsai, CY; Wang, JJ, 2009)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist/antagonist used for the outpatient management of pain and addiction. "	( Dexmedetomidine as a novel therapeutic for postoperative pain in a patient treated with buprenorphine. Berland, DW; Brummett, CM; Dubovoy, AV; Trivedi, KA, )	1.8
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is an effective maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and has generally similar efficacy to methadone, although more data are needed."	( Spotlight on buprenorphine/naloxone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Keating, GM; Orman, JS, 2009)	1.44
"Buprenorphine is a promising candidate for treatment of opioid addiction during pregnancy and it has been suggested to decrease the neonatal abstinence syndrome in human infants."	( Chronic in utero buprenorphine exposure causes prolonged respiratory effects in the guinea pig neonate. Nettleton, RT; Olsen, GD; Subban, CV; Wallisch, M, )	1.19
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist used in acute and chronic pain management. "	( Donepezil reverses buprenorphine-induced central respiratory depression in anesthetized rabbits. Arisaka, H; Kuwana, S; Sakuraba, S; Takeda, J; Tsujita, M; Yoshida, K, 2009)	2.12
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist with a "ceiling effect" for respiratory depression. "	( Prospective comparative assessment of buprenorphine overdose with heroin and methadone: clinical characteristics and response to antidotal treatment. Baud, FJ; Buisine, A; Chevillard, L; Jacobs, F; Mégarbane, B; Résière, D; Vicaut, E, 2010)	2.07
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opiate receptor agonist-antagonist growing in popularity as an office-based treatment for opioid-dependent patients. "	( Buprenorphine maintenance therapy hinders acute pain management in trauma. Harrington, CJ; Zaydfudim, V, 2010)	3.25
"Buprenorphine/naloxone is a new option for the management of opioid dependence. "	( Clinical experience with fortnightly buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine in Italy: preliminary observational data in an office-based setting. Amato, P, 2010)	2.08
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist with clinical efficacy as a pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence. "	( Acute effects of intramuscular and sublingual buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone in non-dependent opioid abusers. Bigelow, GE; Correia, CJ; Duke, AN; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2010)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a mixed-activity, partial mu-opioid agonist. "	( Buprenorphine transdermal system in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, followed by an open-label extension phase. Boulanger, A; Buckley, N; Callaghan, D; Cloutier, C; Cohen, G; Darke, AC; Dzongowski, P; Eisenhoffer, J; Gordon, A; Harsanyi, Z; Kim, J; Michalko, KJ; O'Mahony, W; Piraino, PS; Rashiq, S; Sinclair, D; Spink, D, 2010)	3.25
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist used for the treatment of opioid dependence that has several advantages over methadone. "	( Differential activation of pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor by buprenorphine in primary human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. Eddington, ND; Ferguson, SS; Hassan, HE; Li, L; Tolson, AH; Wang, H, 2010)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that relieves opioid withdrawal symptoms and cravings for 24 hours or longer. "	( Buprenorphine: new treatment of opioid addiction in primary care. Cirone, S; Kahan, M; Ordean, A; Srivastava, A, 2011)	3.25
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment of opioid addiction and can be safely prescribed by primary care physicians."	( Buprenorphine: new treatment of opioid addiction in primary care. Cirone, S; Kahan, M; Ordean, A; Srivastava, A, 2011)	3.25
"Buprenorphine is an alternative to methadone that preliminary data indicates is equivalent in safety and efficacy to methadone and significantly increases access to treatment."	( Buprenorphine for the treatment of perinatal opioid dependence: pharmacology and implications for antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care. Goodman, D, )	2.3
"Buprenorphine thus appears to be a more effective analgesic than methadone in the presence of gp120 in the brain, a condition that is associated with HIV-related pain and infection."	( Differential antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine and methadone in the presence of HIV-gp120. Adler, MW; Benamar, K; Cowan, A; Geller, EB; Palma, J, 2011)	1.36
"Buprenorphine is a centrally acting analgesic drug that is administered for the management of opioid dependence and as an analgesic drug for the treatment of chronic pain. "	( Unusual false-positive case of urinary screening for buprenorphine. Cervellin, G; Lippi, G; Mercadanti, M; Romero, A, 2011)	2.06
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a partial agonist at μ-, δ- and ORL1 (opioid receptor-like)/nociceptin receptors and antagonist at the κ-opioid receptor site. "	( Modulation of CNS pain circuitry by intravenous and sublingual doses of buprenorphine. Anderson, J; Baumgartner, R; Becerra, L; Bishop, J; Bleakman, D; Borsook, D; Coimbra, A; Elman, I; Evelhoch, JL; George, E; Hargreaves, R; Iyengar, S; Maier, G; Nutile, L; Pendse, G; Schwarz, AJ; Sunkaraneni, S; Upadhyay, J; Wallin, D, 2012)	2.05
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic that acts primarily as a partial agonist at the mu opioid receptor."	( Buprenorphine 5, 10 and 20 μg/h transdermal patch: a review of its use in the management of chronic non-malignant pain. Plosker, GL, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine is an opioid receptor ligand whose mechanism of action is incompletely understood."	( Agonist-selective effects of opioid receptor ligands on cytosolic calcium concentration in rat striatal neurons. Adler, MW; Benamar, K; Brailoiu, E; Brailoiu, GC; Deliu, E; Dun, NJ; Hooper, R; Undieh, AS, 2012)	1.82
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid agonist and κ-opioid antagonist with a long half-life and less abuse potential than methadone. "	( Update on the clinical use of buprenorphine: in opioid-related disorders. Ducharme, S; Fraser, R; Gill, K, 2012)	2.11
"Buprenorphine is a safe and effective agent for detoxification from opioids. "	( Update on the clinical use of buprenorphine: in opioid-related disorders. Ducharme, S; Fraser, R; Gill, K, 2012)	2.11
"Buprenorphine is a potent local anesthetic and blocks voltage-gated Na(+) channels via the local anesthetic binding site. "	( Local anesthetic-like inhibition of voltage-gated Na(+) channels by the partial μ-opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine. Frank, G; Kistner, K; Koppert, W; Leffler, A; Nau, C; Niedermirtl, F; Reeh, PW, 2012)	2.04
"The buprenorphine (BHD) is an effective maintenance treatment for opioid dependence, used in France until 1996. "	( [Buprenorphin and benzodiazepines, an association with high risk. Reality of co-prescriptions by the general practitioners]. Boivin, JM; Di Patrizio, P; Houille, S; Schwan, R, 2010)	0.92
"Norbuprenorphine is a major metabolite of buprenorphine and potent agonist of μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors. "	( P-glycoprotein is a major determinant of norbuprenorphine brain exposure and antinociception. Brown, SM; Campbell, SD; Crafford, A; Holtzman, MJ; Kharasch, ED; Regina, KJ, 2012)	1.26
"Buprenorphine is an opioid that has a complex and unique pharmacology which provides some advantages over other potent mu agonists. "	( Twelve reasons for considering buprenorphine as a frontline analgesic in the management of pain. Davis, MP, )	1.86
"Buprenorphine is a long-acting opiate with a high therapeutic index. "	( Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine for analgesia in laboratory mice and rats. Brayton, C; DeTolla, L; Forbes-McBean, N; Guarnieri, M; Sarabia-Estrada, R; Zadnik, P, 2012)	2.13
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist that is approved for the treatment of opioid dependency. "	( Buprenorphine may not be as safe as you think: a pediatric fatality from unintentional exposure. Hoffman, RS; Kim, HK; Nelson, LS; Smiddy, M, 2012)	3.26
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opioid dependence that can be provided in a primary care setting. "	( Entry into primary care-based buprenorphine treatment is associated with identification and treatment of other chronic medical problems. Jacapraro, JS; Rastegar, DA; Rowe, TA, 2012)	2.11
"Buprenorphine appears to be a cost-effective alternative to naltrexone that might enhance economic productivity and reduce drug use over a longer term."	( Cost-effectiveness of buprenorphine and naltrexone treatments for heroin dependence in Malaysia. Chawarski, M; Mazlan, M; Ng, N; Ruger, JP; Schottenfeld, R, 2012)	2.14
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Buprenorphine prescribing practices and exposures reported to a poison center--Utah, 2002-2011. , 2012)	3.26
"Buprenorphine is a partial μ-receptor and a κ-δ receptor antagonist known to block NMDA receptors and reduce hyperalgesia secondary to central sensitization.(1) Buprenorphine is also a partial agonist at the opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor, which is found to be analgesic and antinociceptive at the level of the spinal cord.(1,2) The difference in analgesic responses between buprenorphine and other opioids may be due to different receptor G protein interactions and/or selective activation of neuronal K(ATP) channels by buprenorphine.(3) Deficient opening of K(ATP) channels has been shown to mediate neuropathic pain(4); therefore, activation of these channels by buprenorphine may contribute to its analgesic effect in neuropathic pain states wherein other opioids fail."	( Transdermal buprenorphine controls central neuropathic pain. Gordon, E; Sarantopoulos, C; Weiner, M, )	1.23
"Buprenorphine HCl is a common analgesic for laboratory mice undergoing surgical procedures. "	( Duration of action of sustained-release buprenorphine in 2 strains of mice. Carbone, ET; Carbone, L; Diep, S; Lindstrom, KE, 2012)	2.09
"Buprenorphine is a frequently used opioid in the treatment of neuropathic pain component that is often present in patients with cancer. "	( A successful switch from transdermal fentanyl to transdermal buprenorphine in a patient with neuropathic pain: a case report. Leppert, W, 2014)	2.09
"Buprenorphine appears to be an effective and safe drug in opioid-addicted patient detoxification."	( Detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug abuse: a comparison of buprenorphine vs. methadone. Borsutzky, M; Emrich, HM; Metzner, C; Paetzold, W; Passie, T; Rollnik, J; Schneider, U; Seifert, J; Wiese, B, 2002)	1.27
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opioid agonist and kappa-opioid antagonist currently under development as a maintenance medication for heroin dependence. "	( Self-administration of intravenous buprenorphine and the buprenorphine/naloxone combination by recently detoxified heroin abusers. Collins, ED; Comer, SD, 2002)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is an opioid with high affinity for delta, mu and kappa opioid receptors. "	( Delta opioid antagonist effects of buprenorphine in rhesus monkeys. Bidlack, JM; Brandt, MR; Furness, MS; Mello, NK; Negus, SS; Rice, KC, 2002)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist to the opiate mu-receptor and is therefore safer in overdose. "	( [Buprenorphine as maintenance treatment in rehabilitation of heroin addicts]. Bachs, LC; Bramness, JG; Waal, H, 2002)	2.67
"Buprenorphine is an effective intervention for use in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependence, but it is not more effective than methadone at adequate dosages."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2002)	3.2
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the micro -opioid receptor with long duration of action and also exhibits delayed antagonist activity. "	( Opioid ligands having delayed long-term antagonist activity: potential pharmacotherapies for opioid abuse. Husbands, SM; Lewis, JW, 2003)	1.76
"Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic that is available in sublingual and parenteral formulations. "	( Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of transdermal buprenorphine in patients with inadequately controlled chronic pain related to cancer and other disorders: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Griessinger, N; Likar, R; Sittl, R, 2003)	2.01
"Buprenorphine TDS was shown to be an effective analgesic against chronic, severe pain in this study population. "	( Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of transdermal buprenorphine in patients with inadequately controlled chronic pain related to cancer and other disorders: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Griessinger, N; Likar, R; Sittl, R, 2003)	2.01
"Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic, derived from thebaine. "	( Buprenorphine: new pharmacological aspects. Cowan, A, 2003)	3.2
"Buprenorphine is a thebaine derivative used in the treatment of heroin and other opiate addictions. "	( Interaction of buprenorphine and its metabolite norbuprenorphine with cytochromes p450 in vitro. Ramamoorthy, Y; Sellers, EM; Tyndale, RF; Zhang, W, 2003)	2.11
"Buprenorphine is an effective intervention for use in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependence, but it is not more effective than methadone at adequate dosages."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2003)	3.2
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a partial opiate agonist used for treatment of the adult and the pregnant addicted to this class of narcotics. "	( Aromatase is the major enzyme metabolizing buprenorphine in human placenta. Ahmed, MS; Deshmukh, SV; Nanovskaya, TN, 2003)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is a low molecular weight, lipophilic, opioid analgesic. "	( Transdermal buprenorphine. Easthope, SE; Evans, HC, 2003)	2.14
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist used clinically for maintenance therapy in opiate addicts and pain management. "	( Buprenorphine-induced antinociception is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and compromised by concomitant activation of opioid receptor-like receptors. Bryant, CD; Carroll, FI; Eitan, S; Evans, CJ; Kieffer, BL; Lutfy, K; Maidment, NT; Saliminejad, N; Takeshima, H; Walwyn, W; Yang, YC, 2003)	3.2
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu-opiate agonist and kappa-opiate antagonist with established efficacy in the treatment of opiate dependence. "	( Randomized trial of buprenorphine for treatment of concurrent opiate and cocaine dependence. Cheskin, LJ; Contoreggi, C; Fudala, PJ; Gorelick, DA; Johnson, RE; Lange, WR; Montoya, ID; Preston, KL; Schroeder, JR; Umbricht, A, 2004)	2.09
"Buprenorphine dependence is a relatively novel addiction."	( Controlled trial of maintenance treatment of intravenous buprenorphine dependence. Ahmadi, J; Ahmadi, K, )	1.82
"Buprenorphine is a mu opioid agonist of intermediate efficacy that is used clinically for pain management and has recently been approved for the treatment of opioid dependence."	( Buprenorphine produces naltrexone reversible alterations of immune status. Carrigan, KA; Ijames, SG; Lysle, DT; Saurer, TB, 2004)	2.49
"Buprenorphine appears to be a well-tolerated drug, with a benign overall side effect."	( Buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence. Davids, E; Gastpar, M, 2004)	2.49
"Buprenorphine is an approved medication for the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Relative bioavailability of different buprenorphine formulations under chronic dosing conditions. Bigelow, GE; Moody, DE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2004)	2.04
"Buprenorphine is a relatively nonselective opioid receptor partial agonist that is used in the management of both pain and addiction. "	( Buprenorphine antinociception is abolished, but naloxone-sensitive reward is retained, in mu-opioid receptor knockout mice. Ide, S; Ikeda, K; Minami, M; Satoh, M; Sora, I; Uhl, GR, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine is an effective intervention for use in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependence, but it is not more effective than methadone at adequate dosages."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine may prove to be a suitable drug for treating opioid withdrawal in human infants."	( Buprenorphine blocks withdrawal in morphine-dependent rat pups. Smith, FL; Stoller, DC, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine is a new drug for the pharmacotherapy of opioid dependence."	( Plasma testosterone and sexual function in men receiving buprenorphine maintenance for opioid dependence. Albrecht, S; Bliesener, N; Klingmüller, D; Lichtermann, D; Schwager, A; Weckbecker, K, 2005)	1.3
"Buprenorphine is a mu-opioid partial agonist that is marketed in a sublingual formulation as a treatment for opioid dependence. "	( Evaluation of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: placebo comparison. Bigelow, GE; Chausmer, AL; Liebson, IA; Sigmon, SC; Wong, CJ, 2004)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic clinically used to treat moderate to severe pain. "	( Broad analgesic profile of buprenorphine in rodent models of acute and chronic pain. Christoph, T; De Vry, J; Friderichs, E; Kögel, B; Méen, M; Schiene, K, 2005)	2.07
"Buprenorphine propionate is a prodrug of buprenorphine."	( Simultaneous determination of buprenorphine and its prodrug, buprenorphine propionate, by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits. Ho, ST; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Liu, SY; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ, 2005)	1.34
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a synthetic derivative of the morphine alkaloid thebaine. "	( In vitro metabolism study of buprenorphine: evidence for new metabolic pathways. Cresteil, T; Djebli, N; Marquet, P; Picard, N, 2005)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a derivative of the morphine alkaloid, thebaine, and is a partial opioid agonist at the micro opioid receptor in the nervous system."	( Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance therapies for patients with hepatitis C virus infected after intravenous drug use. Buntinx, F; Matheï, C; Robaeys, G; Verrando, R, )	1.21
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist, attenuating the effects of supplemental illicit or therapeutic opioid agonists."	( High-dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and management strategies. Meyer-Witting, M; Roberts, DM, 2005)	1.45
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from thebaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. "	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	3.21
"Buprenorphine is a strong narcotic analgesic. "	( Simultaneous determination of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Florek, E; Kamenczak, A; Piekoszewski, W; Scislowski, M, )	1.86
"Buprenorphine is a broad spectrum, highly lipophilic, and long-acting partial mu opioid receptor agonist that is noncross tolerant to other opioids. "	( Buprenorphine in cancer pain. Davis, MP, 2005)	3.21
"Buprenorphine is a new medication used to treat opioid dependence that shows promise for reducing the rate of HIV transmission and improving the care of opioid-dependent patients with HIV infection."	( Buprenorphine: its role in preventing HIV transmission and improving the care of HIV-infected patients with opioid dependence. Fiellin, DA; Sullivan, LE, 2005)	2.49
"Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic with partial agonistic properties at mu-opioid receptors. "	( Interaction of mu-opioid receptor agonists and antagonists with the analgesic effect of buprenorphine in mice. Christoph, T; Friderichs, E; Kögel, B; Strassburger, W, 2005)	1.99
"Buprenorphine is a narcotic analgesic used in the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. "	( Buprenorphine detection in biological samples. De Giovanni, N; Donzelli, G; Fucci, N; Scarlata, S, 2005)	3.21
"Buprenorphine-naloxone is an office-based opioid agonist released in 2003 in the United States for the maintenance of heroin- and other opioid-dependent patients. "	( Inpatient initiation of buprenorphine maintenance vs. detoxification: can retention of opioid-dependent patients in outpatient counseling be improved? Adelman, CL; Caldiero, RM; Parran, TV; Piche, B, )	1.88
"Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic. "	( An esterification method for synthesizing prodrugs of buprenorphine. Chin, LS; Chu, CC; Ho, ST; Huang, KL; Liu, KS; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ, 2005)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is an effective medication for treatment of opioid dependence. "	( An injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: extended bio-delivery and effects. Bigelow, GE; Moody, DE; Nuwayser, ES; Sigmon, SC, 2006)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a mu-opioid receptor partial agonist with enhanced safety and comparable efficacy to methadone for treatment of opioid dependence. "	( In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of a buprenorphine delivery system. Costantini, LC; Kleppner, SR; McDonough, J; Patel, R, 2006)	2.04
"Buprenorphine is a promising new pharmacotherapy for the management of physical dependence to opioids. "	( Novel depots of buprenorphine have a long-acting effect for the management of physical dependence to morphine. Kao, CH; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Liu, SY; Sung, KC; Wang, JJ, 2006)	2.12
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid receptor agonist-antagonist. "	( Buprenorphine activates mu and opioid receptor like-1 receptors simultaneously, but the analgesic effect is mainly mediated by mu receptor activation in the rat formalin test. Shono, K; Tanabe, S; Yamamoto, T, 2006)	3.22
"Buprenorphine is a widely used analgesic for relief of postoperative pain in rats. "	( Are repeated doses of buprenorphine detrimental to postoperative recovery after laparotomy in rats? Bomzon, A, 2006)	2.09
"Buprenorphine is a potent partial m-opioid agonist that is used as an analgesic in animals and humans to ameliorate moderate to severe pain and in the treatment of opiate addiction as an alternative to methadone maintenance. "	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous administration in the mouse. Johnson, J; Laizure, SC; Mandrell, T; Peng, Y; Shukla, AJ; Sun, Y; Yu, S; Zhang, X, 2006)	2.1
"Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic drug that is used as an alternative to methadone to treat heroin addiction. "	( Quantitative analysis of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in urine using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Allen, KR; Fox, EJ; Tetlow, VA, 2006)	2.08
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist of the mu-opioid receptor; although initial animal research suggested a low abuse potential for buprenorphine, it was subsequently shown to have an abuse potential similar to that of morphine or hydromorphone."	( Socio-demographic profile and help-seeking behaviour of buprenorphine abusers in Singapore. Mythily, S; Ng, WL; Song, G; Winslow, M; Yiong, HC, 2006)	1.3
"Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist approved in several countries for the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Abuse of prescription buprenorphine, regulatory controls and the role of the primary physician. Chua, SM; Lee, TS, 2006)	2.09
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist with a 'ceiling effect' for respiratory depression. "	( Does high-dose buprenorphine cause respiratory depression?: possible mechanisms and therapeutic consequences. Baud, FJ; Hreiche, R; Marie, N; Mégarbane, B; Pirnay, S, 2006)	2.13
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from thebaine. "	( Transdermal buprenorphine in pain management--experiences from clinical practice: Five case studies. Louis, F, 2006)	2.16
"Buprenorphine decanoate is a prodrug of buprenorphine."	( The depot of buprenorphine decanoate produced a dose-related long-lasting antinociceptive effect in guinea pigs. Cheng, KI; Chu, KS; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ; Wu, SZ, 2006)	1.42
"Buprenorphine is an attractive option for the pharmacologic treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Boothby, LA; Doering, PL, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu receptor agonist used in opiate detoxification. "	( Buprenorphine-associated gastroparesis during in-patient heroin detoxification. Chen, RY; Jakobovits, SL; McDonough, M, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine is a new replacement therapy that has been shown to be as effective as high dose methadone and may be better suited for the treatment of younger patients."	( Buprenorphine replacement therapy for adolescents with opioid dependence: early experience from a children's hospital-based outpatient treatment program. Angulo, M; Knight, JR; Levy, S; Vaughan, BL, 2007)	2.5
"Buprenorphine is an efficacious treatment for opioid dependence recently approved for office-based medical practice. "	( Outcomes of buprenorphine maintenance in office-based practice. Fong, C; Joseph, H; Kayman, DJ; Kolodny, A; Lee, SJ; Magura, S; Marsch, LA; Rosenblum, A; Salsitz, EA; Seewald, R; Taubes, T; Whitley, SD, 2007)	2.16
"Buprenorphine (Subutex) is a safe and effective treatment for opioid dependence, and has very low potential for abuse, especially when it is combined with naloxone (Narcan) in a single sublingual tablet (Suboxone). "	( Buprenorphine maintenance: a new treatment for opioid dependence. Collins, GB; McAllister, MS, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derivative commonly used in the treatment of heroin addiction. "	( Acute liver and renal failure during treatment with buprenorphine at therapeutic dose. Battezzati, PM; Benetti, A; Cocchi, CA; Crosignani, A; Giorgini, A; Invernizzi, P; Podda, M; Selmi, C; Zuin, M, 2009)	2.05
"Buprenorphine is a mu-opioid receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor antagonist currently on trials for the management of pregnant opioid-dependent addicts. "	( Opioid addiction and pregnancy: perinatal exposure to buprenorphine affects myelination in the developing brain. Bigbee, JW; Fobbs, W; Robinson, SE; Sanchez, ES; Sato-Bigbee, C, 2008)	2.04
"Buprenorphine is an effective intervention for use in the maintenance treatment of heroin dependence, but it is less effective than methadone delivered at adequate dosages."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2008)	3.23
"Buprenorphine is a potent analgesic commonly used clinically in humans and rodents experiencing severe pain. "	( Effects of buprenorphine on body temperature, locomotor activity and cardiovascular function when assessed by telemetric monitoring in rats. Ilbäck, NG; Siller, M; Stålhandske, T, 2008)	2.18
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu, kappa agonist that has been shown to influence spontaneous behaviour in animals. "	( The effects of buprenorphine on behaviour in the ACI and BN rat inbred strains. Avsaroglu, H; Hellebrekers, LJ; Sommer, R; van Lith, HA; van Zutphen, LF, 2008)	2.14
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that can be prescribed by trained physicians and dispensed at pharmacies."	( Narrative review: buprenorphine for opioid-dependent patients in office practice. Fiellin, DA; Sullivan, LE, 2008)	1.4
"Buprenorphine is a powerful new analgesic agent with agonist and antagonist opiate receptor activity. "	( A case of buprenorphine abuse. Bredemeyer, DE; Quigley, AJ; Seow, SS, 1984)	2.11
"Buprenorphine is a newly-developed strong analgesic. "	( Plasma concentration and disposition of buprenorphine after intravenous and intramuscular doses to baboons. Biggs, SR; Henson, R; Lloyd-Jones, JG; Robinson, P; Taylor, T, 1980)	1.97
"1 Buprenorphine is a long-acting opiate analgesic. "	( Sublingual buprenorphine used postoperatively: clinical observations and preliminary pharmacokinetic analysis. Allen, MC; Bullingham, RE; Dwyer, D; McQuay, HJ; Moore, RA, 1981)	1.37
"Buprenorphine is an effective analgesic suitable for use in the young post-operative patient."	( The monitored release of buprenorphine: results in the young. Harcus, AW; Smith, DW; Ward, AE, 1980)	1.29
"Buprenorphine is a powerful long acting analgesic with partial agonist properties on mu receptors and antagonist properties on kappa receptors. "	( [Buprenorphine: its ambiguity]. Huguet-Levet, E, 1995)	2.64
"Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist being developed for possible use in the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Buprenorphine effects in methadone-maintained volunteers: effects at two hours after methadone. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL; Strain, EC, 1995)	3.18
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist, which acts as a partial mu agonist and a kappa antagonist. "	( Buprenorphine reduces cerebral glucose metabolism in polydrug abusers. Bigelow, GE; Dannals, RF; Gilson, SF; Grayson, R; Jasinski, DR; Phillips, RL; Preston, KL; Schmidt, J; Stapleton, JM; Walsh, SL, 1994)	3.17
"Buprenorphine is a synthetic opioid proposed as a potential treatment for drug abuse. "	( Buprenorphine and morphine produce equivalent increases in extracellular single unit activity of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area in vivo. Grant, SJ; Sonti, G, 1994)	3.17
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist that has emerged as an option for postoperative analgesia. "	( Buprenorphine versus morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after cholecystectomy. Bowden, TA; Dingus, DJ; DiPiro, JT; May, R; Rogers, DA; Sherman, JC, 1993)	3.17
"Buprenorphine is an opiate drug with a mixed agonist-antagonist profile and has therapeutic efficacy in attenuating drug craving and addiction. "	( Buprenorphine prevents and reverses the expression of chronic etorphine-induced sensitization of adenylyl cyclase in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Hoffman, BB; Thomas, JM, 1993)	3.17
"Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at the mu-opioid receptor that has been proposed as an alternative to traditional full agonist maintenance therapy for the treatment of opioid addiction. "	( A controlled trial comparing buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opioid dependence. Charuvastra, C; Klett, CJ; Ling, W; Wesson, DR, 1996)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid agonist with demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Buprenorphine's physical dependence potential: antagonist-precipitated withdrawal in humans. Bigelow, GE; Eissenberg, T; Greenwald, MK; Johnson, RE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML, 1996)	3.18
"Buprenorphine (BPN) is a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist used as an analgesic and in the treatment of opiate addiction. "	( Opioid receptor imaging and displacement studies with [6-O-[11C] methyl]buprenorphine in baboon brain. Brodie, J; Dewey, SL; Ferrieri, RA; Fowler, JS; Galynker, I; Gatley, SJ; Holland, MJ; Logan, J; MacGregor, RR; Schlyer, DJ; Simon, E; Wolf, AP, 1996)	1.97
"Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. "	( Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine. Darwin, WD; Kuhlman, JJ; Lalani, S; Levine, B; Magluilo, J, 1996)	1.98
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist analgesic. "	( Pharmacological characterization of buprenorphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist with kappa 3 analgesia. Peter, Y; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Weizman, R, 1997)	2.01
"Buprenorphine is a mu opioid partial agonist currently used as an analgesic, and being developed for the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( The effects of buprenorphine in buprenorphine-maintained volunteers. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 1997)	2.09
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is an alternative to methadone (METH) maintenance. "	( A protocol to switch high-dose, methadone-maintained subjects to buprenorphine. Connerney, I; Fischman, MW; Foltin, RW; Levin, FR, 1997)	1.98
"Buprenorphine is a long acting analgesic of the opiate family. "	( Involvement of cytochrome P450 3A4 in N-dealkylation of buprenorphine in human liver microsomes. Bail, JP; Berthou, F; Dréano, Y; Iribarne, C; Picart, D, 1997)	1.99
"Buprenorphine is a new substance now widely used in detoxification of heroin addicts. "	( [Neonatal buprenorphine withdrawal syndrome, what is the right therapy?]. Cutrone, M; Donzelli, F; Flora, PG; Montesanto, G; Regini, P, )	1.98
"Buprenorphine (BN) is a thebaine derivative with analgesic properties. "	( Human buprenorphine N-dealkylation is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 3A4. Chiba, K; Ishizaki, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroiwa, Y; Shimada, N; Tani, M; Yamamoto, T, 1998)	2.22
"Buprenorphine is an alternative to methadone for the maintenance treatment of heroine dependence and may be effective on a thrice weekly basis. "	( A randomized trial of buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence in a primary care clinic for substance users versus a methadone clinic. Carroll, KM; Kosten, TR; O'Connor, PG; Oliveto, AH; Pakes, JA; Rounsaville, BJ; Schottenfeld, RS; Shi, JM; Triffleman, EG, 1998)	2.06
"Buprenorphine maintenance is an effective treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting."	( A randomized trial of buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence in a primary care clinic for substance users versus a methadone clinic. Carroll, KM; Kosten, TR; O'Connor, PG; Oliveto, AH; Pakes, JA; Rounsaville, BJ; Schottenfeld, RS; Shi, JM; Triffleman, EG, 1998)	2.06
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist derived from thebaine and has high affinity for mu and kappa opioid receptors. "	( Buprenorphine alters ethanol self-administration in rats: dose-response and time-dependent effects. Cason, CR; Chen, SH; June, HL; Lewis, MJ, 1998)	3.19
"Buprenorphine is an effective new treatment for opiate dependence. "	( Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. Cheung, P; Everhart, ET; Jones, RT; Mendelson, JE; Nath, RP; Shwonek, P; Upton, RA, 1999)	3.19
"Buprenorphine is a mu opioid partial agonist being developed as a treatment for opioid dependence. "	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of the buprenorphine sublingual liquid and tablet. Johanson, CE; Schuh, KJ, 1999)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist available in France as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. "	( Effect of buprenorphine on CYP3A activity in rat and human liver microsomes. Edwards, DJ; Ibrahim, RB; Thorsby, ME; Wilson, JG, 2000)	2.15
"Buprenorphine is a promising alternative to methadone or levo-acetyl alpha methadol for opioid agonist maintenance treatment, and thrice-weekly dosing would facilitate its use for this purpose."	( Thrice-weekly versus daily buprenorphine maintenance. Chawarski, M; Kosten, TR; O'Connor, P; Oliveto, A; Pakes, J; Schottenfeld, RS, 2000)	2.05
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist under development in the United States as a sublingual medication for treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in non-dependent opioid abusers. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, K; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2000)	2.14
"Buprenorphine is an analgesic recently approved for the treatment of drug dependency."	( Differential effects of buprenorphine and morphine on immune and neuroendocrine functions following acute administration in the rat mesencephalon periaqueductal gray. Gomez-Flores, R; Weber, RJ, 2000)	1.34
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is an oripavine analgesic that is beneficial in the maintenance treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. "	( Comparison of pharmacological activities of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine: norbuprenorphine is a potent opioid agonist. Cowan, A; Huang, P; Kehner, GB; Liu-Chen, LY, 2001)	2.01
"Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid agonist under development as a sublingual (SL) medication for opioid dependence treatment in the United States. "	( Effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2001)	2.14
"Buprenorphine, which is a powerful analgesic, a substitution drug for opioids widely used in Europe, and a promising new drug currently undergoing clinical trials in the treatment of opioid dependence in the U.S., is excreted in human urine mainly as glucuronide conjugates. "	( Hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites of buprenorphine. I. The quantitative enzymatic hydrolysis of buprenorphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in human urine. Duckworth, DT; ElSohly, MA; Feng, S, 2001)	2.02
"Buprenorphine is a partial opiate agonist with unusual pharmacological properties."	( Two methods of community detoxification from opiates: an open-label comparison of lofexidine and buprenorphine. Alcorn, R; Feinmann, C; White, R, 2001)	1.25
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist used in the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	2.03
"Buprenorphine is a low-efficacy mu opioid agonist that can reduce drug taking in opioid abusers; however, the mechanism by which buprenorphine modifies the actions of other drug taking and the consequences of repeated treatment with buprenorphine are not fully understood."	( Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of buprenorphine in pigeons. Brandt, MR; France, CP; Galici, R, 2002)	2
"Buprenorphine is a potent mu-receptor partial agonist and is widely used as an analgesic drug. "	( Behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine, with a focus on preclinical models of reward and addiction. Tzschentke, TM, 2002)	2.05
"Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin dependence. "	( Treatment of heroin dependence with buprenorphine in primary care. Chawarski, M; Fiellin, DA; O'Connor, PG; Pakes, JP; Pantalon, MV; Schottenfeld, RS, 2002)	2.03
"1 Buprenorphine is a new antagonist analgesic which was offered sublingually to 141 patients with moderate cancer pain as an alternative to their current analgesic. "	( A trial of sublingual buprenorphine in cancer pain. Robbie, DS, 1979)	1.3
"Buprenorphine is an opioid agonist-antagonist being evaluated for treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Acute effects of buprenorphine, hydromorphone and naloxone in methadone-maintained volunteers. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL; Strain, EC, 1992)	2.07
"Buprenorphine (BUP) is a partial opioid agonist whose effects on BE levels were examined in six former heroin addicts and 14 methadone-maintained patients before and after being switched to sublingual BUP 2 mg daily for 1 month."	( Beta endorphin levels during heroin, methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone challenges: preliminary findings. Kosten, TR; Kreek, MJ; Morgan, C, 1992)	1.26
"Buprenorphine is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist which appears to produce less physical dependence and respiratory depression than typical mu-agonist opioids. "	( Buprenorphine for pain relief in a patient with drug abuse. Bickel, WK; Higgins, ST; Hughes, JR, 1991)	3.17
"Buprenorphine is a mixed agonist-antagonist with high affinity at both mu and kappa opiate receptors. "	( Buprenorphine. Lewis, JW, 1985)	3.15
"Buprenorphine seems to be an alternative to morphine in combined anesthesia."	( [Quality of buprenorphine and morphine as components of combined anesthesia]. Dick, W; Knoche, E; Konietzke, D; Rummel, C, 1988)	1.38
"Buprenorphine is an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist that has potential usefulness as a pharmacotherapy for opiate addiction. "	( Behavioral pharmacology of buprenorphine. Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH, 1985)	2.01

Effects

Buprenorphine-naloxone has a very high affinity for the mu-receptor and can cause precipitated opioid withdrawal, typically more severe than withdrawal that occurs naturally. The transdermal matrix patch renders the substance particularly difficult to extract for illicit purposes.

