Page last updated: 2024-12-07

anatoxin a

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

anatoxin I: found mainly in ANABAENA; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS). isolated from many salt-tolerant freshwater cyanobacteria [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	431734
CHEMBL ID	25619
CHEBI ID	2706
SCHEMBL ID	160708
MeSH ID	M0063926
PubMed CID	3034748
CHEMBL ID	2332144
SCHEMBL ID	13589890
MeSH ID	M0063926

Synonyms (58)

Synonym
1-(9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl)-ethanone
anatoxin-a
anatoxin a
ethanone, 1-(9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)non-2-en-2-yl)-, (1r)-
C10841 ,
NCGC00162392-01
NCGC00162392-02
(+)-anatoxin
chebi:2706 ,
CHEMBL25619 ,
1-(9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-4-en-5-yl)ethanone
AC1L8S0X ,
1-(9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl)ethanone
bdbm50023330
anatoxin-a,(+)
1-(9-aza-bicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl)-ethanone
SCHEMBL160708
2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo [4.2.1]non-2-ene
2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-ene
SGNXVBOIDPPRJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
85514-42-7
surecn160708
Q3303006
(+/-)-2-acetyl-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-enefumarate
ethanone,1-(9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl)-(9ci)
DTXSID301338831
ethanone, 1-(1r,6r)-9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)non-2-en-2-yl-
brn 5477454
antx-a
anatoxin i
64285-06-9
anatoxin
PDSP1_000464
AKOS006275277
bdbm50428369
unii-80023a73nk
80023a73nk ,
(+)-anatoxin alpha
hsdb 7750
(+/-)-anatoxin a
anatoxin a [mi]
(+)-anatoxin a
1-(9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)non-2-en-2-yl)ethan-1-one
anatoxin a [hsdb]
1-((1r,6r)-9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)non-4-en-5-yl)ethanone
1-(9-azabicyclo(4.2.1)non-4-en-5-yl)ethanone
(+)-anatoxin .alpha.
CHEMBL2332144 ,
(+)-anatoxin-a
SCHEMBL13589890
4p0 ,
1-[(1r,6r)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl]ethanone
1-((1r,6r,e)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl)ethanone
1-[(1r,6r)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-en-2-yl]ethan-1-one
DTXSID50867064
(+)-anatoxina
anatoxin-a calibration solution crm
anatoxin-a calibration solution crm(0.5ml/ampoule)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" and oral LD50 values of two ANTX-a producing Anabaena sp."	( Effect of route of exposure and repeated doses on the acute toxicity in mice of the cyanobacterial nicotinic alkaloid anatoxin-a. Krieger, RI; Stevens, DK, 1991)	0.28
" Adverse effects included a dose-dependent transient narcosis, edema and loss of equilibrium."	( Potential developmental toxicity of anatoxin-a, a cyanobacterial toxin. Chernoff, N; Hall, LL; Herkovits, J; Hunter, ES; Moser, VC; Muñoz, L; Phillips, PM; Rogers, EH, )	0.13
" Toxic cyanobacteria are found worldwide in inland and coastal water environments."	( Toxic effects of anatoxin-a on testes and sperm counts of male mice. Ates, U; Karaaslan, MA; Sayim, F; Uyanikgil, Y; Yavasoglu, A; Yavasoglu, NU, 2008)	0.35
" On the basis of evaluated toxicity units, the cyanobacterial extract was classified at class IV toxicity, which means high toxic hazard."	( Toxicity of cyanobacterial bloom in the eutrophic dam reservoir (Southeast Poland). Bownik, A; Kalinowska, R; Pawlik-Skowrońska, B; Rymuszka, A; Sierosławska, A; Skowroński, T, 2010)	0.36
" Anatoxin-a is suspected to have a distinct toxic mechanism depending on physiological and nervous systems in exposed organisms."	( Phytotoxic effects of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxin-a: morphological, physiological and biochemical responses in aquatic macrophyte, Ceratophyllum demersum. Ha, MH; Pflugmacher, S, 2013)	0.39
" Although it shows widespread occurrence and is highly toxic to rodents, its mechanisms of action and biotransformation, and effects in fish species are still poorly understood."	( Toxic effects of pure anatoxin-a on biomarkers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Carvalho, AP; Guilhermino, L; Guimarães, L; Osswald, J, 2013)	0.39
" The transdermal patches did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites."	( Acute dermal irritation, sensitization, and acute toxicity studies of a transdermal patch for prophylaxis against ({+/-}) anatoxin-a poisoning. Banerjee, S; Chattopadhyay, P; Ghosh, A; Pathak, MP; Singh, S; Veer, V, 2013)	0.39
" Deaths of wild and domestic animals due to anatoxin-a exposure have been reported following a toxic response that is driven by the inhibition of the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions."	( Proteomic analysis of anatoxin-a acute toxicity in zebrafish reveals gender specific responses and additional mechanisms of cell stress. Campos, A; Carneiro, M; Carvalho, AP; Gutiérrez-Praena, D; Osório, H; Vasconcelos, V, 2015)	0.42
" To assess the toxic effects of anatoxin-a, microcystin-LR and their combined exposure on submerged macrophytes and biofilms, Vallisneria natans was exposed to solutions containing different concentrations of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR (0."	( Combined toxic effects of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR on submerged macrophytes and biofilms. Gu, P; Li, Q; Luo, X; Zhang, C; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zheng, Z, 2020)	0.56
"Global warming and eutrophication may lead to increased incidence of harmful algal blooms and related production of cyanotoxins that can be toxic to aquatic plants."	( Phytotoxic effects of microcystins, anatoxin-a and cylindrospermopsin to aquatic plants: A meta-analysis. Munoz, G; Sauvé, S; Vo Duy, S; Zhang, Y, 2022)	0.72
" Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN)."	( Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review. Cameán, AM; Jos, A; Plata-Calzado, C; Prieto, AI, 2022)	0.72