Buprenorphine/naloxone has been shown to be effective for treating opioid use disorder (OUD) It has been raised as a potential treatment for depression as well as suicidal behavior but may pose certain risks.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Buprenorphine has a unique pharmacologic profile, allowing it to be delivered in noninvasive ways; thus, it offers an alternative to traditional options."	( A narrative review of buprenorphine in adult cancer pain. Degnan, M; Mousa, SA, 2020)	1.59
"Buprenorphine-naloxone has a very high affinity for the mu-receptor and can cause precipitated opioid withdrawal, typically more severe than withdrawal that occurs naturally, when administered while a full mu-opioid receptor agonist remains in a person's system. "	( A case of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal managed with high-dose buprenorphine. Kiyokawa, M; Murata, KA; Quattlebaum, THN, 2022)	2.57
"Buprenorphine has a longer duration of action and minimal adverse effects when compared with other opioids in American kestrels ( Falco sparverius)."	( Evaluation of the Thermal Antinociceptive Effects of a Sustained-Release Buprenorphine Formulation After Intramuscular Administration to American kestrels ( Falco sparverius). Beaufrère, H; Ceulemans, SM; Guzman, DS; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2018)	1.43
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has a lower abuse potential than buprenorphine and should therefore be prioritized as the prescribed drug."	( Non-prescribed use of methadone and buprenorphine prior to opioid substitution treatment: lifetime prevalence, motives, and drug sources among people with opioid dependence in five Swedish cities. Johnson, B; Richert, T, 2019)	1.51
"Buprenorphine has a relatively low likeability for nonmedical use and the transdermal matrix patch renders the substance particularly difficult to extract for illicit purposes."	( The unique role of transdermal buprenorphine in the global chronic pain epidemic. Henningfield, JE; Leighton-Scott, J; Pergolizzi, JV; Scholten, W; Smith, KJ; Willis, JC, 2015)	1.42
"Buprenorphine has a "blocking" effect against the action of other opioids at the mu-receptor, preventing not only opioid-induced euphoria, but CNS and respiratory depressant effects as well."	( The New Kid on the Block--Incorporating Buprenorphine into a Medical Toxicology Practice. Wiegand, TJ, 2016)	1.42
"Buprenorphine has an opioid component to its supraspinal mechanism of analgesic action. "	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	2.01
"Buprenorphine has a better analgesia/toxicity profile (a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, less potential for abuse) compared to typical mu-opioids."	( Buprenorphine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Holtman, JR; Wala, EP, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine has a moderate T(1/2) in the horse and was detected at concentrations expected to be therapeutic in other species after i.v."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular buprenorphine in the horse. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2012)	1.35
"Buprenorphine has a much lower risk of overdose than methadone and is preferred for patients at high risk of methadone toxicity, those who might need shorter-term maintenance therapy, and those with limited access to methadone treatment."	( Buprenorphine: new treatment of opioid addiction in primary care. Cirone, S; Kahan, M; Ordean, A; Srivastava, A, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine has a long plasma half-life and results in plasma concentrations that are consistent with analgesia in other species for up to 4 hours following IV administration of this dose in horses. "	( Intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in horses: pharmacokinetics and influence of sampling site. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2011)	2.11
"Buprenorphine has a large volume of distribution and is highly protein bound (96%)."	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	2.49
"Buprenorphine has a significant pharmacokinetic interaction with efavirenz but no pharmacodynamic interaction; therefore, simultaneous administration of these drugs is not associated with opioid withdrawal, as has been observed with methadone."	( Treatment of opioid dependence and coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in opioid-dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral agents. McCance-Katz, EF, 2005)	1.05
"Buprenorphine has a long duration of action that allows less than daily dosing for opioid dependence, but pharmacologic characterization of buprenorphine's duration of effects over multiple days is incomplete."	( Effects associated with double-blind omission of buprenorphine/naloxone over a 98-h period. Bigelow, GE; Correia, CJ; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2006)	2.03
"Buprenorphine has a partial morphine-agonist pharmacological profile. "	( [Predictive factors of response to buprenorphine in the substitutive treatment of heroin addicts. Results of a multicenter study of 73 patients]. Bourdel, MC; Jalfre, V; Laqueille, X; Olié, JP; Poirier, MF; Willard, D, 2001)	2.03
"Buprenorphine also has an agonistic effect on the kappa-opioid receptors."	( The role of spinal opioid receptors in antinociceptive effects produced by intrathecal administration of hydromorphone and buprenorphine in the rat. Rattan, AK; Tejwani, GA, 2002)	1.24
"Buprenorphine has unique and favorable pharmacological properties that make it useful in a variety of clinical scenarios. "	( Treating Chronic Pain with Buprenorphine-The Practical Guide. Anwar, S; Case, AA; Davis, MP; Kullgren, J; Pedraza, S, 2021)	2.36
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has been shown to be effective for treating opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Developing A Rapid Transfer from Opioid Full Agonist to Buprenorphine: "Ultrarapid Micro-Dosing" Proof of Concept. Azar, P; Greenwald, MK; Mahal, D; Mathew, N; Schütz, CG; Westenberg, JN; Wong, JSH, )	1.82
"Buprenorphine has been widely used in opioid medication assisted treatment (MAT) in the past decade. "	( Demystifying Buprenorphine with Current Evidence-Based Practice in Acute and Chronic Pain Management. Giron, SE; Griffis, CA; Lai, G; Zhang, SJ, 2022)	2.53
"Buprenorphine has emerged as an appealing medication for its use not only as treatment for opioid use disorder, but also as an opioid for chronic pain that has a ceiling effect on risks associated with opioid therapy."	( A review of the safety of buprenorphine in special populations. Atkinson, TJ; Brandt, C, 2022)	1.74
"Buprenorphine has been approved for opioid use disorder treatment, yet remains underutilized. "	( Trends in Out-of-Pocket Costs for and Characteristics of Pharmacy-Dispensed Buprenorphine Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment by Type of Payer, 2015 to 2020. Desai, S; Guy, GP; Strahan, AE; Zhang, K, 2023)	2.58
"Buprenorphine has been raised as a potential treatment for depression as well as suicidal behavior but may pose certain risks."	( The efficacy and safety of buprenorphine for the treatment of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Riblet, NB; Schnurr, PP; Shiner, B; Watts, BV; Young-Xu, Y, 2023)	1.93
"Buprenorphine availability has increased and relaxed regulations reduces barriers in general medical settings common in rural areas. Barriers to prescribing buprenorphine include lack of confidence, inadequate training, and lack of access to experts."	( Augmenting project ECHO for opioid use disorder with data-informed quality improvement. Cox, KM; Doyle, M; Marsch, LA; McLeman, BM; Murray, OB; Ryer, J; Saunders, EC; Watts, D, 2023)	1.63
"Buprenorphine has become an important medication in the context of the ongoing opioid epidemic. "	( A Guide to Expanding the Use of Buprenorphine Beyond Standard Initiations for Opioid Use Disorder. Brooks, MA; Cox, EJ; Miller, JC; Wurzel, JF; Wurzel, KE, 2023)	2.64
"Buprenorphine has not only had an interdisciplinary impact on our understanding of key neuroscience topics like opioid pharmacology, pain signaling, and reward processing but has also been a key influence in changing the way that substance use disorders are approached in modern medical systems. "	( Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Buprenorphine. Kyzer, JL; Wenthur, CJ, 2020)	2.28
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has been shown to be an effective treatment of opioid use disorder. "	( Rapid Micro-induction of Buprenorphine/Naloxone for Opioid Use Disorder in a Critically ill Intubated Patient: A Case Report. Griesdale, D; Hamata, B; Hann, J; Rezazadeh-Azar, P, 2020)	2.3
"Buprenorphine has a unique pharmacologic profile, allowing it to be delivered in noninvasive ways; thus, it offers an alternative to traditional options."	( A narrative review of buprenorphine in adult cancer pain. Degnan, M; Mousa, SA, 2020)	1.59
"Buprenorphine has been shown to be effective in treating infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. "	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	2.32
"Buprenorphine has been used in pain and opioid addiction management for nearly 25 years. "	( Buprenorphine exposures in adolescents and adults: a 10-year experience of a French Poison Control Center. Boulamery, A; de Haro, L; Glaizal, M; Simon, N; von Fabeck, K, 2021)	3.51
"As buprenorphine/naloxone has gained widespread acceptance for opioid addiction, many treatment providers and patients have a range of hopes and expectations about its optimal use."	( Discontinuing Methadone and Buprenorphine: A Review and Clinical Challenges. Blazes, CK; Shingle, M; Sorensen, JL; Zweben, JE, )	0.94
"Buprenorphine-naloxone has a very high affinity for the mu-receptor and can cause precipitated opioid withdrawal, typically more severe than withdrawal that occurs naturally, when administered while a full mu-opioid receptor agonist remains in a person's system. "	( A case of buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal managed with high-dose buprenorphine. Kiyokawa, M; Murata, KA; Quattlebaum, THN, 2022)	2.57
"Buprenorphine has become the major treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) but data on long treatment term retention and its correlates are sparse."	( Three-year retention in buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder nationally in the Veterans Health Administration. Manhapra, A; Petrakis, I; Rosenheck, R, 2017)	2.2
"Buprenorphine has a longer duration of action and minimal adverse effects when compared with other opioids in American kestrels ( Falco sparverius)."	( Evaluation of the Thermal Antinociceptive Effects of a Sustained-Release Buprenorphine Formulation After Intramuscular Administration to American kestrels ( Falco sparverius). Beaufrère, H; Ceulemans, SM; Guzman, DS; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2018)	1.43
"Buprenorphine has low oral bioavailability. "	( Voriconazole greatly increases the exposure to oral buprenorphine. Backman, JT; Fihlman, M; Hagelberg, NM; Hemmilä, T; Laine, K; Laitila, J; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2018)	2.17
"Buprenorphine has been used internationally for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) since the 1990s and has been available in the United States for more than a decade. "	( The Next Stage of Buprenorphine Care for Opioid Use Disorder. Bosse, JD; Chiodo, LM; Martin, SA; Wilson, A, 2018)	2.26
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has a lower abuse potential than buprenorphine and should therefore be prioritized as the prescribed drug."	( Non-prescribed use of methadone and buprenorphine prior to opioid substitution treatment: lifetime prevalence, motives, and drug sources among people with opioid dependence in five Swedish cities. Johnson, B; Richert, T, 2019)	1.51
"Buprenorphine has logistical advantages over methadone, such as greater flexibility of treatment setting and less risk of adverse effects."	( Medications for management of opioid use disorder. Bridgeman, PJ; Koehl, JL; Zimmerman, DE, 2019)	1.24
"Buprenorphine has become the medication of choice for many patients with OUD, but its use is limited by the low number of physicians certified to prescribe the agent. "	( Medications for management of opioid use disorder. Bridgeman, PJ; Koehl, JL; Zimmerman, DE, 2019)	1.96
"Buprenorphine has recently obtained UK Marketing Authorisation for horses. "	( Postcastration analgesia in ponies using buprenorphine hydrochloride. Love, EJ; Murrell, J; Taylor, PM; Whay, HR, 2013)	2.1
"Buprenorphine has been available in Australia since 2000 as an alternative pharmacotherapy to methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence. "	( The wellbeing of infants exposed to buprenorphine via breast milk at 4 weeks of age. Bartu, A; Doherty, D; Gower, S; Hamilton, D; Ilett, KF; McLaurin, R, 2014)	2.12
"Buprenorphine has some evidence about its safety in newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome, but high-powered studies on its efficacy are currently lacking."	( Care of the infant with neonatal abstinence syndrome: strength of the evidence. Maguire, D, )	0.85
"Buprenorphine (BPN) has been shown to rapidly improve mood in treatment-resistant depressed patients in small clinical studies. "	( Effects of buprenorphine on behavioral tests for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs in mice. Falcon, E; Hill-Smith, TE; Lucki, I; Maier, K; Robinson, SA, 2015)	2.25
"Buprenorphine has a relatively low likeability for nonmedical use and the transdermal matrix patch renders the substance particularly difficult to extract for illicit purposes."	( The unique role of transdermal buprenorphine in the global chronic pain epidemic. Henningfield, JE; Leighton-Scott, J; Pergolizzi, JV; Scholten, W; Smith, KJ; Willis, JC, 2015)	1.42
"Buprenorphine has a "blocking" effect against the action of other opioids at the mu-receptor, preventing not only opioid-induced euphoria, but CNS and respiratory depressant effects as well."	( The New Kid on the Block--Incorporating Buprenorphine into a Medical Toxicology Practice. Wiegand, TJ, 2016)	1.42
"Buprenorphine has recently emerged as a safe and effective treatment option for pregnant women with opioid use disorder (OUD) and is associated with superior neonatal outcomes. "	( Factors associated with buprenorphine versus methadone use in pregnancy. Bogen, D; Day, N; Dunn, SL; Krans, EE; Park, SY; Richardson, G, )	1.88
"Buprenorphine has emerged as a critical component of the treatment of opioid use disorder, yet its adoption has not been without some concerns."	( Buprenorphine Prescribing: To Expand or Not to Expand. Kosten, TR; Li, X; Shorter, D, 2016)	2.6
"Buprenorphine has long been classified as a mu analgesic, although its high affinity for other opioid receptor classes and the orphanin FQ/nociceptin ORL1 receptor may contribute to its other actions. "	( Mediation of buprenorphine analgesia by a combination of traditional and truncated mu opioid receptor splice variants. Ansonoff, M; Bassoni, DL; Grinnell, SG; Lu, Z; Majumdar, S; Marrone, GF; Narayan, A; Pan, YX; Pasternak, GW; Pintar, J; Rossi, G; Xu, J, 2016)	2.25
"Buprenorphine has established effectiveness for outpatient treatment of opioid use disorder. "	( Buprenorphine Initiation and Linkage to Outpatient Buprenorphine do not Reduce Frequency of Injection Opiate Use Following Hospitalization. Anderson, BJ; Cushman, PA; Liebschutz, JM; Moreau, MR; Stein, MD, 2016)	3.32
"Buprenorphine has been proven effective in treating opioid use disorder. "	( Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Medicaid-covered Utilization of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. Borders, TF; Druss, BG; Hockenberry, JM; Wen, H, 2017)	2.14
"Buprenorphine has rarely been administered as an opioid agonist maintenance therapy in a correctional setting. "	( Buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in jail and post-release: a randomized clinical trial. Hershberger, J; Joseph, H; Lee, JD; Magura, S; Marsch, L; Rosenblum, A; Shropshire, C, 2009)	3.24
"Buprenorphine has an opioid component to its supraspinal mechanism of analgesic action. "	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	2.01
"Buprenorphine in contrast has been described to exert an antihyperalgesic effect."	( The role of transdermal buprenorphine in the treatment of cancer pain: an expert panel consensus. Beniak, J; Echaburu, AV; Fragoso, RM; Lybaert, W; Mercadante, S; Mordarski, S; Orońska, A; Pergolizzi, JV; Slama, O; Van den Eynden, B, 2009)	1.38
"Buprenorphine has a better analgesia/toxicity profile (a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, less potential for abuse) compared to typical mu-opioids."	( Buprenorphine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Holtman, JR; Wala, EP, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine has a moderate T(1/2) in the horse and was detected at concentrations expected to be therapeutic in other species after i.v."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular buprenorphine in the horse. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2012)	1.35
"Buprenorphine has a much lower risk of overdose than methadone and is preferred for patients at high risk of methadone toxicity, those who might need shorter-term maintenance therapy, and those with limited access to methadone treatment."	( Buprenorphine: new treatment of opioid addiction in primary care. Cirone, S; Kahan, M; Ordean, A; Srivastava, A, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine has the potential to become an established treatment alternative to methadone for pregnant opioid-dependent women. "	( Randomized controlled trials in pregnancy: scientific and ethical aspects. Exposure to different opioid medications during pregnancy in an intra-individual comparison. Arria, A; Aschauer, C; Bäwert, A; Fischer, G; Jagsch, R; Jones, H; Leitich, H; Rohrmeister, K; Unger, A; Winklbaur, B, 2011)	1.81
"Buprenorphine has a long plasma half-life and results in plasma concentrations that are consistent with analgesia in other species for up to 4 hours following IV administration of this dose in horses. "	( Intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in horses: pharmacokinetics and influence of sampling site. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2011)	2.11
"Buprenorphine has been available in the US for years in parenteral formulations for pain and in sublingual tablets for opioid dependence."	( Transdermal buprenorphine (Butrans) for chronic pain. , 2011)	1.47
"Buprenorphine use has increased in recent years, with the greatest use in rural communities and in office based settings. "	( The impact of buprenorphine on treatment of opioid dependence in a Medicaid population: recent service utilization trends in the use of buprenorphine and methadone. Dick, AW; Farmer, C; Gordon, AJ; Schuster, J; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2012)	2.18
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has recently been introduced in Australia and is available for unsupervised dosing within Queensland. "	( Use and misuse of opioid replacement therapies: a Queensland study. Kemp, R; Smirnov, A, 2012)	1.82
"Buprenorphine has shown limited success to date as a bridge to HCV treatment within an HIV clinic. "	( Buprenorphine for human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: does it serve as a bridge to hepatitis C virus therapy? Flanigan, TP; Friedmann, PD; Macleod, CJ; Maynard, MA; Rich, JD; Sylvestre, DL; Taylor, LE, 2012)	3.26
"As buprenorphine prescribing has increased in the United States so have reports of its diversion. "	( Inability to access buprenorphine treatment as a risk factor for using diverted buprenorphine. Havens, JR; Lofwall, MR, 2012)	1.32
"Buprenorphine has been widely used for post-operative analgesia in laboratory animals. "	( Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals. Flecknell, PA; Roughan, JV, 2002)	3.2
"Buprenorphine has recently been reported to be an alternative to methadone and LAAM for maintenance treatment of opioid dependent individuals, differing results are reported concerning its relative effectiveness indicating the need for an integrative review."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2002)	3.2
"Buprenorphine has physico-chemical properties, including a low molecular weight and high analgesic potency, that make it an excellent compound for transdermal drug delivery."	( Buprenorphine and the transdermal system: the ideal match in pain management. Budd, K, 2003)	2.48
"Buprenorphine has been studied extensively since 1978 when it was initially proposed as an alternative to methadone for treatment of opioid dependence. "	( Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine: comparisons to methadone and placebo. Ling, W; Wesson, DR, 2003)	2.08
"Buprenorphine has been reported to produce little or no autonomic signs or symptoms of opioid withdrawal following abrupt termination in adults."	( Use of buprenorphine in pregnancy: patient management and effects on the neonate. Fischer, G; Johnson, RE; Jones, HE, 2003)	1.5
"Buprenorphine has the potential to reduce the harm caused by drug abuse."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance treatment in an ambulant setting: a health-related quality of life assessment. Ertl, M; Giacomuzzi, SM; Hinterhuber, H; Kemmler, G; Kurz, M; Riemer, Y; Rössler, H, 2003)	2.48
"Buprenorphine has recently been reported to be an alternative to methadone and LAAM for maintenance treatment of opioid dependent individuals, differing results are reported concerning its relative effectiveness indicating the need for an integrative review."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2003)	3.2
"Buprenorphine has become of increasing interest to be an alternative to methadone in the treatment of heroin addicts. "	( Buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence. Davids, E; Gastpar, M, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine has been widely recommended for treatment of pain in rodents. "	( Analgesic efficacy of orally administered buprenorphine in rats: methodologic considerations. Acheson, A; Kristal, MB; Martin, LB; Martin, T; Sallaj, A; Thompson, AC, 2004)	2.03
"Buprenorphine has already been registered in 27 European countries for maintenance therapy in opioid-dependent patients. "	( Buprenorphine maintenance: office-based treatment with addiction clinic support. Fischer, G; Jagsch, R; Ortner, R; Primorac, A; Schindler, SD, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine has recently been reported to be an alternative to methadone and LAAM for maintenance treatment of opioid dependent individuals, differing results are reported concerning its relative effectiveness indicating the need for an integrative review."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2004)	3.21
"Buprenorphine has been used for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, as a supplement to anesthesia, and for behavioral and psychiatric disorders including treatment for opioid addiction."	( Buprenorphine: considerations for pain management. Fudala, PJ; Johnson, RE; Payne, R, 2005)	2.49
"Buprenorphine prescribing has increased dramatically and represents a disproportionately large fraction of community opiate prescribing costs. "	( The rise of buprenorphine prescribing in England: analysis of NHS regional data, 2001-03. Bearn, J; de Wet, CJ; Reed, LJ, 2005)	2.15
"Buprenorphine has been in clinical use in anaesthesia for several decades. "	( High-dose buprenorphine: perioperative precautions and management strategies. Meyer-Witting, M; Roberts, DM, 2005)	2.17
"Buprenorphine has a large volume of distribution and is highly protein bound (96%)."	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	2.49
"Buprenorphine has been used extensively to control cancer pain."	( Buprenorphine in cancer pain. Davis, MP, 2005)	2.49
"Buprenorphine has shown a higher liposolubility in supraspinal districts, while the morphine acts above all on the mu receptor subtype of the spinal cord."	( Transdermal buprenorphine combined with spinal morphine and naropine for pain relief in chronic peripheral vasculopathy. Aurilio, B; Pace, MC; Passavanti, MB, )	1.23
"Buprenorphine has a significant pharmacokinetic interaction with efavirenz but no pharmacodynamic interaction; therefore, simultaneous administration of these drugs is not associated with opioid withdrawal, as has been observed with methadone."	( Treatment of opioid dependence and coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in opioid-dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral agents. McCance-Katz, EF, 2005)	1.05
"Buprenorphine has been widely used and studied for over 20 years and has been shown to be an effective opioid analgesic. "	( [Transdermal buprenorphine during pregnancy]. Ebner, E; Wiedmann, M, 2006)	2.15
"Buprenorphine has dualistic effects on ethanol drinking; low doses increase alcohol intake via stimulation of classic opioid receptors, whereas higher doses reduce it via activation of NOP receptors. "	( Buprenorphine reduces alcohol drinking through activation of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ-NOP receptor system. Ciccocioppo, R; Economidou, D; Heilig, M; Massi, M; Rimondini, R; Sommer, W, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine analogs have been synthesized. "	( A highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist with low addictive potential and dependence liability. Kim, YH; Lee, H; Lee, HY; Park, HS; Park, JK; Zvartau, EE, 2006)	1.78
"Buprenorphine has considerable abuse potential. "	( Subjective effects of additional doses of buprenorphine in patients on buprenorphine maintenance. Jain, R; Jena, R; Pal, HR; Singhal, A; Tripathi, BM, 2007)	2.05
"Buprenorphine has partial mu-opioid receptor agonist activity and is a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; hence, it can substitute for other micro-opioid receptor agonists, yet is less apt to produce overdose reactions or dysphoria."	( Buprenorphine-containing treatments: place in the management of opioid addiction. Robinson, SE, 2006)	2.5
"Buprenorphine has been approved in several countries as an efficient and safe maintenance therapy for heroin addiction."	( Does high-dose buprenorphine cause respiratory depression?: possible mechanisms and therapeutic consequences. Baud, FJ; Hreiche, R; Marie, N; Mégarbane, B; Pirnay, S, 2006)	1.41
"Buprenorphine has a long duration of action that allows less than daily dosing for opioid dependence, but pharmacologic characterization of buprenorphine's duration of effects over multiple days is incomplete."	( Effects associated with double-blind omission of buprenorphine/naloxone over a 98-h period. Bigelow, GE; Correia, CJ; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2006)	2.03
"Buprenorphine-naloxone has less potential for abuse and diversion."	( Buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Boothby, LA; Doering, PL, 2007)	2.5
"Buprenorphine has been approved for heroin detoxification, but little is known about its impact on everyday practice. "	( Buprenorphine for acute heroin detoxification: diffusion of research into practice. Boverman, JF; Kovas, AE; McCarty, DJ; McFarland, BH; Thayer, JA, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine has been increasingly used as maintenance therapy in opioid dependence as an alternative to methadone and other pharmacological therapies. "	( Buprenorphine does not aggravate ischemic neuronal injury in experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Cam, E; Kilic, E; Yildiz, A; Yulug, B, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine injection has become entrenched among some groups of Victorian IDUs. "	( Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia--an update. Aitken, CK; Hellard, ME; Higgs, PG, 2008)	3.23
"Buprenorphine has been reported as an alternative to methadone for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence, but differing results are reported concerning its relative effectiveness indicating the need for an integrative review."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2008)	3.23
"Buprenorphine has shown some promise in the management of heroin dependence but is still undergoing evaluation."	( Managing illicit drug use. A practical guide. Wodak, A, 1994)	1.01
"Buprenorphine has been an important advance in care for drug abusers, but the toxic risk may be fatal. "	( [Acute poisoning during substitution therapy based on high-dosage buprenorphine. 29 clinical cases--20 fatal cases]. Deveaux, M; Flesch, F; Ghysel, MH; Jaeger, A; Kintz, P; Kopferschmitt, J; Ludes, B; Marquet, P; Pépin, G; Petit, G; Tournoud, C; Tracqui, A, 1998)	1.98
"Buprenorphine has been used for several years for the treatment of opiate addiction."	( Development of biodegradable drug delivery system to treat addiction. Mandal, TK, 1999)	1.02
"Buprenorphine has been investigated in combination with the opioid antagonist, naloxone, with the goal of decreasing abuse, misuse, and diversion."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone for heroin dependence. Johnson, RE; McCagh, JC, 2000)	2.47
"Buprenorphine has been successfully used in long-term treatment in United States and in Western Europe."	( [Use of buprenorphine as a substitute treatment for opiate dependence in the Toxicology Clinics--introductory clinical report]. Chrostek Maj, J; Pach, J; Radomska, M, 2001)	1.47
"Buprenorphine has a partial morphine-agonist pharmacological profile. "	( [Predictive factors of response to buprenorphine in the substitutive treatment of heroin addicts. Results of a multicenter study of 73 patients]. Bourdel, MC; Jalfre, V; Laqueille, X; Olié, JP; Poirier, MF; Willard, D, 2001)	2.03
"Buprenorphine also has an agonistic effect on the kappa-opioid receptors."	( The role of spinal opioid receptors in antinociceptive effects produced by intrathecal administration of hydromorphone and buprenorphine in the rat. Rattan, AK; Tejwani, GA, 2002)	1.24
"Buprenorphine has potential as a medication to ameliorate the signs and symptoms of withdrawal from heroin, and possibly methadone, but many aspects of treatment protocol and relative effectiveness need to be investigated further."	( Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Ali, R; Gowing, L; White, J, 2002)	3.2
"Buprenorphine has been stated a drug of low abuse potential and often used therapeutically in the management of opiate addicts. "	( Buprenorphine abuse: report from India. Chowdhury, AN; Chowdhury, S, 1990)	3.16
"[11C]Buprenorphine has potential as a radioligand for the study of the opiate receptor system in vivo by means of position emission tomography."	( Preparation of [11C]buprenorphine--a potential radioligand for the study of the opiate receptor system in vivo. Brady, F; Crouzel, C; Horlock, PL; Luthra, SK; Pike, VW; Prenant, C, 1987)	1.05

Actions

Buprenorphine poisoning can cause neurological, gastroenteric, and respiratory symptoms. It does not cause more cognitive impairment than methadone or may even cause less. It is preferred for patients at high risk of overdose and those who might need shorter-term maintenance therapy.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Buprenorphine poisoning can cause neurological, gastroenteric, and respiratory symptoms."	( Buprenorphine poisoning in children: a 10-year-experience of Marseille Poison Center. Boulamery, A; de Haro, L; Glaizal, M; Simon, N; von Fabeck, K, 2020)	2.72
"Buprenorphine did not produce any serious adverse effects."	( Postcastration analgesia in ponies using buprenorphine hydrochloride. Love, EJ; Murrell, J; Taylor, PM; Whay, HR, 2013)	1.38
"Buprenorphine does not cause more cognitive impairment than methadone or may even cause less."	( Opioids and traffic safety--focus on buprenorphine. Soyka, M, 2014)	1.4
"Buprenorphine did not inhibit AC or stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in CHO cells expressing MOPr-A6V, but buprenorphine activation of K channels in AtT-20 cells was preserved. "	( A6V polymorphism of the human μ-opioid receptor decreases signalling of morphine and endogenous opioids in vitro. Connor, M; Knapman, A; Santiago, M, 2015)	1.86
"Buprenorphine plays a particular role in opiate dependence care provision in France."	( French Experience with Buprenorphine : Do Physicians Follow the Guidelines? Grall Bronnec, M; Guillet, JY; Guillou Landreat, M; Le Reste, JY; Rozaire, C; Victorri Vigneau, C, 2015)	1.45
"Buprenorphine displays attributes of opioids, but also some features distinct from them. "	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	2.01
"Buprenorphine has a much lower risk of overdose than methadone and is preferred for patients at high risk of methadone toxicity, those who might need shorter-term maintenance therapy, and those with limited access to methadone treatment."	( Buprenorphine: new treatment of opioid addiction in primary care. Cirone, S; Kahan, M; Ordean, A; Srivastava, A, 2011)	2.53
"Buprenorphine can cause liver dysfunction after sublingual and even more after intravenous administration."	( Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance therapies for patients with hepatitis C virus infected after intravenous drug use. Buntinx, F; Matheï, C; Robaeys, G; Verrando, R, )	1.21
"Buprenorphine offers lower overdose risk and improved access, but efficacy may be lower."	( A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Grönbladh, L; Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Nilsson, LH; Rawlings, B; Rück, C; Svanborg, KD; von Wachenfeldt, J, 2007)	1.35
"Buprenorphine did not cause a reduction in binding affinity in these experiments."	( Brain opioid receptor adaptation and expression after prenatal exposure to buprenorphine. Barron, S; Belcheva, MM; Bohn, LM; Coscia, CJ; Ho, MT; Johnson, FE; Yanai, J, 1998)	1.25
"Norbuprenorphine did not inhibit the metabolism of flunitrazepam or omeprazole. "	( Lack of interaction of buprenorphine with flunitrazepam metabolism. Kilicarslan, T; Sellers, EM, 2000)	1.24
"Buprenorphine appears to produce side effects which are similar to those seen with other morphine-like compounds, including respiratory depression."	( Buprenorphine: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Avery, GS; Brogden, RN; Heel, RC; Speight, TM, 1979)	2.42
"Buprenorphine, perhaps because it is relatively inexpensive, was not associated with criminality."	( The use of buprenorphine and temazepam by drug injectors. Forsyth, A; Hammersley, R; Lavelle, TL, 1991)	1.39

Treatment

Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) has more than doubled since 2009. Treatment discontinuation in the 180 days following initiation, defined as a gap in treatment of more than 27 days based on prescription fill dates and days' supply.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) has positive outcomes including reducing opioid-related morbidity and mortality. "	( Expanding Access to Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Through Incentivized Continuing Education. Boley, RA; Hill, K; Karnik, NS; Salisbury-Afshar, E; Smithenry, D, 2022)	2.16
"Buprenorphine treatment retention at 8 weeks postrelease."	( Comparison of Treatment Retention of Adults With Opioid Addiction Managed With Extended-Release Buprenorphine vs Daily Sublingual Buprenorphine-Naloxone at Time of Release From Jail. Cheng, A; Garment, A; Giftos, J; Goldfeld, KS; Katyal, M; Lee, JD; MacDonald, R; Malone, M; Mangat, J; Matteo, M; McDonald, R; Porter, B; Tofighi, B; Vasudevan, K, 2021)	2.28
"Buprenorphine treatment is safe and effective, and US regulations allow for prescribing from diverse locations, including SSPs."	( Onsite buprenorphine inductions at harm reduction agencies to increase treatment engagement and reduce HIV risk: Design and rationale. Abbas, B; Cunningham, CO; Fox, AD; Ghiroli, M; Hayes, BT; Jakubowski, A; Murphy, S; Norton, B; Perez-Correa, A; Riback, L, 2022)	1.9
"Buprenorphine treatment reduced facial pain expression scores, improved mobility, stance and lameness scores and it did not supress the CFA-induced ankle swelling, contrary to carprofen."	( Effects of buprenorphine on model development in an adjuvant-induced monoarthritis rat model. Abelson, KSP; Berke, MS; Fensholdt, LKD; Hestehave, S; Kalliokoski, O, 2022)	1.83
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder provided in the emergency department with subsequent buprenorphine treatment by community prescribers is associated with improved outcomes, but the frequency with which this occurs is unknown. "	( Subsequent Buprenorphine Treatment Following Emergency Physician Buprenorphine Prescription Fills: A National Assessment 2019 to 2020. Gordon, AJ; Kerber, R; Saloner, B; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2022)	2.55
"Buprenorphine treatment likely improves overall, physical, psychological, and social QoL, and may improve environmental QoL, for individuals with OUD. "	( Systematic review and meta-analysis of changes in quality of life following initiation of buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. Andraka-Christou, B; Entress, R; Fortson, K; Golan, M; Golan, OK; Perry, E; Pigott, T; Rivera-Atilano, R; Totaram, R; Whitaker, D, 2022)	2.39
"Both buprenorphine and methadone treatments induced oxidative stress."	( Inflammatory, oxidative stress and cognitive functions in patients under maintenance treatment with methadone or buprenorphine and healthy subjects. Arezoomandan, M; Arezoomandan, R; Eshrati, S; Mehrzad, J; Motavalizadehkakhky, A; Zhiani, R, 2022)	1.39
"New buprenorphine treatment episodes were accrued between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2019, and the maximum follow-up was April 30, 2020."	( Prescribing Characteristics Associated With Opioid Overdose Following Buprenorphine Taper. Bozinoff, N; Gomes, T; Kurdyak, P; Men, S; Selby, P, 2022)	1.44
"Buprenorphine treatment provided in a primary care setting."	( Cost-effectiveness of office-based buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder. Brandeau, ML; Humphreys, K; Owens, DK; Qian, G; Rao, I, 2023)	2.63
"Buprenorphine treatment after nonfatal opioid-involved overdose was associated with a 62% reduction in the risk of opioid-involved overdose death. "	( Buprenorphine After Nonfatal Opioid Overdose: Reduced Mortality Risk in Medicare Disability Beneficiaries. Crystal, S; Nowels, MA; Olfson, M; Samples, H; Williams, AR, 2023)	3.8
"Buprenorphine is a treatment medication that decreases mortality risks among people with opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Buprenorphine Treatment For Opioid Use Disorder: Comparison Of Insurance Restrictions, 2017-21. Andraka-Christou, B; Bradford, WD; Nguyen, T; Simon, KI, 2023)	3.8
"Buprenorphine treatment significantly reduces morbidity and mortality for people with opioid use disorder. "	( The Howard Street Method: A Community Pharmacy-led Low Dose Overlap Buprenorphine Initiation Protocol for Individuals Using Fentanyl. Abbs, E; Dobbins, S; Geier, M; Noel, M; Samuel, L; Soran, CS; Suen, L, )	1.81
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) has more than doubled since 2009. "	( Buprenorphine Dose and Time to Discontinuation Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl. Beaudoin, FL; Berk, J; Chambers, LC; Gaither, R; Hallowell, BD; Hampson, AJ; Paiva, TJ; Wightman, RS; Zullo, AR, 2023)	3.8
"Buprenorphine treatment discontinuation in the 180 days following initiation, defined as a gap in treatment of more than 27 days based on prescription fill dates and days' supply. "	( Buprenorphine Dose and Time to Discontinuation Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl. Beaudoin, FL; Berk, J; Chambers, LC; Gaither, R; Hallowell, BD; Hampson, AJ; Paiva, TJ; Wightman, RS; Zullo, AR, 2023)	3.8
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. "	( Removal of Medicaid Prior Authorization Requirements and Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. Christine, PJ; Larochelle, MR; Lin, LA; McBride, J; Tipirneni, R, 2023)	2.6
": Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder is safe and effective, but only a fraction of Americans who need treatment receive it. "	( Defining Low-threshold Buprenorphine Treatment. Fox, A; Jakubowski, A, )	1.16
"Less buprenorphine treatment among those with greater acute care utilization highlights an opportunity for systems-level changes to increase OUD treatment."	( Prevalence and treatment of opioid use disorders among primary care patients in six health systems. Binswanger, IA; Bobb, JF; Boudreau, DM; Bradley, KA; Campbell, CI; Glass, JE; Johnson, EA; Lapham, G; Liu, D; Matthews, AG; McCormack, J; Murphy, MT; Rossom, RC; Samet, JH; Saxon, AJ; Yarborough, BJH, 2020)	1.01
"Buprenorphine treatment relates positively to experiences with care comprehensiveness, medication decisions, and care coordination."	( Primary care experiences of veterans with opioid use disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. Gordon, AJ; Gundlapalli, AV; Hausmann, LRM; Jones, AL; Kertesz, SG; Mor, MK; Pettey, WBP; Schaefer, JH; Suo, Y, 2020)	1.28
"Buprenorphine treatment rates by primary care providers increased from 12.9 people per 10,000 population in 2010 to 27.4 in 2018."	( Buprenorphine Treatment By Primary Care Providers, Psychiatrists, Addiction Specialists, And Others. King, M; Olfson, M; Schoenbaum, M; Zhang, V, 2020)	2.72
"Buprenorphine treatment is not equally effective in all patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( A Delta-Opioid Receptor Gene Polymorphism Moderates the Therapeutic Response to Extended-Release Buprenorphine in Opioid Use Disorder. Andorn, AC; Crist, RC; Hartwell, E; Kranzler, HR; Laffont, CM; Le Moigne, A; Lynch, KG, 2021)	2.28
"Buprenorphine treatment remains unavailable in many jails and prisons, but use of nonprescribed (i.e., diverted) buprenorphine has been reported in these settings. "	( Exploring nonprescribed use of buprenorphine in the criminal justice system through qualitative interviews among individuals recently released from incarceration. Cheng, A; Chilcoat, H; DeVeaugh-Geiss, A; Dusek, K; Gryczynski, J; Lee, JD; Malone, M; McDonald, R; Monico, LB; Sharma, A, 2021)	2.35
"Buprenorphine treatment days were associated with a nearly 40% reduction in the risk of poisoning events (odds ratio=0.63, 95% CI=0.60, 0.66) compared with nontreatment days, whereas benzodiazepine or Z-drug treatment days were associated with an 88% increase in the risk of such events (95% CI=1.78, 1.98). "	( Association Between Benzodiazepine or Z-Drug Prescriptions and Drug-Related Poisonings Among Patients Receiving Buprenorphine Maintenance: A Case-Crossover Analysis. Bierut, LJ; Borodovsky, JT; Grucza, RA; Hartz, SM; Mintz, CM; Presnall, N; Xu, KY, 2021)	2.28
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder provides a good example and methodological foundation."	( Commentary: Moving Toward Clear, Evidence-based, and Effective State Policies for Addiction Medicine. Thomas, CP, )	0.85
"Most buprenorphine treated participants (67.6%) reported that they had received buprenorphine through low-barrier, community, or nonprofit programs."	( Increased utilization of buprenorphine and methadone in 2018 compared to 2015 among Seattle-area persons who inject drugs. Bhatraju, E; Glick, SN; Hiser, JKD; Poorman, E; Tsui, JI, 2021)	1.38
"Buprenorphine/naloxone treatment discontinuation."	( Patterns of patient discontinuation from buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid use disorder: A study of a commercially insured population in Massachusetts. Hasan, MM; Islam, MS; Modestino, AS; Mohite, P; Noor-E-Alam, M; Peckham, AM; Young, GJ; Young, LD, 2021)	2.33
"Buprenorphine, an effective treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), remains underutilized in many U.S. "	( Use of non-prescribed buprenorphine in the criminal justice system: Perspectives of individuals recently released from incarceration. Cheng, A; Chilcoat, HD; DeVeaugh-Geiss, A; Dusek, K; Gryczynski, J; Lee, JD; Malone, M; McDonald, R; Monico, LB; Sharma, A, 2021)	2.38
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) is widely used in Iran, and its use is growing continuously. "	( Buprenorphine abuse and health risks in Iran: A systematic review. Ansari, M; Baheshmat, S; Gholami, J; Hamzehzadeh, M; Mojtabai, R; Rahimi-Movaghar, A; Rostam-Abadi, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Buprenorphine treatment retention was 56.0% at one month and 26.2% at three months."	( Mobile low-threshold buprenorphine integrated with infectious disease services. Bell, J; Blackwell, I; Cotterell, M; Greenbaum, A; Harris, R; Hayes, D; Lucas, GM; Page, KR; Rosecrans, A; Saxton, RE; Sherman, S; Weir, B; Willman, C; Zoltick, M, 2022)	1.76
"Buprenorphine treatment providers have not uniformly integrated HIV-related screening, education, and testing services for patients. "	( A mixed methods study of HIV-related services in buprenorphine treatment. Cook, J; Havens, JR; Knudsen, HK; Lofwall, MR; Studts, JL; Walsh, SL, 2017)	2.15
"Buprenorphine treatment retention declined markedly in the first year and was substantially lower than in comparable studies from publicly funded health care systems, apparently largely due to disenrollment. "	( Three-Year Retention in Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Among Privately Insured Adults. Agbese, E; Leslie, DL; Manhapra, A; Rosenheck, RA, 2018)	2.23
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder improves HIV outcomes and other outcomes."	( Opioids and HIV Infection: From Pain Management to Addiction Treatment. Cunningham, CO, 2018)	1.2
"Buprenorphine treatment costs were stable for health plans and declined for privately insured adults since 2003. "	( Buprenorphine Use and Spending for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: Trends From 2003 to 2015. Dusetzina, SB; Roberts, AW; Saloner, B, 2018)	3.37
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder may be improved by sustained-release formulations."	( Weekly and Monthly Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot Formulations vs Daily Sublingual Buprenorphine With Naloxone for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bailey, GL; Chen, M; Frost, M; Kampman, KM; Kim, S; Linden, M; Lofwall, MR; Nunes, EV; Oosman, S; Peterson, S; Sheldon, B; Sigmon, SC; Tiberg, F; Walsh, SL, 2018)	2.21
"Buprenorphine treatment induced a higher lsm number of pyloric (1.73 ± 0.19 versus 0.78 ± 0.19, p < 0.01) and lsm duodenal contractions (17.35 ± 1.04 versus 13.44 ± 1.04, p < 0.01). "	( Influence of a single dose of buprenorphine on rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) gastrointestinal motility. Bolen, G; Deflers, H; Farnir, F; Gandar, F; Marlier, D, 2018)	2.21
"Six buprenorphine treatment trajectories during pregnancy were identified in this population-based Medicaid cohort, with 25% of women initiating buprenorphine late during pregnancy. "	( Adherence trajectories of buprenorphine therapy among pregnant women in a large state Medicaid program in the United States. Donohue, JM; James, AE; Jarlenski, MP; Jones, BL; Kelley, D; Kim, JY; Krans, EE; Lo-Ciganic, WH, 2019)	1.37
"Buprenorphine treatment retention and abstinence among those retained in treatment is not worse between people using fentanyl compared to heroin at treatment initiation. "	( Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence. Chang, Y; Flood, J; Metlay, J; Regan, S; Rigotti, N; Wakeman, SE; Yu, L, )	1.87
"Buprenorphine treatment in an unbilled setting was associated with an increased hazard for patient attrition when compared to treatment in billed medical settings, indicating the importance of Medicaid-covered provider visits for patient retention."	( A comparison of buprenorphine and psychosocial treatment outcomes in psychosocial and medical settings. Beeler-Stinn, S; Brown, DS; Grucza, RA; Presnall, NJ; Wolf, DAPS, 2019)	1.58
"As buprenorphine treatment and illicit buprenorphine use increase, many patients seeking buprenorphine treatment will have had prior experience with buprenorphine. "	( Prior buprenorphine experience is associated with office-based buprenorphine treatment outcomes. Cunningham, CO; Giovanniello, A; Roose, RJ; Sohler, NL; Starrels, JL, )	1.23
"Buprenorphine-treated adolescent mice did not significantly differ from control drug-naïve animals in their response to quinpirole. "	( Differential effects of methadone and buprenorphine on the response of D2/D3 dopamine receptors in adolescent mice. Barwatt, JW; Bates, ML; Eitan, S; Emery, MA; Hofford, RS; Wellman, PJ, 2013)	2.1
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) and methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) are pharmacological treatment programs for individuals with opioid use disorders. "	( Medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine: assessing the evidence. Daniels, AS; Delphin-Rittmon, ME; Dougherty, RH; Fullerton, CA; Ghose, SS; Kim, M; Lyman, DR; Montejano, L; Thomas, CP, 2014)	2.12
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment has been evaluated in randomised controlled trials against placebo medication, and separately as an alternative to methadone for management of opioid dependence."	( Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Breen, C; Davoli, M; Kimber, J; Mattick, RP, 2014)	3.29
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence is safe and effective but underutilized."	( I heard about it from a friend: assessing interest in buprenorphine treatment. Cunningham, CO; Fox, AD; Lopez, CM; Shah, PA; Sohler, NL; Starrels, JL, 2014)	1.37
"Buprenorphine is a newer treatment for maternal opioid addiction and appears to result in a milder withdrawal syndrome than methadone."	( Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Hsi, A; Leeman, L; Sutter, MB, 2014)	1.12
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment is emerging as a treatment during pregnancy with distinct benefits for the neonate and the pregnant woman."	( Buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence in pregnancy. Mittal, L, )	2.3
"Four buprenorphine-treated cats experienced AEs during the study, two unrelated and two related to study drug administration."	( The safety of high-dose buprenorphine administered subcutaneously in cats. Atterson, PR; Coleman, GD; Haas, MC; Hamlin, RL; Sramek, MK, 2015)	1.18
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) is an effective opioid addiction treatment that may be provided from flexible settings, potentially including harm reduction agencies."	( Harm Reduction Agencies as a Potential Site for Buprenorphine Treatment. Chamberlain, A; Cunningham, CO; Fox, AD; Frost, T, 2015)	1.39
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment is effective and has been successfully integrated into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and primary care settings. "	( Optimizing psychosocial support during office-based buprenorphine treatment in primary care: Patients' experiences and preferences. Cunningham, CO; Fox, AD; Masyukova, M, 2016)	2.13
"Buprenorphine treatment increased in all social areas over time with a significantly higher rate of increase in the social area with the highest income and the lowest percentage of Black, Hispanic, and low-income residents. "	( Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City. DiRocco, D; Hansen, H; Siegel, C; Wanderling, J, 2016)	3.32
"Buprenorphine treatment rates are increasing in all social areas, with slower uptake in moderate income mixed ethnicity areas. "	( Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City. DiRocco, D; Hansen, H; Siegel, C; Wanderling, J, 2016)	3.32
"Buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT) is an effective means of therapy, but patients with recent criminal justice involvement may need more support during BMT than other patients."	( Recent incarceration and buprenorphine maintenance treatment outcomes among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Cunningham, CO; Fox, AD; Ning, Y; Riggins, DP, )	1.16
"Both buprenorphine treatments had a positive impact on maintenance of body weight and water consumption, compared to the control group that received no buprenorphine."	( Effect of subcutaneous injection and oral voluntary ingestion of buprenorphine on post-operative serum corticosterone levels in male rats. Abelson, KS; Carlsson, HE; Goldkuhl, R; Hau, J, 2008)	1.04
"Buprenorphine patients treated for over 3 months were recruited via physicians prescribing buprenorphine."	( Benzodiazepine use among opiate-dependent subjects in buprenorphine maintenance treatment: correlates of use, abuse and dependence. Auriacombe, M; Denis, C; Fatséas, M; Lavie, E, 2009)	1.32
"Buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence in an urban community health center resulted in a 90-day retention rate of 70.7%. "	( Buprenorphine treatment in an urban community health center: what to expect. Beil, R; Cunningham, C; Giovanniello, A; Mund, P; Sacajiu, G; Sohler, N; Whitley, S, )	3.02
"Buprenorphine treatment reduced the corticosterone levels during the first hour after surgery after both catheterisation and laparotomy."	( Impact of surgical severity and analgesic treatment on plasma corticosterone in rats during surgery. Abelson, KS; Carlsson, HE; Goldkuhl, R; Hau, J; Klockars, A, 2010)	1.08
"Buprenorphine-treated rats consumed more water and maintained body weight better."	( Effects of voluntarily-ingested buprenorphine on plasma corticosterone levels, body weight, water intake, and behaviour in permanently catheterised rats. Abelson, KS; Goldkuhl, R; Hau, J, )	1.14
"Buprenorphine and meloxicam treatments both had stimulatory effects on mean arterial pressure and daytime heart rate measurements, although effects on nighttime mean arterial pressure were greater in the buprenorphine-treated rats."	( Comparison of buprenorphine and meloxicam for postsurgical analgesia in rats: effects on body weight, locomotor activity, and hemodynamic parameters. Adams, MA; Bourque, SL; Nakatsu, K; Winterborn, A, 2010)	1.44
"Buprenorphine treatment was associated with a decrease in pain severity without negative effects on the central nervous system. "	( Transdermal buprenorphine for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in the oldest old. Benincasa, E; Ceci, M; Conati, G; Franchi, F; Galetti, G; Gianni, W; Madaio, AR; Nieddu, A; Salani, B; Zuccaro, SM, 2011)	2.19
"Buprenorphine treatment was associated with improvement in HIV QIs at 12 months."	( Improving adherence to HIV quality of care indicators in persons with opioid dependence: the role of buprenorphine. Altice, FL; Asch, SM; Botsko, M; Boverman, J; Fiellin, DA; Fishl, M; Flanigan, TP; Fu, R; Korthuis, PT; Lum, PJ; McCarty, D; Sohler, N; Tozzi, MJ, 2011)	1.31
"Buprenorphine treatment significantly lowered the plasma corticosterone levels, but had no effect on fecal corticosterone excretion or body weight change."	( Post-operative corticosterone levels in plasma and feces of mice subjected to permanent catheterization and automated blood sampling. Abelson, KS; Hau, J; Jacobsen, KR; Kalliokoski, O; Sundbom, R, )	0.85
"The buprenorphine treatment was switched to buprenorphine/naloxone (4:1), and the patients were followed for about 1 year."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone versus methadone in opioid dependence: a longitudinal survey. Baldassarre, C; Curcio, F; Franco, T; Topa, M, 2011)	2.29
"buprenorphine treatment to determine whether BT was attracting different types of patients."	( African American patients seeking treatment in the public sector: characteristics of buprenorphine vs. methadone patients. Gryczynski, J; Jaffe, JH; Kelly, SM; Mitchell, SG; Myers, CP; O'Grady, KE; Olsen, YK; Schwartz, RP, 2012)	1.32
"Buprenorphine treatment can be provided at low cost in countries across the world. "	( Costs of addressing heroin addiction in Malaysia and 32 comparable countries worldwide. Chawarski, M; Luekens, C; Mazlan, M; Ng, N; Ruger, JP; Schottenfeld, R, 2012)	1.82
"Buprenorphine-treated patients performed statistically significantly better in a simple reaction time test than methadone-treated ones. "	( Do drug treatment variables predict cognitive performance in multidrug-treated opioid-dependent patients? A regression analysis study. Alho, H; Fabritius, C; Kalska, H; Rapeli, P, 2012)	1.82
"Buprenorphine treatment can be initiated safely in primary care settings by trained GPs."	( A comparison of buprenorphine treatment in clinic and primary care settings: a randomised trial. Bell, JR; Doran, CM; Gibson, AE; Lintzeris, N; Ryan, A, 2003)	1.39
"Buprenorphine treatment was effective in inducing a conditioned flavor aversion."	( Analgesic efficacy of orally administered buprenorphine in rats: methodologic considerations. Acheson, A; Kristal, MB; Martin, LB; Martin, T; Sallaj, A; Thompson, AC, 2004)	1.31
"Buprenorphine treatment had no effect on total heroin intake at any dose or under any schedule, whereas it suppressed cocaine intake at all doses and under all schedules."	( The effects of chronic buprenorphine on intake of heroin and cocaine in rats and its effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine levels during self-administration. Sorge, RE; Stewart, J, 2006)	1.37
"Buprenorphine was a common treatment for OW in this ED without any documented adverse outcomes. "	( Evaluation of the use of buprenorphine for opioid withdrawal in an emergency department. Berg, ML; Ding, R; Idrees, U; Liang, HK; McCarthy, ML; Nesbit, SA, 2007)	2.09
"Buprenorphine treatment could potentially reduce the treatment gap by providing safe and effective treatment for opioid dependence and by attracting patients who do not typically seek care at opioid treatment programs."	( Experiences of a national sample of qualified addiction specialists who have and have not prescribed buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Kissin, W; McLeod, C; Sonnefeld, J; Stanton, A, 2006)	1.27
"Buprenorphine treated opiate addicts were compared with medical patients."	( Deficit of circulating stem--progenitor cells in opiate addiction: a pilot study. Davidson, P; Reece, AS, 2007)	1.06
"Buprenorphine treatment did not significantly alter atazanavir or ritonavir concentrations."	( Interaction between buprenorphine and atazanavir or atazanavir/ritonavir. DiFrancesco, R; Friedland, G; Ma, Q; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Morse, GD; Pade, P; Rainey, PM, 2007)	1.38
"Buprenorphine treatment during gestation provides an opportunity for monitoring drug disposition in maternal and fetal tissues under controlled conditions."	( Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in hair of pregnant women and their infants after controlled buprenorphine administration. Averin, O; Choo, RE; Goodwin, RS; Huestis, MA; Jasinski, DR; Johnson, RE; Jones, HE; Schroeder, JR; Wilkins, DG, 2007)	3.23
"Buprenorphine/naloxone treatment was associated with significant reductions in overall and drug-related ARI scores from baseline to 12 and 24 weeks."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone treatment in primary care is associated with decreased human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors. Barry, D; Chawarski, MC; Fiellin, DA; Moore, BA; O'Connor, PG; Pantalon, MV; Schottenfeld, RS; Sullivan, LE, 2008)	2.51
"Buprenorphine, an opioid treatment drug, was the predominant analyte reported, but low concentrations of norbuprenorphine were frequently reported."	( Prevalence and disposition of drugs of abuse and opioid treatment drugs in oral fluid. Clarke, J; Cone, EJ; Tsanaclis, L, 2007)	1.06
"When buprenorphine treatment started pre-conception, NAS at any level was significantly less frequent than in subjects with post-conception initiated treatment (7/27, 26%; 12/20, 60%, respectively)."	( Buprenorphine and methadone treatment of opiate dependence during pregnancy: comparison of fetal growth and neonatal outcomes in two consecutive case series. Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Sarman, I, 2008)	2.24
"Buprenorphine treatment, and not abstinence from drug use alone, leads to improvement in regional cerebral perfusion abnormalities in chronic cocaine- and heroin-dependent men."	( Improved regional cerebral blood flow in chronic cocaine polydrug users treated with buprenorphine. Garada, B; Holman, BL; Levin, JM; Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH; Schwartz, RB; Teoh, SK, 1995)	1.96
"Buprenorphine treatment was significantly superior to clonidine and to lefetamine (F = 3.96 df = 2, 29 P < 0.05) in controlling objective, subjective and psychological withdrawal symptomatology."	( Opiate detoxification of methadone maintenance patients using lefetamine, clonidine and buprenorphine. Janiri, L; Mannelli, P; Persico, AM; Serretti, A; Tempesta, E, 1994)	1.23
"Buprenorphine treatment alone (0.40 mg/kg/day) and in combination with ascending doses of naltrexone (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 mg/kg/day) was compared with naltrexone alone (0.40 mg/kg/day) and saline control treatment."	( Naltrexone-buprenorphine interactions: effects on cocaine self-administration. Drieze, J; Lukas, SE; Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH, 1993)	1.4
"Buprenorphine treatment significantly reversed the P300 amplitude decrement following detoxification, whereas placebo-treated subjects continued to show depressed P300 amplitudes."	( P300 assessment of opiate and cocaine users: effects of detoxification and buprenorphine treatment. Kouri, EM; Lukas, SE; Mendelson, JH, 1996)	1.25
"Buprenorphine treatment was less effective in decreasing responding maintained by speedball combinations of heroin and 0.01 and 0.10 mg/kg/inj cocaine."	( The effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and heroin "speedball" combinations and heroin alone by rhesus monkeys. Mello, NK; Negus, SS, 1998)	1.37
"When buprenorphine treatment was terminated, G + S intake decreased even further."	( Effects of buprenorphine on self-administration of cocaine and a nondrug reinforcer in rats. Carroll, ME; Lac, ST, 1992)	1.13
"Buprenorphine pretreatment (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg ip, 30 mins before) significantly attenuated the lethal effects of cocaine (60-140 mg/kg ip)."	( Antagonism of acute cocaine toxicity by buprenorphine. Bansinath, M; Goldfrank, LR; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1991)	1.27
"Treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone (compared with methadone) reduced odds of each outcome including neonatal abstinence syndrome (adjusted odds ratio: 0.6; 95% confidence interval: 0.4-0.9)."	( Opioid Use Disorder and Perinatal Outcomes. Homayra, F; Marchand, C; Mead, A; Min, JE; Ng, J; Nosyk, B; Piske, M; Woolner, M; Zhou, H, 2021)	0.96
"Treatments (IA buprenorphine (IAB) at 5 μg/kg plus intravenous saline; and intravenous buprenorphine (IVB) at 5 μg/kg plus IA saline) were administered 4 h following LPS injection."	( Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular buprenorphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis. Castro-Cuellar, G; Cremer, J; Knych, HK; Leise, BS; Queiroz-Williams, P, 2023)	1.52
"Pain treatment with buprenorphine was effective to reduce pain after SAH, whereas lower pain/stress intensity levels after CCI were not improved."	( Analgesic treatment limits surrogate parameters for early stress and pain response after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Griemert, EV; Nagel, N; Sebastiani, A; Staib-Lasarzik, I; Thal, SC, 2019)	0.83
"Treatment with buprenorphine or methadone is associated with NOWS, but neither medication appears to have significant adverse effects on early childhood development."	( Opioid Use in Pregnancy. Forray, A; Habecker, E; Tobon, AL, 2019)	0.85
"Only treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was associated with a reduced risk of overdose during 3-month (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.14-0.41) and 12-month (AHR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31-0.55) follow-up."	( Comparative Effectiveness of Different Treatment Pathways for Opioid Use Disorder. Ameli, O; Azocar, F; Chaisson, CE; Crown, WH; Larochelle, MR; McPheeters, JT; Sanghavi, DM; Wakeman, SE, 2020)	0.87
"Treatment with buprenorphine or methadone was associated with reductions in overdose and serious opioid-related acute care use compared with other treatments. "	( Comparative Effectiveness of Different Treatment Pathways for Opioid Use Disorder. Ameli, O; Azocar, F; Chaisson, CE; Crown, WH; Larochelle, MR; McPheeters, JT; Sanghavi, DM; Wakeman, SE, 2020)	0.91
"Treatment with buprenorphine or clonidine has shown favorable effects by reducing length of NAS treatment and LOS. "	( Emerging therapies for the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Bobby, LE; Frazier, LM; Gawronski, KM, 2022)	1.07
"Treatment with buprenorphine has been demonstrated to decrease opioid-related overdose deaths."	( Emergency Department Clinicians' Attitudes Toward Opioid Use Disorder and Emergency Department-initiated Buprenorphine Treatment: A Mixed-Methods Study. Carlson, LC; Chary, A; Condella, AL; Im, DD; Kunzler, N; Martin, A; Samuels-Kalow, M; Vogel, L; Vongsachang, H; Weiner, SG, 2020)	1.11
"Treatment with buprenorphine."	( Quality of Buprenorphine Care for Insured Adults With Opioid Use Disorder. Alexander, GC; Anderson, KE; Chaisson, CE; Dy, S; Eckstein, J; Niles, L; Saloner, B; Scholle, SH, 2021)	1.36
"Treatment with buprenorphine significantly reduces both all-cause and overdose mortality among individuals with opioid use disorder. "	( Legal Authority for Emergency Medical Services to Increase Access to Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder. Carr, DH; Davis, CS; Glenn, MJ; Samuels, EA, 2021)	1.21
"Treatment with buprenorphine after the onset of infection also arrested disease development."	( Opioid analgesics stop the development of clostridial gas gangrene. Awad, MM; Chakravorty, A; Cheung, JK; Choo, JM; Hiscox, TJ; Lyras, D; Rood, JI, 2014)	0.74
"Treatment with buprenorphine, methadone, or both is predominantly offered in methadone clinics, yet many people do not receive the treatment they need."	( Growth In Buprenorphine Waivers For Physicians Increased Potential Access To Opioid Agonist Treatment, 2002-11. Burns, RM; Dick, AW; Gordon, AJ; Leslie, D; Pacula, RL; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2015)	1.16
"Pretreatment with buprenorphine did partially inhibit the antinociceptive action of fentanyl. "	( Effect of pretreatment with hydromorphone or buprenorphine on thermal antinociception induced by fentanyl in awake cats. Ambros, B, 2016)	1.03
"Treatment with buprenorphine 3 mg resulted in a small QT effect with the largest mean naltrexone-corrected ∆QTcF reaching 5.8 msec at 8 hours' postdosing (upper bound of the 90% CI below 10 msec)."	( Differentiating the Effect of an Opioid Agonist on Cardiac Repolarization From µ-Receptor-mediated, Indirect Effects on the QT Interval: A Randomized, 3-way Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects. Bai, SA; Darpo, B; Ferber, G; Finn, A; Xiang, Q; Zhou, M, 2016)	0.77
"Treatment with buprenorphine is a successful treatment option for individuals with opioid dependence."	( Buprenorphine shared medical appointments for the treatment of opioid dependence in a homeless clinic. Cunningham, CO; Doorley, SL; Echeverria, E; Ho, CJ; Kamal, A; Ngo, H; Preston, C, )	1.91
"Treatment with buprenorphine was well tolerated."	( Sublingual buprenorphine for treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a randomized trial. Damle, VS; Dysart, K; Ehrlich, ME; Gibson, E; Greenspan, JS; Kaltenbach, K; Kraft, WK; Larusso, JL; Moody, DE, 2008)	1.08
"Treatment with buprenorphine in the absence of any other procedure or with anesthesia alone significantly affected rats' body weight."	( Correlation between body weight changes and postoperative pain in rats treated with meloxicam or buprenorphine. Brennan, MP; Collins, JG; Harding, MJ; Horvath, TL; Sinusas, AJ, 2009)	0.91
"The treatment was buprenorphine TDS, starting from a dose of 17.5 μg/h."	( Transdermal buprenorphine for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain in the oldest old. Benincasa, E; Ceci, M; Conati, G; Franchi, F; Galetti, G; Gianni, W; Madaio, AR; Nieddu, A; Salani, B; Zuccaro, SM, 2011)	1.07
"Mice treated with buprenorphine and not infected with T."	( Buprenorphine does not affect acute murine toxoplasmosis and is recommended as an analgesic in Toxoplasma gondii studies in mice. Dubey, JP; Goodwin, DG; Kaur, T; Lindsay, DS; Mitchell, SM; Strobl, J, 2005)	2.09
"Pre-treatment with buprenorphine appears to negatively influence the antinociceptive efficacy of intra-operative sufentanil."	( Investigation of the interaction between buprenorphine and sufentanil during anaesthesia for ovariectomy in dogs. Goyenechea Jaramillo, LA; Hellebrekers, LJ; Murrell, JC, 2006)	0.93
"Rats treated with buprenorphine received 0.5 mg/kg every 6 h subcutaneously, and rats treated with oxymorphone received 0.03 mg/kg hourly for 32 h via continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion with TPN solution."	( A comparison of two opioid analgesics for relief of visceral pain induced by intestinal resection in rats. Clark, MD; Dahly, EM; Gillingham, MB; Krugner-Higby, LA; Ney, DM, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with buprenorphine, a lower efficacy agonist, produced greater tolerance than did treatment with equivalent doses of the higher efficacy agonists morphine or etonitazene."	( Differential tolerance to antinociceptive effects of mu opioids during repeated treatment with etonitazene, morphine, or buprenorphine in rats. Walker, EA; Young, AM, 2001)	0.86
"Treatment with buprenorphine has been started in Poland in Toxicological Department in Kraków."	( [Use of buprenorphine as a substitute treatment for opiate dependence in the Toxicology Clinics--introductory clinical report]. Chrostek Maj, J; Pach, J; Radomska, M, 2001)	1.08

Toxicity

Transdermal buprenorphine (TBS) found to represent an efficient, safe and well tolerated approach to the management of children's chronic cancer pain. TBS was at least as effective in providing analgesia for rabbits following orthopedic surgery.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"61 mg/kg while the LD50 of cocaine in buprenorphine (0."	( Antagonism of acute cocaine toxicity by buprenorphine. Bansinath, M; Goldfrank, LR; Shukla, VK; Turndorf, H, 1991)	0.82
" These data suggest that daily maintenance on buprenorphine is not associated with adverse side effects or toxic interactions with a single acute dose of intravenous cocaine or morphine."	( Acute interactions of buprenorphine with intravenous cocaine and morphine: an investigational new drug phase I safety evaluation. Kuehnle, J; Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH; Rhoades, EM; Sintavanarong, P; Teoh, SK, 1993)	0.86
" However, an acceleration of behavioral despair in the Porsolt test similar to that observed in the IM group was observed in the COCA group after the disappearance of the acute toxic symptoms (5 hours after the COCA treatment)."	( Stress-related behavioral alterations accompanying cocaine toxicity: the effects of mixed opioid drugs. Hayase, T; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2000)	0.31
" Using the activity-counting instrument Supermex, the relationship between the toxic signs and the corresponding behavioral alterations could be assessed."	( Antidotal effects of buprenorphine on the behavioral alterations accompanying cocaine and combined cocaine-ethanol toxicity. Hayase, T; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y, )	0.45
"The study estimated serious adverse event (SAE) rates among entrants to pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence, during treatment and after leaving treatment."	( Serious adverse events in the Australian National Evaluation of Pharmacotherapies for Opioid Dependence (NEPOD). Digiusto, E; Mattick, RP; O'Brien, S; Ritter, A; Shakeshaft, A, 2004)	0.32
" The intravenous route has been proven to be safe and effective, providing rapid analgesia in patients receiving oral morphine."	( Safety and effectiveness of intravenous morphine for episodic breakthrough pain in patients receiving transdermal buprenorphine. Aielli, F; Casuccio, A; Ferrera, P; Mercadante, S; Porzio, G; Verna, L; Villari, P, 2006)	0.54
" Heart and respiratory rate, and procedure and recovery times were similar for all treatment groups, and no adverse events were observed during the study."	( Clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, butorphanol or diazepam for canine hip radiography. Granholm, MM; Leppänen, MK; McKusick, BC; Short, CE; Tulamo, R; Westerholm, FC, 2006)	0.58
" Transdermal buprenorphine has shown to be a safe and efficacious pharmacotherapy for patients with moderate to severe chronic pain in clinical trials."	( [Effectiveness and safety of transdermal buprenorphine for chronic pain treatment in the elderly: a prospective observational study]. Muriel Villoria, C; Neira Alvarez, M; Pérez-Castejón Garrote, JM; Sánchez Magro, I, 2007)	0.97
" Information was collected systematically on pain relief, quality of life (EuroQol-5D questionnaire), comfort of patch use and adverse events."	( [Effectiveness and safety of transdermal buprenorphine for chronic pain treatment in the elderly: a prospective observational study]. Muriel Villoria, C; Neira Alvarez, M; Pérez-Castejón Garrote, JM; Sánchez Magro, I, 2007)	0.61
" Drug-related adverse events were reported in 39."	( [Effectiveness and safety of transdermal buprenorphine for chronic pain treatment in the elderly: a prospective observational study]. Muriel Villoria, C; Neira Alvarez, M; Pérez-Castejón Garrote, JM; Sánchez Magro, I, 2007)	0.61
"Respiratory depression is a serious and potentially life-threatening side-effect of opioid therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effectiveness and safety of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2008)	0.58
"54 suggesting that buprenorphine is a relatively safe opioid."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effectiveness and safety of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2008)	0.9
" We recommend KXA as a safe and reliable anesthetic for mice requiring a surgical plane of anesthesia."	( Safety and efficacy of various combinations of injectable anesthetics in BALB/c mice. Belicha-Villanueva, A; Buitrago, S; Martin, TE; Tetens-Woodring, J; Wilding, GE, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison with slow release oral morphine."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
" The primary end point was the overall adverse effects odds ratio (OR); secondary end points were the overall gastrointestinal adverse effects, constipation, nausea, somnolence, patients' preference, and trial withdrawal."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
" No significant differences were observed for overall adverse effects, overall gastrointestinal adverse effects, overall neurologic adverse effects, nausea, somnolence, hypoventilation, trial withdrawal, and changes in opiate treatments."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
"Although no difference in the overall adverse effect profile exists between transdermal opiates and slow release oral morphine, the difference in some adverse effects (mainly constipation) seems to favor transdermal opiates in the preference of patients with moderate-severe cancer pain."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
" Of 289 patients who entered the run-in phase, 100 discontinued treatment due to lack of efficacy or adverse events; 189 patients continued treatment in the maintenance phase (94 BUP TDS, 95 placebo), of whom 31 discontinued treatment (7 BUP TDS, 24 placebo)."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 289 patients with severe cancer pain. Denier, W; Douma, J; Hoerauf, K; Poulain, P; Samija, M; Sopata, M; Wolfram, G, 2008)	0.62
" Finally, the comparably low incidence of CNS adverse events and constipation, and the possibility of use in severe renal dysfunction without a need for dose adjustment make buprenorphine well suited for chronic pain management in at-risk patients, such as diabetics, elderly or renally impaired individuals including those requiring haemodialysis."	( Clinical update on the pharmacology, efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine. Kress, HG, 2009)	0.78
" Safety was evaluated by retrieving information about the nature and incidence of adverse events (AE), whether they were related to the study compound, and the percentage considered being serious."	( High dose transdermal buprenorphine for moderate to severe pain in spanish pain centres--a retrospective multicenter safety and efficacy study. Barutell, C; Camba, A; González-Escalada, JR; Rodríguez, M, )	0.45
"Transdermal buprenorphine was an effective and considerably safe drug for relieving chronic moderate to severe pain."	( High dose transdermal buprenorphine for moderate to severe pain in spanish pain centres--a retrospective multicenter safety and efficacy study. Barutell, C; Camba, A; González-Escalada, JR; Rodríguez, M, )	0.82
"5% of the patients adverse effects were observed, reflecting the expected range of adverse effects of opioids."	( [Treatment of chronic osteoarthritis pain: effectivity and safety of a 7 day matrix patch with a low dose buprenorphine]. Heckes, B; Ritzdorf, I; Schutter, U, 2008)	0.56
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was comparable in the 2 treatment groups: 226 AEs were reported in 61 patients (88."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose transdermal buprenorphine patches (5, 10, and 20 microg/h) versus prolonged-release tramadol tablets (75, 100, 150, and 200 mg) in patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain: a 12-week, randomized, open-label, controlled, pa Berggren, AC; Karlsson, M, 2009)	0.61
" As part of the study of the safety profile of this therapy, we were interested to review both the treatment correlates of previously presented mortality data and of adverse events."	( Comparative treatment and mortality correlates and adverse event profile of implant naltrexone and sublingual buprenorphine. Reece, AS, 2009)	0.56
"Misuse of high-dose buprenorphine (HDB), mainly by injection, is responsible of frequent infectious adverse events."	( [Infectious adverse events related to misuse of high-dose buprenorphine: a retrospective study of 42 cases]. Blayac, JP; Faucherre, V; Grau, D; Léglise, Y; Peyrière, H; Pinzani, V; Reynes, J; Vidal, N, 2010)	0.93
" Coincident with the rise in the prescribing of these drugs has been a substantial increase in pediatric opioid toxicities and adverse events."	( Methadone and buprenorphine toxicity in children. Boyer, EW; Marcus, S; McCance-Katz, EF, )	0.49
" Importantly, the adverse effects observed were usually mild, with very few patients experiencing significant adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent patients: an Italian observational study. Biondi, L; Calabria, R; Fiore, A; Magnelli, F; Peluso, E; Rota, AG; Vonella, D, 2010)	0.67
" Few adverse events were reported and no patients dropped out of treatment."	( Safety and tolerability of the switch from buprenorphine to buprenorphine/naloxone in an Italian addiction treatment centre. Buson, R; Cusin, D; Favero, VD; Pellachin, P; Simonetto, P; Stimolo, C; Zecchinato, G, 2010)	0.62
"To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine following SC administration and buprenorphine following oral transmucosal (OTM) administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy."	( Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Catbagan, DL; Mama, KR; Mich, PM; Quimby, JM; Rychel, JK, 2011)	0.84
"In cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, SC administration of a preoperative dose of SR buprenorphine appeared to have comparable efficacy and adverse effect profile as that of twice-daily OTM administration of buprenorphine before and after surgery."	( Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Catbagan, DL; Mama, KR; Mich, PM; Quimby, JM; Rychel, JK, 2011)	0.83
" For patients with previous long-term tramadol or tilidate/naloxone treatment the switch to the 7-day buprenorphine matrix patch proved to be effective and safe for the management of chronic pain."	( [The transdermal 7-day buprenorphine patch--an effective and safe treatment option, if tramadol or tilidate/naloxone is insufficient. Results of a non-interventional study]. Heckes, B; Ritzdorf, I; Schutter, U, 2010)	0.89
" Treatment-emergent adverse event rates were comparable: 75% versus 74% for direct- versus indirect-induction groups, respectively."	( A prospective, randomized, multicenter acceptability and safety study of direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction in heroin-dependent individuals. Almeida, AR; Amass, L; Costa, A; D'Egidio, P; Pieri, MC; Pukeleviciene, V; Sakoman, S; Smyth, BP; Stankova, Z; Strang, J; Subata, E; Wei, Y, 2012)	0.61
"Direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction was a safe and effective strategy for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence."	( A prospective, randomized, multicenter acceptability and safety study of direct buprenorphine/naloxone induction in heroin-dependent individuals. Almeida, AR; Amass, L; Costa, A; D'Egidio, P; Pieri, MC; Pukeleviciene, V; Sakoman, S; Smyth, BP; Stankova, Z; Strang, J; Subata, E; Wei, Y, 2012)	1.06
" Incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were 56% during the open-label period, and 59, 77, and 73% for the BTDS 5, BTDS 20, and oxycodone 40 mg/day treatment groups, respectively, during the double-blind phase."	( Efficacy and safety of buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) for chronic moderate to severe low back pain: a randomized, double-blind study. Hale, M; Landau, C; Munera, C; Ripa, S; Steiner, D, 2011)	0.68
" Two participants experienced grade 3 clinical adverse events, which were categorized as probably not related to the study drug."	( Short-term safety of buprenorphine/naloxone in HIV-seronegative opioid-dependent Chinese and Thai drug injectors enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Celentano, DD; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Liu, W; Lucas, GM; Metzger, D; Richardson, P; Shao, Y, 2012)	0.7
"In Chinese and Thai opioid-dependent injectors, we found BUP/NX to be effective in reducing opioid withdrawal symptoms and safe during short-term use."	( Short-term safety of buprenorphine/naloxone in HIV-seronegative opioid-dependent Chinese and Thai drug injectors enrolled in HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Celentano, DD; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Liu, W; Lucas, GM; Metzger, D; Richardson, P; Shao, Y, 2012)	0.7
" Withdrawal also creates an adverse environment for the developing fetal brain that can have long-term health effects."	( Intrauterine abstinence syndrome (IAS) during buprenorphine inductions and methadone tapers: can we assure the safety of the fetus? McCarthy, JJ, 2012)	0.64
" During the double-blind phase, the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was 55% for the BTDS treatment group and 52% for the placebo treatment group."	( Efficacy and safety of the seven-day buprenorphine transdermal system in opioid-naïve patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: an enriched, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Landau, C; Munera, C; Ripa, SR; Sawyerr, G; Sitar, S; Steiner, DJ; Wen, W, 2011)	0.64
" Most treatment-emergent adverse events observed were consistent with those associated with the use of opioid agonists and transdermal patches."	( Efficacy and safety of the seven-day buprenorphine transdermal system in opioid-naïve patients with moderate to severe chronic low back pain: an enriched, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Landau, C; Munera, C; Ripa, SR; Sawyerr, G; Sitar, S; Steiner, DJ; Wen, W, 2011)	0.64
"The findings indicate comparability of transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for pain measures with significantly fewer adverse events (nausea and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events) caused by transdermal buprenorphine."	( Systematic review of efficacy and safety of buprenorphine versus fentanyl or morphine in patients with chronic moderate to severe pain. Aune, D; Hernandez, AV; Kleijnen, J; Misso, K; Riemsma, R; Truyers, C; Wolff, RF, 2012)	0.89
"We found no order effects and no differences between medications in pre- to postdose pain ratings, side effects, or adverse events."	( Comparisons of analgesic potency and side effects of buprenorphine and buprenorphine with ultra-low-dose naloxone. Chapleo, C; Hillhouse, M; Jenkins, J; Ling, W; Miotto, K; Torrington, M, 2012)	0.63
" Adverse events were monitored during the study and the medications needed to control opioid-related nausea and constipation were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine in the management of children with cancer-related pain. Arena, R; Attinà, G; Battista, A; Coccia, P; Maurizi, P; Riccardi, R; Ridola, V; Ruggiero, A, 2013)	0.67
" No severe adverse events were recorded."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine in the management of children with cancer-related pain. Arena, R; Attinà, G; Battista, A; Coccia, P; Maurizi, P; Riccardi, R; Ridola, V; Ruggiero, A, 2013)	0.67
"Transdermal buprenorphine was found to represent an efficient, safe and well tolerated approach to the management of children's chronic cancer pain."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine in the management of children with cancer-related pain. Arena, R; Attinà, G; Battista, A; Coccia, P; Maurizi, P; Riccardi, R; Ridola, V; Ruggiero, A, 2013)	1.05
"While most deaths from asphyxia related to buprenorphine (BUP) overdose have been reported in males, higher plasma concentrations of BUP and its toxic metabolite norbuprenorphine (NBUP) have been observed in females."	( Gender and strain contributions to the variability of buprenorphine-related respiratory toxicity in mice. Alhaddad, H; Baud, FJ; Chiadmi, F; Cisternino, S; Cochois-Guégan, V; Mégarbane, B; Risède, P; Saubamea, B; Schlatter, J; Smirnova, M; Tournier, N, 2013)	0.9
"How best to measure the occurrence of adverse events during a randomized clinical trial is an issue that has not been adequately examined in the research literature."	( Nonserious adverse events in randomized trials with opioid-dependent pregnant women: direct versus indirect measurement. Arria, AM; Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Selby, P; Stine, SM, 2012)	0.38
"A secondary analysis of nonserious adverse events that occurred in the Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER) Study was undertaken."	( Nonserious adverse events in randomized trials with opioid-dependent pregnant women: direct versus indirect measurement. Arria, AM; Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Selby, P; Stine, SM, 2012)	0.38
"The two methods of recording adverse events failed to agree on where differences in the frequency of occurrence of adverse events between the medication conditions might exist."	( Nonserious adverse events in randomized trials with opioid-dependent pregnant women: direct versus indirect measurement. Arria, AM; Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Selby, P; Stine, SM, 2012)	0.38
"Findings suggest indirect examination of occurrence of adverse events should be cautiously undertaken, because indirect assessment of adverse events makes no distinction between what might be simply typical variation in behavior rather than systematic changes in behavior attributable to study condition, and lacks coverage of the full spectrum of adverse events."	( Nonserious adverse events in randomized trials with opioid-dependent pregnant women: direct versus indirect measurement. Arria, AM; Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Selby, P; Stine, SM, 2012)	0.38
"Contemporaneous direct measurement of adverse events likely yield reasonably valid estimates of the rate of occurrence of the adverse events, while indirect measu-rement of adverse events may not be sufficiently reliable."	( Nonserious adverse events in randomized trials with opioid-dependent pregnant women: direct versus indirect measurement. Arria, AM; Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Selby, P; Stine, SM, 2012)	0.38
" Thus, before using buprenorphine for postoperative analgesic treatment in fish, these potentially adverse effects need further characterisation."	( Post-surgical analgesia in rainbow trout: is reduced cardioventilatory activity a sign of improved animal welfare or the adverse effects of an opioid drug? Axelsson, M; Gräns, A; Kiessling, A; Sandblom, E, 2014)	0.73
"The use of appropriate analgesia in laboratory mice may be suboptimal because of concerns about adverse events (AE)."	( Safety studies of post-surgical buprenorphine therapy for mice. Brayton, C; DeTolla, L; Forbes-McBean, N; Guarnieri, M; Halquist, MS; Karnes, HT; Romero, JB; Sarabia-Estrada, R; Tomlinson, MJ; Traul, KA; Tyler, BM; Ye, X; Zadnik, P, 2015)	0.7
" The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the 2 treatment groups."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Transdermal Buprenorphine Versus Sustained-release Tramadol in Patients With Moderate to Severe Musculoskeletal Pain: An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Active-controlled, Noninferiority Study. Dai, K; Leng, X; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Lv, H; Yan, X; Yao, C; Zeng, X; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.68
" Cats were monitored daily for evidence of clinical reactions, food and water intake and adverse events (AEs)."	( The safety of high-dose buprenorphine administered subcutaneously in cats. Atterson, PR; Coleman, GD; Haas, MC; Hamlin, RL; Sramek, MK, 2015)	0.72
" Other adverse events previously reported to occur with opiate therapy, including weight loss and dermal lesions at drug injection sites, were not observed in this study."	( Lack of adverse effects during a target animal safety trial of extended-release buprenorphine in Fischer 344 rats. Cowan, A; Guarnieri, M; McKnight, P; Sarabia-Estrada, R; Wilkerson, G, 2016)	0.66
" For 7 days after surgery, rabbits were evaluated for signs of pain by means of rabbit grimace and activity scoring and for adverse effects."	( Safety and clinical effectiveness of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in New Zealand White rabbits. DiVincenti, L; Meirelles, LA; Westcott, RA, 2016)	0.66
" No major adverse effects were detected for either drug."	( Safety and clinical effectiveness of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in New Zealand White rabbits. DiVincenti, L; Meirelles, LA; Westcott, RA, 2016)	0.66
"12 mg/kg was at least as effective as regular buprenorphine in providing analgesia for rabbits following orthopedic surgery without any major adverse effects."	( Safety and clinical effectiveness of a compounded sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in New Zealand White rabbits. DiVincenti, L; Meirelles, LA; Westcott, RA, 2016)	0.92
" Two reviewers assessed independently the titles and abstracts of all search results and full texts of potentially eligible studies reporting original data for maternal/fetal/infant death, preterm birth, fetal growth outcomes, fetal/congenital anomalies, fetal/child neurodevelopment and/or maternal adverse events."	( Buprenorphine compared with methadone to treat pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety in the mother, fetus and child. Amick, HR; Jones, HE; Joyce, AR; Kim, MM; Mann, AL; Murrelle, EL; Zedler, BK, 2016)	1.88
"Despite the critical need, no previous research has substantiated safe opioid analgesics without abuse liability in primates."	( A novel orvinol analog, BU08028, as a safe opioid analgesic without abuse liability in primates. Cami-Kobeci, G; Czoty, PW; Ding, H; Husbands, SM; Kiguchi, N; Ko, MC; Nader, MA; Sukhtankar, DD, 2016)	0.43
" Safety analyses included adverse events (AEs), laboratory values, and electrocardiograms."	( Safety of buprenorphine transdermal system in the management of pain in older adults. Colucci, S; Marcum, Z; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Ripa, SR, 2017)	0.86
"To study drug safety and the reporting behavior of adverse drug reactions (ADR) related to agents used for opioid replacement therapy (ORT) we conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire-based telephone survey among physicians who provide outpatient ORT in Germany (n=176; response rate=55."	( Drug safety and adverse drug reaction reporting behavior related to outpatient opioid replacement therapy: Results from a survey among physicians. Cabanis, M; Connemann, BJ; Eller, J; Freudenmann, RW; Gahr, M; Hiemke, C; Lang, D; Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C, 2017)	0.46
" No serious adverse events (AEs), nor "severe" AEs, although more AEs and Treatment-Emergent AEs with "bup-lyo" (mostly "mild")."	( Randomised Comparison of a Novel Buprenorphine Oral Lyophilisate versus Existing Buprenorphine Sublingual Tablets in Opioid-Dependent Patients: A First-in-Patient Phase II Randomised Open Label Safety Study. Baillie, S; Beavan, P; Bell, J; Bogdanowicz, K; Keen, J; Knight, A; Reed, K; Strang, J; van der Waal, R, 2017)	0.74
" It is important for providers, clinic administrators, and patients to understand the clinical application of medications for opioid dependence to ensure safe and effective care within safety net clinics."	( Treating Opioid Dependence with Buprenorphine in the Safety Net: Critical Learning from Clinical Data. Abraham, AJ; DeVoe, JE; Gideonse, N; Rieckmann, TR; Risser, A, 2017)	0.74
" The aim of this study was to characterize the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of buprenorphine compared with morphine in the acute pain setting."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of buprenorphine in acute pain management: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eastern, K; Hodge, A; Hurtado, G; Melhuish, TM; Vlok, R; White, LD, 2018)	0.99
" In Norway, there has been vocal patient resistance to the newest medication, buprenorphine-naloxone (BNX), and complaints have focused on the side effect profile."	( Dissatisfaction with opioid maintenance treatment partly explains reported side effects of medications. Bjørnestad, R; Clausen, T; Muller, AE, 2018)	0.71
" Among each medication group, dissatisfaction with medications or OMT in general along with poor health status increased the relative risk ratio of reporting the heaviest side effect burden."	( Dissatisfaction with opioid maintenance treatment partly explains reported side effects of medications. Bjørnestad, R; Clausen, T; Muller, AE, 2018)	0.48
" Secondary outcomes were to assess whether any change in depression was secondary to change in pain (Mobilisation-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia-2 Pain Scale) and adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Analgesic Treatment for Depression in People with Advanced Dementia: Randomised, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (DEP.PAIN.DEM). Aarsland, D; Ballard, C; Erdal, A; Flo, E; Husebo, BS; Slettebo, DD, 2018)	0.48
" Thirty-five patients were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions, deterioration or death: 25 (31."	( Efficacy and Safety of Analgesic Treatment for Depression in People with Advanced Dementia: Randomised, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (DEP.PAIN.DEM). Aarsland, D; Ballard, C; Erdal, A; Flo, E; Husebo, BS; Slettebo, DD, 2018)	0.48
"Analgesic treatment did not reduce depression while placebo appeared to improve depressive symptoms significantly by comparison, possibly owing to the adverse effects of active buprenorphine."	( Efficacy and Safety of Analgesic Treatment for Depression in People with Advanced Dementia: Randomised, Multicentre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (DEP.PAIN.DEM). Aarsland, D; Ballard, C; Erdal, A; Flo, E; Husebo, BS; Slettebo, DD, 2018)	0.67
" There is a need to better understand risk for adverse outcomes during and after OAT, and for innovative approaches to identifying people at greatest risk of adverse outcomes."	( Using routinely collected data to understand and predict adverse outcomes in opioid agonist treatment: Protocol for the Opioid Agonist Treatment Safety (OATS) Study. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dobbins, T; Fiellin, DA; Hickman, M; Jones, NR; Larney, S; Mattick, RP; Nielsen, S, 2018)	0.48
" We will use standard regression techniques to model the magnitude and risk factors for adverse outcomes (eg, mortality, unplanned hospitalisation and emergency department presentation, and unplanned treatment cessation) during and after OAT, and machine learning approaches to develop a risk-prediction model."	( Using routinely collected data to understand and predict adverse outcomes in opioid agonist treatment: Protocol for the Opioid Agonist Treatment Safety (OATS) Study. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dobbins, T; Fiellin, DA; Hickman, M; Jones, NR; Larney, S; Mattick, RP; Nielsen, S, 2018)	0.48
" This review provides information on the pharmacology and the toxic effects of pharmacologic agents that are used to treat opioid use disorder."	( Pharmacologic Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: a Review of Pharmacotherapy, Adjuncts, and Toxicity. Boyer, EW; Burns, MM; Chai, PR; Toce, MS, 2018)	0.48
" The most common adverse events were headache (17 [8%] participants in the BUP-XR 300 mg/300 mg group vs 19 [9%] participants in the BUP-XR 300 mg/100 mg group vs six [6%] participants in the placebo group), constipation (16 [8%] vs 19 [9%] vs 0), nausea (16 [8%] vs 18 [9%] vs five [5%]), and injection-site pruritis (19 [9%] vs 13 [6%] vs four [4%])."	( Efficacy and safety of a monthly buprenorphine depot injection for opioid use disorder: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Fudala, PJ; Garofalo, AS; Greenwald, MK; Haight, BR; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Learned, SM; Ling, W; Nadipelli, VR; Zhao, Y, 2019)	0.8
" At least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) was reported by 143 of 227 (63."	( Long-term safety of a weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot (CAM2038) in the treatment of adult out-patients with opioid use disorder. Bailey, GL; Dunlop, A; Frey, LC; Frost, M; Haber, P; Jansen, JB; Kim, S; Lintzeris, N; Nunes, EV; Oosman, S; Strang, J; Tiberg, F; Weber, B, 2019)	0.76
"8% of participants reported more than 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE)."	( Treating Opioid Use Disorder With a Monthly Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot Injection: 12-Month Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy Analysis. Andorn, AC; Fox, NL; Fudala, PJ; Haight, BR; Hassman, D; Heidbreder, C; Learned, SM; Nadipelli, VR; Rutrick, D; Shinde, S; Zhao, Y, )	0.38
" Safety was assessed by evaluating adverse events."	( Safety and efficacy of a prescription digital therapeutic as an adjunct to buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder. Bickel, WK; Botbyl, J; Gatchalian, K; Luderer, HF; Maricich, YA; Marsch, LA, 2021)	0.85
" However, adverse effects of BNX can be a cause of inconsistent use or discontinuation."	( Prescribing the Buprenorphine Monoproduct for Adverse Effects of Buprenorphine-Naloxone. Grande, LA, )	0.48
"This report yields key clinical insights into providing outpatient MOUD care during the COVID-19 pandemic, validating in-person care as both safe and effective."	( The COVID-19 pandemic and opioid use disorder: Expanding treatment with buprenorphine, and combining safety precautions with telehealth. Cales, RH; Cales, SC; Huecker, MR; Shreffler, J, 2022)	0.95
" It is well-documented that its additional activity at Δ- and κ-opioid receptors, and opioid receptor ligand 1 may be associated with varying degrees of analgesia and usual opioid-related adverse effects."	( Emerging pharmacologic mechanisms of buprenorphine to explain experience of analgesia versus adverse effects. Batista Quevedo, H; Bettinger, J; Cleary, J, 2021)	0.89
"Training future clinicians in safe opioid prescribing (SOP) and treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) is critical to address the opioid epidemic."	( Training in Safe Opioid Prescribing and Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Internal Medicine Residencies: a National Survey of Program Directors. Catalanotti, JS; Kisielewski, M; Moriarty, JP; Windish, DM; Zaas, A, 2022)	0.72
" Lack of effective training may have adverse implications for patients, clinicians, and society."	( Training in Safe Opioid Prescribing and Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in Internal Medicine Residencies: a National Survey of Program Directors. Catalanotti, JS; Kisielewski, M; Moriarty, JP; Windish, DM; Zaas, A, 2022)	0.72
" The safety profiles included concomitant medications and adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety and effectiveness of transdermal buprenorphine in cancer pain: An observational study in Taiwan (SOOTHE). Chang, YS; Chao, TY; Chen, JS; Chen, YH; Chiu, TJ; Hou, MM; Huang, TL; Huang, YM; Lin, CH; Lin, SH; Lu, CH; Shen, WC; Wang, CH, 2023)	1.18
" These data demonstrate that TBS is safe and well-tolerated when administered to 16-week-old cats at multiples of the approved dose and duration and supports clinical safety in the event of delayed buprenorphine metabolism, medication errors, or alterations in the dosing regimen."	( Margin of safety of extended-duration transdermal buprenorphine solution following multiple-dose administrations to cats. Aulbach, A; Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Lin, TL; Linton, DD; Newkirk, KM; Reinemeyer, C, 2022)	1.16
" Unlike prior case series, the method of induction, dosing, and management of withdrawal are detailed, as are post-induction adverse events."	( Converting adults with sickle cell disease from full agonist opioids to buprenorphine: A reliable method with safety and early evidence of reduced acute care utilization. Buri-Nagua, C; Carroll, CP; David, MS; Jones, J; Lanzkron, SM; Lasko, K; Lauriello, A; Nnake, I; Olagbaju, Y; Plazas Montana, M; Salzberg, B; Sears, M; Williams, E, 2022)	0.95
" We aimed to characterize injecting practices among real-world populations of persons who regularly inject buprenorphine, as well as associated adverse events reported in order to inform a possible future BUP iOAT intervention."	( Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review. Bozinoff, N; Le Foll, B; Rubin-Kahana, DS; Tardelli, VS, 2022)	1.16
" We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO from inception through July 2020 and used backwards citation screening to search for publications reporting on dose, frequency among persons who regularly inject the drug, or adverse events associated with intravenous use of buprenorphine."	( Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review. Bozinoff, N; Le Foll, B; Rubin-Kahana, DS; Tardelli, VS, 2022)	1.13
" Adverse events could be characterized as known side effects of opioids/buprenorphine or injection-related complications."	( Patterns of use and adverse events reported among persons who regularly inject buprenorphine: a systematic review. Bozinoff, N; Le Foll, B; Rubin-Kahana, DS; Tardelli, VS, 2022)	1.18
" Based on these results, low concentrations of buprenorphine appear to be safe for intra-articular administration."	( Buprenorphine has a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on equine chondrocytes in vitro. Castro-Cuellar, G; Cremer, J; Hampton, C; Leise, BS; Liu, CC; Queiroz-Williams, P, 2023)	2.61
" This study assessed (1) the current medication storage practices among a sample of pregnant and parenting people receiving BUP-NAL for OUD; (2) the feasibility and acceptability of providing a lockbox for safe medication storage."	( Harm Reduction Approach to Increasing Self-reported Safe Medication Storage Among Pregnant and Parenting People Receiving Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. Dacha, P; Grist, E; Lutins, E; Martin, CE; Maxwell, M; Thakkar, B, )	0.13
" The primary outcome of current self-reported safe medication storage practice was defined by storing BUP-NAL in a locked/latched place "almost always" or "always" on the baseline survey."	( Harm Reduction Approach to Increasing Self-reported Safe Medication Storage Among Pregnant and Parenting People Receiving Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. Dacha, P; Grist, E; Lutins, E; Martin, CE; Maxwell, M; Thakkar, B, )	0.13
"6%) were practicing safe BUP-NAL medication storage practices."	( Harm Reduction Approach to Increasing Self-reported Safe Medication Storage Among Pregnant and Parenting People Receiving Opioid Use Disorder Treatment. Dacha, P; Grist, E; Lutins, E; Martin, CE; Maxwell, M; Thakkar, B, )	0.13
" We examined associations between highest BUP-NX and methadone doses, and (1) percentage of opioid-positive urine drug screens (UDS); (2) retention in the assigned treatment; and (3) adverse events (AEs)."	( Associations of methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone doses with unregulated opioid use, treatment retention, and adverse events in prescription-type opioid use disorders: Exploratory analyses of the OPTIMA study. Ahamad, K; Bakouni, H; Foll, BL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Lim, R; McAnulty, C; Socias, ME; Tatar, O, 2023)	1.2
" We conducted a time series trial comparing provider opioid prescribing 8 months before and 8 months after training with the PRomoting Engagement for Safe Tapering of Opioids (PRESTO) protocol."	( PRESTO: Promoting Engagement for the Safe Tapering of Opioids. Anderson, M; Bricker, DA; Castle, A; Crawford, TN; Hershberger, PJ; James, AM, 2023)	0.91
"Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of opioid withdrawal are limited by abuse potential, adverse effects, and lack of availability of existing drugs."	( Efficacy and safety of tramadol in the treatment of opioid withdrawal: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maiti, R; Mishra, BR; Mohapatra, D; Padhan, M, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Plasma buprenorphine concentration was quantified, and data were analyzed with a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic approach. HCV seropositive subjects had higher bupRenorphine exposure, as demonstrated by elevated AUC and Cmax values (p =  .

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The method has been successfully applied to the stability and pharmacokinetic studies of buprenorphine."	( Determination of buprenorphine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to human and rabbit pharmacokinetic studies. Ho, ST; Ho, W; Hu, OY; Wang, JJ, 1991)	0.84
" This terminal rate constant was in contrast to the less than 100 min half-life of the second exponential fitting of the less lipophilic morphine, naloxone, and naltrexone."	( Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates. X: Analyses and pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs. Chandran, VR; Garrett, ER, )	0.36
" Because of the rapid decline of the plasma buprenorphine concentrations, the terminal elimination half-life could not be estimated reliably."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous buprenorphine in children. Korpela, R; Maunuksela, EL; Olkkola, KT, 1989)	0.82
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of buprenorphine (BN) and its active metabolite, norbuprenorphine (NBN), was investigated using rats."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine and its active metabolite, norbuprenorphine, in rats. Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Ohtani, M; Sawada, Y; Uchino, K, )	0.65
" Up to now no pharmacokinetic data exist using this kind of application with relevant clinical doses."	( [Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in subcutaneous administration]. Gralow, I; Hiddemann, W; Schleyer, E; von Hornstein, WF, 1995)	0.61
" The pharmacokinetic values were calculated with the "Topfit" pharmacokinetic computerised programme."	( [Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in subcutaneous administration]. Gralow, I; Hiddemann, W; Schleyer, E; von Hornstein, WF, 1995)	0.61
" The most important finding of this study is that the mean terminal half-life (t1/2c) of buprenorphine is 23 hours."	( [Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in subcutaneous administration]. Gralow, I; Hiddemann, W; Schleyer, E; von Hornstein, WF, 1995)	0.83
"These results indicate that the terminal half-life (t1/2c) of buprenorphine is much longer than had been supposed."	( [Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in subcutaneous administration]. Gralow, I; Hiddemann, W; Schleyer, E; von Hornstein, WF, 1995)	0.85
" The terminal elimination half-life of norbuprenorphine was longer than buprenorphine."	( Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine. Darwin, WD; Kuhlman, JJ; Lalani, S; Levine, B; Magluilo, J, 1996)	0.8
" Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by analysis of variance."	( Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. Cheung, P; Everhart, ET; Jones, RT; Mendelson, JE; Nath, RP; Shwonek, P; Upton, RA, 1999)	1.75
" Noncompartmental and compartmental methods were used to perform pharmacokinetic data analysis."	( Characterization of the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in rats after intravenous bolus administration of buprenorphine. Cowan, A; Gopal, S; Tzeng, TB, 2002)	0.58
" The addition of naloxone does not affect the efficacy of buprenorphine for two reasons: (1) naloxone is poorly absorbed sublingually relative to buprenorphine and (2) the half-life for buprenorphine is much longer than for naloxone (32 vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. Chiang, CN; Hawks, RL, 2003)	0.82
" Plasma buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and naloxone concentrations and pharmacodynamic effects were measured for 48-72 hours after administration."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	1.01
"Less than dose-proportional increases in plasma buprenorphine concentrations may contribute to the observed plateau for most pharmacodynamic effects as the dose is increased."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	0.83
" The GC-MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of BUP, NBUP, FNZ, DMFNZ and 7-AFNZ in rats, after administration of BUP and FNZ."	( Development and validation of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of buprenorphine, flunitrazepam and their metabolites in rat plasma: application to the pharmacokinetic study. Baud, F; Bouchonnet, S; D'Athis, P; Hervé, F; Libong, D; Milan, N; Pirnay, S; Ricordel, I, 2004)	0.53
" For fentanyl, the pharmacokinetics was described on the basis of a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats: role of receptor equilibration kinetics. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2005)	0.56
" The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of buprenorphine and buprenorphine propionate in rabbits."	( Simultaneous determination of buprenorphine and its prodrug, buprenorphine propionate, by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits. Ho, ST; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Liu, SY; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ, 2005)	0.85
" The terminal elimination half-life of buprenorphine is long and there is considerable variation in reported values (mean values ranging from 3 to 44 hours)."	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	2.04
"In this investigation, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties were determined of multiple doses of sublingual tablets containing either buprenorphine alone or buprenorphine and naloxone."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple sublingual buprenorphine tablets in dose-escalation trials. Chiang, CN; Ciraulo, AM; Ciraulo, DA; Greenblatt, DJ; Hitzemann, RJ; Knapp, CM; Rotrosen, J; Sarid-Segal, O; Somoza, E, 2006)	0.77
" By using the mean concentrations at each time point (n=4), pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated for buprenorphine using a 3-compartment model with the reciprocal of the predicted concentration as the weight factor."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous administration in the mouse. Johnson, J; Laizure, SC; Mandrell, T; Peng, Y; Shukla, AJ; Sun, Y; Yu, S; Zhang, X, 2006)	0.87
" Global access to opioid agonist therapy and HIV treatment is expanding but when concurrently used, problematic pharmacokinetic drug interactions can occur."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between opioid agonist therapy and antiretroviral medications: implications and management for clinical practice. Altice, FL; Bruce, RD; Friedland, GH; Gourevitch, MN, 2006)	0.33