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Animals dosed at 800 micrograms/kg did not have return of neuromuscular function and died despite mechanical ventilation, suggesting a lethal mechanism(s) of action in addition to respiratory paralysis."	( Electromyographic assessment of the neuromuscular blockade produced in vivo by anatoxin-a in the rat. Beasley, VR; Schaeffer, DJ; Valentine, WM, 1991)	0.28
" Electromyographic activity recorded from the diaphragms of rats (n = 5) during continuous toxin administration revealed an increase in muscular electrical activity that became more random and finally decreased prior to death, suggesting a toxin-induced neuromuscular blockade in vivo which ultimately was the cause of death of the anatoxin-a(s) dosed rats."	( Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) in anaesthetized rats: the influence of atropine and artificial respiration. Beasley, VR; Carmichael, WW; Cook, WO; Iwamoto, GA; Schaeffer, DJ, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response curve was shifted to the right with increasing agonist concentrations."	( Differential inhibition by alpha-conotoxin-MII of the nicotinic stimulation of [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes and slices. Harvey, SC; Kaiser, SA; Luetje, CW; Soliakov, L; Wonnacott, S, 1998)	0.3
" And the gene expression of c-fos presented dose-response and time-effect relation."	( [The immediate early genes expression in the PC12 cells activated by anatoxin-a]. Qu, WD; Zhang, ZH; Zhu, HG, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response data suggested about the same range of toxicity of FBS and FLI samples (EC50 = 0."	( Pharmacological studies confirm neurotoxic metabolite(s) produced by the bloom-forming Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Hungary. Farkas, A; Győri, J; Kovács, AW; Szabó, H; Vasas, G; Vehovszky, Á, 2015)	0.42