"Clinical case series and carefully controlled pharmacokinetic interaction studies have been conducted between methadone and most approved antiretroviral therapies."	( Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between opioid agonist therapy and antiretroviral medications: implications and management for clinical practice. Altice, FL; Bruce, RD; Friedland, GH; Gourevitch, MN, 2006)	0.33
"A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model best described the concentration time course."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Romberg, R; Sarton, E; Yassen, A, 2006)	0.55
" As a result, the mechanism-based PK/PD model of fentanyl could be reduced to a biophase distribution model with fractional sigmoid E(max) pharmacodynamic model."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the respiratory-depressant effect of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Suidgeest, E; Yassen, A, 2006)	0.55
" This study examined the duration of action of BUP at microORs and correlations with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes in 10 heroin-dependent volunteers."	( Buprenorphine duration of action: mu-opioid receptor availability and pharmacokinetic and behavioral indices. Bueller, J; Chang, Y; Greenwald, M; Johanson, CE; Kilbourn, M; Koeppe, R; Moody, DE; Zubieta, JK, 2007)	1.78
"Together with our previous findings, it appears that microOR availability predicts changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measures and that about 50%-60% BUP occupancy is required for adequate withdrawal symptom suppression (in the absence of other opioids) and HYD blockade."	( Buprenorphine duration of action: mu-opioid receptor availability and pharmacokinetic and behavioral indices. Bueller, J; Chang, Y; Greenwald, M; Johanson, CE; Kilbourn, M; Koeppe, R; Moody, DE; Zubieta, JK, 2007)	1.78
" These data were fitted to physiologically based pharmacokinetic models."	( Comparison of cerebral pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in an in vivo sheep model. Foster, D; Grant, C; Jensen, ML; Martinez, A; Somogyi, A; Upton, R, 2007)	0.6
"An allometric three-compartment pharmacokinetic model described the time course of the concentration in plasma."	( Animal-to-human extrapolation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of buprenorphine. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.56
"The different values of the drug-specific pharmacodynamic parameters are consistent with the different opioid mu receptor subtypes involved in the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects."	( Animal-to-human extrapolation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of buprenorphine. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.56
" High dose opioid administration (150% normal dose) was associated with reductions in overall SpO2 levels and performance (reaction time, DSST) in the methadone patients, but had virtually no impact on pharmacodynamic responses in the buprenorphine group."	( Pharmacodynamics of diazepam co-administered with methadone or buprenorphine under high dose conditions in opioid dependent patients. Bond, AJ; Lintzeris, N; Mitchell, TB; Nestor, L; Strang, J, 2007)	0.76
"The aim of this study was to evaluate clearance from the buccal cavity and pharmacokinetic profiles of a sublingual spray formulation in the dog, to assist in interpretation of future pharmacokinetic studies."	( Evaluation of the clearance of a sublingual buprenorphine spray in the beagle dog using gamma scintigraphy. Clear, N; Humphrey, M; James, G; McInnes, F; Stevens, HN; Vivanco, U, 2008)	0.61
" Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed to facilitate correlation of location of dose with significant pharmacokinetic events."	( Evaluation of the clearance of a sublingual buprenorphine spray in the beagle dog using gamma scintigraphy. Clear, N; Humphrey, M; James, G; McInnes, F; Stevens, HN; Vivanco, U, 2008)	0.61
" The plasma concentration-time profiles up to 24 h post-administration of the infusion were subjected to population pharmacokinetic modelling using NONMEM: software."	( Population pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following a two-stage intravenous infusion in healthy volunteers. Christrup, L; Foster, DJ; Hansen, SH; Jensen, ML; Jensen, NH; Kristensen, K; Nielsen, BN; Skram, U; Upton, RN; Villesen, HH, 2007)	0.63
" We conclude that pharmacokinetic parameter estimates obtained from the appropriate study in accordance to the mode of administration should be used in the design of dose regimens of buprenorphine."	( Population pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following a two-stage intravenous infusion in healthy volunteers. Christrup, L; Foster, DJ; Hansen, SH; Jensen, ML; Jensen, NH; Kristensen, K; Nielsen, BN; Skram, U; Upton, RN; Villesen, HH, 2007)	0.82
" The pharmacokinetic and related pharmacodynamic properties of buprenorphine at these doses have not been characterized."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of buprenorphine after a single intravenous administration in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Chabert, J; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Escher, M; Hopfgartner, G, 2007)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a compartmental model using specialized software."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of buprenorphine after a single intravenous administration in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Chabert, J; Daali, Y; Dayer, P; Desmeules, J; Escher, M; Hopfgartner, G, 2007)	0.59
" The aim of this study was to characterise the pharmacodynamic interaction between buprenorphine and naloxone in healthy volunteers."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.79
"A competitive pharmacodynamic interaction model was proposed to describe and predict the time course of naloxone-induced reversal of respiratory depression."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.57
" A combined biophase equilibration-receptor association-dissociation pharmacodynamic model described the competitive interaction between buprenorphine and naloxone at the opioid mu receptor."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression by naloxone : a study in healthy volunteers. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Sarton, E; Teppema, L; van Dorp, E; Yassen, A, 2007)	0.77
" Pharmacokinetic data of thienorphine and its metabolite thienorphine glucuronide conjugate obtained with this method following a single oral dose of 3mg/kg thienorphine to rats were also reported for the first time."	( Simultaneous determination of thienorphine and its active metabolite thienorphine glucuronide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Gong, Z; Kong, Q; Qiao, J; Ruan, J; Wang, X; Yuan, S; Zhang, Z, 2007)	0.34
"Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in mice and rabbits."	( Buprederm, a new transdermal delivery system of buprenorphine: pharmacokinetic, efficacy and skin irritancy studies. In, CH; Jeong, SW; Kim, D; Kim, SO; Lee, D; Lee, SH; Min, B; Park, I; Song, J, 2008)	0.6
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of buprenorphine in dogs following intravenous (IV) administration of clinical doses of the opioid."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous administration of clinical doses to dogs. Abellán, R; Andaluz, A; Carbó, M; Fresno, L; García, F; Moll, X; Ventura, R, 2009)	0.89
" Other kinetic variables included terminal rate constant (k(el)) and elimination half-life (t(1/2)), plasma clearance (Cl), volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)), and mean residence time (MRT)."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous administration in dogs. Boothe, DM; Krotscheck, U; Little, AA, 2008)	0.67
" Harmonic mean and pseudo SD for t(1/2) were 270+/-130 minutes; mean +/- SD values for remaining pharmacokinetic variables were as follows: C(max), 14+/-2."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous administration in dogs. Boothe, DM; Krotscheck, U; Little, AA, 2008)	0.67
" The values for half-life of biophase equilibration were consistent between the neuropsychological tests in the range of 66."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of cognitive and psychomotor effects of intravenous buprenorphine infusion in human volunteers. Bonde, P; Christrup, LL; Foster, DJ; Graae, C; Jensen, ML; Sjøgren, P; Skram, U; Stevner, L; Upton, RN, 2008)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to provide baseline pharmacokinetic data in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) targeting a plasma level of 1 ng/ml reported effective for analgesia in humans."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Court, M; Hesse, L; Kummrow, MS; Tseng, F, 2008)	0.67
" Pharmacokinetic interactions between HIV therapy and opioid dependence treatment medications can occur."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.63
"This study was conducted to examine the pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NLX) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in HIV-seronegative subjects chronically maintained on BUP/NLX."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.86
"This study was an open labeled pharmacokinetic study in twelve HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 3 weeks of BUP/NLX therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.63
"2 ng*hr/mL) and Cmax (6."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.63
" Pharmacodynamic responses indicate that the altered norbuprenorphine clearance did not lead to opioid withdrawal."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	0.88
" The study objectives were to characterize and compare their intranasal pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.6
" Greater bioavailability and faster onset of pharmacodynamic effects compared to sublingual administration suggests a motivation for intranasal misuse in non-dependent opioid abusers."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.6
"006 mg kg(-1)) and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for each route of administration using a noncompartmental model."	( Intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in horses: pharmacokinetics and influence of sampling site. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2011)	0.67
"Buprenorphine has a long plasma half-life and results in plasma concentrations that are consistent with analgesia in other species for up to 4 hours following IV administration of this dose in horses."	( Intravenous and sublingual buprenorphine in horses: pharmacokinetics and influence of sampling site. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2011)	2.11
" Pharmacokinetic data from their control sessions (buprenorphine/naloxone only) were sorted by gender and compared using the two-sample t-test."	( Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of maintenance dosed buprenorphine. Fang, WB; McCance-Katz, E; Moody, DE; Morrison, J, 2011)	0.86
"Females had significantly higher area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentrations for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide."	( Gender differences in pharmacokinetics of maintenance dosed buprenorphine. Fang, WB; McCance-Katz, E; Moody, DE; Morrison, J, 2011)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and naloxone were measured over the 24-hour dosing interval on day -1 (buprenorphine/naloxone alone, reference) and day 7 of telaprevir coadministration (test)."	( Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in volunteers on stable buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance therapy. Garg, V; Luo, X; Smith, F; Trevejo, J; van Heeswijk, RP, 2012)	0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine."	( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly. Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)	0.93
"Prescribed sublingual (SL) buprenorphine is sometimes diverted for intravenous (IV) abuse, but no human pharmacokinetic data are available following high-dose IV buprenorphine."	( Intravenous buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine pharmacokinetics in humans. Cone, EJ; Huestis, MA; Pirnay, SO; Preston, KL; Umbricht, A, 2013)	1.07
" Thus, previously demonstrated pharmacodynamic ceiling effects (over 2-16 mg) are not due to pharmacokinetic adaptations within this range, although they may play a role at doses higher than 12 mg."	( Intravenous buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine pharmacokinetics in humans. Cone, EJ; Huestis, MA; Pirnay, SO; Preston, KL; Umbricht, A, 2013)	0.77
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 12 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 3 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and raltegravir in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Andrews, L; Chodkowski, D; Douglas Bruce, R; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Moody, DE; Morrison, J; Parsons, TL, 2013)	0.86
"The addition of raltegravir to stabilized patients receiving buprenorphine/naloxone does not significantly affect buprenorphine/naloxone or raltegravir pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and raltegravir in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Andrews, L; Chodkowski, D; Douglas Bruce, R; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Moody, DE; Morrison, J; Parsons, TL, 2013)	0.9
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of 2 formulations of buprenorphine in macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Fang, WB; Fortman, JD; Halliday, LC; Lindeblad, M; Moody, DE; Nunamaker, EA, 2013)	0.89
"We performed a within-subject open-labeled pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study in 17 HIV-seronegative subjects stabilized on at least 2 weeks of buprenorphine/naloxone therapy."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.83
"6 hr*ng/mL) and mean Cmax (8."	( The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and elvitegravir/cobicistat in subjects receiving chronic buprenorphine/naloxone treatment. Bruce, RD; Custodio, JM; Friedland, GH; Kearney, BP; Ramanathan, S; Rhee, MS; Wei, LX; Winkle, P, 2013)	0.63
"Relative to HCV seronegative subjects, HCV seropositive subjects had higher buprenorphine exposure, as demonstrated by elevated buprenorphine AUC and Cmax values (p = ."	( Effects of HCV seropositive status on buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in opioid-dependent individuals. Masson, CL; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Rainey, PM, )	0.63
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with commercially available software."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and intramuscular administration in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Christe, KL; Kelly, KR; Pypendop, BH, 2014)	0.73
" The terminal half-life of fentanyl (2."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl and buprenorphine in healthy greyhound dogs. Allen, P; KuKanich, B, 2014)	0.65
"Describe the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in horses and to relate the plasma buprenorphine concentration to the pharmacodynamic effects."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of intravenous buprenorphine in conscious horses. Love, EJ; Murrell, JC; Pelligand, L; Sear, JW; Taylor, PM, 2015)	0.94
" administration, mean ± SD volume of distribution at steady-state (L/kg), clearance (mL·min/kg), and terminal half-life (h) were 11."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and buccal administration in cats, and effects on thermal threshold. Hedges, AR; Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Shilo-Benjamini, Y; Stanley, SD, 2014)	0.73
"A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using 36 opioid-dependent subjects who received single subcutaneous doses of RBP-6000."	( A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling approach to support the clinical development of RBP-6000, a new, subcutaneously injectable, long-acting, sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine, for the treatment of opioid dependence. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Greenwald, MK; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2014)	0.59
"The resulting pharmacokinetic model accurately described buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine plasma concentrations."	( A population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling approach to support the clinical development of RBP-6000, a new, subcutaneously injectable, long-acting, sustained-release formulation of buprenorphine, for the treatment of opioid dependence. Fudala, PJ; Gomeni, R; Greenwald, MK; Heidbreder, C; Nasser, AF; Zheng, B, 2014)	0.84
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of least squares linear regression and noncompartmental analysis of naïve pooled data."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Gustavsen, KA; Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA, 2014)	0.73
"8% and elimination half-life was 92."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Gustavsen, KA; Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA, 2014)	0.73
" These results, in combination with those of a pharmacodynamic study, suggested that the analgesic effects of buprenorphine could last at least 6 to 9 hours in this species."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Gustavsen, KA; Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA, 2014)	0.94
"The purpose of the study was to investigate placebo and buprenorphine effects on event-related potentials (ERPs) in experimental pain and the potential benefit of population pharmacodynamic modelling in data analysis."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of placebo and buprenorphine effects on event-related potentials in experimental pain. Andresen, T; Christrup, LL; Drewes, AM; Foster, DJ; Graversen, C; Juul, RV; Kreilgaard, M; Upton, RN, 2014)	0.91
" We compared the pharmacokinetic assessments of standard, immediate-release buprenorphine (Bup IR) and a sustained-release buprenorphine formulation (Bup SR Lab) in male C57BL/6J mice, a mouse strain commonly used in biomedical research."	( Pharmacokinetic comparison of sustained-release and standard buprenorphine in mice. Clark, DD; Clark, TS; Hoyt, RF, 2014)	0.87
" Serial blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of steady-state faldaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of steady-state methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone in subjects receiving stable addiction management therapy. Adeniji, A; Elgadi, M; Huang, F; Joseph, D; Riesenberg, RR; Schobelock, MJ; Vince, BD; Webster, LR, 2015)	0.64
" The purpose of the current study was to conduct a pharmacokinetic analysis of 2 new long-acting formulations of buprenorphine-an injectable sustained-release buprenorphine (SRB) and a transdermal buprenorphine (TDB) patch-in healthy Göttingen minipigs by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release and transdermal buprenorphine in Göttingen minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Garcia, KD; Jenkins, GJ; Ma, J; Nunamaker, EA; Stolarik, DF; Thiede, AJ, 2014)	0.86
" The authors evaluated the pharmacokinetic interaction of boceprevir with methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone in patients on stable maintenance therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between HCV protease inhibitor boceprevir and methadone or buprenorphine in subjects on stable maintenance therapy. Bruce, RD; Butterton, JR; Feng, HP; Hulskotte, EG; Lin, WH; O'Mara, E; Wagner, JA; Webster, LR; Xuan, F, 2015)	0.86
" This study aimed to establish the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single subcutaneous dose of sustained release buprenorphine (Buprenorphine SR) in juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) with regard to its potential to provide long-lasting analgesia that requires infrequent dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of a single subcutaneous dose of sustained release buprenorphine in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Barbosa, L; Chinnadurai, SK; Johnson, S; Knych, HK; Molter, CM; Wack, RF, 2015)	0.86
" To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the population pharmacokinetic of sublingual buprenorphine in neonates with NAS."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Sublingual Buprenorphine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Barrett, JS; Dombrowsky, E; Erlich, ME; Kraft, WK; Lin, H; Moody, DE; Ng, CM, 2015)	0.89
"A retrospective population PK analysis of: (1) neonates with NAS treated with sublingual buprenorphine in randomized, double blinded clinical study and (2) data from healthy adults from a previously published pharmacokinetic study."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Sublingual Buprenorphine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Barrett, JS; Dombrowsky, E; Erlich, ME; Kraft, WK; Lin, H; Moody, DE; Ng, CM, 2015)	0.9
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a first order conditional estimation with interaction in the NONMEM software program."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Sublingual Buprenorphine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Barrett, JS; Dombrowsky, E; Erlich, ME; Kraft, WK; Lin, H; Moody, DE; Ng, CM, 2015)	0.67
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to describe the time course of buprenorphine plasma concentrations after repeated SC injections of RBP-6000 at 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, or 300 mg in treatment-seeking opioid-dependent subjects previously on sublingual buprenorphine (Subutex(®) ) treatment."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling After Repeated Administrations of RBP-6000, a New, Subcutaneously Injectable, Long-Acting, Sustained-Release Formulation of Buprenorphine, for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Gomeni, R; Heidbreder, C; Jones, JP; Laffont, CM; Nasser, AF, 2016)	0.85
" In this review, comparative evidence on pharmacokinetic differences between abuse-deterrent and classical formulations of the same opioids is summarized; furthermore, pharmacodynamic differences, with a focus on analgesia and abuse-related symptoms, are addressed."	( Abuse-Deterrent Opioid Formulations: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations. Knothe, C; Lötsch, J; Walter, C, 2016)	0.43
" Two open-label studies were performed to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of buprenorphine from buccal film formulations of buprenorphine."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Single- and Multiple-dose Buprenorphine Buccal Film in Healthy Volunteers. Bai, SA; Finn, A; Xiang, Q, 2016)	0.9
" These pharmacokinetic results suggest that therapeutic buprenorphine plasma concentrations can be obtained with BBUP across a wide dose range in a shorter time than other (eg, transdermal) dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Single- and Multiple-dose Buprenorphine Buccal Film in Healthy Volunteers. Bai, SA; Finn, A; Xiang, Q, 2016)	0.92
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by data plotting followed by analysis with a noncompartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine after intraperitoneal administration to cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Lascelles, BD; Lavoie, AM; Monteiro, BP; Steagall, PV, 2016)	0.43
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of CAM2038 q1w and q4w versus sublingual buprenorphine support expected treatment efficacy with once-weekly and once-monthly dosing, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Once-Weekly and Once-Monthly Buprenorphine Subcutaneous Injection Depots (CAM2038) Versus Intravenous and Sublingual Buprenorphine in Healthy Volunteers Under Naltrexone Blockade: An Open-Label Phase 1 Study. Albayaty, M; Johnsson, M; Linden, M; Olsson, H; Strandgården, K; Tiberg, F, 2017)	0.93
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by use of noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine and sustained-release buprenorphine after administration to adult alpacas. Aarnes, TK; Bednarski, RM; Dooley, SB; Hubbell, JA; Lakritz, J; Lerche, P, 2017)	0.72
"In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic profiles of meloxicam and sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine in prairie dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Meloxicam and Sustained-release Buprenorphine in Prairie Dogs ( Cary, CD; Gallardo-Romero, NF; Hutson, CL; Lathrop, GW; Lukovsky-Akhsanov, NL; Morgan, CN; Ostergaard, SD; Powell, N; Tansey, CM; Taylor, WD, 2017)	0.92
" A bespoke bicompartmental pharmacokinetic model simultaneously fitted data from two analytes/three routes of administration."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling after subcutaneous, intravenous and buccal administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine in conscious cats. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Doodnaught, GM; Edge, D; Monteiro, BP; Pelligand, L; Steagall, P, 2017)	0.66
"The SC administration of Simbadol™ was characterized by prolonged absorption half-life and sustained plasma concentrations yielding long-lasting antinociception (≥ 24 hours) when compared with the IV and OTM routes."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling after subcutaneous, intravenous and buccal administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine in conscious cats. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Doodnaught, GM; Edge, D; Monteiro, BP; Pelligand, L; Steagall, P, 2017)	0.66
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by use of least squares linear regression and noncompartmental analysis of naïve pooled data."	( Pharmacokinetics of a Sustained Release Formulation of Buprenorphine After Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration to American Kestrels ( Falco sparverius ). Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2017)	0.7
" The objective of the present study was to build and validate robust physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for intravenous (IV) and sublingual (SL) BUP as a first step to optimizing BUP pharmacotherapy."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach to predict buprenorphine pharmacokinetics following intravenous and sublingual administration. Caritis, SN; Kalluri, HV; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.69
"Population pharmacokinetic model-based meta-analysis of published data."	( Converting from Transdermal to Buccal Formulations of Buprenorphine: A Pharmacokinetic Meta-Model Simulation in Healthy Volunteers. Camper, S; Chappa, AK; Mould, DR; Passik, S; Priestley, T; Shusterman, N; Tormo, VJ; Upton, RN, 2018)	0.73
"A model-based meta-analysis of available buprenorphine pharmacokinetic data in healthy adults, extracted as aggregate (mean) data from published literature, was performed to explore potential conversion from transdermal to buccal buprenorphine."	( Converting from Transdermal to Buccal Formulations of Buprenorphine: A Pharmacokinetic Meta-Model Simulation in Healthy Volunteers. Camper, S; Chappa, AK; Mould, DR; Passik, S; Priestley, T; Shusterman, N; Tormo, VJ; Upton, RN, 2018)	1
" The purpose of this research was to predict the magnitude of drug-drug interaction (DDI) after coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inducer or inhibitor using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Buprenorphine After Subcutaneous Administration of CAM2038 With Perpetrators of CYP3A4. Gobburu, JVS; Liu, T, 2018)	0.7
"In guinea pigs, studies addressing the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles of different sustained-release buprenorphine (SRB) formulations are still in their infancy."	( Pharmacokinetics and Adverse Effects of 3 Sustained-release Buprenorphine Dosages in Healthy Guinea Pigs ( Casebolt, DB; Louie, SG; Putta, SK; Zanetti, AS, 2017)	0.91
"The principal study objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and determine the absolute bioavailability and tolerability of a new sublingual (SL) buprenorphine wafer."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	0.93
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analyses of the buprenorphine plasma concentration-time profiles."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	0.96
"This novel sublingual buprenorphine wafer has high bioavailability and reduced Tmax compared with other SL tablet formulations of buprenorphine."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	1.05
" Plasma buprenorphine concentration was quantified, and data were analyzed with a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Drazenovich, TL; Knych, HK; Paul-Murphy, JR; Sadar, MJ, 2018)	1.24
" The objectives of this study were to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for BUP in pregnant women, to predict changes in BUP exposure at different stages of pregnancy, and to demonstrate the utility of PBPK modelling in optimizing BUP pharmacotherapy during pregnancy."	( Gestational changes in buprenorphine exposure: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis. Alshabi, A; Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; Kalluri, HV; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.79
"PBPK model-based simulation may be a useful tool to optimize BUP pharmacotherapy during pregnancy, obviating the need to perform pharmacokinetic studies in each trimester and the postpartum period that normally require intensive blood sampling."	( Gestational changes in buprenorphine exposure: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis. Alshabi, A; Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; Kalluri, HV; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.79
"A prospective experimental study was performed in nine young healthy cats to investigate a pharmacokinetic profile and the clinical relevance of rectally administered buprenorphine."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose and high-dose buprenorphine in cats after rectal administration of different formulations. Dobenecker, B; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Pieper, K; Reese, S; Schroers, M, 2019)	0.97
"Upon pharmacokinetic non-compartment analysis of high-dose buprenorphine (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose and high-dose buprenorphine in cats after rectal administration of different formulations. Dobenecker, B; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Pieper, K; Reese, S; Schroers, M, 2019)	1.02
" Regarding effective concentrations in previous pharmacokinetic investigations, rectal administration is currently not recommended for good provision of opioid analgesia in cats."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose and high-dose buprenorphine in cats after rectal administration of different formulations. Dobenecker, B; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Pieper, K; Reese, S; Schroers, M, 2019)	0.78
" For the pharmacokinetic analysis, buprenorphine (0."	( Evaluation of the thermal antinociceptive effects and pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration of buprenorphine hydrochloride to cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Beaufrère, H; Guzman, DS; Houck, EL; Knych, HKD; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2018)	0.97
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	0.8
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine and naloxone were consistent between single- and multiple-dose studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	1.08
"The present data suggest that buprenorphine/naloxone pharmacokinetic profiles in Chinese participants are consistent, overall, with those in Western populations, supporting no differences in dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Buprenorphine Tablets Following Single and Multiple Doses in Chinese Participants With and Without Opioid Use Disorder. Dong, R; Gray, F; Jiang, J; Laffont, CM; Lang, L; Learned, SM; Li, D; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Wang, H; Young, M, 2019)	1.09
" The aim of this study was to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model to predict buprenorphine treatment outcomes in newborns with neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome."	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	1.09
"Clinical data were obtained from 19 newborns with a median (range) gestational age of 37 (34-41) weeks enrolled in a pilot pharmacokinetic study of buprenorphine."	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	1.07
" A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately described the pharmacokinetic data."	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	0.87
"Serial blood samples during a dose interval of 24 hours were obtained approximately 1 year preoperatively as well as 1 week, 1 month and 12 months postoperatively and key pharmacokinetic variables were calculated."	( Effect of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Buprenorphine Pharmacokinetics: A Planned Case Observation. Helland, A; Krabseth, HM; Spigset, O; Strømmen, M, 2020)	0.84
"The population pharmacokinetic analysis included 570 subjects with opioid use disorder who received up to 12 monthly BUP-XR injections following induction with sublingual buprenorphine."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	1.08
" Finally, pharmacokinetic simulations showed that buprenorphine plasma concentrations decreased slowly after discontinuation of treatment and that a 2-week occasional delay in dosing would not impact efficacy, which translated into labeling claims."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	1.14
"In conclusion, the present analysis led to the development of a robust population pharmacokinetic model and confirms the ability of BUP-XR to deliver and maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations over the entire treatment duration."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	0.89
" Maternal pharmacokinetics were modelled with a population pharmacokinetic method using the data from this study and our previous intravenous administration study."	( MATERNAL AND FETAL BUPRENORPHINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN PREGNANT SHEEP DURING TRANSDERMAL PATCH DOSING: Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep. Hakomäki, H; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2021)	0.95
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been previously developed for betamethasone and buprenorphine for pregnant women."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in pregnancy: Model reproducibility and external validation. Haas, DM; Quinney, SK; Silva, LL; Silvola, RM, 2022)	0.94
" time profiles, and comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in pregnancy: Model reproducibility and external validation. Haas, DM; Quinney, SK; Silva, LL; Silvola, RM, 2022)	0.72
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the area under the curve of intravenous, intranasal, and OTM routes were 28."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral transmucosal, and intranasal buprenorphine in healthy male dogs. Enomoto, H; Love, L; Madsen, M; Messenger, KM; Wallace, A, 2022)	0.96
" There are few pharmacokinetic models of buprenorphine across diverse populations."	( Findings from a pilot study of buprenorphine population pharmacokinetics: A potential effect of HIV on buprenorphine bioavailability. Bart, G; Brundage, RC; Giang, LM; Jaber, M; Korthuis, PT, 2022)	1.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters after IVB and IAB in plasma and synovial fluid were calculated using a nonlinear mixed effects model."	( Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular buprenorphine in horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis. Castro-Cuellar, G; Cremer, J; Knych, HK; Leise, BS; Queiroz-Williams, P, 2023)	1.19
", CAM2038, have been shown to provide smaller and less frequent fluctuations in BPN plasma concentrations and pharmacodynamic responses, improve outcomes, reduce treatment burden, and lower risks of misuse and diversion compared to daily sublingual (SL) BPN."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis Supports Initiation Treatment and Bridging from Sublingual Buprenorphine to Subcutaneous Administration of a Buprenorphine Depot (CAM2038) in the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Acharya, C; Björnsson, M; Strandgården, K; Tiberg, F, 2023)	1.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 125 patients undergoing a cholecystectomy, a comparison was made of the quality of post-operative pain relief during 'patient-controlled' intake of sublingual buprenorphine.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"8 mg/70 kg) alone and in combination with naloxone (0."	( Buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone in non-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Farre, M; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL; Weinhold, LL, 1992)	1.73
"In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 125 patients undergoing a cholecystectomy, a comparison was made of the quality of post-operative pain relief during 'patient-controlled' intake of sublingual buprenorphine in combination with either rectally administered naproxen 1000 mg/24 h, paracetamol 4000 mg/24 h or a placebo."	( Application of sublingual buprenorphine in combination with naproxen or paracetamol for post-operative pain relief in cholecystectomy patients in a double-blind study. Crul, BJ; Joosten, HJ; Vollaard, EJ; von Egmond, J; Witjes, WP, 1992)	0.77
" These results indicate that IV-PCA of buprenorphine combined with continuous thoracic epidural infusion of bupivacaine is more effective analgesic management than continuous TEA with buprenorphine and bupivacaine."	( [Intravenous patient controlled analgesia combined with continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain]. Hirabayashi, Y; Satoh, M; Seo, N, 2000)	0.58
"A retrospective study was performed to determine the influence of age on hemodynamics and awakening time in total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using propofol and buprenorphine combined with continuous epidural anesthesia for abdominal surgery."	( [The influence of age on hemodynamics and the dose requirements of propofol and buprenorphine in total intravenous anesthesia combined with continuous epidural anesthesia]. Tabuchi, Y, 2001)	0.73
"The present study examined the effects of SNC80 alone and in combination with the mu opioid agonists, morphine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine to determine whether SNC80 would enhance their antinociceptive effects."	( Antinociceptive effects of the selective delta opioid agonist SNC80 alone and in combination with mu opioids in the squirrel monkey titration procedure. Allen, RM; Dykstra, LA; Granger, AL; Rice, KC; Zhang, X, 2002)	0.52
" Methadone has significant, adverse drug-drug interactions with many antiretroviral therapeutic agents that can contribute to nonadherence and poor clinical outcomes in this high-risk population."	( Treatment of opioid dependence and coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus in opioid-dependent patients: the importance of drug interactions between opioids and antiretroviral agents. McCance-Katz, EF, 2005)	0.33
"  Dogs were allocated randomly to receive 15 μg kg(-1) buprenorphine combined with either 30 μg kg(-1) acepromazine (group 1), 62."	( Two doses of dexmedetomidine in combination with buprenorphine for premedication in dogs; a comparison with acepromazine and buprenorphine. Auckburally, A; Bell, AM; Flaherty, D; Pawson, P; Scott, EM, 2011)	0.87
"When administered with buprenorphine, at these doses, dexmedetomidine had no advantages in terms of sedation and induction quality over acepromazine."	( Two doses of dexmedetomidine in combination with buprenorphine for premedication in dogs; a comparison with acepromazine and buprenorphine. Auckburally, A; Bell, AM; Flaherty, D; Pawson, P; Scott, EM, 2011)	0.93
" Increasing the dose of detomidine from 10 to 20 µg/kg increased the degree of sedation when administered with the same dose of buprenorphine (7."	( Assessment of the sedative effects of buprenorphine administered with 20 microg/kg detomidine in horses. Love, EJ; Murrell, J; Taylor, PM; Waterman-Pearson, AE; Whay, HR, 2011)	0.85
"To compare the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in combination with butorphanol, hydromorphone, or buprenorphine with or without reversal by atipamezole in cats undergoing castration."	( Evaluation of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with various opioids as injectable anesthetic combinations for castration in cats. Austin, BR; Barletta, M; Ko, JC; Krimins, RA; Payton, ME; Weil, AB, 2011)	0.57
"To investigate the safety, sedative and analgesic properties of methadone in combination with acepromazine prior to neutering in cats."	( Methadone in combination with acepromazine as premedication prior to neutering in the cat. Bortolami, E; Murrell, JC; Slingsby, LS, 2013)	0.39
"Cats received one of three opioids combined with acepromazine (0."	( Methadone in combination with acepromazine as premedication prior to neutering in the cat. Bortolami, E; Murrell, JC; Slingsby, LS, 2013)	0.39
"Methadone provided comparable sedation and analgesia to both buprenorphine and butorphanol when combined with acepromazine."	( Methadone in combination with acepromazine as premedication prior to neutering in the cat. Bortolami, E; Murrell, JC; Slingsby, LS, 2013)	0.63
" Drug-drug interactions associated with this polypharmacy are relatively new to the field of HCV pharmacotherapy."	( Clinical management of drug-drug interactions in HCV therapy: challenges and solutions. Back, D; Buggisch, P; Burger, D; Buti, M; Craxí, A; Foster, G; Klinker, H; Larrey, D; Nikitin, I; Pol, S; Puoti, M; Romero-Gómez, M; Wedemeyer, H; Zeuzem, S, 2013)	0.39
"Choice of dex or acp, when given with buprenorphine, caused minor, clinically detectable, differences in various characteristics of anaesthesia, but not in the level of analgesia."	( Sedative and analgesic effects of buprenorphine, combined with either acepromazine or dexmedetomidine, for premedication prior to elective surgery in cats and dogs. Grint, NJ; Hunt, JR; Murrell, JC; Taylor, PM, 2013)	0.94
"The effects of buprenorphine (5 μg kg(-1) ) (Group B, n = 46) or placebo (5% glucose solution) (Group C, n = 38) in combination with detomidine (10 μg kg(-1) ) were compared in standing horses undergoing minor clinical procedures."	( Evaluation of sedation for standing clinical procedures in horses using detomidine combined with buprenorphine. Coumbe, K; Henson, F; Scott, D; Taylor, A; Taylor, P, 2014)	0.97
"A hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the extraction and determination of naloxone (NLX), buprenorphine (BP) and its major metabolite norbuprenorphine (NBP) in human plasma."	( Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of naloxone, buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in human plasma. Du, Z; Qu, S; Sun, W, 2014)	0.78
"Respiratory depression has been attributed to buprenorphine (BUP) misuse or combination with benzodiazepines."	( Respiratory effects of buprenorphine/naloxone alone and in combination with diazepam in naive and tolerant rats. Chevillard, L; Cohier, C; Mégarbane, B; Risède, P; Roussel, O, 2014)	0.97
" Data suggested that dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) combined with buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) is not as well absorbed from the buccal mucosa site as from the intramuscular injection site."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats. Baert, K; Bosmans, T; Cherlet, M; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; de Rooster, H; Polis, I; Porters, N, 2015)	0.88
" Daclatasvir is a potent pangenotypic inhibitor of the HCV NS5A replication complex recently approved for HCV treatment in Europe and Japan in combination with other antivirals."	( Assessment of drug-drug interactions between daclatasvir and methadone or buprenorphine-naloxone. Bertz, R; Bifano, M; Bruce, RD; DeMicco, M; Garimella, T; Hwang, C; Kandoussi, H; Luo, WL; Wang, R; Wastall, P, 2015)	0.65
"To determine the effects of diazepam combined with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol for induction of anesthesia (IOA) following premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride (SRB) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in sheep."	( Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Gatson, BJ; Granone, TD; Pablo, L; Plummer, CE, 2015)	0.87
"01 mg/kg, SC); after > 4 weeks, each sheep received the other induction combination with no premedication."	( Effects of premedication with sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride and anesthetic induction with ketamine hydrochloride or propofol in combination with diazepam on intraocular pressure in healthy sheep. Gatson, BJ; Granone, TD; Pablo, L; Plummer, CE, 2015)	0.67
"To compare sedative and analgesic properties of buprenorphine or morphine for standing procedures combined with a detomidine continuous rate infusion (CRI)."	( Preliminary investigation comparing a detomidine continuous rate infusion combined with either morphine or buprenorphine for standing sedation in horses. Love, EJ; MacFarlane, PD; Murrell, JC; Potter, JJ; Taylor, PM; Tremaine, H, 2016)	0.9
" We determined the whole blood pharmacokinetics of ethanol (using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry), BUP and its metabolites (using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry) and investigated the mechanisms of drug-drug interactions in the presence or absence of naloxone (7."	( Editor's Highlight: Neurorespiratory Effects of Buprenorphine and Ethanol in Combination: A Mechanistic Study of Drug-Drug Interactions in the Rat. Chevillard, L; Cohier, C; Mégarbane, B; Risède, P; Roussel, O; Salle, S, 2017)	0.71
" Methods Using a prospective, randomised, blinded design, 40 client-owned adult cats were assigned to receive IM dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) combined with either butorphanol (0."	( Comparison of intramuscular butorphanol and buprenorphine combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation in cats. Bhalla, RJ; Leece, EA; Trimble, TA; Vettorato, E, 2018)	0.74
" Subjects received methadone (arm 1) or buprenorphine-naloxone (arm 2) once daily (QD) per their existing individual prescriptions alone (days 1 to 9) and then in combination with glecaprevir at 300 mg QD and pibrentasvir at 120 mg QD (days 10 to 16) each morning."	( No Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions between Methadone or Buprenorphine-Naloxone and Antiviral Combination Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir. Asatryan, A; Geoffroy, P; Kort, J; Kosloski, MP; Liu, W; Zhao, W, 2017)	0.96
" The purpose of this research was to predict the magnitude of drug-drug interaction (DDI) after coadministration of a strong CYP3A4 inducer or inhibitor using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions of Buprenorphine After Subcutaneous Administration of CAM2038 With Perpetrators of CYP3A4. Gobburu, JVS; Liu, T, 2018)	0.7
"To characterize alfaxalone administered subcutaneously (SC) in guinea pigs, both alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine."	( Effects of subcutaneous alfaxalone alone and in combination with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Bradley, MP; Doerning, CM; Lester, PA; Nowland, MH, 2018)	0.91
" In SD rats, a low, but not a high, dose of SAM in combination with BUP counteracted swim-stress induced immobility."	( Locomotor and anti-immobility effects of buprenorphine in combination with the opioid receptor modulator samidorphan in rats. Burke, NN; Deaver, DR; Ferdousi, M; Finn, DP; Kelly, JP; Roche, M, 2019)	0.78
"1 mg/kg, subcutaneous) alone or in combination with samidorphan (0."	( Chronic administration of buprenorphine in combination with samidorphan produces sustained effects in olfactory bulbectomised rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Burke, NN; Deaver, DR; Eyerman, DJ; Finn, DP; Kelly, JP; Li, Y; Roche, M; Sanchez, C, 2019)	0.81
"Olfactory bulbectomised-induced hyperactivity was attenuated by chronic administration of buprenorphine alone and in combination with samidorphan, to that of sham control activity levels."	( Chronic administration of buprenorphine in combination with samidorphan produces sustained effects in olfactory bulbectomised rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Burke, NN; Deaver, DR; Eyerman, DJ; Finn, DP; Kelly, JP; Li, Y; Roche, M; Sanchez, C, 2019)	1.04
" Buprenorphine undergoes extensive cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 metabolism, leading to potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) as reported for sublingual buprenorphine."	( Evaluation of Drug-Drug Interaction Liability for Buprenorphine Extended-Release Monthly Injection Administered by Subcutaneous Route. Howgate, EM; Kharidia, J; Laffont, CM; Liu, Y; Young, MA, 2021)	1.78
"Methadone and buprenorphine have pharmacologic properties that are concerning for a high risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Identifying Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions With Methadone and Buprenorphine: A Translational Approach to Signal Detection. Acton, EK; Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Dawwas, GK; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L; Miano, TA; Neuman, M; Nguyen, TPP; Soprano, SE; Wang, L; Woody, G; Yu, E, 2022)	1.31

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of buprenorphine, HCl (BPP) in sheep after nasal administration of two formulations has been studied. Thienorphine was a partial opioid agonist with long-lasting antinociceptive effect and high oral bioavailability compared with its analogue.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The kinetics and systemic bioavailability of intranasally administered buprenorphine have been investigated in 9 healthy volunteers in an intranasal/intravenous cross-over study."	( The systemic availability of buprenorphine administered by nasal spray. Bjarnø, H; Brewster, D; Eriksen, J; Friis, P; Jensen, NH; Kamp-Jensen, M, 1989)	0.8
"The systemic bioavailability of buprenorphine has been studied in female rats following single doses (200 microgram kg-1) administered by one of six different routes."	( The systemic bioavailability of buprenorphine by various routes of administration. Brewster, D; Humphrey, MJ; Mcleavy, MA, 1981)	0.83
" Comparison of areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves to 24 hours after dosing showed the mean bioavailability of buprenorphine from the intramuscular doses was 70% of that from the reference intravenous doses."	( Plasma concentration and disposition of buprenorphine after intravenous and intramuscular doses to baboons. Biggs, SR; Henson, R; Lloyd-Jones, JG; Robinson, P; Taylor, T, 1980)	0.73
" The bioavailability of sublingual and buccal opioids is better as the uptake of active drug is governed by local blood flow."	( [Are there indications for oral or sublingual administration of morphines?]. Spielvogel, C, 1994)	0.29
" Utilizing a new, sensitive, and specific gas chromatographic electron-capture detector assay, the absolute bioavailability of sublingual buprenorphine was determined in six healthy volunteers by comparing plasma concentrations after 3- and 5-minute exposures to 2 mg sublingual and 1 mg intravenous buprenorphine."	( Bioavailability of sublingual buprenorphine. Everhart, ET; Jacob, P; Jones, RT; Mendelson, J; Upton, RA, 1997)	0.79
" The method was utilized in studies to determine the absolute bioavailability of sublingual doses of 2 mg of buprenorphine in 1 mL of 300 mL/L ethanol and the bioequivalence of sublingual 8-mg tablet and 300 mL/L ethanol solution formulations."	( Subnanogram-concentration measurement of buprenorphine in human plasma by electron-capture capillary gas chromatography: application to pharmacokinetics of sublingual buprenorphine. Cheung, P; Everhart, ET; Jacob, P; Jones, RT; Mendelson, J; Shwonek, P; Tisdale, EC; Zabel, K, 1997)	0.78
" This study compared the bioavailability of buprenorphine from a tablet to that from a reference solution."	( Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics: relative bioavailability of sublingual tablet and liquid formulations. Cheung, P; Everhart, ET; Jones, RT; Mendelson, JE; Nath, RP; Shwonek, P; Upton, RA, 1999)	2.01
"Clinical trials carried out to compare methadone and buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid dependence have generally employed an alcoholic solution of buprenorphine, which has a bioavailability superior to that of the tablets."	( Buprenorphine: a controlled clinical trial in the treatment of opioid dependence. Gessa, GL; Maremmani, I; Pani, PP; Pirastu, R; Tagliamonte, A, 2000)	2
"The bioavailability of buprenorphine, HCl (BPP) in sheep after nasal administration of two formulations has been studied."	( Intranasal absorption of buprenorphine--in vivo bioavailability study in sheep. Bechgaard, E; Gizurarson, S; Lindhardt, K; Ravn, C, 2000)	0.92
" Buprenorphine and naloxone bioavailability was approximately 40 and 10%, respectively."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, E; Mendelson, J; Upton, RA; Welm, S, 2000)	2.66
" The addition of naloxone does not affect the efficacy of buprenorphine for two reasons: (1) naloxone is poorly absorbed sublingually relative to buprenorphine and (2) the half-life for buprenorphine is much longer than for naloxone (32 vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of the combination tablet of buprenorphine and naloxone. Chiang, CN; Hawks, RL, 2003)	0.82
" This study compared the relative buprenorphine bioavailability of these different formulations."	( Relative bioavailability of different buprenorphine formulations under chronic dosing conditions. Bigelow, GE; Moody, DE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2004)	0.87
"These results suggest there may be greater bioavailability of buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine alone tablets, and that the bioavailability of buprenorphine from the former is very similar to that seen with solution after 2 weeks of stabilization on each formulation."	( Relative bioavailability of different buprenorphine formulations under chronic dosing conditions. Bigelow, GE; Moody, DE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2004)	0.84
" Naloxone did not change the bioavailability or effects of the buprenorphine 16 mg tablet."	( Pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of sublingual buprenorphine, alone or in combination with naloxone: lack of dose proportionality. Harris, DS; Jones, RT; Lin, ET; Mendelson, JE; Upton, RA, 2004)	0.81
" The naloxone is poorly absorbed sublingually and is designed to discourage intravenous use."	( Buprenorphine: a primer for emergency physicians. Sporer, KA, 2004)	1.77
" Buprenorphine undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and therefore has very low oral bioavailability; however, its bioavailability sublingually is extensive enough to make this a feasible route of administration for the treatment of opioid dependence."	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	2.68
" To assist the clinician in interpreting the relevant literature in establishing dosing parameters for prescription of tablet buprenorphine, this study was designed to compare the steady state: (1) pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, and (2) physiological, subjective and objective opiate effects of two 8 mg buprenorphine tablets (16 mg) to those of 1 ml (8 mg/ml) buprenorphine solution based upon early reports suggesting that the bioavailability of the tablet was approximately 50% of that of the liquid."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine. Chiang, N; Compton, P; Ling, W; Moody, D, 2006)	0.77
" Peak plasma buprenorphine concentration was lower and occurred later in the OTM group but median bioavailability was 116."	( PK-PD modeling of buprenorphine in cats: intravenous and oral transmucosal administration. Lascelles, BD; Robertson, SA; Sear, JW; Taylor, PM, 2005)	1.03
" Additionally, the bioavailability of thienorphine was greatly higher than that of buprenorphine after oral administration."	( Thienorphine is a potent long-acting partial opioid agonist: a comparative study with buprenorphine. Cui, MX; Gong, ZH; Yu, G; Yue, YJ, 2006)	0.78
" Buprenorphine has significant sublingual bioavailability and a long half-life, making administration on a less than daily basis possible."	( Buprenorphine-containing treatments: place in the management of opioid addiction. Robinson, SE, 2006)	2.69
" After intramuscular administration of buprenorphine at the same dosage, bioavailability was complete and clearance was 54."	( Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine in healthy, lactating goats. Bondesson, U; Hydbring-Sandberg, E; Ingvast-Larsson, C; Olsson, K; Svartberg, K, 2007)	0.91
" Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, is very poorly absorbed with sublingual administration, but if it is injected intravenously, it will antagonise the effects of buprenorphine."	( Buprenorphine + naloxone: new combination. Opiate dependence: no proof of reduced risk of self-administered injection. , 2007)	1.98
" Bioavailability was 38% plus or minus 12% for the 20 microg/kg dose and 47%+/-16% for the 120 microg/kg dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs. Abbo, LA; Fang, WB; Galinsky, RE; Johnson, BM; Ko, JC; Maxwell, LK; Moody, DE, 2008)	0.67
" Though oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate has reduced bioavailability (25%), it inherits potential for breakthrough pain management."	( Pediatric palliative care: use of opioids for the management of pain. Anderson, BJ; Craig, F; Michel, E; Zernikow, B, 2009)	0.35
" To date, there are no published studies comparing the efficacy and bioavailability of crushed and whole Subutex tablets."	( Bioavailability of buprenorphine from crushed and whole buprenorphine (subutex) tablets. Alho, H; Lillsunde, P; Lintzeris, N; Simojoki, K, 2010)	0.69
" Bioavailability was variable (51-88%)."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular buprenorphine in the horse. Barlow, BM; Davis, JL; LaFevers, DH; Messenger, KM; Posner, LP, 2012)	0.63
"2 mg naloxone for bioavailability assessment)."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.6
" Buprenorphine bioavailability was 38-44% and T(max) was 35-40 minutes after all intranasal doses."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	1.51
" Greater bioavailability and faster onset of pharmacodynamic effects compared to sublingual administration suggests a motivation for intranasal misuse in non-dependent opioid abusers."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile of intranasal crushed buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in opioid abusers. Lofwall, MR; Middleton, LS; Moody, DE; Nuzzo, PA; Walsh, SL, 2011)	0.6
" Thienorphine was a partial opioid agonist with long-lasting antinociceptive effect and high oral bioavailability compared with its analogue buprenorphine."	( Effect of thienorphine on the isolated uterine strips from pregnant rats. Dong, H; Gong, Z; Su, R; Yan, H; Yan, L; Yong, Z; Yu, G; Zhou, P, 2013)	0.59
" Bioavailability was found to be 68."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and intramuscular administration in male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Christe, KL; Kelly, KR; Pypendop, BH, 2014)	0.73
"1) ng/mL], area under the curve [jugular: 395 (335-747), carotid: 278 (214-693), medial saphenous: 255 (188-608) ng·min/mL], and bioavailability [jugular: 47 (34-67), carotid: 32 (20-52), medial saphenous: 23 (16-55)%] were higher in the jugular vein than in the carotid artery and medial saphenous vein."	( Impact of the blood sampling site on time-concentration drug profiles following intravenous or buccal drug administration. Hedges, AR; Ilkiw, JE; Pypendop, BH; Shilo, Y; Stanley, SD, 2014)	0.4
" However, their negative surface charge decreases bioavailability under oral administration."	( Preparation and in vitro evaluation of thienorphine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Mei, XG; Xie, XY; Yang, Y, 2016)	0.43
" For IM administration, bioavailability was 94."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Gustavsen, KA; Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA, 2014)	0.73
"Buprenorphine was rapidly absorbed, and bioavailability was good after IM administration to American kestrels."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine hydrochloride following intramuscular and intravenous administration to American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Gustavsen, KA; Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR; Petritz, OA, 2014)	2.17
" Data suggested that dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) combined with buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) is not as well absorbed from the buccal mucosa site as from the intramuscular injection site."	( Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats. Baert, K; Bosmans, T; Cherlet, M; Croubels, S; De Backer, P; de Rooster, H; Polis, I; Porters, N, 2015)	0.88
" The stochastic model adequately characterized the concentration-time and effect-time courses for both the skin heat stimulation and the resting EEG outcomes with variations in the drug's absorption rate during the 144-hour treatment period."	( Stochastic Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Analysis of the Effect of Transdermal Buprenorphine on Electroencephalogram and Analgesia. Andresen, T; Dahan, A; Drewes, AM; Graversen, C; Olesen, AE; Olofsen, E, 2015)	0.64
" The average maximal plasma buprenorphine concentrations and bioavailability were similar for both routes."	( Pharmacokinetics and Antinociceptive Activity of Sustained-Release Buprenorphine in Sheep. Graham, ML; Walkowiak, KJ, 2015)	0.95
"The absolute bioavailability of BBUP was 46% to 51% across a 16-fold dose range, with dose-proportional increases in systemic exposure."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Single- and Multiple-dose Buprenorphine Buccal Film in Healthy Volunteers. Bai, SA; Finn, A; Xiang, Q, 2016)	0.67
" Residual and absolute bioavailability methods were used to estimate 7-day flux of buprenorphine."	( Dose-Dependent Flux of Buprenorphine Following Transdermal Administration in Healthy Subjects. Cipriano, A; Harris, SC; Munera, C; Wang, Y, 2016)	0.97
" Bioavailability was 64 ± 28%."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine and sustained-release buprenorphine after administration to adult alpacas. Aarnes, TK; Bednarski, RM; Dooley, SB; Hubbell, JA; Lakritz, J; Lerche, P, 2017)	0.72
" PK found greater bioavailability of buprenorphine with "bup-lyo" (but not norbuprenorphine)."	( Randomised Comparison of a Novel Buprenorphine Oral Lyophilisate versus Existing Buprenorphine Sublingual Tablets in Opioid-Dependent Patients: A First-in-Patient Phase II Randomised Open Label Safety Study. Baillie, S; Beavan, P; Bell, J; Bogdanowicz, K; Keen, J; Knight, A; Reed, K; Strang, J; van der Waal, R, 2017)	1.01
" PK found substantially increased bioavailability of buprenorphine (but not of nor-buprenorphine) with "bup-lyo" relative to "bup-SL."	( Randomised Comparison of a Novel Buprenorphine Oral Lyophilisate versus Existing Buprenorphine Sublingual Tablets in Opioid-Dependent Patients: A First-in-Patient Phase II Randomised Open Label Safety Study. Baillie, S; Beavan, P; Bell, J; Bogdanowicz, K; Keen, J; Knight, A; Reed, K; Strang, J; van der Waal, R, 2017)	0.99
" Bioavailability for SC and OTM was 94% and 24%, respectively."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling after subcutaneous, intravenous and buccal administration of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine in conscious cats. Beaudry, F; Benito, J; Doodnaught, GM; Edge, D; Monteiro, BP; Pelligand, L; Steagall, P, 2017)	0.66
" Regarding the pharmacokinetic parameters, cats with stomatitis showed lower bioavailability and shorter absorption half-life after buccal administration of buprenorphine compared with normal cats in previous studies."	( Evaluation of analgesic effect and absorption of buprenorphine after buccal administration in cats with oral disease. Johnston, A; Kouki, M; Papadimitriou, S; Pelligand, L; Pypendop, BH; Stathopoulou, TR, 2018)	0.93
" The transdermal absorption rate constant became zero following patch removal."	( Converting from Transdermal to Buccal Formulations of Buprenorphine: A Pharmacokinetic Meta-Model Simulation in Healthy Volunteers. Camper, S; Chappa, AK; Mould, DR; Passik, S; Priestley, T; Shusterman, N; Tormo, VJ; Upton, RN, 2018)	0.73
"The principal study objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and determine the absolute bioavailability and tolerability of a new sublingual (SL) buprenorphine wafer."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	0.93
"The absolute bioavailability of SL buprenorphine was 45."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	1.02
"This novel sublingual buprenorphine wafer has high bioavailability and reduced Tmax compared with other SL tablet formulations of buprenorphine."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Local Tolerability of a Novel Sublingual Formulation of Buprenorphine. Krishnarajah, J; Lim, SCB; Schug, S, 2019)	1.05
" Pharmacological investigations of formulation and galenics in order to improve the rectal bioavailability of buprenorphine remain to be clarified before further dose-finding and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies are performed."	( Pharmacokinetics of low-dose and high-dose buprenorphine in cats after rectal administration of different formulations. Dobenecker, B; Meyer-Lindenberg, A; Pieper, K; Reese, S; Schroers, M, 2019)	0.99
" These include higher bioavailability transmucosal tablets and films and also 6-month implantable and monthly injectable products."	( Buprenorphine Pharmacology Review: Update on Transmucosal and Long-acting Formulations. Coe, MA; Lofwall, MR; Walsh, SL, )	1.57
"Failure to recognize the impact of various situations described throughout this work, including the bioavailability due to loss of oral route, due to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the various drugs, either in the context of the impaired metabolism or excretion, or in due to pharmacological interactions, conditions a serious risk of subtreatment of pain and consequent impact in terms of quality of life."	( [Opioids for Cancer Pain and its Use under Particular Conditions: A Narrative Review]. Brás, M; Fragoso, M; Vieira, C, 2019)	0.51
" Bioavailability for IM and SC was 62."	( Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous buprenorphine in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy: a randomized, prospective, masked, clinical trial. Beaudry, F; Evangelista, MC; Monteiro, BP; Ruel, HLM; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R; Yasuda, T, 2020)	0.78
" Bioavailability data can substitute for new rounds of efficacy trials, thereby both decreasing time to approval and reducing the costs required for new studies."	( Buprenorphine implants: a model for expedited development and approval of new drugs. Guarnieri, M; Kedda, J; Tyler, B, 2021)	2.06
" The high estimate of bioavailability should be interpreted with caution as values above 100% are most commonly related to experimental issues."	( Pharmacokinetics of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (Simbadol) in male dogs. Hansford, J; Henao-Guerrero, N; Machado, ML; Pypendop, BH, 2021)	0.87
" The bioavailability of intranasal and OTM routes were 57."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, oral transmucosal, and intranasal buprenorphine in healthy male dogs. Enomoto, H; Love, L; Madsen, M; Messenger, KM; Wallace, A, 2022)	0.96
" Because naloxone has relatively low sublingual bioavailability compared with buprenorphine, adverse effects are generally considered mild and rare."	( The Naloxone Component of Buprenorphine/Naloxone: Discouraging Misuse, but at What Cost? Blazes, C; Gregg, J; Hartley, J; Lawrence, D; Risser, A, )	0.66
"Due to the poor oral bioavailability of buprenorphine, an oral formulation has not been thought possible."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	1.26
" Loperamide is considered to have low abuse potential as it does not produce an analgesic or euphoric effect due to low bioavailability and first-pass metabolism."	( An Opioid Hiding in Plain Sight: Loperamide-Induced False-Positive Fentanyl and Buprenorphine Immunoassay Results. Badea, A; Cervinski, MA; Geno, KA; Hubbard, JA; Jannetto, P; Lynch, KL; Nerenz, RD, 2022)	0.95
" Proportionate changes in CL/F and V/F might indicate a primary effect on bioavailability (F) rather than two separate effects."	( Findings from a pilot study of buprenorphine population pharmacokinetics: A potential effect of HIV on buprenorphine bioavailability. Bart, G; Brundage, RC; Giang, LM; Jaber, M; Korthuis, PT, 2022)	1.01
" Further research may be warranted to evaluate factors, beyond cutaneous bioavailability (BA) assessed using an IVPT study, that can influence plasma exposure in vivo for a given drug product."	( In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation of Buprenorphine Transdermal Systems Under Normal and Elevated Skin Temperature. Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Stinchcomb, AL; Thomas, S, 2023)	1.19

Dosage Studied

We recruited 3,620 patients in 27 addiction units in Italy and collected data on the self-reported rate of intravenous injection of methadone (MET), buprenorphine (BUP) and BUP-naloxone (NLX) No long-term prospective, randomized, clinical study has compared the effectiveness of these patches.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Methadone was administered according to four pre-established dosing schedules depending on the previous amount of daily consumed buprenorphine."	( Assessment and management of opioid withdrawal symptoms in buprenorphine-dependent subjects. Camí, J; Fernández, T; Ollé, JM; Peri, JM; San, L; Torrens, M, 1992)	0.73
" It was confirmed that naloxone and amiphenazole in the dosage range studied do not influence spontaneous respiration in healthy adults."	( [Development of continuous monitoring of spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase. 2. Cutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures following i.v. bolus application of fentanyl, buprenorphine, naloxone and amiphenazole in healthy adult s Huttarsch, H; Lehmann, KA; Schroeder, B; Zech, D, 1992)	0.47
" A daily 8-mg SL dosage was sufficient to maintain individuals without producing reports of withdrawal symptoms."	( Development of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence. Fudala, PJ; Johnson, RE, 1992)	0.64
" The dose-response relationship was U-shaped."	( Buprenorphine and gastrointestinal transit in rats: effect of naloxone on the biphasic dose-response curve. Cowan, A, 1992)	1.73
" When buprenorphine was administered in the fourth day of morphine addiction, the results demonstrate that the administration of the partial agonist opioid produce a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Buprenorphine: bell-shaped dose-response curve for its antagonist effects. Leza, JC; Lizasoain, I; Lorenzo, P, 1991)	2.2
" None was considered to be related definitely to the study medication, and there were no reporting differences between the two dosing regimens."	( Safety and side-effects of buprenorphine in the clinical management of heroin addiction. Dax, EM; Fudala, PJ; Johnson, RE; Lange, WR, 1990)	0.58
" Following placebo administration during alternate-day dosing of buprenorphine, pupil size increased and constriction and dilation velocities of the light reflex were significantly greater than after buprenorphine administration in the same subjects."	( Buprenorphine-induced pupillary effects in human volunteers. Fudala, PJ; Lee, H; Pickworth, WB, 1990)	1.96
" Physiologic measures and subject- and observer-rated behavioral responses were measured before dosing and for 120 min after drug administration."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1988)	1.72
" Nalbuphine was not consistently identified as either pentazocine or hydromorphone and produced relatively flat dose-response functions on most of the subjective effect measures."	( Drug discrimination in human postaddicts: agonist-antagonist opioids. Bickel, WK; Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Preston, KL, 1989)	0.28
" In long-term dosing studies in rodents and primates buprenorphine did not produce the manifestations of physical dependence when treatment was stopped."	( Buprenorphine. Lewis, JW, 1985)	1.96
" It may be assumed, that with partial agonists the relation of agonistic and antagonistic activity may be different, depending on the dosage used and on the respective pharmacologic effect observed during investigation."	( [Intra- and postoperative interactions between the 2 opioids fentanyl and buprenorphine]. Börner, U; Gerlach, H; Gips, H; Hempelmann, G; Müller, H; Richter, M, 1986)	0.5
"Systemic administration of beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) 24 hr before analgesic testing produced approximately a 10-fold parallel shift in the dose-response curves of the prototypic mu agonists morphine, I-methadone, fentanyl and etorphine in the mouse abdominal constriction test."	( Use of beta-funaltrexamine to determine mu opioid receptor involvement in the analgesic activity of various opioid ligands. Hynes, MD; Leander, JD; Reel, JK; Zimmerman, DM, 1987)	0.27
" When receiving buprenorphine in the dosage of 30 and 40 micrograms X kg-1, 50% of the patients requested an analgesic within 5 min of extubation."	( Peroperative buprenorphine: do high dosages shorten analgesia postoperatively? Chraemmer-Jørgensen, B; Pedersen, JE; Risbo, A; Schmidt, JF, 1986)	0.99
" Under this dosing schedule, the behavior-suppressing effects of buprenorphine returned to base-line levels within 4 days."	( Effects of buprenorphine, methadone and naloxone on acquisition of behavioral chains. Cleary, J; Ho, B; Nader, M; Thompson, T, 1988)	0.9
" Although buprenorphine dose was not associated with retention or illicit opioid use, patterns of withdrawal symptoms differed among dosage groups during the 30 day study."	( Buprenorphine detoxification from opioid dependence: a pilot study. Kleber, HD; Kosten, TR, 1988)	2.12
" We studied the relative efficacy of PCA compared with intermittent analgesic dosing in 16 male patients requiring posterolateral thoracotomy."	( Patient-controlled analgesia versus intermittent analgesia dosing. Dahn, MS; Jacobs, LA; Lange, MP, 1988)	0.27
" The 4-dose twin crossover trial in which doses are adjusted sequentially is more flexible in that a wide range of doses may be studied, but it lacks the ability of the 6-dose design to provide estimates of the curvature of the dose-response slopes of the study drugs."	( Crossover trials in clinical analgesic assays: studies of buprenorphine and morphine. Houde, RW; Kaiko, RF; Rogers, AG; Wallenstein, SL, )	0.38
" The study results showed very similar analgesic efficacy for both treatments at a single dosage level of morphine (3 mg) compared to buprenorphine (0."	( Buprenorphine vs. morphine via the epidural route: a controlled comparative clinical study of respiratory effects and analgesic activity. Belfior, R; Berioli, MB; Bifarini, G; Dottorini, ML; Grassi, V; Paoletti, F; Pasqualucci, V; Sorbini, CA; Tantucci, C, 1987)	1.92
" All eight drugs produced dose-related decreases in response rates, and the buprenorphine dose-response curve was more shallow and not parallel to the others."	( Comparison of opioid self-injection and disruption of schedule-controlled performance in the baboon. Brady, JV; Griffiths, RR; Lukas, SE, 1986)	0.5
" ED50 values were derived from the dose-response lines."	( Intrathecal injection of codeine, buprenorphine, tilidine, tramadol and nefopam depresses the tail-flick response in rats. Bernatzky, G; Jurna, I, 1986)	0.55
" The urinary and fecal excretion pattern observed for a human subject following oral dosing of buprenorphine suggests enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine."	( 63Ni electron-capture gas chromatographic assay for buprenorphine and metabolites in human urine and feces. Cone, EJ; Darwin, WD; Gorodetzky, CW; Yousefnejad, D, 1985)	0.74
" Oral opiate therapy with conventional or sustained-release formulations of morphine provide good control of terminal cancer pain provided that a regular dosing pattern is established and reviewed according to the patient's needs."	( Newer methods of delivery of opiates for relief of pain. Boas, RA; Slattery, PJ, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were constructed using the rat tail pressure test for analgesia which indicated a rank order of potency of buprenorphine much greater than morphine greater than butorphanol greater than xorphanol = nalbuphine."	( Physical dependence induced by opiate partial agonists in the rat. Howlett, GJ; McCarthy, PS, 1984)	0.47
" 2 Buprenorphine revealed a bell-shaped dose-response curve for antinociception peaking at approx."	( In vivo receptor binding of the opiate partial agonist, buprenorphine, correlated with its agonistic and antagonistic actions. Dum, JE; Herz, A, 1981)	1.13
") and 60 min before testing, it produced the theoretically predicted alterations in the morphine dose-response relation that are indicative of partial receptor blockade."	( The affinity of morphine for its pharmacologic receptor in vivo. Cowan, A; Tallarida, RJ, 1982)	0.26
" Besides the advantage of stronger and longer duration, small dosage and minor central depressive side effects, epidural opiate analgesia has proven to result in positive clinical consequences."	( [Peridural opiate analgesia. Clinical results of a 2-year study]. Brämswig, H; Piepenbrock, S; Tryba, M; Zenz, M, 1983)	0.27
", dose-response curves were shifted to the right) but failed to block the effects of diprenorphine."	( Effects of naloxone, diprenorphine, buprenorphine and etorphine on unpunished and punished food-reinforced responding in the squirrel monkey. DeRossett, SE; Holtzman, SG, 1984)	0.54
"The action of ketamine on intracranial pressure in the presence of haemorrhagic shock, at both the dosage levels used for emergency cases and for in-patient treatment, was investigated using an animal model."	( [Animal experiment study on intracranial pressure, after ketamine administration]. Dick, W; Grünert, A; Lotz, P; Pfenninger, E, 1984)	0.27
" Buprenorphine showed a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the mouse D'Amour-Smith's test at high stimulus intensity."	( [Analgesic and narcotic antagonist effects of buprenorphine (author's transl)]. Hiyama, T; Shintani, S; Tsutsui, M; Yasuda, Y, 1982)	1.43
" Buprenorphine showed naloxone-sensitive effects with a bell-shaped dose-response curve in the thermal test but dose-dependent activity in the pressure test."	( Involvement of the median raphe nucleus in antinociception induced by morphine, buprenorphine and tilidine in the rat. Bryant, RM; Olley, JE; Tyers, MB, 1982)	1.4
" The patterns of analgesia were similar and without indication of increasing dosage requirements with time."	( The study of analgesics following single and repeated doses. Johnson, RP; Robinson, N; Waite, E; Wang, RI, )	0.13
" Comparison of areas under the plasma concentration versus time curves to 24 hours after dosing showed the mean bioavailability of buprenorphine from the intramuscular doses was 70% of that from the reference intravenous doses."	( Plasma concentration and disposition of buprenorphine after intravenous and intramuscular doses to baboons. Biggs, SR; Henson, R; Lloyd-Jones, JG; Robinson, P; Taylor, T, 1980)	0.73
" After intramuscular administration of [3H]buprenorphine to rats, dogs, rhesus monkeys and one human volunteer, most of the dosed radioactivity was excreted in the faeces, indicating biliary excretion and a possible enterohepatic circulation of the drug in these species."	( Biliary excretion, metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of buprenorphine. Brewster, D; Humphrey, MJ; McLeavy, MA, 1981)	0.76
"We investigated the proper dosage of droperidol continuously infused into the epidural space."	( [Continuous epidural droperidol for postoperative pain]. Isosu, T; Katoh, M; Okuaki, A, 1995)	0.29
" Dosing was double-blind and double-dummy."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of opioid-dependent cocaine users. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1994)	1.73
" Increasing the stimulus intensity was associated with a shift of the dose-response curve to the right, without a change of slope."	( Effects of intravenous morphine and buprenorphine on a C-fiber reflex in the rat. Chauvin, M; Guirimand, F; Le Bars, D; Willer, JC, 1995)	0.57
" SPECT studies were performed at baseline, after maximum dosage was reached and after tapering off the study drug."	( Improved regional cerebral blood flow in chronic cocaine polydrug users treated with buprenorphine. Garada, B; Holman, BL; Levin, JM; Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH; Schwartz, RB; Teoh, SK, 1995)	0.52
" Results suggest that a dose-response relationship exists between the concentration of buprenorphine in hair and the administered dose."	( Hair analysis for buprenorphine and its dealkylated metabolite by RIA and confirmation by LC/ECD. Cirimele, V; Edel, Y; Jamey, C; Kintz, P; Mangin, P, 1994)	0.85
" These data indicate that buprenorphine elicits locomotor sensitization after repeated exposures that follows a linear dose-response relationship."	( Dissociation of buprenorphine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference in rats. Bardo, MT; Gibson, TR; Rowlett, JK, 1994)	0.93
" Dosing was double-blind and double-dummy."	( Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1994)	0.65
" In both groups, 56% of patients remained in treatment through the 16-week flexible dosing period."	( Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1994)	0.65
"The results of this study provide further support for the utility of buprenorphine as a new medication in the treatment of opioid dependence and demonstrate efficacy equivalent to that of methadone when used during a clinically guided flexible dosing procedure."	( Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Bigelow, GE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1994)	0.88
" Sixteen of seventeen measures of opioid agonist and withdrawal effects obtained during alternate-day administration did not differ significantly from those obtained during daily dosing in the ten subjects completing the study."	( Alternate-day dosing during buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence. Amass, L; Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Higgins, ST, 1994)	0.58
" The results suggest that further consideration is necessary on agents selection and dosage adjustment for the postoperative epidural analgesia."	( [Postoperative pain relief by continuous epidural infusion: a comparison of three solutions]. Hayashi, H; Inoue, T; Kanoh, T; Nishiuchi, T; Takeda, K; Tamura, H, 1993)	0.29
" There was a significant analgesic dose-response for buprenorphine, showing study sensitivity, but not for bromfenac."	( Oral bromfenac 10 and 25 mg compared with sublingual buprenorphine 0.2 and 0.4 mg for postoperative pain relief. Carroll, D; Frankland, T; McQuay, H; Nagle, C, 1993)	0.79
" As hypothesized, 6 mg of buprenorphine were superior to 2 mg of buprenorphine in reducing illicit opioid use, but higher dosage did not improve treatment retention."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Falcioni, J; Kosten, TR; Schottenfeld, R; Ziedonis, D, 1993)	2.03
" Additional questions determined preference for counseling frequency and dosing levels."	( Preferences for clinic privileges, retail items and social activities in an outpatient buprenorphine treatment program. Amass, L; Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Crean, JP; Higgins, ST, )	0.35
" The clinical utility of buprenorphine would be enhanced if it could be dosed on a less than daily basis."	( Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence: clinical trial of daily versus alternate-day dosing. Bigelow, GE; Eissenberg, T; Johnson, RE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC, 1995)	2.04
" The ascending limb of the cocaine dose-response curve was shifted downward and approximately one log unit to the right during low-dose buprenorphine treatment (0."	( Buprenorphine-induced alterations of cocaine's reinforcing effects in rhesus monkey: a dose-response analysis. Drieze, JM; Lukas, SE; Mello, NK; Mendelson, JH, 1995)	1.94
" Each morphine dosing level was maintained for 2 weeks, with test drugs administered during the second week of maintenance of each morphine dose."	( Buprenorphine, morphine and naloxone effects during ascending morphine maintenance in humans. Bigelow, GE; Preston, KL; Schuh, KJ; Stitzer, ML; Walsh, SL, 1996)	1.74
" Testing consisted of three daily sessions of fixed cocaine dosing (four injections; 0, 16 and 48 mg/70 kg) and three daily sessions of cocaine self-administration with a choice procedure (16, 32 and 48 mg/70 kg vs."	( Effects of methadone or buprenorphine maintenance on the subjective and reinforcing effects of intravenous cocaine in humans. Fischman, MW; Foltin, RW, 1996)	0.6
" Postoperative analgesic effects were assessed by the total dosage of pentazocine required for the 48 hr after surgery."	( Epidural administered buprenorphine in the perioperative period. Fukushima, K; Miwa, Y; Yonemura, E, 1996)	0.61
"Adequate dosage of sublingual buprenorphine is now recommended for substitution treatment of severe opioid dependance."	( [Withdrawal syndrome in 2 drug addicts after intravenous injection of buprenorphine?]. Chauveau, JM; Durand, H; Gisselbrecht, M; Gourarier, L; Haas, C; Lowenstein, W, 1996)	0.82
" Buprenorphine, when injected systemically, revealed a potent analgesic effect by tailflick assay, with a biphasic dose-response curve, which was reversed by naloxone."	( Pharmacological characterization of buprenorphine, a mixed agonist-antagonist with kappa 3 analgesia. Peter, Y; Pick, CG; Schreiber, S; Weizman, R, 1997)	1.48
" The results suggest that this dosing regimen of buprenorphine is safe but may not be as effective as other opioids in producing sedation and analgesia in premature newborns."	( The pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of buprenorphine infusion in premature neonates. Barrett, DA; Davis, SS; Kurihara-Bergstrom, T; Rutter, N; Shaw, PN; Simpson, J, 1993)	0.79
" The lack of subjective symptoms and physiological signs of opioid withdrawal during 72 h of acute dose omission supports the feasibility of less-than-daily dosing at buprenorphine doses of 8 mg/day in patients who have demonstrated an ability to remain drug-free for an extended period."	( Controlled opioid withdrawal evaluation during 72 h dose omission in buprenorphine-maintained patients. Bigelow, GE; Eissenberg, T; Johnson, RE; Liebson, IA; Stitzer, ML; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 1997)	0.73
" Naloxone (1 microM) or norbinaltorphimine (10 nM) shifted the dose-response curve of (-)-U50,488H to the right by 100-fold."	( Activation of the cloned human kappa opioid receptor by agonists enhances [35S]GTPgammaS binding to membranes: determination of potencies and efficacies of ligands. Chen, C; Li, JG; Liu-Chen, LY; Luo, LY; Zhu, J, 1997)	0.3
"Alternate-day buprenorphine dosing was compared to daily dosing in opioid-dependent outpatients and choice of alternate-day versus daily dosing was assessed."	( Alternate-day buprenorphine dosing is preferred to daily dosing by opioid-dependent humans. Amass, L; Bickel, WK; Blake, J; Crean, JP; Higgins, ST, 1998)	1.02
"Patients were randomized to four dosage groups and treated double-blind."	( Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Batki, S; Brown, LS; Casadonte, P; Charuvastra, C; Collins, JF; Fye, C; Kintaudi, P; Ling, W; Malkerneker, U; McNicholas, L; Renner, JA; Santos, E; Segal, D; Stine, S; Tusel, DJ; Wang, RI; Wesson, DR, 1998)	1.74
" Group 2 subjects received alternate-day dosing of buprenorphine and placebo on days 19 to 36."	( Relationship of plasma buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine to withdrawal symptoms during dose induction, maintenance and withdrawal from sublingual buprenorphine. Cone, EJ; Fudala, PJ; Johnson, RE; Kuhlman, JJ; Levine, B, 1998)	0.86
"The concurrent administration of spinal morphine and systemic buprenorphine produces an antinociceptive effect that is greater than what could have been predicted from individual dose-response curves."	( Antinociceptive effect induced by the combined administration of spinal morphine and systemic buprenorphine. Jurna, I; Metzner, J; Nemirovsky, A; Niv, D; Rudick, V; Urca, G, 1998)	0.76
" A free dosing schedule was used with no upper limit for methadone dosing but with a maximum buprenorphine dose of 8 mg."	( Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone maintenance in opiate addicts. Eder, H; Fischer, G; Gombas, W; Jagsch, R; Kasper, S; Stühlinger, G, 1998)	0.88
" The most commonly prescribed dosage of buprenorphine (6-8 mg) was within the recommended range, although there was evidence that this was usually taken as several daily intakes by the majority of addicts."	( The French experience--the pharmacist, general practitioner and patient perspective. Bouchez, J; Vignau, J, 1998)	0.57
" In general, the GPs offer a more flexible approach regarding frequency of consultations, urine tests and dosing regimen while the AC approach is more structured."	( Differences between general practitioner- and addiction centre-prescribed buprenorphine substitution therapy in France. Preliminary results. Brunelle, E; Vignau, J, 1998)	0.53
" This dose was then gradually decreased over ten days in a flexible dosing schedule, with concurrent toxicological urinalysis to ensure no illicit drug use."	( Preliminary assessment of a 10-day rapid detoxification programme using high dosage buprenorphine. Vignau, J, 1998)	0.52
" Intravenous injection of crushed tablets, a concomitant intake of psychotropics (especially benzodiazepines), and the high dosage of the BUP formulation available in France appear to be the major risk factors for such fatalities."	( Buprenorphine-related deaths among drug addicts in France: a report on 20 fatalities. Kintz, P; Ludes, B; Tracqui, A, 1998)	1.74
" In general, the recommendations (consultation with a specialist, psychosocial follow-up and dosage schedules) were not followed by prescribing physicians."	( [Maintenance treatment with high-dose buprenorphine: are the recommendations being followed?]. Balthazard, G; Dif, C; Sciortino, V; Seyer, D, )	0.4
" In this investigation buprenorphine was applied sublingually in a free dosage scheme aimed at completing detoxification treatment within 10 days by reducing buprenorphine on a daily basis."	( Outpatient opiate detoxification treatment with buprenorphine. Preliminary investigation. Diamant, K; Eder, H; Fischer, G; Lenzinger, E; Pezawas, L; Schindler, S; Schneider, C, 1998)	0.87
" The present study investigated dose-response (0."	( Buprenorphine alters ethanol self-administration in rats: dose-response and time-dependent effects. Cason, CR; Chen, SH; June, HL; Lewis, MJ, 1998)	1.74
"Buprenorphine at high dosage became available in 1996 for substitution treatment in France."	( Six deaths linked to concomitant use of buprenorphine and benzodiazepines. Courty, P; Petit, G; Potard, D; Reynaud, M, 1998)	2.01
" Rates of withdrawal symptoms were low and did not differ across dosing schedules."	( Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine 24 to 72 hours after dosing. Chawarski, MC; O'Connor, PG; Pakes, J; Schottenfeld, RS, 1999)	0.61
"This study compared 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-hour buprenorphine dosing regimens in opioid-dependent outpatients."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens in the treatment of opioid dependence. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 1999)	0.88
" After a stabilization period of maintenance administration, subjects received, in a random order, four dosing regimens for five repetitions of each regimen: a maintenance dose every 24 hours, a doubled maintenance dose every 48 hours, a tripled maintenance dose every 72 hours, and a quadrupled maintenance dose every 96 hours."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens in the treatment of opioid dependence. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 1999)	0.62
" Changes in indices of subjective withdrawal effects were noted as the time since the last active dose increased during intermittent dosing regimens, but the magnitude of these effects was relatively low and was comparable to those found in other alternate-day dosing studies."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens in the treatment of opioid dependence. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 1999)	0.62
"These results support the feasibility and safety of twice weekly buprenorphine dosing regimens."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens in the treatment of opioid dependence. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 1999)	0.86
" This study was performed to determine if buprenorphine (BPR) and norbuprenorphine (NBPR) could be detected in human hair after controlled administration of drug and to determine if segmental analysis of hair was an accurate record of the dosing history."	( A retrospective study of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in human hair after multiple doses. Cone, EJ; Krueger, GG; Mizuno, A; Rollins, DE; Valdez, AS; Wilkins, DG, 1999)	0.87
" Whether longer periods between dosing can be achieved is unknown."	( Buprenorphine dosing every 1, 2, or 3 days in opioid-dependent patients. Amass, L; Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Crean, JP, 1999)	1.75
"No significant differences were observed on measures of opioid agonist and withdrawal effects between the dosing conditions."	( Buprenorphine dosing every 1, 2, or 3 days in opioid-dependent patients. Amass, L; Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Crean, JP, 1999)	1.75
" Importantly, this 72-h dosing may permit patients to attend clinic thrice weekly without the use of take-home doses."	( Buprenorphine dosing every 1, 2, or 3 days in opioid-dependent patients. Amass, L; Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Crean, JP, 1999)	1.75
"High dosage buprenorphine is actually the principal treatment for substitution medication in France."	( [Predictive factors for patient maintenance on buprenorphine high dosage treatment: a naturalistic study in primary care]. Gasquet, I; Lançon, C; Parquet, P, )	0.77
" These data replicate earlier findings describing the acceptability of alternate-day buprenorphine treatment using multiples of the daily maintenance dose and extend these findings by establishing the clinical efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine naloxone tablet."	( Efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet. Amass, L; Kamien, JB; Mikulich, SK, 2000)	0.76
" Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus."	( Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh). Brunson, DB; Miletic, V; Paul-Murphy, JR, 1999)	1.49
" The buprenorphine dosing schedule had no significant effect on treatment retention."	( A controlled trial of daily versus thrice-weekly buprenorphine administration for the treatment of opioid dependence. Batlle, F; Casas, M; Etcheberrigaray, A; Martin, S; Pérez de los Cobos, J; Queraltó, JM; Tejero, A; Trujols, J, 2000)	1.08
"Buprenorphine is a promising alternative to methadone or levo-acetyl alpha methadol for opioid agonist maintenance treatment, and thrice-weekly dosing would facilitate its use for this purpose."	( Thrice-weekly versus daily buprenorphine maintenance. Chawarski, M; Kosten, TR; O'Connor, P; Oliveto, A; Pakes, J; Schottenfeld, RS, 2000)	2.05
" These findings support the potential for utilizing thrice-weekly buprenorphine dosing in novel settings."	( Thrice-weekly versus daily buprenorphine maintenance. Chawarski, M; Kosten, TR; O'Connor, P; Oliveto, A; Pakes, J; Schottenfeld, RS, 2000)	0.84
" Dosing was double-blind and double-dummy."	( Effects of buprenorphine versus buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in non-dependent opioid abusers. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, K; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2000)	0.7
" Dose-response and time-course determinations were performed with various opioids."	( Sex-related differences in the antinociceptive effects of opioids: importance of rat genotype, nociceptive stimulus intensity, and efficacy at the mu opioid receptor. Barrett, AC; Bowman, JR; Cook, CD; Picker, MJ; Roach, EL, 2000)	0.31
"To compare opioid withdrawal symptoms during 24-, 48-, 72- and 96-hour buprenorphine dosing regimens and to evaluate subjects' preferences for these different dosing schedules."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens using open-dosing procedures: is twice-weekly dosing possible? Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2000)	0.86
"In the first study subjects received, in a random order, four dosing regimens for five repetitions of each: daily maintenance doses every 24 hours (4 or 8 mg/70 kg), double the daily maintenance dose every 48 hours (8 or 16 mg/70 kg), triple the daily maintenance dose every 72 hours (12 or 24 mg/70 kg), and quadruple the daily maintenance dose every 96 hours (16 or 32 mg/70 kg)."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens using open-dosing procedures: is twice-weekly dosing possible? Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2000)	0.63
"Some withdrawal ratings increased during the less frequent dosing schedules in the first study."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens using open-dosing procedures: is twice-weekly dosing possible? Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2000)	0.63
"These results suggest that some opioid-dependent outpatients are willing and able to endure the withdrawal symptoms associated with less than daily dosing, and a twice-weekly dosing regimen may be possible."	( A comparison of four buprenorphine dosing regimens using open-dosing procedures: is twice-weekly dosing possible? Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2000)	0.63
"Since February 1996, French GPs are allowed to prescribe high dosage buprenorphine for maintenance treatment of major opioid drug addiction."	( [Two years follow-up of a heroin users cohort treated with high dosage buprenorphine. Results of the SPESUB study (pharmacoepidemiologic follow-up of general practice Subutex)]. Blin, P; Charpak, Y; Duburcq, A; Madec, L, 2000)	0.77
"Each GP, known to be involved in drug user management, had to include the first 10 opioid drug addict patients to whom he prescribed high dosage buprenorphine, with a maximum inclusion period of 3 months."	( [Two years follow-up of a heroin users cohort treated with high dosage buprenorphine. Results of the SPESUB study (pharmacoepidemiologic follow-up of general practice Subutex)]. Blin, P; Charpak, Y; Duburcq, A; Madec, L, 2000)	0.74
" The dosage bracket had widened (inclusion: mean dosage=7."	( [Two years follow-up of a heroin users cohort treated with high dosage buprenorphine. Results of the SPESUB study (pharmacoepidemiologic follow-up of general practice Subutex)]. Blin, P; Charpak, Y; Duburcq, A; Madec, L, 2000)	0.54
" Self-administration of cocaine was readily initiated according to an inverted U-shaped unit dose-response curve."	( Influence of buprenorphine, butorphanol and nalbuphine on the initiation of intravenous cocaine self-administration in drug naive mice. Gerrits, MA; Kuzmin, AV; van Ree, JM; Zvartau, EE, 2000)	0.68
" When combined with naloxone in a sublingual tablet, buprenorphine has been shown to be effective 1) in retaining patients in treatment, 2) in reducing opioid use and craving, and 3) when dosed less-than-daily."	( Buprenorphine and naloxone for heroin dependence. Johnson, RE; McCagh, JC, 2000)	2
"A sublingual tablet formulation of buprenorphine combining 8 mg of buprenorphine with 2 mg of naloxone is being targeted for use in settings where less than daily dosing strategies and/or prescription-based dispensing will likely be employed."	( Thrice-weekly supervised dosing with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet is preferred to daily supervised dosing by opioid-dependent humans. Amass, L; Kamien, JB; Mikulich, SK, 2001)	0.84
"This study compared the safety and efficacy of sublingual buprenorphine tablets with oral methadone in a population of opioid-dependent individuals in a double-blind, randomized, 6-week trial using a flexible dosing procedure."	( Double-blind randomized trial of buprenorphine and methadone in opiate dependence. Déglon, JJ; Ladewig, D; Livoti, S; Petitjean, S; Stohler, R; Uehlinger, C; Waldvogel, D, 2001)	0.84
"Taken together, these data suggest that magnitude of antinociceptive tolerance is inversely related to relative efficacy of mu agonists, with lower efficacy agonists being more susceptible to tolerance than are higher efficacy agonists under these intermittent dosing conditions."	( Differential tolerance to antinociceptive effects of mu opioids during repeated treatment with etonitazene, morphine, or buprenorphine in rats. Walker, EA; Young, AM, 2001)	0.52
" Test sessions were twice per week; dosing was double-blind."	( Effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent humans. Bigelow, GE; Stoller, KB; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2001)	0.7
"Opioid-dependent outpatients may be more likely to present for pharmacological treatment if less than daily dosing can be arranged."	( Examining the limits of the buprenorphine interdosing interval: daily, every-third-day and every-fifth-day dosing regimens. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2001)	0.6
"In Study I participants received, in a random order, three dosing regimens for five repetitions of each: daily maintenance doses every 24 hours (4 or 8 mg/70 kg), triple the daily maintenance dose every 72 hours (12 or 24 mg/70 kg) and quintuple the daily maintenance dose every 120 hours (20 or 40 mg/70 kg)."	( Examining the limits of the buprenorphine interdosing interval: daily, every-third-day and every-fifth-day dosing regimens. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2001)	0.6
"Opioid withdrawal symptoms increased significantly during the every-fifth-day dosing regimen in both the blind- and open-dosing studies."	( Examining the limits of the buprenorphine interdosing interval: daily, every-third-day and every-fifth-day dosing regimens. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Petry, NM, 2001)	0.6
"A prophylactic approach to the management of postoperative pain is described: ketoprofen, a nonsteroid antiinflammatory drug, was used, which possesses numerous advantages and a variety of dosage forms."	( [Ketoprofen (ketonal): a drug for preventing and treating postoperative pain]. Beresnev, VA; Dolgopolova, TV; Osipova, NA; Vetsheva, MS, )	0.13
" All DA cage cohorts consumed < 10% pre-operative food despite buprenorphine treatment, suggesting a higher dosage may be necessary."	( Influence of buprenorphine analgesia on post-operative recovery in two strains of rats. Baxter, K; Howden, BO; Jablonski, P, 2001)	0.92
"The relative efficacy of quintuple and sextuple buprenorphine dosing in abating withdrawal symptoms for 120 h was compared in opioid-dependent outpatients."	( Limits to buprenorphine dosing: a comparison between quintuple and sextuple the maintenance dose every 5 days. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Gross, A; Jacobs, EA; Petry, NM, 2001)	0.97
" The dosing intervals suggested by our study are 2 to 3 h for morphine in both rats and mice, 1 to 2 h for butorphanol in both rats and mice; and 6 to 8 h in rats and 3 to 5 h in mice for buprenorphine."	( The magnitude and duration of the analgesic effect of morphine, butorphanol, and buprenorphine in rats and mice. Danneman, PJ; Gades, NM; Tolley, EA; Wixson, SK, 2000)	0.72
" Buprenorphene may be one alternative to methadone, however the optimum dosage pattern is as yet unknown."	( [Review of scientific evidence on alternatives to methadone in the psychopharmacologic treatment of opiate dependence]. Aizpuru, A; Aizpurua, I; Iruín, A; Ruiz de Apodaka, J; Zapiraín, E, )	0.13
"Buprenorphine at high dosage became available in France in 1996, as a substitution treatment for heroin addicts."	( Deaths involving buprenorphine: a compendium of French cases. Kintz, P, 2001)	2.09
" Two maintenance treatments are available: methadone is only delivered in specialized centres while high dosage (HD) buprenorphine can be prescribed by all general practitioners and in specialized centres."	( Comparison of methadone and high dosage buprenorphine users in French care centres. Barrau, K; Bellemin, B; Chuniaud-Louche, C; Micallef, J; San Marco, JL; Thirion, X, 2001)	0.79
" They also suggest that the behaviours of maintenance treatment users depend less on the nature of the maintenance drug (methadone or high dosage buprenorphine), than the nature of the delivery and monitoring practices."	( Comparison of methadone and high dosage buprenorphine users in French care centres. Barrau, K; Bellemin, B; Chuniaud-Louche, C; Micallef, J; San Marco, JL; Thirion, X, 2001)	0.78
"To test the opioid blockade efficacy of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine alone and determine whether: (1) the blockade efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone varies between the time of expected maximal and minimal effects of naloxone, (2) the blockade efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine varies as a function of maintenance dose level, and (3) there are adaptive changes over time associated with repeated daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine."	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	0.84
" Changes over time associated with repeated daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine were minimal."	( Blockade of hydromorphone effects by buprenorphine/naloxone and buprenorphine. Bigelow, GE; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2002)	0.83
"Stimulus control by buprenorphine was maintained throughout the study and was not changed by repeated daily dosing or by an acute injection of large doses of buprenorphine."	( Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effects of buprenorphine in pigeons. Brandt, MR; France, CP; Galici, R, 2002)	0.88
" Therapeutic drug monitoring for methadone in plasma continues to be evaluated for use in establishing adequate dosing and detecting diversion, and new methods have been devised for measurement of the optical isomers of methadone in plasma."	( Toxicologic aspects of heroin substitution treatment. Cone, EJ; Preston, KL, 2002)	0.31
"Subjects were assigned randomly to three dosage groups."	( A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opium dependence: the first experience from Iran. Ahmadi, J, 2002)	0.63
" Completion rates by dosage groups were 47."	( A controlled trial of buprenorphine treatment for opium dependence: the first experience from Iran. Ahmadi, J, 2002)	0.63
" motivational measures) among outpatient volunteers using clinically relevant dosing schedules has not been extensively studied."	( Effects of buprenorphine sublingual tablet maintenance on opioid drug-seeking behavior by humans. Greenwald, MK; Hopper, JA; Johanson, CE; Schuh, KJ; Schuster, CR, 2002)	0.7
" The patients were treated with buprenorphine TDS in one of three dosage strengths or with placebo TDS in a randomised double-blind setting."	( Buprenorphine in a transdermal therapeutic system--a new option. Böhme, K, 2002)	2.04
" Subjects were randomized to three dosage groups."	( Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of heroin dependence: the first experience from Iran. Ahmadi, J, 2002)	1.76
" Clocinnamox (10 mg/kg) produced a 7- and 12-fold further decrease in morphine and fentanyl potency, respectively, a reduction in the slope of the morphine dose-response curve, and a suppression of the maximal morphine responding for buprenorphine."	( Clocinnamox distinguishes opioid agonists according to relative efficacy in normal and morphine-treated rats trained to discriminate morphine. Walker, EA; Young, AM, 2002)	0.5
" Initial dosage recommendations were based on analgesiometric studies."	( Buprenorphine: a reappraisal of its antinociceptive effects and therapeutic use in alleviating post-operative pain in animals. Flecknell, PA; Roughan, JV, 2002)	1.76
" Analysis of the dose-response relation for morphine after inactivation of descending fibers revealed that, except for the tail immersion test, high doses of morphine could not overcome the block induced by muscimol."	( The role of descending fibers from the rostral ventromedial medulla in opioid analgesia in rats. Franklin, KB; Gilbert, AK, 2002)	0.31
" Eighteen dependent injecting heroin users underwent an 8-day withdrawal episode with supervised dosing of sublingual Subutex tablets."	( Buprenorphine dosing regime in the management of out-patient heroin withdrawal. Lintzeris, N, 2002)	1.76
" Others reasons were given: an inadequate dosage of sublingual buprenorphine, to find buprenorphine in black market."	( [Buprenorphine abuse: high dose intravenous administration of buprenorphine]. Boissonnas, A; Nabet, N; Varescon, I; Vidal-Trécan, G, )	1.28
" High dosage buprenorphine is actually the principal treatment for substitution medication in France."	( [Buprenorphine abuse: high dose intravenous administration of buprenorphine]. Boissonnas, A; Nabet, N; Varescon, I; Vidal-Trécan, G, )	1.41
"Buprenorphine at high dosage became available in France in 1996, as a substitution treatment for heroin addicts."	( A new series of 13 buprenorphine-related deaths. Kintz, P, 2002)	2.09
"IV injection of crushed tablets, a concomitant intake of psychotropics (especially benzodiazepines and neuroleptics) and the high dosage of the buprenorphine formulation available in France appear as the major risk factors for such fatalities."	( A new series of 13 buprenorphine-related deaths. Kintz, P, 2002)	0.84
" Completion rates by dosage group were 33."	( Buprenorphine treatment of opium-dependent outpatients seeking treatment in Iran. Ahmadi, J; Bahrami, N, 2002)	1.76
" These findings suggest that potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as flunixin, may be useful alternatives to opioid-based agents for the control of acute postoperative pain associated with a minor surgical procedure and highlight the importance of assessing the risk-benefit ratio when selecting analgesics and dosing regimens."	( Evaluation of postoperative analgesia in a rat model of incisional pain. Martin, WJ; St A Stewart, L, 2003)	0.32
"In maintenance patients methadone has been shown to produce considerable changes in opioid effects and withdrawal over the dosing interval."	( Opioid effects and opioid withdrawal during a 24 h dosing interval in patients maintained on buprenorphine. Huber, A; Ling, W; Lopatko, OV; White, JM, 2003)	0.54
"To assess the efficacy of buprenorphine compared with methadone maintenance therapy for opioid dependence in a large sample using a flexible dosing regime and the marketed buprenorphine tablet."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Ali, R; Danz, C; Mattick, RP; O'Brien, S; White, JM; Wolk, S, 2003)	2.06
"Patients received buprenorphine or methadone as indicated clinically using a flexible dosage regime."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Ali, R; Danz, C; Mattick, RP; O'Brien, S; White, JM; Wolk, S, 2003)	2.1
"037), but not separately for the single-day or alternate-day dosing phases."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Ali, R; Danz, C; Mattick, RP; O'Brien, S; White, JM; Wolk, S, 2003)	1.76
" Early pharmacological studies demonstrated buprenorphine's strong binding to opioid receptors, and an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in rodents."	( Buprenorphine: new pharmacological aspects. Cowan, A, 2003)	2.02
" The findings from these clinical pharmacology studies are synthesized and presented in a framework designed to (1) inform clinicians about the advantages and disadvantages of buprenorphine as an opioid maintenance agent, and (2) provide information about dosing procedures that may optimize the use of buprenorphine in the clinic."	( The clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: extrapolating from the laboratory to the clinic. Eissenberg, T; Walsh, SL, 2003)	0.8