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
tropane alkaloid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.4125	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0752	0.5318	15.4358	37.6858	AID504845
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0006	0.0001	0.0677	0.3000	AID145837; AID145838
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0006	0.0001	0.0677	0.3000	AID145837; AID145838
Acetylcholine receptor subunit gamma	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0006	0.0001	0.0677	0.3000	AID145837; AID145838
Acetylcholine receptor subunit delta	Tetronarce californica (Pacific electric ray)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0006	0.0001	0.0677	0.3000	AID145837; AID145838
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	0.7770	6.0000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0254	0.0000	0.3522	10.0000	AID146159
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0003	0.3095	2.3000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0012	0.0000	0.1234	5.5000	AID146455; AID3056
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	0.0347	0.1000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0003	0.3209	2.3000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0012	0.0000	0.1082	5.5000	AID146455; AID3056
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0020	0.0268	0.1000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	0.8869	6.0000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0254	0.0000	0.2963	10.0000	AID146159
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0011	0.0000	0.1117	3.5400	AID704939
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	0.0347	0.1000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0020	0.6904	6.0000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0024	0.0301	0.1000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0011	0.0000	0.1157	3.5400	AID704939
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	1.6943	7.0795	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	1.1400	0.0000	0.7307	8.0000	AID146931
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0090	0.0030	0.0347	0.1000	AID145669; AID145670
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0003	0.0000	0.1234	5.5000	AID735349
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0003	0.0000	0.1082	5.5000	AID735349
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0003	0.0000	0.1117	3.5400	AID735349
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0910	0.0022	1.7427	10.0000	AID735346
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0003	0.0000	0.1157	3.5400	AID735349
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.8367	0.0000	1.0116	10.0000	AID145659; AID146157
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0893	0.0140	2.2724	10.0000	AID145659; AID146320
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.1000	2.1040	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0893	0.0140	2.3104	10.0000	AID145659; AID146320
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.0460	1.7610	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.8367	0.0000	1.0101	10.0000	AID145659; AID146157
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.1000	2.1040	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.0460	1.7610	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.1000	2.1040	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.0002	1.8481	10.0000	AID145659
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.1100	0.1000	2.1040	10.0000	AID145659
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (71)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
response to hypoxia	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual perception	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of sound	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
vestibulocochlear nerve development	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
optic nerve morphogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
lateral geniculate nucleus development	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
social behavior	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse assembly	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission involved in micturition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
action potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual perception	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of sound	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
associative learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual learning	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
vestibulocochlear nerve development	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
optic nerve morphogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
lateral geniculate nucleus development	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
social behavior	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of action potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse assembly	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission involved in micturition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
learning or memory	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
memory	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
short-term memory	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesis	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse organization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory processing	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spine organization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite arborization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to amyloid-beta	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
response to acetylcholine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of amyloid fibril formation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
action potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system process	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (14)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
toxic substance binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel regulator activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (14)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raft	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-9	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raft	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane raft	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (36)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID146455	Binding affinity at rat brain Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID146152	Compound was tested for its potency at Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3-beta4 relative to that of Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145839	Potency relative to PHT in torpedo electroplax membranes ([3H]MCC binding)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID25815	Ionization constant was determined	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthetic and conformational studies on anatoxin-a: a potent acetylcholine agonist.
AID145838	inhibition of (-)-[3H]nicotine binding to torpedo electroplax membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID146157	Activation potency at Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3beta4, expressed as concentration required to achieve a half maximal activation	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145840	Potency relative to PHT in torpedo electroplax membranes ([3H]nicotine binding)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID220029	Ability to stimulate catechloamine release in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-19, Volume: 40, Issue:26	Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for drug discovery.
AID145663	Binding affinity towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptor using [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin as radioligand in rat forebrain homogenates	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21	Rigidified acetylcholine mimics: conformational requirements for binding to neuronal nicotinic receptors.
AID145659	Compound was evaluated for functional potency and efficacy at rat Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype DA release	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-19, Volume: 40, Issue:26	Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for drug discovery.
AID3056	In vitro binding affinity towards (alpha-4)2(beta-2)3 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in P2 membrane fractions of rat forebrain	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 46, Issue:11	3D QSAR analyses-guided rational design of novel ligands for the (alpha4)2(beta2)3 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID146149	Binding affinity to Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3-beta4 using +/-[3H]epibatidine as radioligand in pig adrenal gland	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis and nicotinic binding studies on enantiopure diazine analogues of the novel (2-chloro-5-pyridyl)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-ene UB-165.