" Additional data collected included optimum dosing and dosage schedules, adverse reactions and common side-effects, and other information intended to clarify buprenorphine's benefit-risk relationship and to help prepare guidelines for its safe marketing and utilization by physicians in general clinical practice."	( Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine: comparisons to methadone and placebo. Ling, W; Wesson, DR, 2003)	0.83
" Dosing is possible on a less-than-daily schedule; however, multiples of the daily-dose should be administered to cover the increased interval between doses."	( Buprenorphine: how to use it right. Amass, L; Johnson, RE; Strain, EC, 2003)	1.76
"To determine whether intravenous drug users (IDUs) are more likely to misuse high dosage buprenorphine (HDB) if they are homeless."	( Homelessness and high-dosage buprenorphine misuse. Blanchon, T; Boissonnas, A; Vareseon, I; Vidal-Trecan, G, )	0.64
"The study aimed to identify the range of buprenorphine doses required to comfortably alleviate symptoms in patients undergoing inpatient heroin withdrawal using a symptom-triggered titration dosing regime, and to identify the patient characteristics that impact upon the buprenorphine dose requirements."	( Buprenorphine dosing regime for inpatient heroin withdrawal: a symptom-triggered dose titration study. Bammer, G; Jolley, DJ; Lintzeris, N; Rushworth, L; Whelan, G, 2003)	2.03
" The 164 subjects included 41 patients in 1-mg, 41 patients in 3-mg, and 41 patients in 8-mg dosage group of buprenorphine, and also 41 patients in the 30-mg dosage group of methadone."	( Methadone versus buprenorphine maintenance for the treatment of heroin-dependent outpatients. Ahmadi, J, 2003)	0.87
" Fifty-one patients were inducted onto buprenorphine using the same dosing protocol with the first dose of 4 mg buprenorphine."	( Cessation of methadone maintenance treatment using buprenorphine: transfer from methadone to buprenorphine and subsequent buprenorphine reductions. Bell, J; Breen, CL; Harris, SJ; Hawken, L; Lenné, M; Lintzeris, N; Mattick, RP; Mendoza, E; Ritter, AJ, 2003)	0.84
"There were no significant difference between the transfer at 30 mg and transfer when 'uncomfortable' dosing protocols in severity of withdrawal on transfer from methadone to buprenorphine."	( Cessation of methadone maintenance treatment using buprenorphine: transfer from methadone to buprenorphine and subsequent buprenorphine reductions. Bell, J; Breen, CL; Harris, SJ; Hawken, L; Lenné, M; Lintzeris, N; Mattick, RP; Mendoza, E; Ritter, AJ, 2003)	0.76
"In France, by the end of 1999, a study of a naturalistic-type was led by the Louis-Harris Institute on 303 persons taking high dosage (HD) buprenorphine."	( [High dosage buprenorphine and injection practices. A study of 303 patients]. Courty, P, 2003)	0.89
" The dosage titration with buprenorphine patches followed pretreatment with buprenorphine sublingual tablets, higher doses of weak opioids (level 2 substances), low dose morphine (level 3) or other analgesics."	( [Transdermal buprenorphine for treatment of chronic tumor and non-tumor pain]. Griessinger, N; Likar, R; Sadjak, A; Sittl, R, 2003)	0.99
" The trial utilised a flexible dosing regime that was tailored to the clinical need of the patients, with high maximum doses, using the marketed formulation, under double-blind conditions."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ali, R; Bell, J; Doran, CM; Mattick, RP; Shanahan, M; White, J, 2003)	1.76
" Recently, a transdermal matrix patch formulation of buprenorphine has become available in three dosage strengths designed to release buprenorphine at 35, 52."	( Transdermal buprenorphine. Easthope, SE; Evans, HC, 2003)	0.95
" Dose-response curves for buprenorphine-induced antinociception display ceiling effects or are bell shaped, which have been attributed to the partial agonist activity of buprenorphine at opioid receptors."	( Buprenorphine-induced antinociception is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and compromised by concomitant activation of opioid receptor-like receptors. Bryant, CD; Carroll, FI; Eitan, S; Evans, CJ; Kieffer, BL; Lutfy, K; Maidment, NT; Saliminejad, N; Takeshima, H; Walwyn, W; Yang, YC, 2003)	2.06
" Explanations for these results include: (a) the analgesics were effective in relieving pain but had pharmacological side effects that altered the measured parameters, making it difficult to determine recovery; (b) the level of pain experienced did not notably affect recovery; (c) the analgesics, at the doses and/or dosing schedules used, were not effective in the relief of pain, thereby causing both groups of animals to recover at the same rate; and (d) the analgesics interfered with recovery."	( Recovery of male rats from major abdominal surgery after treatment with various analgesics. Azar, T; Lawson, D; Sharp, J; Zammit, T, 2003)	0.32
"Both total dosage and effect-site concentration of fentanyl were higher in the TIVA group than in the GOS group, and total prescription time in the TIVA group was significantly less during the 24 hrs after the operation."	( [Comparison of requirement for postoperative analgesics after inhalation and total intravenous anesthesia]. Iwakiri, H; Kamata, K; Nagata, O; Ozaki, M, 2003)	0.32
" Completion rates by dosage group were 46 (26."	( Twelve-month maintenance treatment of opium-dependent patients. Ahmadi, J; Alishahi, M; Babaee-Beigi, M; Hidari, T; Maany, I, 2004)	0.32
" However, the few studies that have investigated the performance effects of buprenorphine in opioid-abusing volunteers examined effects of single acute doses rather than effects of repeated dosing and included a very limited range of measures."	( A dose-effect study of repeated administration of buprenorphine/naloxone on performance in opioid-dependent volunteers. Correia, CJ; Mintzer, MZ; Strain, EC, 2004)	0.81
" Daily supervised dosing by a pharmacist for the first six months resulted in significantly better treatment retention (80% vs 46%) and lower heroin use."	( French field experience with buprenorphine. Auriacombe, M; Daulouède, JP; Dubernet, J; Fatséas, M; Tignol, J, 2004)	0.61
" The dose-response curves were flat for most parameters, particularly subjective measures."	( Effects of high-dose intravenous buprenorphine in experienced opioid abusers. Cone, EJ; Huestis, MA; Preston, KL; Umbricht, A, 2004)	0.6
" However, using access to unsupervised dosing to promote abstinence from heroin probably limits the potential benefits of unsupervised administration to a very small proportion of patients."	( A pilot study of buprenorphine-naloxone combination tablet (Suboxone) in treatment of opioid dependence. Bell, J; Byron, G; Gibson, A; Morris, A, 2004)	0.66
" All patients were former drug addicts by the parenteral route and had been receiving withdrawal therapy with buprenorphine for an average of 91 days at a daily dosage ranging from 2 to 12 mg."	( Acute hepatitis due to buprenorphine administration. Ducrotte, P; Goria, O; Guillement, N; Hervé, S; Lerebours, E; Noblet, C; Riachi, G; Tanasescu, S; Thuillez, C; Tranvouez, JL, 2004)	0.85
" Cytolysis and jaundice resolved rapidly in all cases, although treatment was continued at the same doses in four cases and the dosage was reduced by 50% in three other cases."	( Acute hepatitis due to buprenorphine administration. Ducrotte, P; Goria, O; Guillement, N; Hervé, S; Lerebours, E; Noblet, C; Riachi, G; Tanasescu, S; Thuillez, C; Tranvouez, JL, 2004)	0.63
" Future studies examining additional doses and repeated dosing regimens with depot buprenorphine are warranted."	( Evaluation of an injection depot formulation of buprenorphine: placebo comparison. Bigelow, GE; Chausmer, AL; Liebson, IA; Sigmon, SC; Wong, CJ, 2004)	0.8
" Among a random sample of GPs from southeastern France (N=345), we found that many untrained GPs, as well as a significant minority of trained GPs, were likely to prescribe an ineffective dosage of buprenorphine or a potentially dangerous treatment (BMT+a short half-life benzodiazepine)."	( French general practitioners' prescribing high-dosage buprenorphine maintenance treatment: is the existing training (good) enough? Coudert, C; Feroni, I; Masut, A; Obadia, Y; Paraponaris, A; Peretti-Watel, P, 2005)	0.77
" This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, pilot study compares two buprenorphine sublingual tablet dosing schedules to oral clonidine."	( A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, prospective pilot study of the partial mu opiate agonist, buprenorphine, for acute detoxification from heroin. Ellis, ML; Knox, PC; Malte, CA; Oreskovich, MR; Reoux, JP; Saxon, AJ, 2005)	0.78
"This randomized clinical trial evaluated the relative efficacy of three buprenorphine dosing schedules."	( Buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence: the relative efficacy of daily, twice and thrice weekly dosing. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Jacobs, EA; Marsch, LA, 2005)	2
"Since 1996, prescribing buprenorphine in high dosage as a drug maintenance treatment has been allowing French general practitioners to undertake drug addicts with a pharmacological support."	( [Prescription of high dose buprenorphine by general practitioners]. Aubisson, S; Bouhnik, A; Coudert, C; Feroni, I; Mabriez, JC; Masut, A; Paraponaris, A; Ronfle, E, 2004)	0.93
" It may be necessary to increase the dosage of methadone during interferon treatment."	( Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance therapies for patients with hepatitis C virus infected after intravenous drug use. Buntinx, F; Matheï, C; Robaeys, G; Verrando, R, )	0.49
" Treatment involved daily administration of either sublingual buprenorphine or oral methadone using flexible dosing of 4-24 mg or 20-100 mg, respectively."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone in the treatment of pregnant opioid-dependent patients: effects on the neonatal abstinence syndrome. Chisholm, CA; Choo, RE; Crocetti, M; Dudas, R; Harrow, C; Huestis, MA; Jansson, LM; Jasinski, DR; Johnson, RE; Jones, HE; Lantz, M; Lester, BM; Milio, L; O'Grady, KE, 2005)	2.01
" Buprenorphine dosage does not need to be significantly adjusted in patients with renal impairment; however, since CYP3A activity may be decreased in patients with severe chronic liver disease, it is possible that the metabolism of buprenorphine will be altered in these patients."	( Buprenorphine: clinical pharmacokinetics in the treatment of opioid dependence. Elkader, A; Sproule, B, 2005)	2.68
" The second part was a cross-sectional study (n = 223 doctors), which consisted of a target-week assessment of 2,694 consecutive patients to determine (a) the severity and problem profiles and treatment targets; (b) the choice and dosage scheme of the substitution drug; (c) past and current interventions, including treatment of comorbid hepatitis C; and (d) cross-sectional differences between the two drugs with regard to comorbidity, clinical course, acceptance/compliance and social integration."	( Buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: methods and design of the COBRA study. Apelt, SM; Backmund, M; Bühringer, G; Gastpar, M; Gölz, J; Klotsche, J; Kraus, MR; Pittrow, D; Siegert, J; Soyka, M; Tretter, F; Wittchen, HU, 2005)	1.77
" To assist the clinician in interpreting the relevant literature in establishing dosing parameters for prescription of tablet buprenorphine, this study was designed to compare the steady state: (1) pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, and (2) physiological, subjective and objective opiate effects of two 8 mg buprenorphine tablets (16 mg) to those of 1 ml (8 mg/ml) buprenorphine solution based upon early reports suggesting that the bioavailability of the tablet was approximately 50% of that of the liquid."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine. Chiang, N; Compton, P; Ling, W; Moody, D, 2006)	0.77
"71; thus, with respect to dosing parameters for the tablet, clinicians should consider using less than 16 mg to achieve bioequivalence to the 8 mg solution."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine. Chiang, N; Compton, P; Ling, W; Moody, D, 2006)	0.56
" Maintenance dosing was individualized to treat chronic pain."	( Sublingual buprenorphine is effective in the treatment of chronic pain syndrome. Barkin, RL; Malinoff, HL; Wilson, G, )	0.52
" Consistent with its long duration of action, alvimopan has a slow dissociation rate from the micro opioid receptor compared to other shorter acting antagonists and may be more potent if administered prior to dosing with exogenous opioids."	( [(3)H]Alvimopan binding to the micro opioid receptor: comparative binding kinetics of opioid antagonists. Cassel, JA; Daubert, JD; DeHaven, RN, 2005)	0.33
" We report the case of a woman who received a lower dosed transdermal buprenorphine patch (3/5 of a 35 microg/h patch corresponding to release of 21 microg/h buprenorphine) during pregnancy without any complication for herself or the child."	( [Transdermal buprenorphine during pregnancy]. Ebner, E; Wiedmann, M, 2006)	0.94
" The sublingual formulation of buprenorphine, approved for treatment of opioid dependence, produces variable buprenorphine blood levels and requires frequent dosing that limits patient compliance."	( In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of a buprenorphine delivery system. Costantini, LC; Kleppner, SR; McDonough, J; Patel, R, 2006)	0.88
" The traditional dosage form of buprenorphine hydrochloride in saline was used as control."	( Novel depots of buprenorphine have a long-acting effect for the management of physical dependence to morphine. Kao, CH; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Liu, SY; Sung, KC; Wang, JJ, 2006)	0.96
" Dose-response curves were generated for each test drug."	( Development of tolerance and sensitization to different opioid agonists in rats. Bartzsch, K; Becker, A; Grecksch, G; Höllt, V; Koch, T; Widera, A, 2006)	0.33
" manufacturer's recommendations for equilalagesic dosing of transdermal fentanyl may result in initial doses that produce subtherapeutic levels and unrelieved pain in some patients."	( Transdermal opioids for cancer pain. Skaer, TL, 2006)	0.33
"7 g/70 kg of alcohol in two separate sessions, one 2-3 hours before opioid pharmacotherapy dosing and the other 1-2 hours after dosing."	( Effect of opioid substitution therapy on alcohol metabolism. Clark, NC; Dietze, P; Lenné, MG; Redman, JR, 2006)	0.33
" However, this dosing regimen seems to delay the restoration of body weight after abdominal surgery in rats."	( Are repeated doses of buprenorphine detrimental to postoperative recovery after laparotomy in rats? Bomzon, A, 2006)	0.65
" All participants were maintained with buprenorphine according to a 3-times-per-week dosing regimen and participated in behavioral drug counseling."	( A comparison between low-magnitude voucher and buprenorphine medication contingencies in promoting abstinence from opioids and cocaine. Badger, GJ; Bickel, WK; Gross, A; Marsch, LA, 2006)	0.86
" For pain patients who have reduced renal function such as those in palliative care, most opioids used for chronic pain treatment should be administered at reduced dosages, with increased dosage intervals, or not at all because of the risk of accumulation of the parent compound or its metabolites."	( Renal impairment: a challenge for opioid treatment? The role of buprenorphine. Böger, RH, 2006)	0.57
" When switching of opioids is indicated to improve pain relief or reduce adverse events, equipotency dosage ratios are important."	( Transdermal buprenorphine in cancer pain and palliative care. Sittl, R, 2006)	0.71
" Adherence to therapy was determined based on the number of patients who complied with the dosing schedule."	( Long-term management of chronic pain with transdermal buprenorphine: a multicenter, open-label, follow-up study in patients from three short-term clinical trials. Kayser, H; Likar, R; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.58
"Supplemental dosing of an opioid is the main treatment suggested to manage breakthrough pain in cancer patients."	( Safety and effectiveness of intravenous morphine for episodic breakthrough pain in patients receiving transdermal buprenorphine. Aielli, F; Casuccio, A; Ferrera, P; Mercadante, S; Porzio, G; Verna, L; Villari, P, 2006)	0.54
" The magnitude of analgesia in the cold pressor model showed some correlation with TDF dosage and comparable effects for the full agonist fentanyl and the partial agonist buprenorphine."	( Differential sensitivity of three experimental pain models in detecting the analgesic effects of transdermal fentanyl and buprenorphine. Gasser, UE; Koltzenburg, M; Pokorny, R; Richarz, U, 2006)	0.74
" Individually optimized flexible dosing was used for each group, with weekly possible doses of 255-391 mg of LAAM, 56-112 mg of BUP, and 420-700 mg of METH."	( HIV risk behaviors during pharmacologic treatment for opioid dependence: a comparison of levomethadyl acetate [corrected] buprenorphine, and methadone. Bigelow, GE; Brooner, RK; Johnson, RE; Lott, DC; Strain, EC, 2006)	0.54
" In a previous study by our group, mean cohort and intraindividual dosage increases over an entire course of treatment and on a per-day basis were significantly lower with transdermal (TD) buprenorphine than with TD fentanyl."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.79
"The aim of this study was to compare TD buprenorphine and TD fentanyl with respect to dosage increases, dosage stability, and the nature of dosage changes."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.86
" To determine dosage stability, patients were classified based on the type of dosage change (stable, increase, alternating, or decrease) of the prescribed dosages."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.59
" Compared with TD buprenorphine, the proportion of patients with alternating dosage changes was significantly greater in patients receiving TD fentanyl (noncancer groups: 22."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.93
"In this retrospective data analysis, compared with TD buprenorphine, the increase in mean daily dosage was significantly greater in patients treated with TD fentanyl."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.84
"Buprenorphine has a long duration of action that allows less than daily dosing for opioid dependence, but pharmacologic characterization of buprenorphine's duration of effects over multiple days is incomplete."	( Effects associated with double-blind omission of buprenorphine/naloxone over a 98-h period. Bigelow, GE; Correia, CJ; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2006)	2.03
"Following their intramuscular injections in guinea pigs, the antinociceptive effects of the novel depot of buprenorphine decanoate (in oil) and the traditional dosage form of buprenorphine HCl (in saline) were evaluated."	( The depot of buprenorphine decanoate produced a dose-related long-lasting antinociceptive effect in guinea pigs. Cheng, KI; Chu, KS; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ; Wu, SZ, 2006)	0.92
"Intramuscular injection of the depot of buprenorphine decanoate in guinea pigs produced a dose-related long-lasting antinociceptive effect which was much longer than that of the traditional dosage form of buprenorphine HCl."	( The depot of buprenorphine decanoate produced a dose-related long-lasting antinociceptive effect in guinea pigs. Cheng, KI; Chu, KS; Kuei, CH; Liu, KS; Tzeng, JI; Wang, JJ; Wu, SZ, 2006)	0.97
" Randomized animals in 4 groups received sequential intraperitoneal dosing with: (dexamethasone [days 1-3]+buprenorphine [day 4]), (dexamethasone solvent [days 1-3]+buprenorphine [day 4]), (dexamethasone [days 1-3]+buprenorphine solvent [day 4]), or (dexamethasone solvent [days 1-3]+buprenorphine solvent [day 4])."	( Dexamethasone hepatic induction in rats subsequently treated with high dose buprenorphine does not lead to respiratory depression. Baud, FJ; Borron, SW; Descatoire, V; Hreiche, R; Mégarbane, B; Milan, N; Monier, C; Pessayre, D; Pirnay, S; Risède, P, 2006)	0.78
"6 mg/day) and were no longer responsive to this dosage were administered higher doses up to a maximum of 140 microg/h within 6 days, when the study was completed."	( Is there a ceiling effect of transdermal buprenorphine? Preliminary data in cancer patients. Ferrera, P; Mercadante, S; Villari, P, 2007)	0.61
" Flexible dosing (i."	( Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Burls, A; Connock, M; Day, E; Frew, E; Fry-Smith, A; Jowett, S; Juarez-Garcia, A; Lintzeris, N; Liu, Z; Roberts, T; Taylor, RJ; Taylor, RS, 2007)	0.7
" In direct comparison, a flexible dosing strategy with MMT was found be somewhat more effective in maintaining individuals in treatment than flexible-dose BMT and therefore associated with a slightly higher health gain and lower costs."	( Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Burls, A; Connock, M; Day, E; Frew, E; Fry-Smith, A; Jowett, S; Juarez-Garcia, A; Lintzeris, N; Liu, Z; Roberts, T; Taylor, RJ; Taylor, RS, 2007)	0.7
"Previous studies indicate that buprenorphine has efficacy in medically supervised opioid withdrawal, but the optimal dosing for maximum tolerability and ease of administration remains undetermined."	( Single dose of 24 milligrams of buprenorphine for heroin detoxification: an open-label study of five inpatients. Ang-Lee, K; Ellis, ML; Jaffe, C; Knox, PC; Malte, CA; Meredith, C; Oreskovich, MR; Saxon, AJ, 2006)	0.9
" The method quantitates BUP and NBUP plasma concentrations within the range of expected values from current BUP dosing guidelines."	( Buprenorphine assay and plasma concentration monitoring in HIV-infected substance users. DiFrancesco, R; Donnelly, J; Fischl, MA; Gripshover, B; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Morse, GD; Reichman, RC; Zingman, BS, 2007)	1.78
" An alternative dosing scheme such as administration of analgesics in the drinking water would be desirable."	( The antinociceptive efficacy of buprenorphine administered through the drinking water of rats. Bjerrum, OJ; Christensen, S; Jessen, L, 2007)	0.62
" It consisted of a 24-day uniform double-blind induction phase followed by single-blind flexible dosing based on structured clinical criteria, for a total of 6 months."	( A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Grönbladh, L; Heilig, M; Kakko, J; Nilsson, LH; Rawlings, B; Rück, C; Svanborg, KD; von Wachenfeldt, J, 2007)	0.63
"5mg) may be an effective mechanism for safely dosing this medication in persons with higher levels of physical dependence."	( Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone precipitated withdrawal in subjects maintained on 100mg of daily methadone. Bigelow, GE; Rosado, J; Strain, EC; Walsh, SL, 2007)	0.73
" The mean intended fees for buprenorphine - naloxone according to different dosing and takeaway regimens ranged from $19."	( The impact of community pharmacy dispensing fees on the introduction of buprenorphine - naloxone in Australia. Lea, T; Ritter, A; Winstock, AR, 2007)	0.87
" Six patients receiving TTS BU were switched to TTS FE and then rotated back to TTS BU with the same dosing considerations."	( Switching from transdermal drugs: an observational "N of 1" study of fentanyl and buprenorphine. Aielli, F; Casuccio, A; Ficorella, C; Fulfaro, F; Intravaia, G; Mangione, S; Mercadante, S; Porzio, G; Riina, S; Verna, L, 2007)	0.57
"To compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of unobserved versus observed dosing of patients seeking treatment of heroin dependence."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
"Participants were allocated randomly to observed or unobserved dosing for 3 months."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
"Retention and heroin use was not significantly different between observed and unobserved dosing groups."	( A randomized trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of observed versus unobserved administration of buprenorphine-naloxone for heroin dependence. Batey, R; Bell, J; Dunlop, A; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A; Shanahan, M; Winstock, A, 2007)	0.55
" The main trends observed were an increasing interest for opioid maintenance treatment by methadone versus buprenorphine high dosage (patients treated by methadone are mainly represented for the first year of the OPPIDUM program), some changes in illicit drugs uses (increase in sniff and decrease in intravenous injection) and changes in the grading of the most consumpted benzodiazepines (decrease in flunitrazepam consumption and increase in clonazepam consumption)."	( [Psychotropic drug addiction: consumption study of specific population by the survey OPPIDUM 2004 from the CEIP network]. Frauger, E; Laurenceau, D; Mallaret, M; Micallef, J; Modelon, H; Thirion, X, )	0.34
" Metropolitan pharmacists dosed greater numbers of OST clients (median = 7) than rural pharmacists (median = 4)."	( Dispensing opioid substitution treatment: practices, attitudes and intentions of community-based pharmacists. Lawrinson, P; Le, PP; Roche, A; Terao, H, 2008)	0.35
" In subjects whose dosage of levomethadyl or methadone remained fixed over at least 8 weeks, the QTc continued to increase progressively over time (P = ."	( QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial. Bigelow, GE; Haigney, MC; Johnson, RE; Nuzzo, PA; Wedam, EF, 2007)	0.59
" Retention in treatment was increased by less-than-daily dosing of buprenorphine."	( Multi-centre observational study of buprenorphine use in 32 Italian drug addiction centres. Fagetti, R; Hanna, N; Laurenzi, P; Leonardi, C, 2008)	0.86
" Psychosocial support and/or less-than-daily dosing also appeared to promote positive treatment outcomes."	( Multi-centre observational study of buprenorphine use in 32 Italian drug addiction centres. Fagetti, R; Hanna, N; Laurenzi, P; Leonardi, C, 2008)	0.62
" The major aims were to compare the efficacy of Bup and Meth in a flexible dosing regimen and to identify possible predictors of outcome."	( Retention rate and substance use in methadone and buprenorphine maintenance therapy and predictors of outcome: results from a randomized study. Koller, G; Kuefner, H; Soyka, M; Zingg, C, 2008)	0.6
" No significant accumulation of buprenorphine was seen after multiple consecutive applications of patches to rabbits with a 4-day dosing interval."	( Buprederm, a new transdermal delivery system of buprenorphine: pharmacokinetic, efficacy and skin irritancy studies. In, CH; Jeong, SW; Kim, D; Kim, SO; Lee, D; Lee, SH; Min, B; Park, I; Song, J, 2008)	0.89
" Four groups were studied: group A included nine heroin addicted subjects, who were still injecting heroin; groups B and C were composed of 12 patients previously addicted to heroin, being treated with methadone (mean dosage 58+/-12."	( Buprenorphine and methadone maintenance treatment of heroin addicts preserves immune function. Franchi, S; Gerra, G; Leccese, V; Panerai, AE; Sacerdote, P; Somaini, L, 2008)	1.79
"Morphine and buprenorphine had parallel dose-response curves in blocking FPS, with buprenorphine 40 times more potent than morphine."	( Anxiolytic-like effects of morphine and buprenorphine in the rat model of fear-potentiated startle: tolerance, cross-tolerance, and blockade by naloxone. Davis, M; Glover, EM, 2008)	0.98
"The registration of combination buprenorphine/naloxone, a formulation designed to reduce risk of diversion, has led some Australian jurisdictional authorities to allow treatment without direct observation of dosing for stable, opioid-dependent patients."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.63
" There was a non-significant trend for people initiated with observed dosing to be better retained during the allocation phase; at 6 months, 13 subjects (22%) from the original unobserved group, and 22 (34%) from the observed group, were retained in treatment (chi2=2."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.35
" If access to unobserved dosing is to be restricted to stable patients, it appears preferable to initiate dosing with observation and allow unobserved doses for people who successfully stabilize, than to initiate with unobserved doses and transfer unstable patients to observation."	( Optimising the benefits of unobserved dose administration for stable opioid maintenance patients: follow-up of a randomised trial. Batey, R; Bell, JR; Mutch, C; Rea, F; Ryan, A, 2008)	0.35
" After adjustment for time since first injection, individuals perceiving their prescribed dosage as inadequate (OR=2."	( Buprenorphine in primary care: risk factors for treatment injection and implications for clinical management. Blanche, J; Bry, D; Carrieri, MP; Feroni, I; Roux, P; Spire, B; Villes, V, 2008)	1.79
" A re-assessment of the treatment efficacy through a possible dosage increase or a switch to methadone could potentially reduce diversion and assure sustained adherence to OST."	( Buprenorphine in primary care: risk factors for treatment injection and implications for clinical management. Blanche, J; Bry, D; Carrieri, MP; Feroni, I; Roux, P; Spire, B; Villes, V, 2008)	1.79
" Wide variations in individual t(1/2) values suggested that dosing intervals be based on assessment of pain status rather than prescribed dosing intervals."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous administration in dogs. Boothe, DM; Krotscheck, U; Little, AA, 2008)	0.67
" When the two OTM dosing rates were normalized to dose, LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of buprenorphine and its metabolites detected no significant difference (P>."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs. Abbo, LA; Fang, WB; Galinsky, RE; Johnson, BM; Ko, JC; Maxwell, LK; Moody, DE, 2008)	0.9
" Urine samples were collected prior to dosing and at 2, 4, 6, 8 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-dose."	( Urinary detection times and metabolite/parent compound ratios after a single dose of buprenorphine. Ahlner, J; Andersson, M; Gunnarsson, L; Hägg, S; Josefsson, M; Kronstrand, R; Nyström, I, 2008)	0.57
" The evaluation included pain intensity, the dosage of the applied analgesics and additional therapies, the renal function (by serum creatinine) and adverse events."	( [Post marketing surveillance study with an analgesic (transdermal buprenorphine patch) in patients with moderate to severe chronic pain]. Brünjes, R; Ritzdorf, I; Tschirner, M, 2008)	0.58
" A specific method was used to assess the evolution of doctor-shopping for High Dosage Buprenorphine (HDB) in a French region from 2000 to 2005 and the impact of a prescription monitoring program for HDB implemented in 2004."	( Impact of a prescription monitoring program on doctor-shopping for high dosage buprenorphine. Blin, O; Coudert, C; Frauger, E; Lapierre, V; Masut, A; Micallef, J; Pradel, V; Ronfle, E; Thirion, X, 2009)	0.8
" National guidelines recommend directly observed initial dosing followed by multiple in-clinic visits during the induction week."	( Home buprenorphine/naloxone induction in primary care. DiRocco, D; Gourevitch, MN; Grossman, E; Lee, JD, 2009)	0.87
" Patients initiated dosing off-site at a later time."	( Home buprenorphine/naloxone induction in primary care. DiRocco, D; Gourevitch, MN; Grossman, E; Lee, JD, 2009)	0.87
" However, to date, dosage recommendations have been based on anecdotal observations."	( Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine after single-dose subcutaneous administration in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Court, M; Hesse, L; Kummrow, MS; Tseng, F, 2008)	0.67
"Non-blinded dosing with Suboxone during the 1-month stabilization phase included 3 weeks of flexible dosing as determined appropriate by the study physicians."	( Buprenorphine tapering schedule and illicit opioid use. Annon, J; Bilangi, R; Boverman, J; Domier, C; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Hunter, J; Jenkins, J; Ling, W; Saxon, A; Selzer, J; Thomas, C, 2009)	1.8
" The starting dosage of 35 microg/h was increased up to 70."	( Short- and intermediate-term efficacy of buprenorphine TDS in chronic painful neuropathies. Camozzi, F; Campanella, A; Devigili, G; Lauria, G; Lombardi, R; Martini, A; Melli, G; Penza, P, 2008)	0.61
" A consistent definition of diversion of supervised dosed of buprenorphine is required."	( Methods and motivations for buprenorphine diversion from public opioid substitution treatment clinics. Jackson, AP; Lea, T; Winstock, AR, 2009)	0.89
" Development of opioid withdrawal symptoms was the primary outcome, however the only symptom that was significantly associated with BPN/NLX dosage was the report of "stomach pains" (p = ."	( Lack of reduction in buprenorphine injection after introduction of co-formulated buprenorphine/naloxone to the Malaysian market. Altice, FL; Bruce, RD; Govindasamy, S; Kamarulzaman, A; Sylla, L, 2009)	0.67
" The number of colic episodes, lower urinary tract symptoms, analgesic dosage and days for spontaneous passage of the stones through the ureter were recorded by diary."	( Adjunctive medical therapy with an alpha-1A-specific blocker after shock wave lithotripsy of lower ureteral stones. Chang, CH; Huang, SW; Wang, CJ, 2009)	0.35
"Administration of an alpha-1A-specific blocker reduced analgesic dosage and colic episodes after SWL of lower ureteral stones."	( Adjunctive medical therapy with an alpha-1A-specific blocker after shock wave lithotripsy of lower ureteral stones. Chang, CH; Huang, SW; Wang, CJ, 2009)	0.35
" Participants were mainly satisfied with service provided by the clinic, although had concerns over the inflexibility associated with the clinic atmosphere, frequency of clinic attendance, dosing hours and lack of takeaway doses."	( Satisfaction guaranteed? What clients on methadone and buprenorphine think about their treatment. Bath, N; Lea, T; Madden, A; Winstock, AR, 2008)	0.59
" Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either low-dose 7-day buprenorphine patches (patch strengths of 5, 10, and 20 microg/h, with a maximum dosage of 20 microg/h) or twice-daily prolonged-release tramadol tablets (tablet strengths of 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg, with a maximum dosage of 400 mg/d) over a 12-week open-label treatment period."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose transdermal buprenorphine patches (5, 10, and 20 microg/h) versus prolonged-release tramadol tablets (75, 100, 150, and 200 mg) in patients with chronic osteoarthritis pain: a 12-week, randomized, open-label, controlled, pa Berggren, AC; Karlsson, M, 2009)	0.85
" Unlike methadone, buprenorphine dosage can be rapidly adjusted with minimal potential for inducing severe consequences."	( Buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Ling, W, 2009)	2.12
" Two doses of Probuphine were evaluated in 12 heroin-dependent volunteers switched from daily sublingual buprenorphine dosing to either two or four Probuphine implants based upon their buprenorphine daily maintenance dose of 8 mg or 16 mg respectively, and were monitored for 6 months."	( Open-label dose-finding trial of buprenorphine implants (Probuphine) for treatment of heroin dependence. Beebe, KL; Bell, J; Farquharson, A; Makowska, M; Saunders, JB; White, J; Williamson, P, 2009)	0.85
" The PS-based products at the most advanced stages of development are intranasal formulations containing opioid analgesics intended to provide rapid pain relief with simple and convenient dosing and minimal side effects."	( PecSys: in situ gelling system for optimised nasal drug delivery. Smith, A; Watts, P, 2009)	0.35
") enhanced the ascending (3 mgxkg(-1)) and descending (30 mgxkg(-1)) portions of buprenorphine's dose-response curve, but only spinal, not supraspinal, nociceptin (10 nmolxL(-1)) enhanced buprenorphine anti-nociception."	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	0.8
" The dosage used was 50% of that indicated in equipotency conversion tables."	( Opioids switching with transdermal systems in chronic cancer pain. Aurilio, C; Barbarisi, M; Grella, E; Pace, MC; Passavanti, MB; Pota, V; Sansone, P, 2009)	0.35
" In the initial phase, small dosage of buprenorphine (0."	( [Experience of using injectable formulation of buprenorphine for the detoxification treatment of heroin dependence patients]. Aso, K, 2009)	0.88
"During a 12-week intervention, opioid dependent participants (N = 120) maintained on thrice-a-week (M, W, F) buprenorphine plus therapist and computer-based counseling were randomized to receive: (a) medication contingencies (MC = thrice weekly dosing schedule vs."	( Buprenorphine medication versus voucher contingencies in promoting abstinence from opioids and cocaine. Bickel, WK; Buchhalter, AR; Chopra, MP; Gatchalian, KM; Jackson, LC; Landes, RD; Marsch, LA; Stitzer, ML, 2009)	2.01
" The buprenorphine-induced inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for antinociception may be due to NOP receptor activation, given that, in the presence of the NOP receptor antagonist, 1-[(3R,4R)-1-cyclooctylmethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-piperidyl]-3-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (J113397), or in NOP receptor knockout mice, buprenorphine has a steeper dose-response curve and acts as a full agonist."	( Nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor activation attenuates antinociception induced by mixed nociceptin/orphanin FQ/mu-opioid receptor agonists. Jiang, F; Khroyan, TV; Polgar, WE; Toll, L; Zaveri, NT, 2009)	0.87
" No dosage modification of BUP/NLX is required when co-administered with TPV/r."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and tipranavir/ritonavir in HIV-negative subjects chronically receiving buprenorphine/naloxone. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Conner, C; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Moody, DE; Piliero, PJ; Sabo, JP; Wruck, JM, 2009)	0.63
" The observations from this case series lend support to the practice of maintaining stable buprenorphine dosing for patients who require major surgery."	( Effectiveness of full agonist opioids in patients stabilized on buprenorphine undergoing major surgery: a case series. Kornfeld, H; Manfredi, L, )	0.59
" During the follow-up, physicians had to increase the dosage to control pain (average increase between 16% and 17%)."	( Effects of transdermal buprenorphine on patients-reported outcomes in cancer patients: results from the Cancer Pain Outcome Research (CPOR) Study Group. Apolone, G; Bertetto, O; Caraceni, A; Corli, O; De Conno, F; Greco, MT; Labianca, R; Maltoni, M; Mangano, S; Montanari, M; Negri, E; Nicora Maria, F; Torri, V; Zucco, F, 2009)	0.66
"The present investigation examines baseline patient characteristics to predict dosing of buprenorphine-naloxone, a promising treatment for opioid addiction in youths."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.94
" Outpatients aged 15-21 were randomized to a 12-week buprenorphine-naloxone dosing condition (including 4 weeks of taper)."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.97
" During the dosing period, there were no significant differences in opioid use, as measured by urinalysis, by level of pain."	( Predictors of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing in a 12-week treatment trial for opioid-dependent youth: secondary analyses from a NIDA Clinical Trials Network study. Chakrabarti, A; Griffin, ML; Subramaniam, G; Weiss, RD; Woody, GE, 2010)	0.72
" This can be achieved by converting the regular dosage into the equivalent in diazepam and then reducing this dosage by a maximum of 25% a week."	( [Guideline 'Medicinal care for drug addicts in penal institutions']. Arends, MT; de Haan, HA; Klazinga, NS; van Everdingen, JJ; Westra, M, 2009)	0.35
"Buprenorphine, like many other drugs, displays a biphasic dose-response relation ('hormesis'), viz."	( On deriving the dose-effect relation of an unknown second component: an example using buprenorphine preclinical data. Cowan, A; Raffa, RB; Tallarida, RJ, 2010)	2.03
" The naive-participant study evaluated the effects of sleep deprivation alone, morphine alone and the combination; the tolerant-participant study compared day-to-day effects of alternate-daily-dosed buprenorphine and the combination of buprenorphine on the dosing day with sleep deprivation."	( Utility of saccadic eye movement analysis as an objective biomarker to detect the sedative interaction between opioids and sleep deprivation in opioid-naive and opioid-tolerant populations. Gentgall, M; Grace, PM; Rolan, PE; Stanford, T, 2010)	0.55
" There was wide variation between pharmacies in the level of supervision provided during supervised buprenorphine dosing and a lack of clarity between pharmacists regarding what behaviors are examples of buprenorphine diversion."	( What is diversion of supervised buprenorphine and how common is it? Lea, T; Sheridan, J; Winstock, AR, 2009)	0.85
" A total of 77 patients were included and were switched from buprenorphine to sublingual tables of buprenorphine/naloxone; the buprenorphine dosage was titrated to achieve good control of withdrawal symptoms."	( Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent patients: an Italian observational study. Biondi, L; Calabria, R; Fiore, A; Magnelli, F; Peluso, E; Rota, AG; Vonella, D, 2010)	0.91
" Treatment was self-administered by the patients every 2 weeks and the mean buprenorphine dosage at 1 year was 8 mg/day."	( Clinical experience with fortnightly buprenorphine/naloxone versus buprenorphine in Italy: preliminary observational data in an office-based setting. Amato, P, 2010)	0.86
"High dosage buprenorphine (Subutex(®)) has been prescribed as a replacement therapy for major opioid dependencies in France since 1996."	( Fatal poisoning due to snorting buprenorphine and alcohol consumption. Clin, B; Ferrant, O; Goullé, JP; Lacroix, C; Papin, F; Remoué, JE; Saussereau, E, 2011)	1.03
" Treatment dropout was defined as missing seven consecutive buprenorphine dosing days."	( Antidepressant treatment does not improve buprenorphine retention among opioid-dependent persons. Anderson, BJ; Cioe, PA; Friedmann, PD; Herman, DS; Kettavong, M; Stein, MD; Tellioglu, T, 2010)	0.87
" Buprenorphine/naloxone and LPV/r can be safely coadministered without need for dosage modification."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between buprenorphine/naloxone and once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir. Altice, FL; Andrews, L; Bruce, RD; Fang, WB; Friedland, GH; Lin, SN; Ma, Q; Moody, DE; Morse, GD, 2010)	1.54
"The objective of the study was to analyze and compare indicators resulting from these two methods, applied to High Dosage Buprenorphine (HDB) (a product well-known to be diverted in France), in order to determine which public health authorities needs they answer."	( Which indicators can public health authorities use to monitor prescription drug abuse and evaluate the impact of regulatory measures? Controlling High Dosage Buprenorphine abuse. Berbis, J; Coudert, H; Frauger, E; Micallef, J; Natali, F; Pauly, V; Pradel, V; Reggio, P; Rouby, F; Thirion, X, 2011)	0.77
" A total of 361 opiate-dependent individuals (89% of those eligible, presenting for treatment over 2 years at a drug service in England) received rapid titration then flexible dosing with methadone or buprenorphine; 227 patients chose methadone (63%) and 134 buprenorphine (37%)."	( The SUMMIT trial: a field comparison of buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance treatment. Holland, R; Maskrey, V; Pinto, H; Rumball, D; Swift, L; Wagle, A, 2010)	0.82
" The developed method can be used in routine every day analysis by clinical and forensic laboratories, for pharmacokinetic studies, for therapeutic drug level monitoring in order to adjust BPN dosage of BPN maintained patients or for the investigation of forensic cases."	( Development and validation of a highly sensitive GC/MS method for the determination of buprenorphine and nor-buprenorphine in blood. Athanaselis, SA; Maravelias, CP; Nikolaou, PD; Papoutsis, II; Pistos, CM; Spiliopoulou, CA, 2011)	0.59
" Subsequent studies show that the efficacy of buprenorphine sublingual tablet (Subutex®) or buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablet (Suboxone®) is equivalent to that of methadone when sufficient buprenorphine doses, rapid induction, and flexible dosing are used."	( Buprenorphine-based regimens and methadone for the medical management of opioid dependence: selecting the appropriate drug for treatment. Gerra, G; Maremmani, I, )	1.83
" Loss of efficacy (tolerance) followed by enhanced pain sensitivity occurred with repeated dosing of buprenorphine."	( Buprenorphine-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Holtman, JR; Wala, EP, 2011)	2.03
"The aim of this study was to compare the transfer of buprenorphine and methadone between maternal and cord blood in women under chronic dosing conditions and to determine if differences exist in the transfer of the two methadone enantiomers."	( (R)- and (S)-methadone and buprenorphine concentration ratios in maternal and umbilical cord plasma following chronic maintenance dosing in pregnancy. Foster, DJ; Gordon, AL; Lopatko, OV; Somogyi, AA; White, JM, 2010)	0.91
" Flunixin meglumine at the given dosage (2."	( Effects of buprenorphine, meloxicam, and flunixin meglumine as postoperative analgesia in mice. Blankenship-Paris, TL; Clark, JA; Goulding, DR; King-Herbert, AP; Kissling, GE; Travlos, GS; Tubbs, JT, 2011)	0.76
"After 3 weeks of flexible dosing, 516 participants were categorized by dose provided in the final dosing week (9."	( Participant characteristics and buprenorphine dose. Canamar, CP; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Thomas, C, 2011)	0.65
" These groups also differed in opioid use during the four dosing weeks, with the lowest use in the 8 mg group and highest use in the 24 mg group (p < ."	( Participant characteristics and buprenorphine dose. Canamar, CP; Doraimani, G; Hasson, A; Hillhouse, M; Ling, W; Thomas, C, 2011)	0.65
"Clients from two opioid treatment programs, one implementing ICM and one implementing the TBCM, were recruited to undertake a self-complete survey examining satisfaction with case-management during dosing hours over 7 months."	( Individual versus team-based case-management for clients of opioid treatment services: an initial evaluation of what clients prefer. Curry, K; Day, CA; Demirkol, A; Haber, PS; Hines, S; Lintzeris, N; Tynan, M, 2012)	0.38
"We assessed HRQOL changes in a substudy of a pharmacokinetic study that compared buprenorphine oral tablet and liquid dosage formulations over 16 weeks."	( Health-related quality of life changes associated with buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. Campbell, HM; Garnand, DA; Jones, MA; Ling, W; Naik, R; Raisch, DW; Sather, MR, 2012)	0.85
" There were no significant differences in opioid-positive urines, dropout rates, or dosage changes between formulations."	( Health-related quality of life changes associated with buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence. Campbell, HM; Garnand, DA; Jones, MA; Ling, W; Naik, R; Raisch, DW; Sather, MR, 2012)	0.63
" Here, we show that two commonly used post-operative buprenorphine dosing regimes significantly inhibit the proliferation of doublecortin-positive neuroblasts but not other hippocampal stem and progenitor cell populations in adult mice."	( The opiate analgesic buprenorphine decreases proliferation of adult hippocampal neuroblasts and increases survival of their progeny. Bennett, SA; Desroches, R; Pettit, AS, 2012)	0.95
" The transdermal formulation provides continuous delivery of buprenorphine, resulting in relatively consistent plasma drug concentrations throughout the 7-day dosing interval."	( Buprenorphine 5, 10 and 20 μg/h transdermal patch: a review of its use in the management of chronic non-malignant pain. Plosker, GL, 2011)	2.05
"Using flexible buprenorphine dosing schedule with the option of titrating the dose up to 32 mg daily may offer better treatment outcome for patients who would not respond to the lower dose range."	( Treatment outcome for flexible dosing buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Casarella, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Vayalapalli, S, 2012)	1
"High dosage buprenorphine (HDB) is a sublingual maintenance treatment of opioid dependence which have proved its substantial Public Health results, but it is also known to be frequently abused and diverted, in particular for intravenous injection, with deleterious consequences."	( [Severe distal ischemic syndrome after buprenorphine volunteer intra-arterial injection]. de Haro, L; Glaizal, M; Hayek-Lanthois, M; Lucciardi, J; Micallef, J; Spadari, M; Tichadou, L, )	0.78
"Buprenorphine/naloxone has recently been introduced in Australia and is available for unsupervised dosing within Queensland."	( Use and misuse of opioid replacement therapies: a Queensland study. Kemp, R; Smirnov, A, 2012)	1.82
" In addition, we compiled dose-response data for 4 commonly used analgesics: buprenorphine, carprofen, ketoprofen, and acetaminophen."	( Using the Mouse Grimace Scale to reevaluate the efficacy of postoperative analgesics in laboratory mice. King, OD; Matsumiya, LC; Mogil, JS; Sorge, RE; Sotocinal, SG; Tabaka, JM; Wieskopf, JS; Zaloum, A, 2012)	0.61
"The goal of this meta-analysis is to provide evidence based information about proper dosing for buprenorphine maintenance treatment to improve treatment outcome."	( Effect of buprenorphine dose on treatment outcome. Casarella, J; Drexler, K; Fareed, A; Vayalapalli, S, 2012)	1
"Adult patients with pain from osteoarthritis receiving a stable dosage of HCD/APAP (i."	( A randomized, 14-day, double-blind study evaluating conversion from hydrocodone/acetaminophen (Vicodin) to buprenorphine transdermal system 10 μg/h or 20 μg/h in patients with osteoarthritis pain. Landau, CJ; McCarberg, BH; Munera, C; Ripa, SR; Wen, W, 2012)	0.59
"The dosing of opioid receptor agonist medications adequately and on an individual basis is crucial in the pharmacotherapy of opioid dependence."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	0.74
" Dosage adequacy was assessed with the BUDAVA questionnaire."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	0.74
"The buprenorphine-naloxone dosage was found to be inadequate in 61 of the 196 patients."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine dosage adequacy in opioid receptor agonist substitution therapy for heroin dependence: first use of the BUprenorphine-naloxone Dosage Adequacy eVAluation (BUDAVA) questionnaire. Amato, P; Armenante, C; Auriemma, F; Biancolillo, V; Cassese, F; D'Amore, A; Del Tufo, S; Lauro, G; Oliva, P; Pizzirusso, A; Romano, F; Ruoppolo, C, 2012)	1.3
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and naloxone were measured over the 24-hour dosing interval on day -1 (buprenorphine/naloxone alone, reference) and day 7 of telaprevir coadministration (test)."	( Effect of telaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in volunteers on stable buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance therapy. Garg, V; Luo, X; Smith, F; Trevejo, J; van Heeswijk, RP, 2012)	0.93
"We present 4 cases of children with CIPO and severe intractable abdominal pain, and report on the use of a recently available form of opioid, transdermal buprenorphine in a dosage of 5 mcg/h."	( Use of buprenorphine in children with chronic pseudoobstruction syndrome: case series and review of literature. Brugger, S; Hollmann, MW; Prapaitrakool, S; Preckel, B; Wartenberg, HC, 2012)	1.03
"Aims of the present investigation were: (i) to assess the prevalence of current smokers and relative smoking status among a large number of heroin addicts attending opioid-substitution therapy prevalence; (ii) to evaluate the relationship between the type (methadone, buprenorphine) and dosage of opioid substitution therapy and nicotine dependence."	( Tobacco addiction and smoking status in heroin addicts under methadone vs. buprenorphine therapy. Amen, G; Casari, R; Chiamulera, C; Faccini, M; Lugoboni, F; Moro, L; Pajusco, B; Quaglio, G, 2012)	0.79
"The area under the plasma concentration-time curve at steady state (AUC(tau)), measured over one dosing interval, was similar for elderly [mean ± standard deviation (SD) 9,940 pg/h/ml (4,827 pg/h/ml] and younger [mean ± SD 11,309 (3,670 pg/h/ml] individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly. Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)	0.67
"No dosage alterations are necessary for PK reasons when treating elderly people with buprenorphine transdermal patches."	( Pharmacokinetics of transdermal buprenorphine patch in the elderly. Al-Tawil, N; Berggren, AC; Johnson, HE; Odar-Cederlöf, I; Persson, J, 2013)	0.9
" This long-acting fentanyl formulation provides veterinarians with a novel, registered option for the control of postoperative pain in dogs that improves dosing compliance and potentially mitigates the disadvantages of oral, parenteral, and patch delivered opioids."	( The effectiveness of a long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution compared to buprenorphine for the control of postoperative pain in dogs in a randomized, multicentered clinical study. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Linton, DD; Newbound, GC; Wilson, MG, 2012)	0.61
"03 mg/kg) produced similar degrees of rightward shifts of buprenorphine's dose-response curves for all three endpoints."	( Roles of μ-opioid receptors and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptors in buprenorphine-induced physiological responses in primates. Cremeans, CM; Gruley, E; Ko, MC; Kyle, DJ, 2012)	0.85
"To assess the national market penetration rate (PR) of generic high-dosage buprenorphine (HDB) in 2008 and its evolution since their marketing (2006), and making a point for each dosage and at regional level."	( [National and regional market penetration rates of generic's high dosage buprenorphine: its evolution from 2006 to 2008, using reimbursed drug database]. Allaria-Lapierre, V; Boczek, C; Frauger, E; Micallef, J; Reggio, P; Sciortino, V, )	0.59
" There are differences in MPR in terms of dosage and area."	( [National and regional market penetration rates of generic's high dosage buprenorphine: its evolution from 2006 to 2008, using reimbursed drug database]. Allaria-Lapierre, V; Boczek, C; Frauger, E; Micallef, J; Reggio, P; Sciortino, V, )	0.36
" The results suggest that the combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone at an appropriate dosage decreases compulsive cocaine self-administration with minimal liability to produce opioid dependence and may be useful as a treatment for cocaine addiction."	( A combination of buprenorphine and naltrexone blocks compulsive cocaine intake in rodents without producing dependence. Koob, GF; Misra, KK; Schlosburg, JE; Vendruscolo, LF; Wee, S, 2012)	0.98
" A significant inverse correlation occurred between Bup-TTS dosage and use of morphine (p = 0."	( Transdermal buprenorphine for postoperative pain control in gynecological surgery: a prospective randomized study. Leykin, Y; Sanfilippo, F; Setti, T, 2012)	0.76
"Currently published information on buprenorphine-naloxone withdrawal recommends a gradually decreasing dosage over weeks to months."	( Course and treatment of buprenorphine/naloxone withdrawal: an analysis of case reports. McCance-Katz, EF; Westermeyer, J, )	0.72
" The present paper describes in detail how to implement the method, by means of habituation, presentation, adequate concentrations and amounts of buprenorphine/nut paste, and dosage of buprenorphine to rats and mice."	( Voluntary ingestion of nut paste for administration of buprenorphine in rats and mice. Abelson, KS; Hau, J; Jacobsen, KR; Kalliokoski, O; Sundbom, R, 2012)	0.83
"Buprenorphine is commonly used as (part of) postoperative analgesic treatment with dosage dependent side-effects such as pica behaviour."	( Optimizing the dosing interval of buprenorphine in a multimodal postoperative analgesic strategy in the rat: minimizing side-effects without affecting weight gain and food intake. Arndt, SS; Hellebrekers, LJ; Mitsogiannis, MD; Schaap, MW; Uilenreef, JJ; van 't Klooster, JG, 2012)	2.1
"Buprenorphine compared with methadone appears to result in less suppression of mean fetal heart rate, fetal heart rate reactivity and the biophysical profile score after medication dosing and these findings provide support for the relative safety of buprenorphine when fetal indices are considered as part of the complete risk-benefit ratio."	( Fetal assessment before and after dosing with buprenorphine or methadone. Coyle, MG; Heil, SH; Jones, HE; Kaltenbach, K; Martin, PR; O'Grady, KE; Salisbury, AL; Stine, SM; Weninger, M, 2012)	2.08
"Patterns of symptom reports may have clinical implications for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy for OM women including optimization of opioid dosing regimens, education regarding maternal nutritional intake and preventing postnatal depression, thereby ensuring maternal health and fetal development during pregnancy and enhancing mother-infant bonding and healthy child development postnatally."	( Patterns of symptom reporting during pregnancy comparing opioid maintained and control women. Fisk, A; Gordon, AL; Lopatko, OV; Pearson, V; Stacey, H; White, JM; Woods, A, 2012)	0.38
" This study compared the two formulations on subjective dose effects and equivalence, trough plasma levels, adverse events, patient satisfaction, supervised dosing time, and impact upon treatment outcomes (substance use, psychosocial function)."	( A randomised controlled trial of sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone film versus tablets in the management of opioid dependence. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dunlop, AJ; Holland, RM; Hurley, M; Larance, B; Leung, SY; Lintzeris, N; Muhleisen, P; Rivas, GR; White, N, 2013)	0.65
" Various retrospective studies comparing dosage changes of buprenorphine and fentanyl patches in persistent pain patients have been completed; however, no long-term prospective, randomized, clinical study has compared the effectiveness of these patches."	( A feasibility study of transdermal buprenorphine versus transdermal fentanyl in the long-term management of persistent non-cancer pain. Chowdhury, S; Mitra, F; Shelley, M; Williams, G, 2013)	0.91
" Physiological changes induced by long-term OMT may cause hyperalgesia and cross-tolerance to opioid agonists, which suggests that the dosage of analgesic treatment should be modified in cases of acute pain, especially when an opioid-based analgesia is required."	( [Management of opioid maintenance treatments when analgesic treatments are required]. Cottencin, O; Di Patrizio, P; Geoffroy, PA; Laprevote, V; Leheup, BF; Rolland, B; Schwan, R, )	0.13
" These findings support a new dosing strategy using sustained-release buprenorphine to improve pain management, decrease animal stress, improve animal welfare, and simplify the postoperative management of nonhuman primates in laboratory animal and zoological settings."	( Pharmacokinetics of 2 formulations of buprenorphine in macaques (Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis). Fang, WB; Fortman, JD; Halliday, LC; Lindeblad, M; Moody, DE; Nunamaker, EA, 2013)	0.89
" Forty-six pharmacies (85%) were willing to dispense buprenorphine-naloxone to more clients; however, 43 pharmacies (80%) perceived that supervision of buprenorphine-naloxone dosing is not a suitable task for pharmacists in Finland."	( First insights into community pharmacy based buprenorphine-naloxone dispensing in Finland. Bell, JS; Ilomäki, J; Laitinen, K; Tacke, U; Turunen, JH; Uosukainen, H, 2013)	0.9
" These patients may best be improved by psychological approaches, adjuvant medications, and opioid reduction or removal, rather than ever-escalating dosing that has become common."	( When opioids fail in chronic pain management: the role for buprenorphine and hospitalization. Berland, DW; Malinoff, HL; Przybylski, R; Weiner, MA, )	0.37
"Therefore, this assay has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for BUP detection in urine specimens so that the dosage of BUP given to individuals being treated for opioid dependence can be monitored."	( Development of test strips for rapid buprenorphine detection in vitro. Chen, WX; Li, SJ; Wang, D; Zhang, J; Zheng, J, 2013)	0.66
" 83% of patients received a 7-day transdermal buprenorphine patch dosage > or = 10 microg/h."	( [Pain therapy in the elderly:7-day transdermal buprenorphine patch in clinical practice. Results of a non-interventional study]. Krings, D; Schwenke, K; Wahle, K, 2013)	0.91
" Repeat dosing was required in 24% of Group B and 32% of Group C (p < 0."	( Evaluation of sedation for standing clinical procedures in horses using detomidine combined with buprenorphine. Coumbe, K; Henson, F; Scott, D; Taylor, A; Taylor, P, 2014)	0.62
" Among programs using methadone there was no statistically significant difference in average retention by dosage level, and the 10 highest and lowest dosage programs obtained similar average retention levels after 12 months."	( Retention of participants in medication-assisted programs in low- and middle-income countries: an international systematic review. Abdul-Quader, AS; Arasteh, K; Des Jarlais, D; Feelemyer, J; Hagan, H, 2014)	0.4
"There were no differences in sedation or antinociception scores between OTM and IM dosing at any of the time points."	( Sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal or intramuscular administration in cats. Bosmans, T; de Rooster, H; Debille, M; Duchateau, L; Polis, I; Porters, N, 2014)	0.64
" When the medication was dosed adequately, BMT and MMT showed similar reduction in illicit opioid use, but BMT was associated with less risk of adverse events."	( Medication-assisted treatment with buprenorphine: assessing the evidence. Daniels, AS; Delphin-Rittmon, ME; Dougherty, RH; Fullerton, CA; Ghose, SS; Kim, M; Lyman, DR; Montejano, L; Thomas, CP, 2014)	0.68
" However, the literature is inconsistent regarding the possible existence of a dose-response relationship between maternal buprenorphine dose and neonatal clinical outcomes."	( Neonatal outcomes and their relationship to maternal buprenorphine dose during pregnancy. Andringa, K; Dengler, E; Garrison, A; Horton, E; Jansson, LM; Jones, HE; O'Grady, KE; Seashore, C; Thorp, J, 2014)	0.86
"(1) Findings failed to support the existence of a dose-response relationship between maternal buprenorphine dose at delivery and any of 10 neonatal clinical outcomes, including NAS severity and (2) that infants treated for NAS had a higher mean NAS peak score and, spent a longer time in the hospital than did the group not treated for NAS is unsurprising."	( Neonatal outcomes and their relationship to maternal buprenorphine dose during pregnancy. Andringa, K; Dengler, E; Garrison, A; Horton, E; Jansson, LM; Jones, HE; O'Grady, KE; Seashore, C; Thorp, J, 2014)	0.87
" Despite numerous advantages of buprenorphine (accessible in primary care, no daily dosing required, minimal stigma), implementation has been slow."	( Impact of research network participation on the adoption of buprenorphine for substance abuse treatment. Abraham, AJ; Kovas, AE; McFarland, BH; Rieckmann, TR; Roman, PM, 2014)	0.93
" At the longest trial duration, a bell-shaped dose-response curve was obtained with buprenorphine, which was shifted significantly to the right with naloxone combination."	( Rewarding or aversive effects of buprenorphine/naloxone combination (Suboxone) depend on conditioning trial duration. Canestrelli, C; Marie, N; Noble, F, 2014)	0.91
" For constipation, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, morphine produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive."	( In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Kuo, A; Meutermans, W; Smith, MT; Wyse, BD, 2015)	0.69
" Initial BTDS dosing strength, receipt of approved initial BTDS dose per the FPI, and concomitant medications were assessed in the post-index 6 month period."	( US practitioner prescribing practices and patient characteristics of those newly treated with a buprenorphine transdermal patch system. Ben-Joseph, R; Chang, CL; Hess, G; Pergolizzi, JV, 2014)	0.62
"Interindividual correlation between oral dosage of BUP and head hair concentration was investigated."	( Hair analysis for long-term monitoring of buprenorphine intake in opiate withdrawal. De Vivo, E; Di Corcia, D; Fusari, I; Gerace, E; Pirro, V; Salomone, A; Vincenti, M, 2014)	0.67
" Significant positive correlation was found between constant oral BUP dosage (1-32 mg/d) and the summed up head hair concentrations of BUP and NBUP."	( Hair analysis for long-term monitoring of buprenorphine intake in opiate withdrawal. De Vivo, E; Di Corcia, D; Fusari, I; Gerace, E; Pirro, V; Salomone, A; Vincenti, M, 2014)	0.67
"Remarkably, all hair samples yielded BUP concentrations higher than 10 pg/mg, even when the lowest dosage was administered."	( Hair analysis for long-term monitoring of buprenorphine intake in opiate withdrawal. De Vivo, E; Di Corcia, D; Fusari, I; Gerace, E; Pirro, V; Salomone, A; Vincenti, M, 2014)	0.67
"These data provide additional evidence that opioids influence smoking and extend prior findings to include primary PO abusers, rigorous double-blind opioid dosing conditions and urinary cotinine."	( Spontaneous reductions in smoking during double-blind buprenorphine detoxification. Badger, GJ; Dunn, KE; Heil, SH; Higgins, ST; Patrick, ME; Sigmon, SC, 2014)	0.65
"The findings of the current study support feasibility and acceptance of alternate-day dosing strategy for buprenorphine dispensing for patients with opioid dependence."	( A chart review based comparative study of retention rates for two dispensing regimens for buprenorphine for subjects with opioid dependence at a tertiary care substance use disorder treatment center. Balhara, YP, )	0.57
" Linear regression models examined predictors of unsupervised dosing in the past month."	( A latent class analysis of self-reported clinical indicators of psychosocial stability and adherence among opioid substitution therapy patients: do stable patients receive more unsupervised doses? Ali, R; Carragher, N; Degenhardt, L; Larance, B; Lintzeris, N; Mattick, RP, 2014)	0.4
" Patients were grouped into 1 of 3 medication categories based on their selection at intake (methadone [n = 2,738; M dosage = 64."	( A naturalistic comparison of the effectiveness of methadone and two sublingual formulations of buprenorphine on maintenance treatment outcomes: findings from a retrospective multisite study. Copeland, AL; Herschman, PL; Kopak, AM; Polukhina, N; Proctor, SL, 2014)	0.62
"Twenty-four controlled clinical trials were identified, plus a case report and dose-response curve."	( The clinical analgesic efficacy of buprenorphine. Haidery, M; Huang, HM; Kalladeen, K; Lockstein, DE; Ono, H; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Shope, MJ; Sowunmi, OA; Tran, JK, 2014)	0.68
" BUP produces dose- and time-related alterations of μOR availability but some clinicians express concern about whether doses higher than those needed to prevent opioid withdrawal symptoms are warranted, and policymakers consider limiting reimbursement for certain BUP dosing regimens."	( Buprenorphine maintenance and mu-opioid receptor availability in the treatment of opioid use disorder: implications for clinical use and policy. Comer, SD; Fiellin, DA; Greenwald, MK, 2014)	1.85
" Sustained-release (SR) formulations of analgesics maintain plasma levels that should be sufficient to provide sustained analgesia yet require less frequent dosing and thus less handling of and stress to the animals."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release analgesics in mice. Dorsey, K; Gustafson, DL; Hansen, RJ; Kang, S; Kendall, LV; Lunghofer, PJ, 2014)	0.4
" Adequate dosing levels are important to control cravings, prevent withdrawal syndrome, and maintain patients in treatment."	( Analysis of buprenorphine/naloxone dosing impact on treatment duration, resource use and costs in the treatment of opioid-dependent adults: a retrospective study of US public and private health care claims. Kharitonova, E; Khemiri, A; Ruby, J; Toumi, M; Zah, V, 2014)	0.78
" The threshold for differentiating the dosing groups was set at 15 and 15."	( Analysis of buprenorphine/naloxone dosing impact on treatment duration, resource use and costs in the treatment of opioid-dependent adults: a retrospective study of US public and private health care claims. Kharitonova, E; Khemiri, A; Ruby, J; Toumi, M; Zah, V, 2014)	0.78
" Although individual data showed moderate variability in the exposures between subjects and treatments, there was no evidence of symptoms of opiate overdose or withdrawal either during the coadministration of faldaprevir with methadone or buprenorphine-naloxone or after faldaprevir dosing was stopped."	( Effect of steady-state faldaprevir on the pharmacokinetics of steady-state methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone in subjects receiving stable addiction management therapy. Adeniji, A; Elgadi, M; Huang, F; Joseph, D; Riesenberg, RR; Schobelock, MJ; Vince, BD; Webster, LR, 2015)	0.82
"5, 1, 2, and 24 hours after dosing in subjects with confirmed cocaine use and abstinence."	( The impact of recent cocaine use on plasma levels of methadone and buprenorphine in patients with and without HIV-infection. DInh, AT; Fiellin, DA; Fiellin, LE; Lruie, BS; McCance-Katz, EF; Moody, DE; Tetrault, JM, 2015)	0.65
"Eligible patients were randomized (1:1) to receive low-dose 7-day BTDS (5, 10, and 20 μg/h, maximum dosage of 20 μg/h) or sustained-release tramadol tablets (100 mg, maximum dosage of 400 mg/d) over an 8-week double-blind treatment period (3-week titration, 5-week maintenance)."	( Effectiveness and Safety of Transdermal Buprenorphine Versus Sustained-release Tramadol in Patients With Moderate to Severe Musculoskeletal Pain: An 8-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter, Active-controlled, Noninferiority Study. Dai, K; Leng, X; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Lv, H; Yan, X; Yao, C; Zeng, X; Zheng, Y, 2015)	0.68
" health education (HE) control) over a 28-day period, linked to clinician medication dosing visits, and beginning 2 days prior to buprenorphine induction."	( A preliminary randomized controlled trial of a distress tolerance treatment for opioid dependent persons initiating buprenorphine. Anderson, BJ; Brown, RA; Hecht, J; Herman, DS; Lopez, R; Moitra, E; Stein, MD, 2015)	0.83
" A total of 1251 participants were randomly assigned to either (1) a 1-year intervention consisting of 2 opportunities for a 15-day detoxification with buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) combined with up to 21 sessions of behavioral drug and risk counseling [short-term medication-assisted treatment (ST-MAT)] or (2) thrice-weekly dosing for 48 weeks with BUP/NX and up to 21 counseling sessions [long-term medication-assisted treatment (LT-MAT)] followed by dose tapering."	( Expanding substance use treatment options for HIV prevention with buprenorphine-naloxone: HIV Prevention Trials Network 058. Aramrattana, A; Beauchamp, G; Burns, DN; Celentano, DD; Chawarski, M; Chen, RY; Donnell, D; Dye, BJ; Fu, L; Jackson, JB; Lucas, GM; Ma, J; Metzger, DS; Richardson, P; Rose, SM; Ruan, Y; Shao, Y; Shin, K; Sugarman, J; Wei, L, 2015)	0.85
" This study highlights the need to evaluate the value and sensitivity of urine drug tests given the wide range of buprenorphine dosing in clinical practice."	( Interpretation of urine drug testing results in patients using transdermal buprenorphine preparations for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain. Barbosa, WA; Dugan, M; Frazer, M; Gewandter, JS; Kwong, TC; Markman, JD; Nandigam, K; Rast, S; Villareal, A, 2015)	0.86
"The studies that examined different doses of transdermal buprenorphine did not report a clear dose-response relationship."	( Buprenorphine for treating cancer pain. Arnold, S; Bromham, N; Hilgart, JS; Schmidt-Hansen, M; Taubert, M, 2015)	2.1
"Through the rating process, expert panel members rated 90 candidate guideline statements across 8 domains, including candidacy for buprenorphine treatment, dosing of buprenorphine, psychosocial counseling, and treatment of co-occurring depression and anxiety."	( Practice Guidance for Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders: Results of an Expert Panel Process. Ayers, A; Cilia, A; Farmer, CM; Flaherty, MT; Gordon, AJ; Lindsay, D; Mandell, T; Schuster, J; Stein, BD; Williams, J, 2015)	0.94
" Future efforts should focus on appropriate dosing guidance and ensuring that guidelines can be adapted to a variety of practice settings."	( Practice Guidance for Buprenorphine for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorders: Results of an Expert Panel Process. Ayers, A; Cilia, A; Farmer, CM; Flaherty, MT; Gordon, AJ; Lindsay, D; Mandell, T; Schuster, J; Stein, BD; Williams, J, 2015)	0.73
" This study examined (i) how initiations and transfers were implemented, (ii) the profile and predictors of adverse effects as self-reported by BNX film clients, and (iii) dosing issues."	( The introduction of buprenorphine-naloxone film in opioid substitution therapy in Australia: Uptake and issues arising from changing buprenorphine formulations. Ali, R; Degenhardt, L; Dietze, P; Jenkinson, R; Larance, B; Lintzeris, N; White, N, 2015)	0.74
" Its pharmacological properties make it a first-line opioid analgesic for geriatric patients and patients with renal dysfunction; no dosing adjustments need to be made."	( The unique role of transdermal buprenorphine in the global chronic pain epidemic. Henningfield, JE; Leighton-Scott, J; Pergolizzi, JV; Scholten, W; Smith, KJ; Willis, JC, 2015)	0.7
"Among the currently available agonist therapies, new dosage forms of buprenorphine can increase patient acceptability and compliance."	( Therapies in early development for the treatment of opiate addiction. Aguilar, MA; Miñarro, J; Rodríguez-Arias, M, 2015)	0.65
" Pregnant women were enrolled as part of an open-label non-randomised flexible dosing longitudinal study."	( Visual evoked potential latencies of three-year-old children prenatally exposed to buprenorphine or methadone compared with non-opioid exposed children: The results of a longitudinal study. Baghurst, PA; Sawyer, MG; Spurrier, NJ; Weston, P; Whitham, JN, )	0.36
"To determine whether there is a dose-response relationship between maternal dose of buprenorphine at delivery and neonatal outcomes."	( Maternal Buprenorphine Dose at Delivery and Its Relationship to Neonatal Outcomes. Alto, WA; O'Brien, L; O'Connor, AB, 2016)	1.08
" No clear dose-response relationship was found for transdermal buprenorphine."	( The effectiveness of buprenorphine for treating cancer pain: an abridged Cochrane review. Arnold, S; Bromham, N; Hilgart, JS; Schmidt-Hansen, M; Taubert, M, 2016)	0.99
"One of the key issues in the treatment of pain is to choose the appropriate route and dosage form of analgesics for each individual patient in pain."	( [Understanding Oral and Nasal Mucosal Absorption of Fentanyl, and Rectal Absorption of Buprenorphine]. Kato, Y; Kubota, Y; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N, 2015)	0.64
"To determine prescribed opioid dosage after an opioid overdose and its association with repeated overdose."	( Opioid Prescribing After Nonfatal Overdose and Association With Repeated Overdose: A Cohort Study. Larochelle, MR; Liebschutz, JM; Ross-Degnan, D; Wharam, JF; Zhang, F, 2016)	0.43
" The primary outcome was daily morphine-equivalent dosage (MED) of opioids dispensed from 60 days before to up to 730 days after the index overdose."	( Opioid Prescribing After Nonfatal Overdose and Association With Repeated Overdose: A Cohort Study. Larochelle, MR; Liebschutz, JM; Ross-Degnan, D; Wharam, JF; Zhang, F, 2016)	0.43
" The patients using the brand-name form subsequent to experience with the generic form exhibited a more elevated addiction severity index and a higher dosage than brand-name form users with no experience of a different form."	( Preference for brand-name buprenorphine is related to severity of addiction among outpatients in opioid maintenance treatment. Binder, P; Brabant, Y; Gagey, S; Ingrand, P; Messaadi, N; Perault-Pochat, MC, 2016)	0.73
" ECG data were extracted from a continuous recording predose and serially after dosing on the treatment day."	( Differentiating the Effect of an Opioid Agonist on Cardiac Repolarization From µ-Receptor-mediated, Indirect Effects on the QT Interval: A Randomized, 3-way Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects. Bai, SA; Darpo, B; Ferber, G; Finn, A; Xiang, Q; Zhou, M, 2016)	0.43
" These pharmacokinetic results suggest that therapeutic buprenorphine plasma concentrations can be obtained with BBUP across a wide dose range in a shorter time than other (eg, transdermal) dosage forms."	( Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of Single- and Multiple-dose Buprenorphine Buccal Film in Healthy Volunteers. Bai, SA; Finn, A; Xiang, Q, 2016)	0.92
"Mice purportedly require dosing with the opioid buprenorphine (Bup-HCl) at least every 8 to 12 h to maintain an adequate plane of analgesia."	( Efficacy of Sustained-Release Buprenorphine in an Experimental Laparotomy Model in Female Mice. Dorsey, KM; Hess, AM; Kang, S; Kendall, LV; Lee, NY; Smith, BJ; Wegenast, DJ, 2016)	0.98
" Here we used a recently validated operant orofacial pain assay to determine dose-response curves for buprenorphine and tramadol when mixed in nut paste and administered to male and female rats."	( Analgesic Activity of Tramadol and Buprenorphine after Voluntary Ingestion by Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Andrutis, KA; Battles, AH; Neubert, JK; Ramirez, HE; Taylor, BF, 2016)	0.93
" Daily opioid dosage did not decline in the abuse group following diagnosis."	( Changes in the medical management of patients on opioid analgesics following a diagnosis of substance abuse. Florence, CS; Jones, CM; Paulozzi, LJ; Xu, L; Zhou, C, 2016)	0.43
" Participants were randomly assigned to receive adjunctive treatment with 2 mg/2 mg of buprenorphine/samidorphan (the 2/2 dosage group), 8 mg/8 mg of buprenorphine/samidorphan (the 8/8 dosage group), or placebo."	( Opioid Modulation With Buprenorphine/Samidorphan as Adjunctive Treatment for Inadequate Response to Antidepressants: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Bodkin, JA; de Somer, M; DiPetrillo, L; Du, Y; Ehrich, E; Fava, M; Leigh-Pemberton, R; Memisoglu, A; Silverman, B; Thase, ME; Trivedi, MH, 2016)	0.97
"Compared with the placebo group, there were significantly greater improvements in the 2/2 dosage group across the three depression outcome measures (HAM-D: -2."	( Opioid Modulation With Buprenorphine/Samidorphan as Adjunctive Treatment for Inadequate Response to Antidepressants: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Bodkin, JA; de Somer, M; DiPetrillo, L; Du, Y; Ehrich, E; Fava, M; Leigh-Pemberton, R; Memisoglu, A; Silverman, B; Thase, ME; Trivedi, MH, 2016)	0.74
" Both taper conditions had a minimum of 1 week of placebo dosing at the end of the taper."	( A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine taper duration among opioid-dependent adolescents and young adults. Badger, GJ; Borodovsky, JT; Condon, KD; Ducat, E; Hajizadeh, N; Jarrett, K; Marsch, LA; Moore, SK; Rossettie, K; Semino, S; Solhkhah, R; Vincent, P, 2016)	0.72
" Co-located program staff reported less communication between medical and clinical staff, which contributed to some uncertainty about proper dosing and concerns about the potential for medication diversion."	( Two Models of Integrating Buprenorphine Treatment and Medical Staff within Formerly "Drug-Free" Outpatient Programs. Gryczynski, J; Mitchell, SG; Monico, L; O'Grady, KE; Schwartz, RP, )	0.43
"The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of OST (high dosage buprenorphine (HDB) and methadone (MTD)) shopping behavior and identify associated risk factors, and its impact on mortality."	( Incidence of high dosage buprenorphine and methadone shopping behavior in a retrospective cohort of opioid-maintained patients in France. Authier, N; Brousse, G; Chenaf, C; Delorme, J; Kabore, JL; Laporte, C; Mulliez, A; Pereira, B; Tremey, A; Zenut, M, 2016)	0.97
"Shopping behavior was only found in high dosage buprenorphine patients and concerned almost one out ten patients."	( Incidence of high dosage buprenorphine and methadone shopping behavior in a retrospective cohort of opioid-maintained patients in France. Authier, N; Brousse, G; Chenaf, C; Delorme, J; Kabore, JL; Laporte, C; Mulliez, A; Pereira, B; Tremey, A; Zenut, M, 2016)	0.99
"Postoperative analgesia in laboratory rats is complicated by the frequent handling associated with common analgesic dosing requirements."	( Postoperative Analgesia Due to Sustained-Release Buprenorphine, Sustained-Release Meloxicam, and Carprofen Gel in a Model of Incisional Pain in Rats (Rattus norvegicus). Adams, SC; Felt, SA; Jampachaisri, K; Pacharinsak, C; Seymour, TL; Yeomans, DC, 2016)	0.69
"Data analysis from observatory for pharmacodependency in ambulatory medicine survey (observation des pharmacodépendances en médecine ambulatoire [OPEMA]) program in 2013 of the subjects under high dosage buprenorphine (HDB) and methadone prescribed or obtained illegally reported by GPs in France."	( [Characteristics of subjects under opiate maintenance treatment in primary care using the OPEMA data 2013]. Amaslidou, D; Frauger, E; Gentile, G; Giocanti, A; Micallef, J; Orleans, V; Pauly, V; Thirion, X, 2016)	0.62
"Survey concerned consumers with 862, 433 and 429 of high dosage buprenorphine and respectively methadone."	( [Characteristics of subjects under opiate maintenance treatment in primary care using the OPEMA data 2013]. Amaslidou, D; Frauger, E; Gentile, G; Giocanti, A; Micallef, J; Orleans, V; Pauly, V; Thirion, X, 2016)	0.67
" Use of conversion tables to guide selection of opioid agonist dosage may compromise patient safety."	( Opioid agonist doses for oxycodone and morphine dependence: Findings from a retrospective case series. Bruno, R; Degenhardt, L; Demirkol, A; Lintzeris, N; Nielsen, S, 2017)	0.46
" When patients are discontinuing opioid therapy, the dosage should be decreased slowly, especially in those who have intolerable withdrawal."	( Weighing the Risks and Benefits of Chronic Opioid Therapy. Humphreys, K; Lembke, A; Newmark, J, 2016)	0.43
" Typical dosing ranges for all patients from clinical evidence and as defined in the product information are wide."	( Buprenorphine dosing choices in specific populations: review of expert opinion. Alho, H; D'Agnone, O; Krajci, P; Littlewood, R; Maremmani, I; Reimer, J; Rolland, B; Roncero, C; Simon, N; Somaini, L; Wright, N, 2016)	1.88
" A review of published evidence supported rapid induction with buprenorphine and the benefits of higher doses but did not identify clearly useful guidance on dosing choices for groups with complex clinical scenarios."	( Buprenorphine dosing choices in specific populations: review of expert opinion. Alho, H; D'Agnone, O; Krajci, P; Littlewood, R; Maremmani, I; Reimer, J; Rolland, B; Roncero, C; Simon, N; Somaini, L; Wright, N, 2016)	2.12
" Specific groups in whom buprenorphine doses may be too low and who could have better outcomes with optimised dosing were identified on the basis of clinical practice experience."	( Buprenorphine dosing choices in specific populations: review of expert opinion. Alho, H; D'Agnone, O; Krajci, P; Littlewood, R; Maremmani, I; Reimer, J; Rolland, B; Roncero, C; Simon, N; Somaini, L; Wright, N, 2016)	2.18
" Buprenorphine alone showed a dose-response relationship indicative of anti-nociception in the pain tests."	( No evidence of potentiation of buprenorphine by milnacipran in healthy subjects using a nociceptive test battery. Alvarez-Jimenez, R; de Kam, ML; Groeneveld, GJ; Hay, JL; Kumar, R; Okkerse, P; Tehim, A, 2017)	1.65
" However, we find there are limitations for use in mice due to the viscosity of the product and the small dosing volumes needed."	( Evaluation of buprenorphine hydrochloride Pluronic(®) gel formulation in male C57BL/6NCrl mice. Blankenship-Paris, TL; Dutton, JW; Goulding, DR; Kissling, GE; McGee, CA; Myers, PH, 2016)	0.79
" Dosing of buprenorphine in pregnant women is based on the regimen recommended for nonpregnant females and males."	( Dose-adjusted plasma concentrations of sublingual buprenorphine are lower during than after pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; English, D; Rothenberger, S; Tarter, R; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	1.1
"The dose-normalized plasma concentrations during a dosing interval and the overall exposure of buprenorphine (area under the buprenorphine plasma concentration-time curves) are lower throughout pregnancy compared with the postpartum period."	( Dose-adjusted plasma concentrations of sublingual buprenorphine are lower during than after pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; English, D; Rothenberger, S; Tarter, R; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.93
" Recommendations are made for further research into physician/patient interactions and into optimal dosing of methadone and buprenorphine to minimize maternal/fetal withdrawal."	( Opioid dependence and pregnancy: minimizing stress on the fetal brain. Fassbender, C; Finnegan, LP; Leamon, MH; McCarthy, JJ, 2017)	0.66
" The aim of this study was to assess the trends in the prevalence of doctor shopping for high dosage buprenorphine (HDB) and methadone (MTD) from 2004 to 2014 by using the French Health Insurance claims."	( [Trend in buprenorphine and methadone shopping behavior in France from 2004 to 2014]. Authier, N; Brousse, G; Chenaf, C; Delorme, J; Kabore, JL; Kernisant, M; Laporte, C; Zenut, M, 2016)	1.05
"This was a cross-sectional study of patients treated by OMT (High Dosage Buprenorphine or Methadone) between 2004 and 2014 from a representative sample of the French Health Insurance claims."	( [Trend in buprenorphine and methadone shopping behavior in France from 2004 to 2014]. Authier, N; Brousse, G; Chenaf, C; Delorme, J; Kabore, JL; Kernisant, M; Laporte, C; Zenut, M, 2016)	1.07
"These results demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone, in conjunction with single-day buprenorphine dosing and adjunctive nonopioid medications, for initiating adults with opioid dependence to XR-naltrexone."	( Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone Induction: A Randomized Trial of Outpatient Opioid Detoxification With Naltrexone Versus Buprenorphine. Bisaga, A; Carpenter, KM; Choi, CJ; Dakwar, E; Levin, FR; Mariani, JJ; Mishlen, K; Nunes, EV; Pavlicova, M; Sullivan, M, 2017)	0.87
"" Dose titration resulted in similar maintenance dosing (10."	( Randomised Comparison of a Novel Buprenorphine Oral Lyophilisate versus Existing Buprenorphine Sublingual Tablets in Opioid-Dependent Patients: A First-in-Patient Phase II Randomised Open Label Safety Study. Baillie, S; Beavan, P; Bell, J; Bogdanowicz, K; Keen, J; Knight, A; Reed, K; Strang, J; van der Waal, R, 2017)	0.74
"" In supervised dosing contexts, rapidly disintegrating formulations may enable wider buprenorphine prescribing."	( Randomised Comparison of a Novel Buprenorphine Oral Lyophilisate versus Existing Buprenorphine Sublingual Tablets in Opioid-Dependent Patients: A First-in-Patient Phase II Randomised Open Label Safety Study. Baillie, S; Beavan, P; Bell, J; Bogdanowicz, K; Keen, J; Knight, A; Reed, K; Strang, J; van der Waal, R, 2017)	0.96
" Male C57/BL6 mice underwent CLP surgery and received Bup HCl or Bup SR as a component of an IACUCapproved analgesic dosing regimen."	( Sustained-Release Buprenorphine Improves Postsurgical Clinical Condition but Does Not Alter Survival or Cytokine Levels in a Murine Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis. Bandyopadhyay, S; Herndon, NL; Hod, EA; Prestia, KA, 2016)	0.77
" These findings suggest that the current meloxicam dosing guidelines may be subtherapeutic for prairie dogs."	( Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Meloxicam and Sustained-release Buprenorphine in Prairie Dogs ( Cary, CD; Gallardo-Romero, NF; Hutson, CL; Lathrop, GW; Lukovsky-Akhsanov, NL; Morgan, CN; Ostergaard, SD; Powell, N; Tansey, CM; Taylor, WD, 2017)	0.7
" Less is known about ideal pain management and postpartum dosing regimens."	( Treating Women Who Are Pregnant and Parenting for Opioid Use Disorder and the Concurrent Care of Their Infants and Children: Literature Review to Support National Guidance. Campopiano, M; Hayashi, S; Isaacs, K; Jones, HE; Klaman, SL; Leopold, A; Perpich, J; Vender, J, )	0.13
"Illicit use of high dosage buprenorphine has been well documented in several countries, including Tunisia."	( Opiate withdrawal syndrome in buprenorphine abusers admitted to a rehabilitation center in Tunisia. Akrout, FM; Derbel, I; Ghorbel, A; Zahaf, A, 2016)	1.02
" The present Phase I/II study evaluated a novel buprenorphine subcutaneous depot formulation for once-weekly dosing (CAM2038 q1w) in patients receiving maintenance treatment for opioid use disorder with daily sublingual buprenorphine."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a buprenorphine subcutaneous depot formulation (CAM2038) for once-weekly dosing in patients with opioid use disorder. Haasen, C; Linden, M; Tiberg, F, 2017)	0.97
"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel buprenorphine subcutaneous depot formulation for once-weekly dosing was evaluated, suggesting utility in maintenance treatment of patients with opioid use disorder."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a buprenorphine subcutaneous depot formulation (CAM2038) for once-weekly dosing in patients with opioid use disorder. Haasen, C; Linden, M; Tiberg, F, 2017)	0.97
" However, frequent dosing requirements and potential for misuse and drug diversion contribute to significant complications with treatment adherence for available formulations."	( Buprenorphine implants in medical treatment of opioid addiction. Chavoustie, S; Dammerman, R; Darwish, M; Frost, M; Owen, J; Sanjurjo, V; Snyder, O, 2017)	1.9
" Further pharmacodynamic and clinical evaluations are warranted in kestrels and other raptors to establish accurate dosing recommendations."	( Pharmacokinetics of a Sustained Release Formulation of Buprenorphine After Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Administration to American Kestrels ( Falco sparverius ). Guzman, DS; Knych, HK; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2017)	0.7
" The current dosing recommendations for buprenorphine during pregnancy address the total daily dose of buprenorphine to be administered, but the frequency of dosing is not clearly addressed."	( An evidence-based recommendation to increase the dosing frequency of buprenorphine during pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Bobby, S; Caritis, SN; England, M; English, D; Kalluri, H; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.96
"The objective of the study was to assess the impact of dosing frequency on buprenorphine plasma concentration time course during pregnancy."	( An evidence-based recommendation to increase the dosing frequency of buprenorphine during pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Bobby, S; Caritis, SN; England, M; English, D; Kalluri, H; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.92
"We utilized 3 data sources to determine an optimal frequency for dosing of buprenorphine during pregnancy: data from a pharmacokinetic study of 14 pregnant and postpartum women on maintenance buprenorphine in a supervised clinical setting; data from pregnant women attending a buprenorphine clinic; and data from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in nonpregnant subjects."	( An evidence-based recommendation to increase the dosing frequency of buprenorphine during pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Bobby, S; Caritis, SN; England, M; English, D; Kalluri, H; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.92
"Among the 14 women participating in the pharmacokinetic study during and after pregnancy, plasma concentrations of buprenorphine were <1 ng/mL (the theoretical concentration required to prevent withdrawal symptoms) for 50-80% of the 12 hour dosing interval while at steady state."	( An evidence-based recommendation to increase the dosing frequency of buprenorphine during pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Bobby, S; Caritis, SN; England, M; English, D; Kalluri, H; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.9
"A more frequent dosing interval (ie, three-times-daily or four-times-daily dosing) may be required in pregnant women to sustain plasma concentrations above the threshold of 1 ng/mL to prevent withdrawal symptoms and to improve adherence."	( An evidence-based recommendation to increase the dosing frequency of buprenorphine during pregnancy. Bastian, JR; Bobby, S; Caritis, SN; England, M; English, D; Kalluri, H; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.69
" There is a lack of clear consensus on the appropriate dosing of BUP due to interpatient physiological differences in absorption/disposition, subjective response assessment and other patient comorbidities."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling approach to predict buprenorphine pharmacokinetics following intravenous and sublingual administration. Caritis, SN; Kalluri, HV; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2017)	0.69
" The results confirm the importance of adequate OAT dosing (≥60mg of methadone, ≥8mg of buprenorphine)."	( Retention in medication-assisted treatment programs in Ukraine-Identifying factors contributing to a continuing HIV epidemic. Altice, FL; Chernova, O; Dumchev, K; Dvoryak, S; Morozova, O, 2017)	0.68
" These new delivery systems also offer new dosing opportunities for buprenorphine and strategies for dosing intervals in the treatment of OUD."	( Advances in the delivery of buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Goradia, VV; Rosenthal, RN, 2017)	0.98
" To optimize BUP's dosing regimen during pregnancy with better efficacy and safety, it is important to understand how pregnancy affects NBUP disposition."	( Pregnancy Increases Norbuprenorphine Clearance in Mice by Induction of Hepatic Glucuronidation. Bhatt, DK; Gao, C; Han, LW; Liao, MZ; Mao, Q; Neradugomma, NK; Phillips, BR; Prasad, B; Shen, DD, 2018)	0.79
"8), lower OAT dosage (aOR = 1."	( Concurrent drug injection during opioid agonist treatment among people who inject drugs in Ukraine. Altice, FL; Dvoriak, S; Filippovich, S; Madden, L; Makarenko, I; Marcus, R; Mazhnaya, A; Pykalo, I, 2018)	0.48
" This model will allow optimization of dosing strategies in future clinical trials."	( The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Buprenorphine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Adeniyi-Jones, SC; Ehrlich, ME; Fang, WB; Gastonguay, MR; Kraft, WK; Moody, DE; Moore, JN; Ng, CM, 2018)	0.74
" There are advantages and disadvantages in using these 2 opioids which are discussed, and potential dosing strategies are outlined."	( What Parenteral Opioids to Use in Face of Shortages of Morphine, Hydromorphone, and Fentanyl. Behm, B; Davis, MP; Fernandez, C; McPherson, ML; Mehta, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Further pharmacodynamic and clinical evaluations are warranted in kestrels and other Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Strigiformes to establish accurate dosing recommendations."	( Evaluation of the Thermal Antinociceptive Effects of a Sustained-Release Buprenorphine Formulation After Intramuscular Administration to American kestrels ( Falco sparverius). Beaufrère, H; Ceulemans, SM; Guzman, DS; Olsen, GH; Paul-Murphy, JR, 2018)	0.71
" The current dosing regimen of BUP in pregnant women is based on recommendations designed for nonpregnant adults."	( Gestational changes in buprenorphine exposure: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic analysis. Alshabi, A; Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chen, H; Kalluri, HV; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.79
" While extending length of treatment beyond the indicated 6-month period is not being espoused, this case demonstrates that although situations may arise where implants may remain in an individual for longer than the intended dosing period, implants may be removed safely despite remaining implanted for longer than intended."	( Buprenorphine Implant Removal 7 Years Postinsertion: A Case Report. Bobb, R; Frost, M, )	1.57
" Ovariohysterectomy was associated with 2 d of postoperative pain, and all 3 buprenorphine dosing strategies and both doses of meloxicam demonstrated varying amounts of analgesia."	( Evaluation of Analgesic Efficacy of Meloxicam and 2 Formulations of Buprenorphine after Laparotomy in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats. Adams, CR; Fortman, JD; Goldman, JL; Nunamaker, EA, 2018)	0.95
", BUP + samidorphan (BUP/SAM), BUP + naloxone (BUP/NAL), BUP + naltrexone) over BUP monotherapy or adjunctive BUP treatment with standard antidepressants, as well as to obtain more uniform guidance about the optimal BUP dosing interval."	( The Efficacy of Buprenorphine in Major Depression, Treatment-Resistant Depression and Suicidal Behavior: A Systematic Review. Adavastro, G; Amore, M; Canepa, G; De Berardis, D; Nasrallah, H; Pompili, M; Serafini, G; Valchera, A, 2018)	0.83
" Tapering of buprenorphine dosage in pregnant women has penetrated buprenorphine management practice in our community."	( Provision of Buprenorphine to Pregnant Women by For-Profit Clinics in an Appalachian City. Olsen, ME; Walker, JJ, 2018)	1.22
" Each session used a cumulative dosing design with four IV injections (4, 4, 8, and 16 mg of hydromorphone or 4, 4, 8, and 16 mg of buprenorphine); quantitative sensory testing and abuse liability assessments were measured at baseline and after each injection."	( Analgesic Effects of Hydromorphone versus Buprenorphine in Buprenorphine-maintained Individuals. Bigelow, GE; Edwards, RR; Huhn, AS; Smith, MT; Strain, EC; Tompkins, DA, 2019)	0.98
" Future studies require standardized reporting of median doses, details on the route of delivery, dosing schedules and any dosing changes, and rates of addiction relapse, including long-term morbidity and mortality where possible."	( The perioperative patient on buprenorphine: a systematic review of perioperative management strategies and patient outcomes. Azargive, S; Bordman, J; Clarke, H; Di Renna, T; Duggan, S; Englesakis, M; Goel, A; Hanlon, J; Ladha, K; Lamba, W; Peng, P; Shanthanna, H; Srikandarajah, S, 2019)	0.81
" Mean initial buprenophine dosage did not differ between groups."	( Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence. Chang, Y; Flood, J; Metlay, J; Regan, S; Rigotti, N; Wakeman, SE; Yu, L, )	0.43
"We recruited 3,620 patients in 27 addiction units in Italy and collected data on the self-reported rate of intravenous injection of methadone (MET), buprenorphine (BUP), BUP-naloxone (NLX), OMT dosage and type, experience of and reason for misuse, concurrent intravenous benzodiazepine misuse, pattern of -misuse in relation to admission to the addiction unit and ER -admissions because of misuse."	( Intravenous Misuse of Methadone, Buprenorphine and Buprenorphine-Naloxone in Patients Under Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study. Cibin, M; Lugoboni, F; Tamburin, S; Zamboni, L, 2019)	0.99
" OMT dosage was lower than the recommended maintenance dosage."	( Intravenous Misuse of Methadone, Buprenorphine and Buprenorphine-Naloxone in Patients Under Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Multicentre Study. Cibin, M; Lugoboni, F; Tamburin, S; Zamboni, L, 2019)	0.8
" BUP-XR provides sustained buprenorphine plasma concentrations to block drug-liking of abused opioids over the entire monthly dosing period, while controlling withdrawal and craving symptoms."	( Efficacy and safety of a monthly buprenorphine depot injection for opioid use disorder: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Fudala, PJ; Garofalo, AS; Greenwald, MK; Haight, BR; Heidbreder, C; Laffont, CM; Learned, SM; Ling, W; Nadipelli, VR; Zhao, Y, 2019)	1.09
"CAM2038 weekly (8, 16, 24 or 32 mg) or monthly (64, 96, 128 or 160 mg) with flexible dosing and individualized titration utilizing multiple CAM2038 weekly and monthly doses."	( Long-term safety of a weekly and monthly subcutaneous buprenorphine depot (CAM2038) in the treatment of adult out-patients with opioid use disorder. Bailey, GL; Dunlop, A; Frey, LC; Frost, M; Haber, P; Jansen, JB; Kim, S; Lintzeris, N; Nunes, EV; Oosman, S; Strang, J; Tiberg, F; Weber, B, 2019)	0.76
"6 ng/ml, respectively), suggesting a clinically relevant dosing regimen."	( In Utero Exposure to Norbuprenorphine, a Major Metabolite of Buprenorphine, Induces Fetal Opioid Dependence and Leads to Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Alund, AW; Brents, LK; Cabanlong, CV; Caperton, CO; Fantegrossi, WE; Griffin, BA; Martins, BS; Moran, JH; Owens, SM; Patton, AL; Russell, LN; Urquhart, KR; Wilson, CD; Zita, MD, 2019)	0.82
"Opioid agonist treatment is considered important in preventing acquisition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among people who inject drugs; however, the role of dosage in opioid agonist treatment is unclear."	( Opioid agonist treatment dosage and patient-perceived dosage adequacy, and risk of hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs. Artenie, AA; Bruneau, J; Gauvin, L; Høj, S; Jacka, B; Jutras-Aswad, D; Minoyan, N; Roy, É; Zang, G, 2019)	0.51
" At 6-month, then 3-month intervals, participants were tested for HCV antibodies or RNA, and completed an interviewer-administered behavioural questionnaire, reporting the following: current exposure to opioid agonist treatment (yes/no), prescribed dosage either high (methadone ≥ 60 mg/d or buprenorphine ≥ 16 mg/d) or low, and perceived dosage adequacy (adequate/inadequate)."	( Opioid agonist treatment dosage and patient-perceived dosage adequacy, and risk of hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs. Artenie, AA; Bruneau, J; Gauvin, L; Høj, S; Jacka, B; Jutras-Aswad, D; Minoyan, N; Roy, É; Zang, G, 2019)	0.69
"Risk of HCV infection varies considerably according to dosage of opioid agonist treatment and patient-perceived adequacy, with associations indicating both protective and harmful effects relative to no exposure to opioid agonist treatment."	( Opioid agonist treatment dosage and patient-perceived dosage adequacy, and risk of hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs. Artenie, AA; Bruneau, J; Gauvin, L; Høj, S; Jacka, B; Jutras-Aswad, D; Minoyan, N; Roy, É; Zang, G, 2019)	0.51
" Supervised dosage and other control measures are important provisions in the prevention of drug diversion and non-prescribed use among people not undergoing OST."	( Non-prescribed use of methadone and buprenorphine prior to opioid substitution treatment: lifetime prevalence, motives, and drug sources among people with opioid dependence in five Swedish cities. Johnson, B; Richert, T, 2019)	0.79
" Such formulations remove the need for daily dosing and provide patients with sustained concentrations of buprenorphine over a period of weeks or months."	( Opioid users' willingness to receive prolonged-release buprenorphine depot injections for opioid use disorder. Neale, J; Strang, J; Tompkins, CNE, 2019)	0.97
" Their views were influenced both positively and negatively by six key features of depot buprenorphine: i) reduced contact with pharmacies and drug treatment services; ii) impact on illicit drug use and recovery; iii) the perceived effectiveness of depot buprenorphine; iv) the duration and dosage of depot buprenorphine injections; v) clinical administration of the depot buprenorphine injection; and vi) potential for side effects associated with the depot buprenorphine injection."	( Opioid users' willingness to receive prolonged-release buprenorphine depot injections for opioid use disorder. Neale, J; Strang, J; Tompkins, CNE, 2019)	0.98
" In this study, we examined the association of days of supply as well as daily dosage of the initial buprenorphine prescription with treatment discontinuation and adverse opioid-related events following buprenorphine initiation."	( Prescribing decisions at buprenorphine treatment initiation: Do they matter for treatment discontinuation and adverse opioid-related events? Bao, Y; Johnson, P; Meinhofer, A; Schackman, BR; Williams, AR, 2019)	1.03
" Emergent themes were: (1) general satisfaction with XR-NTX's long-acting antagonist effects and control of cravings; (2) "testing" XR-NTX's blockade with heroin upon reentry was common; (3) early discontinuation of XR-NTX treatment was most common among persons with high self-efficacy and/or heavy exposure to drug use environments and peers; (4) similar satisfaction regarding effects of methadone and buprenorphine maintenance among retained-in-treatment individuals, alongside general dissatisfaction with daily observed dosing requirements and misinformation and stigmas regarding methadone adverse effects; (5) unstable housing, economic insecurity, and exposure to actively using peers were attributed to early termination of treatment and relapse; (6) individual motivation and willpower as central to long-term opioid abstinence and reentry success."	( Perceptions of extended-release naltrexone, methadone, and buprenorphine treatments following release from jail. Badolato, R; Flannery, M; Garment, AR; Giftos, J; Lee, JD; McDonald, RD; Tofighi, B; Velasquez, M; Vittitow, A, 2019)	0.92
" Our goal was to determine whether liver dysfunction related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection impacts BUP dosing requirements in pregnancy."	( The Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Buprenorphine Dose in Pregnancy. Abernathy, MP; Benjamin, TD; McDowell, ML; Quinney, SK; Shanks, AL; Slaven, JE; Tonismae, TR, 2020)	0.82
"This was a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with antenatal exposure to BUP to compare dosing between individuals positive versus negative for HCV infection."	( The Impact of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Buprenorphine Dose in Pregnancy. Abernathy, MP; Benjamin, TD; McDowell, ML; Quinney, SK; Shanks, AL; Slaven, JE; Tonismae, TR, 2020)	0.82
" Excessive naloxone dosing in these circumstances, however, may lead to naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal in individuals with opioid dependence."	( Treatment of acute naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal with buprenorphine. Aks, SE; Chhabra, N, 2020)	0.8
" Study durations ranged from 3 to 13 weeks, and memantine dosing ranged from 5 to 60 mg/day."	( Adjunctive memantine for opioid use disorder treatment: A systematic review. Brown, JN; Elias, AM; Pepin, MJ, 2019)	0.51
" Buprenorphine is also a potent analgesic with high opioid-receptor affinity and binding coefficient; when buprenorphine is administered simultaneously with a μ-opioid receptor full agonist ("full agonist opioid" [FAO]), the combination can yield unexpected outcomes depending on dosing and timing."	( Perioperative Buprenorphine Continuous Maintenance and Administration Simultaneous With Full Opioid Agonist: Patient Priority at the Interface Between Medical Disciplines. Acampora, GA; Nisavic, M; Zhang, Y, 2020)	1.83
" In addition, the dosing frequency of BUP study 2 participants was not restricted to twice-daily dosing."	( Pregnancy Alters CYP- and UGT-Mediated Metabolism of Buprenorphine. Bastian, JR; Caritis, SN; Chaphekar, N; Chen, H; Shaik, IH; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, H; Zhao, W, 2020)	0.81
" Previous real-world evidence suggests that many patients receive lower BUP dosage than recommended, with 38% of patients receiving <6 mg BUP per day."	( Impact of Buprenorphine Dosage on the Occurrence of Relapses in Patients with Opioid Dependence. Reimer, J; Scherbaum, N; Trümper, D; Vogelmann, T, 2020)	0.96
" Patients were assigned to 6 dosage groups, with <6 mg/day serving as low dosage/reference category."	( Impact of Buprenorphine Dosage on the Occurrence of Relapses in Patients with Opioid Dependence. Reimer, J; Scherbaum, N; Trümper, D; Vogelmann, T, 2020)	0.96
"The present study used a large German health claims dataset to confirm that higher BUP dosages are a protective factor for avoiding relapses in opioid-dependent patients, thus highlighting the importance of adequate BUP dosing in relapse prevention."	( Impact of Buprenorphine Dosage on the Occurrence of Relapses in Patients with Opioid Dependence. Reimer, J; Scherbaum, N; Trümper, D; Vogelmann, T, 2020)	0.96
" There are protocols designed to minimize withdrawal; however, these can be time-consuming or infeasible due to formulation and dosage availability of buprenorphine."	( Transition From Methadone to Buprenorphine Using a Short-acting Agonist Bridge in the Inpatient Setting: A Case Study. Callan, J; Pytell, J; Rastegar, DA; Ross, J, )	0.62
" Further studies are warranted to explore the optimal dosing strategy for buprenorphine to consistently maintain reversal of respiratory depression but not precipitate withdrawal."	( Buprenorphine to reverse respiratory depression from methadone overdose in opioid-dependent patients: a prospective randomized trial. Buckley, NA; Hassanian-Moghaddam, H; Zamani, N, 2020)	2.23
" Office-based opioid treatment has broadened access to treatment of opioid dependence, has decreased the risk for overdose, and is effective for reducing cravings and opioid use at proper dosing levels."	( Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment: Identifying Factors That Promote Retention in Opioid-Dependent Patients. Keller, T; Noe, SR, )	0.5
"This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of two dosage regimens using two different concentrations of buprenorphine in cats undergoing dental extractions."	( The analgesic effects of buprenorphine (Vetergesic or Simbadol) in cats undergoing dental extractions: A randomized, blinded, clinical trial. Dumais, Y; Evangelista, MC; Marcoux, J; Steagall, PV; Watanabe, R, 2020)	1.07
" Understanding these pharmacologically driven patterns then guides the judicious choice of drug and dosing schedule and the proactive risk management that is crucial to minimising the risk of death in treatment."	( Impact of Pharmacological Treatments for Opioid Use Disorder on Mortality. Hulse, G; Joyce, D; Kelty, E; Preen, DB, 2020)	0.56
" Several factors at the individual, interpersonal, and institutional levels, such as concurrent substance use, MOUD adherence, family conflict, and MOUD dosage and flexibility, appeared to have roles in MOUD retention among adolescents and young adults."	( Adherence to and Retention in Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adolescents and Young Adults. Altice, FL; Bromberg, DJ; Nyhan, K; Refsland, BM; Stanojlović, M; Viera, A; Whittaker, S, 2020)	0.56
" The aims of this review were to summarize eligibility criteria for entry to OAT, doses in routine clinical practice, access to and eligibility for unsupervised dosing and urine drug screening practices in OAT programs globally."	( Global opioid agonist treatment: a review of clinical practices by country. Ali, R; Bruneau, J; Degenhardt, L; Fiellin, DA; Hickman, M; Jin, H; Larney, S; Marshall, BDL; Strang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Access to unsupervised dosing under some conditions was reported in 18 of 27 countries."	( Global opioid agonist treatment: a review of clinical practices by country. Ali, R; Bruneau, J; Degenhardt, L; Fiellin, DA; Hickman, M; Jin, H; Larney, S; Marshall, BDL; Strang, J, 2020)	0.56
" Although dosing levels for BMT did not influence retention, increasing dosages for MMT were significantly associated with higher retention rates at 1 (90, 96, 99%), 12 (59, 78, 91%) and 36 (34, 59, 79%) months, respectively."	( The real-world impact of dosing of methadone and buprenorphine in retention on opioid agonist therapies in Ukraine. Altice, FL; Bojko, MJ; Dvoriak, S; Farnum, SO; Islam, Z; Madden, L; Makarenko, I; Marcus, R; Mazhnaya, A; Prokhorova, T; Rozanova, J, 2021)	0.88
" On the fourteenth day of SROM treatment patients switched from racemic methadone took an average dosage of 922."	( Switching opioid-dependent patients in substitution treatment from racemic methadone, levomethadone and buprenorphine to slow-release oral morphine: Analysis of the switching process in routine care. Baschirotto, C; Kuhn, S; Lehmann, K; Reimer, J; Verthein, U, 2020)	0.77
" According to the Canadian National clinical practice guideline on the management of opioid use disorders, given the superior safety profile of buprenorphine/naloxone and its potential for flexible take-home dosing in comparison to other opioid agonist medication it is strongly recommended to initiate opioid agonist treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone as the preferred first-line treatment when possible."	( Rapid Micro-induction of Buprenorphine/Naloxone for Opioid Use Disorder in a Critically ill Intubated Patient: A Case Report. Griesdale, D; Hamata, B; Hann, J; Rezazadeh-Azar, P, 2020)	1.06
" We measured duration and efficacy of 1 mg/kg buprenorphine after 1 mg/kg sustained-release buprenorphine, and also quantified a dose-response curve of buprenorphine (0."	( Sustained-release buprenorphine induces acute opioid tolerance in the mouse. Fairbanks, CA; Kitto, KF; Larson, CM; Peterson, CD; Wilcox, GL, 2020)	1.15
" Secondary endpoints will evaluate dosing schedule variations, craving, withdrawal, substance use, health and well-being, and client-reported treatment experience."	( Open-label, multicentre, single-arm trial of monthly injections of depot buprenorphine in people with opioid dependence: protocol for the CoLAB study. Ali, R; Byrne, M; Degenhardt, L; Dore, G; Farrell, M; Grebely, J; Lancaster, K; Larance, B; Lintzeris, N; Nielsen, S; Shahbazi, J; Shanahan, M, 2020)	0.79
" Buprenorphine is an attractive option for pain management because of its safety profile, unique pharmacology, and availability in transdermal, buccal, parenteral, and sublingual (SL) dosage forms."	( Sublingual Buprenorphine for Pediatric Cancer Pain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Marks, A; Quirk, K; Smith, MA; Wright, J, 2020)	1.86
" Our primary objective is to synthesize available evidence on the effectiveness of micro-inductions on patient and clinical outcomes compared to standard dosing or other approaches, or evaluated without a comparator group."	( Effectiveness of micro-induction approaches to buprenorphine initiation: A systematic review protocol. Azar, P; Doyle-Waters, MM; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; O'Sullivan, F, 2020)	0.82
" In the hot plate test and tail-flick test, thienorphine presented the typical partial opioid agonist character with a ceiling dose-response curve in addition to a bell-shaped curve."	( Thienorphine induces antinociception without dependence through activation of κ- and δ-, and partial activation of μ- opioid receptor. Chen, M; Gong, Z; Li, Y; Su, R; Yong, Z; Zhang, Y; Zhou, P, 2020)	0.56
" However, an evidence-based buprenorphine dosing strategy has not been established in the treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome because of a lack of exposure-response data."	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	1.17
" The model could facilitate model-informed optimization of the buprenorphine dosing regimen in the treatment of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome."	( Physiologic Indirect Response Modeling to Describe Buprenorphine Pharmacodynamics in Newborns Treated for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Akinbi, HT; Christians, U; Kamatkar, S; McPhail, BT; Mizuno, T; Vinks, AA; Ward, L; Wexelblatt, S, 2021)	1.11
"Buprenorphine is a commonly used opioid for mitigating pain in laboratory mice after surgical procedures; however, the dosing interval necessary for standard buprenorphine may require treatment every 4 to 6 h to maintain an adequate plane of analgesia."	( Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Long-lasting, Highly Concentrated Buprenorphine Solution in Mice. Bailey, AL; Doane, CJ; Houston, ER; Kendall, LV; Patil, K; Singh, B; Smith, BJ, 2021)	2.3
" BUP-XR was designed to provide sustained buprenorphine exposure throughout the monthly dosing interval, at concentrations sufficient to control all aspects of the disease (withdrawal, craving, and blockade of opioid subjective effects)."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	1.15
"To characterize the population pharmacokinetics of BUP-XR based on phase II and phase III data and to evaluate whether target therapeutic concentrations were reached with the dosing regimens evaluated in the phase III program."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	0.89
" Finally, pharmacokinetic simulations showed that buprenorphine plasma concentrations decreased slowly after discontinuation of treatment and that a 2-week occasional delay in dosing would not impact efficacy, which translated into labeling claims."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Injection for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: A Combined Analysis of Phase II and Phase III Trials. Gopalakrishnan, M; Jones, AK; Laffont, CM; Ngaimisi, E; Young, MA, 2021)	1.14
" No overdoses were reported for the 182 additional pregnant patients who indicated an intention to taper buprenorphine dosage while pregnant but who did not decide to end MAT; the neonatal benefits were obtained without any identified maternal harm."	( Prevention of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in an Outpatient Prenatal Buprenorphine Tapering Program. Olsen, M, 2020)	1.01
" In this review we identified genotypes in patients with opioid addiction receiving buprenorphine that may result in altered therapeutic dosing and increased rate of relapse."	( A review of the existing literature on buprenorphine pharmacogenomics. Asri, R; Meaden, CW; Mozeika, A; Santos, CD, 2021)	1.12
"On March 16, 2020, Ukraine's Ministry of Health issued nonspecific interim guidance to continue enrolling patients in opioid agonist therapies (OAT) and transition existing patients to take-home dosing to reduce community COVID-19 transmission."	( Rapid transitional response to the COVID-19 pandemic by opioid agonist treatment programs in Ukraine. Altice, FL; Dvoryak, S; Farnum, SO; Filippovych, M; Fomenko, T; Galvez de Leon, SJ; Islam, ZM; Madden, LM; Meteliuk, A; Pykalo, I, 2021)	0.62
" The buprenorphine dosing and weaning chart will need to be revised and modified if indicated."	( Eat, Sleep, Console and Adjunctive Buprenorphine Improved Outcomes in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. Brauer, K; Clouser, B; Cooper, L; Hein, S; Lockett, D; Tamim, MM, 2021)	1.41
" In all analyses, methadone and buprenorphine dosing were evaluated as a continuous variable."	( Delivery dose of methadone, but not buprenorphine, is associated with the risk and severity of neonatal opiate withdrawal syndrome. Bailit, JL; Gibson, KS; Lappen, JR; Stark, S, 2020)	1.12
" These data may inform future prospective studies on methadone dosing in pregnancy."	( Delivery dose of methadone, but not buprenorphine, is associated with the risk and severity of neonatal opiate withdrawal syndrome. Bailit, JL; Gibson, KS; Lappen, JR; Stark, S, 2020)	0.83
" This review discusses the utility of pharmacometric techniques for enhancing precision dosing in infants requiring opioid treatment for NOWS."	( Opioid Treatment for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Current Challenges and Future Approaches. Akinbi, H; Butler, D; Emoto, C; Fukuda, T; McPhail, BT; Vinks, AA, 2021)	0.62
"Main exposure was the initiation of MOUD, defined as either methadone or buprenorphine at any dosage started during hospitalization."	( Effect of initiation of medications for opioid use disorder on hospitalization outcomes for endocarditis and osteomyelitis in a large private hospital system in the United States, 2014-18. Alvarez, C; Bartholomew, TS; Cordova, L; Jo, Y; Nosal, R; Tookes, HE; Vandever, C; Vittori, A, 2021)	0.85
"The current COVID-19 pandemic is impacting individuals with pre-existing opioid use disorder (OUD), many of whom are receiving daily dosed buprenorphine treatment."	( Buprenorphine maintenance treatment in patients with opioid use disorder diagnosed with COVID-19. Frost, M, )	1.78
"019), a higher daily dosage of buprenorphine (AOR (for 1 mg) = 1."	( Individual and structural correlates of willingness for intravenous buprenorphine treatment among people who inject sublingual buprenorphine in France. Briand-Madrid, L; Carrieri, P; Laporte, V; Mezaache, S; Morel, A; Rojas Castro, D; Roux, P, 2021)	1.14
" Prior studies relied on nonstandard dosing of tablets or films, patches, or buccal formulations, all of which are unavailable in many hospitals."	( Micro-dosing Intravenous Buprenorphine to Rapidly Transition From Full Opioid Agonists. Jablonski, L; Rastegar, DA; Ratner, J; Thakrar, AP, )	0.43
" High maternal dosing of buprenorphine is associated with lower BW and HC Z-scores but dose effect is not seen with methadone."	( Impact of opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy on neonatal birth weight and head circumference. Adekola, H; Bruder, A; Kumar, N; Masten, M; Monga, R; Moustafa, ASZ; Parmar, K; Rocha, FG; Sampath, V, 2021)	0.92
" Opioid-related variables as seroprevalence rates, other previous lifetime maintenance program, the daily opioid dosage and the daily alcohol use are the most discriminative variables between both groups."	( Evaluation of functional status among patients undergoing maintenance treatments for opioid use disorders. García-Marchena, N; Martinez Delgado, JM; Ruíz Ruíz, JJ, 2021)	0.62
" When selecting an appropriate BUP dosage for management of perinatal opioid use disorder, gestational stage appears not to be an important covariate and should be based on an individualized approach."	( Clearance of buprenorphine during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Coker, JL; Han, X; Kearns, GL; Mancino, M; McLeod, C; Ray-Griffith, SL; Stowe, ZN, 2021)	0.99
" We used careful diagnostics, simultaneous psychosocial efforts were given, the outcome was continously evalutated and the dosage was administered according to the principle of lowest effective dose."	( [Methadone and buprenorphine maintenance therapy of opioid dependence - 10 years of experience]. Hoffmann, O; Ljungberg, T, 2021)	0.97
" Some systems deviated from evidence-based treatment by limiting OAT dosage to low levels, requiring counseling for participation and requiring detoxification before medication initiation."	( Methadone and buprenorphine treatment in United States jails and prisons: lessons from early adopters. Bandara, S; Barry, CL; Kennedy-Hendricks, A; Merritt, S; Saloner, B, 2021)	0.98
" We identified the following themes: (1) provider credentials: state licensure for OBBT providers and continuing medical education requirements; (2) new patients: objective symptoms patients must have before receiving OBBT and exceptions for special populations; (3) educating patients: general informed consent requirements, and specific information to provide; (4) counseling: minimum counselor credentials, minimum counseling frequency, counseling alternatives; (5) patient monitoring: required prescription drug monitoring checks, frequency of drug screening, and responses to lost/stolen medications; (6) enhanced clinician monitoring: evidence-based treatment protocols, minimum clinician-patient contact frequency, health assessment requirements, and individualized treatment planning; and (7) patient safety: reconciling prescriptions, dosage limitations, naloxone coprescribing, tapering, and office closures."	( Toward a Typology of Office-based Buprenorphine Treatment Laws: Themes From a Review of State Laws. Andraka-Christou, B; Bouskill, K; Golan, M; Gordon, AJ; Randall-Kosich, O; Smart, R; Stein, BD; Totaram, R, )	0.41
" The rapid first-order input accounted for 63% of the dosage absorption."	( Pharmacokinetics of a high-concentration formulation of buprenorphine (Simbadol) in male dogs. Hansford, J; Henao-Guerrero, N; Machado, ML; Pypendop, BH, 2021)	0.87
" Adaptive dose regimens were simulated using BBORN results to compare dosing regimens for times to stabilization, weaning, and cessation."	( Pharmacometric dose optimization of buprenorphine in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Adeniyi-Jones, SC; Eudy-Byrne, R; Gastonguay, MR; Kaushal, G; Kraft, WK; Ruiz-Garcia, A; Zane, N, 2021)	0.9
" Standard induction dosing was administered to 30%, empiric high-dose XR-BUP (300 mg monthly) was administered to 25%, and 55% were treated with supplemental SL BUP ranging from 4 to24mg, daily or as needed, for varying time periods."	( Real-world outcomes with extended-release buprenorphine (XR-BUP) in a low threshold bridge clinic: A retrospective case series. Gray, JR; Kehoe, LG; Peckham, AM; Wakeman, SE, 2021)	0.89
" The 2 dosage groups each contained 6 male and 6 female rats to determine whether BUP-XR behaved differently in male or female animals."	( Pharmacokinetic and Histopathologic Study of an Extended-Release, Injectable Formulation of Buprenorphine in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Bassett, BJ; Cook, CJ; Coward, LU; Gorman, GS; Leary, SL; Levinson, BL, 2021)	0.84
" The aim of our study was to determine the buprenorphine pharmacokinetics during transdermal patch dosing to pregnant sheep and, to determine the extent of transplacental transfer of buprenorphine to the fetus."	( MATERNAL AND FETAL BUPRENORPHINE PHARMACOKINETICS IN PREGNANT SHEEP DURING TRANSDERMAL PATCH DOSING: Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep. Hakomäki, H; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Lehtonen, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2021)	1.21
"Dynamic, adaptive pharmacologic treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) has been previously recommended over static dosing to prevent relapse, and is aligned with personalized medicine."	( Association between dynamic dose increases of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder and risk of relapse. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M, 2022)	0.98
" counterfactual) intervention in which their BUP-NX dosage would be increased following their own subject-specific opioid use during the first 12 weeks of treatment versus a hypothetical intervention in which dose would remain constant."	( Association between dynamic dose increases of buprenorphine for treatment of opioid use disorder and risk of relapse. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M, 2022)	0.98
" Participants had histories of both heroin and prescription opioid use, and previous OAT including daily dosing of buprenorphine and methadone."	( Tracing the affordances of long-acting injectable depot buprenorphine: A qualitative study of patients' experiences in Australia. Arunogiri, S; Barnett, A; Bathish, R; Dunlop, AJ; Graham, R; Haber, P; Hayes, V; Lintzeris, N; Lubman, DI; Savic, M, 2021)	1.08
" The secondary aim was to identify if comorbidities, sex, co-prescribed medications, or dosing site and observation were associated with BPN detection."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	2.06
"Data extracted included UDS results, age, sex, indication for BPN, frequency of observed doses, dose of BPN, dosing site, comorbid medical conditions, and medications."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	2.06
" No significant association between median dose, dosing site, and observed dosing and BPN detection was identified."	( Buprenorphine not detected on urine drug screening in supervised treatment. Athavale, A; Jamshidi, N; Murnion, B, 2021)	2.06
" In the 'post' period there was significantly more use of depot buprenorphine (12-24%), access to any take-away doses (TAD; 24-69%), access to ≥6 TAD per week (7-31%), pharmacy dosing (24-52%) and telehealth services."	( Opioid agonist treatment and patient outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in south east Sydney, Australia. Cowan, T; Deacon, RM; Demirkol, A; Dojcinovic, R; Finch, T; Harvey Dodds, L; Hayes, V; Jansen, L; Leung, MC; Lintzeris, N; Mammen, K; Mills, L; Parvaresh, L, 2022)	0.96
" We also examine the effect of buprenorphine dosage on retention."	( Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy on Retention in Medication for Addiction Treatment Within a Large Medicaid Population. Eren, K; Herschell, A; Houck, P; Hurford, M; Loveland, D; Mihalyo, M; Neimark, G; Ryan, N; Schuster, J, )	0.42
"The addition of counseling and psychotherapy within the first 8 weeks of treatment was associated with greater total retention in treatment and there was a dose-response relationship."	( Association of Counseling and Psychotherapy on Retention in Medication for Addiction Treatment Within a Large Medicaid Population. Eren, K; Herschell, A; Houck, P; Hurford, M; Loveland, D; Mihalyo, M; Neimark, G; Ryan, N; Schuster, J, )	0.13
" The largest hazard ratios for earlier cessation from the deep learning model were observed for treatment factors, including private dosing points (HR=1."	( Using administrative data to predict cessation risk and identify novel predictors among new entrants to opioid agonist treatment. Barbieri, S; Bharat, C; Degenhardt, L; Dobbins, T; Farrell, M; Larney, S, 2021)	0.62
" Participants were 89 adults with OUD who participated in one of two ongoing randomized clinical trials examining the efficacy of an interim buprenorphine dosing protocol for reducing illicit opioid use during waitlist delays to OAT."	( Posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals seeking treatment for opioid use disorder in Vermont. Badger, GJ; Moxley-Kelly, N; Peck, KR; Sigmon, SC, 2021)	0.82
" However, dosing every 4 to 6 h is necessary to maintain an analgesic plasma concentration of the drug."	( Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Long-lasting, Highly Concentrated Buprenorphine Solution in Rats. Burton, MK; Houston, ER; Kendall, LV; Knych, HK; Stasula, UL; Tan, SM; Thomas, SM, 2021)	0.86
"0% for slow-release oral morphine) and half of all episodes that completed induction reached the minimum effective dosage (51."	( Assessing the determinants of completing OAT induction and long-term retention: A population-based study in British Columbia, Canada. Dale, LM; Kurz, M; Min, JE; Nosyk, B, 2022)	0.72
" All MOUD doses were directly observed and abstracted from dosing logs."	( Correlates of days of medication for opioid use disorder exposure among people living with HIV in Northern Vietnam. Bart, G; Blazes, CK; Button, D; Cook, R; Giang, LM; Khuyen, TT; King, C; Korthuis, PT; Kunkel, L; Nguyen, DB; Thuy, DT, 2022)	0.72
"Our study assessed state-wide buprenorphine and Suboxone prescriptions as compared to a control medication and found an increase in dosage of both medications and an increase in number of buprenorphine prescriptions, but a small decrease in buprenorphine/naloxone prescription number related to the dates of implementation of social distancing."	( Assessing the impact of social distancing measures implemented during COVID-19 pandemic on medications for opioid use disorder in West Virginia. Dekeseredy, P; Haggerty, T; Hendricks, B; Khodaverdi, M; Peklinsky, J; Sedney, CL; Wood, N, 2022)	1.01
" During the transition, she experienced some withdrawal in the setting of swallowed buprenorphine/naloxone tablets, which were intended to be dosed sublingually."	( Transition from Oxycodone to Buprenorphine/Naloxone in a Hospitalized Patient with Sickle Cell Disease: A Case Report. DeFries, T; Leyde, S; Pratt, L; Suen, L, 2022)	1.24
" Most studies on impairment have examined acute use of full agonist opioids instead of chronic dosing of buprenorphine."	( Buprenorphine in safety-sensitive positions. Hazle, MC; Hill, KP; Saxon, AJ, 2022)	2.38
" It is important to evaluate the changes in unsupervised OAT dosing after the release of the Ontario COVID-19 OAT Guidance based on patients' and prescribers' reports."	( Evaluating how has care been affected by the Ontario COVID-19 Opioid Agonist Treatment Guidance: Patients' and prescribers' experiences with changes in unsupervised dosing. Barrass, S; Corace, K; Cragg, S; Hutton, B; Konefal, S; Leece, P; Pana, P; Porath, A; Suschinsky, K; Wyman, J, 2022)	0.72
" Patients (N = 402) and prescribers (N = 100) reported their experiences with changes in unsupervised dosing during the first six months of the pandemic."	( Evaluating how has care been affected by the Ontario COVID-19 Opioid Agonist Treatment Guidance: Patients' and prescribers' experiences with changes in unsupervised dosing. Barrass, S; Corace, K; Cragg, S; Hutton, B; Konefal, S; Leece, P; Pana, P; Porath, A; Suschinsky, K; Wyman, J, 2022)	0.72
"Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) clients frequently bear costs associated with their treatment, including dosing fees."	( Examining the cost and impact of dosing fees among clients in opioid agonist treatment: Results from a cross-sectional survey of Australian treatment clients. Ali, R; Byrne, J; Chen, R; Degenhardt, L; Farrell, M; Larance, B; Nielsen, S; Santo, T; Tran, AD; Zahra, E, 2022)	0.72
" Dosing fees were calculated and expressed as percentage of income, by OAT type."	( Examining the cost and impact of dosing fees among clients in opioid agonist treatment: Results from a cross-sectional survey of Australian treatment clients. Ali, R; Byrne, J; Chen, R; Degenhardt, L; Farrell, M; Larance, B; Nielsen, S; Santo, T; Tran, AD; Zahra, E, 2022)	0.72
"A total of N = 360 participants had ever been in OAT and N = 245 participants currently engaged in OAT reported data on dosing fees, of them 53% (n = 129) reported paying dosing fees."	( Examining the cost and impact of dosing fees among clients in opioid agonist treatment: Results from a cross-sectional survey of Australian treatment clients. Ali, R; Byrne, J; Chen, R; Degenhardt, L; Farrell, M; Larance, B; Nielsen, S; Santo, T; Tran, AD; Zahra, E, 2022)	0.72
"Negative consequences of treatment costs to clients, particularly dosing fees, are evident."	( Examining the cost and impact of dosing fees among clients in opioid agonist treatment: Results from a cross-sectional survey of Australian treatment clients. Ali, R; Byrne, J; Chen, R; Degenhardt, L; Farrell, M; Larance, B; Nielsen, S; Santo, T; Tran, AD; Zahra, E, 2022)	0.72
"Clinical studies examining once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) in the absence of comorbid pain are lacking."	( Outcomes associated with once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder. Allen, SM; Fawcett, J; Lin, S; Nichols, TA, 2022)	1.19
"This retrospective chart review aimed to compare 100 patients prescribed single-daily buprenorphine/naloxone (n = 50) to those prescribed multiple-daily buprenorphine/naloxone (n = 50) to elucidate the impact that dosing frequency has on negative urine drug screens (UDS) and the number of relapses in OUD."	( Outcomes associated with once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder. Allen, SM; Fawcett, J; Lin, S; Nichols, TA, 2022)	1.18
"Once-daily dosing was associated with more negative UDSs and fewer opioid relapses compared with multiple-daily dosing."	( Outcomes associated with once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder. Allen, SM; Fawcett, J; Lin, S; Nichols, TA, 2022)	0.96
"This was the first study to evaluate buprenorphine/naloxone dosing frequency for opioid use disorder, in the absence of chronic pain."	( Outcomes associated with once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone for opioid use disorder. Allen, SM; Fawcett, J; Lin, S; Nichols, TA, 2022)	1.23
" Key components of diversion prevention strategies included: staff who distinguished among different reasons for diversion; comprehensive and routinized but flexible dosing protocols; communication, education, and monitoring; patient involvement in assessing reasons for diversion; and written policies to adjudicate diversion consequences."	( Uncommon and preventable: Perceptions of diversion of medication for opioid use disorder in jail. Evans, EA; Ferguson, WJ; Friedmann, PD; Pivovarova, E; Santelices, C; Stopka, TJ, 2022)	0.72
"Adequate dosing of MOUD leads to improved retention on MOUD."	( Factors associated with retention on medications for opioid use disorder among a cohort of adults seeking treatment in the community. Biondi, BE; Schlossberg, EF; Shaw, A; Springer, SA; Vander Wyk, B, 2022)	0.72
" However, given that changes were small, strategies to improve retention in OAT and ensure equitable access to take-home dosing should continue."	( Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of take-home doses of opioid agonist therapy in Ontario, Canada: A population-based time-series analysis. Antoniou, T; Bozinoff, N; Campbell, TJ; Gomes, T; Kitchen, SA; Men, S; Munro, C; Tadrous, M; Werb, D; Wyman, J, 2022)	0.72
"Strict adherence to pharmacological dosage regimens is a prerequisite to the success of most treatments, particularly for patients in drug abuse programs."	( Urinalysis based assessment of compliance and drug use patterns in patients prescribed tramadol: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care centre. Ghosh, S; Jain, R; Saifi, N; Sarkar, S, 2022)	0.72
" The dose-response relationship and prolonged onset to ASR emergence may be suggestive of an allergic delayed hypersensitivity reaction."	( Application Site Reactions from the Buprenorphine Transdermal Patch: A Case Series. Fudin, J; Mendoza, K; Meyer-Junco, L; Rea, B, 2022)	1
" These areas include improving uptake of shared decision-making to increase patient autonomy and agency, particularly among those in the earliest stages of recovery during pregnancy; ongoing education around perinatal MOUD safety and efficacy; detangling MOUD and neonatal withdrawal signs from mandated child protective services reporting; and improving gender-responsive and equitable care in substance use disorder treatment programs, including incorporating the utilization of home visiting services for dosing assessments and administration in the early postpartum period."	( "You have to take this medication, but then you get punished for taking it:" lack of agency, choice, and fear of medications to treat opioid use disorder across the perinatal period. Bernstein, J; Gray, JR; Greenfield, SF; Hoeppner, BB; Jones, HE; Kelly, JF; MacMillan, KDL; Muftu, S; Partridge, S; Schiff, DM; Terplan, M; Wilens, TE; Work, EC, 2022)	0.72
" Three novel predictors were constructed to capture the time weighted effects of buprenorphine dosage (mg buprenorphine per day), dosing protocol (whether physician could adjust dose), and clinic visits (whether patient attended clinic)."	( Effects of Buprenorphine Dose and Therapeutic Engagement on Illicit Opiate Use in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Trials. Baurley, JW; Bergen, AW; Bible, J; Ervin, CM; McMahan, CS; Mudumbai, SC; Saxon, AJ; Stafford, RS, 2022)	1.34
" M accidentally came across buprenorphine in his late twenties and experienced progressively improved social functioning on a low daily dosage (0."	( The partial µ-opioid agonist buprenorphine in autism spectrum disorder: a case report. Heilig, M; Leknes, S; Skoglund, C, 2022)	1.31
"To review the pharmacology of buprenorphine, the evolution of buprenorphine dosing recommendations, and the current literature regarding its recommendations for the perioperative period."	( Patients on Buprenorphine Formulations Undergoing Surgery. Arany, J; Champagne, K; Date, P; Forero, JP; Gritsenko, K, 2022)	1.39
" Patients taking buprenorphine should continue their buprenorphine perioperatively; whether to decrease or maintain dosing is up for debate."	( Patients on Buprenorphine Formulations Undergoing Surgery. Arany, J; Champagne, K; Date, P; Forero, JP; Gritsenko, K, 2022)	1.44
" Alternative dosing strategies such as low-dose or "microdosing" and high-dose or "macrodosing" are options for buprenorphine that may impact the development of BPOW."	( Buprenorphine precipitated opioid withdrawal: Prevention and management in the ED setting. Koyfman, A; Long, B; Perrone, J; Spadaro, A, 2022)	2.38
" Dosing buprenorphine should be based on the patient's patterns of opioid use and response to therapy."	( Buprenorphine precipitated opioid withdrawal: Prevention and management in the ED setting. Koyfman, A; Long, B; Perrone, J; Spadaro, A, 2022)	2.6
"We report a case of a middle-aged male with a 3-year history of tianeptine use who presented to an outpatient clinic looking for addiction treatment options after failed attempts at tapering his daily dosage of approximately 10 grams per day."	( Microdose Induction of Buprenorphine in a Patient Using Tianeptine. Sullivan, R; Szczesniak, L, )	0.44
"Flexible take-home dosing buprenorphine/naloxone or supervised methadone models of care for 24 weeks."	( Impact of fentanyl use on initiation and discontinuation of methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone among people with prescription-type opioid use disorder: secondary analysis of a Canadian treatment trial. Bozinoff, N; Bruneau, J; Choi, JC; Hassan, A; Jutras-Aswad, D; Le Foll, B; Lim, R; Mok, WY; Rehm, J; Socias, ME; Wild, TC; Wood, E, 2022)	1.25
" This study aims to describe tolerability and completion of LDI using intravenous (IV) buprenorphine and to define dosing protocols in a cohort of patients hospitalized in an urban academic hospital."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	1.21
" Cases were categorized based on adherence to a dosing strategy and LDI indication, including OUD and acute pain, non-prescribed fentanyl exposure, and transition from methadone."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.99
"4) for the "rapid," "moderate," and "slow" dosing strategies, respectively."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.99
" Dosing protocols allowed for rapid transition to sublingual buprenorphine."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	1.23
"A prospective, double-masked, placebo-controlled, multicentered phase 2 clinical study was conducted to select the transdermal buprenorphine solution (TBS) dosage for the control of postoperative pain in cats."	( Multicentered masked placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical study of an extended duration transdermal buprenorphine solution for postoperative pain in cats. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Lin, TL; Linton, DD, 2022)	1.14
" The effects of buprenorphine on sleep-like measures resulted in a biphasic dose-response function, with the highest doses not disrupting actigraphy-based sleep."	( Effects of methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone on actigraphy-based sleep-like parameters in male rhesus monkeys. Berro, LF; Freeman, KB; Rowlett, JK; Talley, JT; Zamarripa, CA, 2022)	1.38
" Specifically, in patients with chronic fentanyl or other drug exposures, some clinicians are using alternative buprenorphine induction strategies, such as quickly maximizing buprenorphine agonist effects (eg, macrodosing) or, conversely, giving smaller initial doses and slowing the rate of buprenorphine dosing to avoid antagonist/withdrawal effects (eg, microdosing)."	( A Neuropharmacological Model to Explain Buprenorphine Induction Challenges. Azar, P; Greenwald, MK; Herring, AA; Nelson, LS; Perrone, J, 2022)	1.2
" Complete fentanyl dose-response functions were determined during each session."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	0.99
"Quarterly total number of buprenorphine prescriptions for each state was calculated, and stratification analyses were conducted by dosage form (films and tablets)."	( Buprenorphine Use Trends Following Removal of Prior Authorization Policies for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in 2 State Medicaid Programs. Goodin, A; Hincapie-Castillo, JM; Keshwani, S; Lo-Ciganic, WH; Maguire, M; Wilson, DL, 2022)	2.46
" The aim of our study was to determine the extent of buprenorphine distribution to CNS in the pregnant sheep, and their fetus at steady-state, and their newborn lambs postdelivery, using three different dosing regimens."	( Central nervous system distribution of buprenorphine in pregnant sheep, fetuses and newborn lambs after continuous transdermal and single subcutaneous extended-release dosing. Eskola, S; Hakomäki, H; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Laaksonen, S; Lehtonen, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2022)	1.24
"We analyzed data from a multicentric, pragmatic, 24-week open-label randomized controlled trial conducted in participants with POUD (N = 272) who were randomly assigned to BUP/NX model of care with flexible take-home dosing (n = 138) or the standard model of care with closely supervised methadone (n = 134)."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone effectiveness for reducing craving in individuals with prescription opioid use disorder: Exploratory results from an open-label, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Bruneau, J; Eugenia Socias, M; Foll, BL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Talbot, A, 2022)	2.16
"Compared to the standard methadone model of care, flexible take-home dosing of BUP/NX was associated with lower craving in individuals with POUD."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone effectiveness for reducing craving in individuals with prescription opioid use disorder: Exploratory results from an open-label, pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Bruneau, J; Eugenia Socias, M; Foll, BL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Talbot, A, 2022)	2.16
" Participants receive inpatient rotation to either BuNa or methadone with a flexible dosing regimen."	( Buprenorphine/naloxone versus methadone opioid rotation in patients with prescription opioid use disorder and chronic pain: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Dahan, A; Ellerbroek, H; Kramers, C; Schellekens, AFA; Timmerman, H; van den Heuvel, SAS, 2022)	2.16
" We estimated the extent to which different dosing strategies would affect risk of relapse over 12 weeks of treatment, separately for BUP-NX and methadone."	( Buprenorphine & methadone dosing strategies to reduce risk of relapse in the treatment of opioid use disorder. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Goodwin, ATS; Luo, S; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M; Williams, NT, 2022)	2.16
" We examined four dosing strategies: 1) increasing dose in response to participant-specific opioid use, 2) increasing dose weekly until some minimum dose (16 mg BUP, 100 mg methadone) was reached, 3) increasing dose weekly until some minimum and increasing dose in response to opioid use thereafter (referred to as the "hybrid strategy"), and 4) keeping dose constant after the first 2 weeks of treatment."	( Buprenorphine & methadone dosing strategies to reduce risk of relapse in the treatment of opioid use disorder. Díaz, I; Fishman, M; Goodwin, ATS; Luo, S; Nunes, EV; Rotrosen, J; Rudolph, KE; Shulman, M; Williams, NT, 2022)	2.16
"Extended-release (ER) monthly injectable buprenorphine offers an alternative to daily sublingual (SL) dosing for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) that may be attractive to several patient populations, including those with barriers to adherence and the frequent follow-up that are necessary for traditional SL buprenorphine."	( Utility of an integrated health system specialty pharmacy in provision of extended-release buprenorphine for patients with opioid use disorder. Fanucchi, L; Hendrickson, S; Lofwall, M; Platt, T; Rhudy, C; Shah, R, 2023)	1.4
" Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) with oral methadone or daily sublingual buprenorphine hydrochloride, either administered separately or in combination with naloxone hydrochloride (SL-BPN, SL-BPN/NX), is supervised by a healthcare professional experienced in treating opioid use disorder to ensure proper dosing and prevent misuse."	( Administration and patient-incurred costs associated with opioid agonist treatment in Norway. Danø, A; Gibbons, C; Jensen, R; Pedersen, MH, 2022)	0.95
"Novel buprenorphine dosing strategies have emerged with an aim to transition patients from opioid agonists to buprenorphine without prerequisite opioid withdrawal."	( Factors that distinguish opioid withdrawal during induction with buprenorphine microdosing: a configurational analysis. D M, S; E J, M; K K, A, 2022)	1.44
" Specific areas of focus elaborated by the authors include: better characterization of opioid selection and dosing in managing labor analgesia, effectiveness of different regional anesthetic techniques, non-pharmacologic management, and psycho-social support for these patients."	( Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnant Patients. Nathan, N, 2022)	0.72
" The standard-of-care treatment is daily maintenance dosing of sublingual buprenorphine (BUP-SL) or oral methadone (MET)."	( Experience and response to a randomised controlled trial of extended-release injectable buprenorphine versus sublingual tablet buprenorphine and oral liquid methadone for opioid use disorder: protocol for a mixed-methods evaluation. Cowden, F; Day, E; Gilvarry, E; Johnstone, S; Kelleher, M; Lowry, N; Marsden, J; Mitcheson, L; Murray, R, 2022)	1.17
"2%) of methadone patients indicated that some form of multi-day take home dosing was offered at their clinic, and 45."	( Nothing really changed: Arizona patient experience of methadone and buprenorphine access during COVID. Andres, HJ; Arredondo, C; Bentele, KG; Brady, BR; Coles, H; Downer, M; Garcia, RC; Garnett, I; Granillo, B; Lutz, R; Mahoney, A; Meyerson, BE; Russell, DM; Samorano, S, 2022)	0.96
" We estimated generalized difference-in-differences models to examine the association between buprenorphine prior authorization policies and changes in buprenorphine treatment quality along four dimensions: (1) duration of at least 180 days, (2) dosage of at least 8 milligrams, and concurrent prescribing of (3) opioid analgesics and (4) benzodiazepines."	( Buprenorphine treatment episode duration, dosage, and concurrent prescribing of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics: The effects of Medicaid prior authorization policies. Gordon, AJ; Landis, RK; Leslie, DL; Opper, I; Saloner, B; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2022)	2.38
" The policy was not associated with changes in effective dosage or concurrent prescribing of opioid analgesics or benzodiazepines."	( Buprenorphine treatment episode duration, dosage, and concurrent prescribing of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics: The effects of Medicaid prior authorization policies. Gordon, AJ; Landis, RK; Leslie, DL; Opper, I; Saloner, B; Sorbero, M; Stein, BD, 2022)	2.16
"0 % did so while also on a dosage of either buprenorphine or methadone, with 28."	( Understanding motivations and use typologies of gabapentin with opioid agonist medications. Buttram, ME; Ellis, MS; Qureshi, R, 2023)	1.17
"This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of flexible take-home dosing of buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) and methadone standard model of care in reducing depressive symptoms in people with prescription-type opioid use disorder (POUD)."	( Effects of Buprenorphine/Naloxone and Methadone on Depressive Symptoms in People with Prescription Opioid Use Disorder: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Hassan, AN; Jutras-Aswad, D; Le Foll, B; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Socias, ME; Talbot, A, 2023)	1.53
"gov identifier: NCT03033732), a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing flexible take-home dosing of BUP/NX and methadone standard model of care for reducing opioid use in people with POUD."	( Effects of Buprenorphine/Naloxone and Methadone on Depressive Symptoms in People with Prescription Opioid Use Disorder: A Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial. Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Hassan, AN; Jutras-Aswad, D; Le Foll, B; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Socias, ME; Talbot, A, 2023)	1.3
"The majority of pharmacies stocked the most commonly prescribed 8/2 mg dosage strength of buprenorphine/naloxone films and tablets (69."	( Demographic and socioeconomic correlates to buprenorphine access in pharmacies. Conrad, TA; Crawford, ND; Kan, M; Kee, C; Mataczynski, MJ; Peralta, AM; Sitar, SI; Welsh, JW; Yarbrough, CR; Young, HN, )	0.61
" Many settings across North America relaxed restrictions for take-home dosing during the COVID-19 pandemic and have reported consistent or improved patient outcomes."	( Incremental expenditures attributable to daily dispensation and witnessed ingestion for opioid agonist treatment in British Columbia: 2014-20. Dale, L; Guerra-Alejos, BC; Kurz, M; Min, JE; Nosyk, B; Piske, M, 2023)	0.91
"The introduction of depot buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid dependence allows for reduced dosing frequency compared with conventional treatments, such as oral methadone and sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone."	( Exploring patient experience and satisfaction with depot buprenorphine formulations: A mixed-methods study. Allen, E; Altobelli, G; Holmwood, C; Johnson, J; Samadian, S, 2023)	1.46
" There were mixed experiences with the ability for depot buprenorphine to 'hold' participants throughout the dosing interval."	( Exploring patient experience and satisfaction with depot buprenorphine formulations: A mixed-methods study. Allen, E; Altobelli, G; Holmwood, C; Johnson, J; Samadian, S, 2023)	1.4
" The potential for disconnection from services and mixed experiences of efficacy throughout the dosing period may negatively influence patient experience."	( Exploring patient experience and satisfaction with depot buprenorphine formulations: A mixed-methods study. Allen, E; Altobelli, G; Holmwood, C; Johnson, J; Samadian, S, 2023)	1.16
"Controversy exists regarding effective sublingual buprenorphine dosing for treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), leading to dose caps of 16 mg per day."	( Higher buprenorphine dose associated with increased treatment retention at low threshold buprenorphine clinic: A retrospective cohort study. Agus, D; Buresh, ME; Nordeck, C; Selitsky, L; Truong, A, 2023)	1.62
" The study categorized patients into two dosing groups (16 mg or >16 mg)."	( Higher buprenorphine dose associated with increased treatment retention at low threshold buprenorphine clinic: A retrospective cohort study. Agus, D; Buresh, ME; Nordeck, C; Selitsky, L; Truong, A, 2023)	1.37
" XR dosing yielded significantly higher plasma buprenorphine concentrations than did ER dosing at every time point in both nude and heterozygous mice."	( Comparative Pharmacokinetics and Injection Site Histopathology in Nude Mice Treated with Long-acting Buprenorphine Formulations. Garcia, AV; Illario, JA; Kiel, JW; Kirihennedige, AS; Momper, JD; Osborn, KG; Richter, PJ; Sepulveda, YJ; Sun, SA, 2023)	1.38
" In this exploratory analysis, we examined the effect of recent cannabis use on opioid use, craving, and withdrawal symptoms, in individuals participating in a trial comparing flexible buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NX) take-home dosing model to witnessed ingestion of methadone."	( Differential effect of cannabis use on opioid agonist treatment outcomes: Exploratory analyses from the OPTIMA study. Bakouni, H; Bastien, G; Brissette, S; Elkrief, L; Hébert, FO; Jutras-Aswad, D; Le Foll, B; Ledjiar, O; Lim, R; Marsan, S; McAnulty, C; Socias, ME, 2023)	1.1
" Using an attentional bias (AB) task with both pain and opioid cues, we evaluated a cognitive bias modification (CBM) task administered during regularly scheduled medications for OUD (mOUD) dosing visits."	( Integrating cognitive bias modification for pain and opioid cues into medication for opioid use disorder clinical care: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary results. Heapy, AA; MacLean, RR; Meyerovich, J; Sofuoglu, M; Szollosy, SK; Waters, AJ; Wolkowicz, N, 2023)	0.91
"We identified three themes related to patients' internal relationships to methadone: patients (1) viewed methadone as a bridge to opioid-free recovery, (2) believed that long-term methadone damages the body, and (3) felt that methadone increases craving for cocaine; and three themes related to their external relationships with opioid treatment programs and society at large: patients (4) viewed daily dosing as burdensome, (5) feared methadone inaccessibility could trigger relapse, and (6) experienced stigma from friends, family, and peers."	( Transitioning off methadone: A qualitative study exploring why patients discontinue methadone treatment for opioid use disorder. Chander, G; Pytell, JD; Stoller, KB; Thakrar, AP; Walters, V; Weiss, RD, 2023)	0.91
" Primary outcomes were retention in treatment at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, treatment adherence (measured through doses taken as prescribed, dosing visits attended, and biological measures), or extra-medical opioid use (measured by urinalysis and self-report)."	( Buprenorphine versus methadone for the treatment of opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and observational studies. Clark, B; Degenhardt, L; Farrell, M; Hickman, M; Kimber, J; Larance, B; Leppan, O; Macpherson, G; Martino-Burke, D; Nielsen, S; Zahra, E, 2023)	2.35
" Meeting participants identified research and knowledge gaps in 8 categories, including ED staff and peer-based interventions; out-of-hospital buprenorphine initiation; buprenorphine dosing and formulations; linkage to care; strategies for scaling ED-initiated buprenorphine; the effect of ancillary technology-based interventions; quality measures; and economic considerations."	( National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network Meeting Report: Advancing Emergency Department Initiation of Buprenorphine for Opioid Use Disorder. Bernstein, SL; Coupet, E; Cowan, E; D'Onofrio, G; Fiellin, DA; Hawk, K; Herring, A; Huntley, K; McCormack, R; Perrone, J; Venkatesh, A, 2023)	1.32
" In areas controlled by Ukraine, most patients were receiving take-home doses for up to 30 days, some experienced temporary dosing reductions."	( Treatment of opioid use disorder in Ukraine during the first year of the Russia-Ukraine war: Lessons learned from the crisis. Dumchev, K; Gvozdetska, O; Ivanchuk, I; Kuzin, I; Morozova, O; Nesterova, O; Skala, P, 2023)	0.91
" Updates to this regulatory framework, particularly around dosing and access to care, would enable providers to better treat the changing landscape of opioid misuse."	( Buprenorphine Prescribing and Dosing Limits: Evidence and Policy Goals. Bortz, C; Coyle, DT; Krsak, M; Manalo, J; Ritvo, A; Stewart, S, )	1.57
" However, up-to-half of participants reported uncertainty regarding the appropriate dosage of MOUD and its impact on the fetus and/or neonate."	( Attitudes Toward Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women and People Seeking Treatment. Banks, DE; Cavazos-Rehg, P; Fentem, A; Filiatreau, L; Li, X; Paschke, M; Woolfolk, C, )	0.13
" We describe a patient with opioid use disorder who presented to the emergency department in precipitated withdrawal who completed a same-day methadone induction with next-day dosing at an opioid treatment program as part of an emergency department methadone protocol."	( Methadone Induction for a Patient With Precipitated Withdrawal in the Emergency Department: A Case Report. Church, B; Clark, R; Friedmann, P; Mohn, W; Potee, R; Soares, WE, )	0.13
" A coding tool was developed based on a review of a sample of forms, including fields for behavioral health treatment recommendations or mandates, drug screening requirements, and dosage limitations."	( Thematic Analysis of State Medicaid Buprenorphine Prior Authorization Requirements. Abrams, M; Aronowitz, SV; Dolan, A; Meisel, Z; Nguemeni Tiako, MJ; Oyekanmi, K, 2023)	1.19
" Eighteen states (36%) specified dosage maximums; among them, 11 (22%) required additional steps for a daily dosage higher than 16 mg."	( Thematic Analysis of State Medicaid Buprenorphine Prior Authorization Requirements. Abrams, M; Aronowitz, SV; Dolan, A; Meisel, Z; Nguemeni Tiako, MJ; Oyekanmi, K, 2023)	1.19
"In this qualitative study of state Medicaid PA requirements for buprenorphine, themes were identified that included patient surveillance with drug screenings and pill counts, behavioral health treatment recommendations or mandates, patient education, and dosing guidance."	( Thematic Analysis of State Medicaid Buprenorphine Prior Authorization Requirements. Abrams, M; Aronowitz, SV; Dolan, A; Meisel, Z; Nguemeni Tiako, MJ; Oyekanmi, K, 2023)	1.42
" Most intended to reduce their dosage of LAIB but did not want to rush."	( Patients' goals when initiating long-acting injectable buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder: findings from a longitudinal qualitative study. Neale, J; Parkin, S; Strang, J, 2023)	1.16
"Describe case series of successful management of kratom use disorder using telehealth followed by unobserved buprenorphine-naloxone home induction and highlight implications for future management, including maintenance dosage and induction method."	( Kratom use disorder: case reports on successful treatment with home induction of buprenorphine-naloxone. Cape, MC; Kiyokawa, M; Kwon, AK; Streltzer, JM, 2023)	1.35
" Indeed, a prior meta-analysis demonstrates a dose-response relationship between the magnitude and immediacy of reward and CM effectiveness."	( A call to action: Contingency management to improve post-release treatment engagement among people with opioid use disorder who are incarcerated. Evans, EA; Klemperer, EM; Rawson, R, 2023)	0.91
" This strategy facilitates dosing of LAB before hospital discharge when risk of opioid relapse and overdose are significant."	( Inpatient Low-dose Transitions From Full Agonist Opioids Including Methadone Onto Long-acting Depot Buprenorphine: Case Series From a Multicenter Clinical Trial. Brady, KT; Frank, CA; Levin, FR; Litwin, AH; Nunes, EV; Nunez, J; Roth, P; Schade, M; Seval, N; Springer, SA; Strong, M, )	0.35
" This involved longer take-home intervals for methadone and buprenorphine doses as well as a reduction in supervised dosing and drug screening."	( Flexible delivery of opioid agonist treatment during COVID-19 in Norway: qualitative and quantitative findings from an online survey of provider experiences. Bech, AB; Clausen, T; McDonald, R, 2023)	1.15
" In individual cases, patients' substance use was identified as key factor necessitating a reintroduction of supervised dosing and drug screening."	( Flexible delivery of opioid agonist treatment during COVID-19 in Norway: qualitative and quantitative findings from an online survey of provider experiences. Bech, AB; Clausen, T; McDonald, R, 2023)	0.91
" However, current US Food and Drug Administration buprenorphine dosing guidelines are based on studies among people using heroin, prior to the emergence of fentanyl in the illicit drug supply."	( Buprenorphine Dose and Time to Discontinuation Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl. Beaudoin, FL; Berk, J; Chambers, LC; Gaither, R; Hallowell, BD; Hampson, AJ; Paiva, TJ; Wightman, RS; Zullo, AR, 2023)	2.61
" High abstinence rates were also observed at TAB participants' bimonthly dosing visits (83."	( Technology-Assisted Buprenorphine Treatment in Rural and Nonrural Settings: Two Randomized Clinical Trials. Badger, GJ; Batchelder, SR; Heil, SH; Higgins, ST; Peck, KR; Sigmon, SC, 2023)	1.23
" Patients preferred dosing at the van over the clinic because they were able to "get in and out" faster."	( "Get in and get out, get on with life": Patient and provider perspectives on methadone van implementation for opioid use disorder treatment. Castellanos, S; Joshi, N; Knight, KR; Lambdin, BH; Shapiro, B; Steiger, S; Suen, LW, 2023)	0.91
" However, patients frequently face a dose limit of 16 or 24 mg/d based on dosing guidelines on the Food and Drug Administration's package label."	( Evidence on Buprenorphine Dose Limits: A Review. Cundiff, D; Grande, LA; Greenwald, MK; Martin, SA; Murray, M; Wright, TE, )	0.51
" An update to the buprenorphine package label with recommended dosing up to 32 mg/d and elimination of the 16 mg/d target dose would improve treatment effectiveness and save lives."	( Evidence on Buprenorphine Dose Limits: A Review. Cundiff, D; Grande, LA; Greenwald, MK; Martin, SA; Murray, M; Wright, TE, )	0.84
" However, published regimens vary in duration, dosage forms used, and timing of full opioid agonist discontinuation."	( Survey of Buprenorphine Low-dose Regimens Used by Healthcare Institutions. Grable, S; Hardy, M; Otley, R; Pershing, M, )	0.53
" Optimizing initial dosage may impact retention."	( Trends in buprenorphine dosage and days supplied for new treatment episodes for opioid use disorder, 2010-2019. LaRochelle, M; Linas, BP; Murray, E; Samet, JH; Tilhou, AS; Wang, J; White, L, 2023)	1.31
" Outcomes included first prescription average days supplied, first prescription average daily dosage, and average dosage on days 2, 8, 15 and 30."	( Trends in buprenorphine dosage and days supplied for new treatment episodes for opioid use disorder, 2010-2019. LaRochelle, M; Linas, BP; Murray, E; Samet, JH; Tilhou, AS; Wang, J; White, L, 2023)	1.31
" From 2010-2019, first prescription average days supplied and daily dosage decreased from 17."	( Trends in buprenorphine dosage and days supplied for new treatment episodes for opioid use disorder, 2010-2019. LaRochelle, M; Linas, BP; Murray, E; Samet, JH; Tilhou, AS; Wang, J; White, L, 2023)	1.31
"We found that buprenorphine dosage and days supplied for new treatment episodes decreased from 2010 to 2019 while buprenorphine possession worsened."	( Trends in buprenorphine dosage and days supplied for new treatment episodes for opioid use disorder, 2010-2019. LaRochelle, M; Linas, BP; Murray, E; Samet, JH; Tilhou, AS; Wang, J; White, L, 2023)	1.67
" Using a dose-response intention to treat type analysis, associations between number of sessions and benchmark achievement were analyzed using logistic regression."	( Association of MOUD ECHO Participation on Expansion of Buprenorphine Prescribing in Rural Primary Care. Alkhafaji, RS; Bhatt, SR; Jacobsohn, V; Lindsey, L; Myers, OB; Rishel Brakey, H; Salvador, JG; Sussman, AL, 2023)	1.16
" The dose-response approach helps address current gaps in ECHO research that call for more rigorous examination of the ECHO model's impact on provider practice improvements."	( Association of MOUD ECHO Participation on Expansion of Buprenorphine Prescribing in Rural Primary Care. Alkhafaji, RS; Bhatt, SR; Jacobsohn, V; Lindsey, L; Myers, OB; Rishel Brakey, H; Salvador, JG; Sussman, AL, 2023)	1.16
" Buprenorphine dose and dosing frequency should be individualized based on patients' treatment needs, the possibility of novel components in the drug supply should be considered during OUD treatment, and all forms of opioid agonist treatment should be offered and considered for patients."	( ASAM Clinical Considerations: Buprenorphine Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder for Individuals Using High-potency Synthetic Opioids. Herring, AA; Kawasaki, SS; Kleykamp, BA; Meyer, M; Ramsey, KS; Weimer, MB, )	1.33
" Perioperative dosing frequency of buprenorphine was also inconsistent."	( Current State of Perioperative Buprenorphine Management-A National Provider Survey. Ibrahim, Y; Mardmomen, N; Mogren, G; Quaye, A; Richard, J; Zhang, Y, )	0.69
" In addition, there is provider variability in buprenorphine dosing for procedures with moderate-severe pain."	( Current State of Perioperative Buprenorphine Management-A National Provider Survey. Ibrahim, Y; Mardmomen, N; Mogren, G; Quaye, A; Richard, J; Zhang, Y, )	0.67
"In clinical practice, sublingual (SL) buprenorphine-naloxone is prescribed as once daily or split daily dosing for the management of opioid use disorder (OUD)."	( Evaluation of opioid use disorder treatment outcomes in patients receiving split daily versus once daily dosing of buprenorphine-naloxone. Borris, JB; Bowman, LA; Dowd-Green, C; Fingerhood, M; Nesbit, SA; Stewart, RW, 2024)	1.92
" We characterized study groups by dosing frequency, either once daily or split dosing."	( Evaluation of opioid use disorder treatment outcomes in patients receiving split daily versus once daily dosing of buprenorphine-naloxone. Borris, JB; Bowman, LA; Dowd-Green, C; Fingerhood, M; Nesbit, SA; Stewart, RW, 2024)	1.65
"8 %) were prescribed once daily dosing and 193 patients (77."	( Evaluation of opioid use disorder treatment outcomes in patients receiving split daily versus once daily dosing of buprenorphine-naloxone. Borris, JB; Bowman, LA; Dowd-Green, C; Fingerhood, M; Nesbit, SA; Stewart, RW, 2024)	1.65
" Optimal buprenorphine dosing in this population might facilitate harm reduction by improving abstinence and treatment retention."	( Examining the benefit of a higher maintenance dose of extended-release buprenorphine in opioid-injecting participants treated for opioid use disorder. Greenwald, MK; Haight, BR; Laffont, CM; Wiest, KL; Zhao, Y, 2023)	1.56