AID71788	Agonist efficacy was evaluated as concentration that produces 10-m V depolarization in frog sartorius muscle; activity value ranges from 0.2-0.4	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Synthetic and conformational studies on anatoxin-a: a potent acetylcholine agonist.
AID146159	Binding affinity at rat brain Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3-beta4	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145828	Potency relative to PHT in rat brain membranes ([3H]MCC binding)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID178953	Effective dose required to produce prostration after injection into rat's fourth ventricle	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID146931	Binding affinity at rat brain Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145837	Inhibition of [3H]MCC binding to torpedo electroplax membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID145666	Binding affinity towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptor using [3H]-cytisine as radioligand in rat forebrain homogenates	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21	Rigidified acetylcholine mimics: conformational requirements for binding to neuronal nicotinic receptors.
AID146320	Compound was evaluated for functional potency and efficacy at human Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta2	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-19, Volume: 40, Issue:26	Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for drug discovery.
AID146483	Binding affinity to Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta2 using +/-[3H]epibatidine as radioligand in rat brain	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis and nicotinic binding studies on enantiopure diazine analogues of the novel (2-chloro-5-pyridyl)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-ene UB-165.
AID704939	Binding affinity to alpha4beta2 nAChR	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-08, Volume: 55, Issue:21	Discovery of 3-(5-chloro-2-furoyl)-3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane (TC-6683, AZD1446), a novel highly selective α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist for the treatment of cognitive disorders.
AID146936	Binding affinity to subtype Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 using [3H]-MLA as radioligand in rat brain	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis and nicotinic binding studies on enantiopure diazine analogues of the novel (2-chloro-5-pyridyl)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-2-ene UB-165.
AID229789	Ratio of Ki (binding affinity) relative to activation potency	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145670	Inhibition of [3H]MCC binding to rat brain membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID145669	Inhibition of (-)-[3H]nicotine binding to rat brain membranes	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID146794	Compound was tested for its potency at Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha-7 relative to that of Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4-beta2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel analogues of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist (+/-)-UB-165.
AID145829	Potency relative to PHT in rat brain membranes ([3H]nicotine binding)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID189548	Potency for prostration assay, relative to PHT	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological characterization of pyridohomotropanes. Structure-activity relationships of conformationally restricted nicotinoids.
AID735346	Displacement of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin from alpha7 nAChR (unknown origin)	2013	Journal of natural products, Apr-26, Volume: 76, Issue:4	(+)-Laburnamine, a natural selective ligand and partial agonist for the α4β2 nicotinic receptor subtype.
AID735349	Displacement of [3H]nicotine from alpha4beta2 nAChR (unknown origin)	2013	Journal of natural products, Apr-26, Volume: 76, Issue:4	(+)-Laburnamine, a natural selective ligand and partial agonist for the α4β2 nicotinic receptor subtype.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (486)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	228 (46.91)	18.7374
1990's	43 (8.85)	18.2507
2000's	76 (15.64)	29.6817
2010's	98 (20.16)	24.3611
2020's	41 (8.44)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	16 (3.07%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	3 (0.57%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	503 (96.36%)	84.16%
Other	6 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.69	3	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.02	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.33	2	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.6	1	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
carbamates [no description available]	2.01	1	amino-acid anion
choline [no description available]	2.91	4	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	2.38	2
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	2.49	2	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.33	2	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.49	2	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	7.88	38	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epibatidine [no description available]	4.2	5	alkaloid
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.42	2	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide [no description available]	3.09	1	piperazines
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.15	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	2.03	1
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	1.99	1	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	1.99	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid: a glutamate uptake inhibitor	2.02	1
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	4.35	6	primary aliphatic amine
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.96	1	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	1.99	1	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.03	1	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.41	2	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	3.48	2	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.96	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	1.98	1	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.42	2	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.93	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.93	4	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.96	1	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	1.93	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.98	4	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	1.99	1	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	1.93	1	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.03	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.02	1	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.03	1	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	2.38	2	pyridinium salt
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.02	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.17	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.03	1	indazole
paraoxon [no description available]	2.66	3	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.98	1
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	1.98	1	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
cytisine [no description available]	4.01	4	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2	1	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.1	1	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	6.93	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.11	1	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.31	1	zinc molecular entity
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.03	1	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.31	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	1.99	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.11	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.03	1	titanium group element atom
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.44	2	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.44	2	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide: equal or superior to chlorine when used as wastewater disinfectant	2.46	2	chlorine dioxide
4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan: A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.. 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan : A benzoxadiazole that is 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine and at position 7 by a nitro group.	2.41	2	benzoxadiazole; C-nitro compound; organochlorine compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.1.3 (adenosinetriphosphatase) inhibitor; fluorescent probe; fluorochrome
chloramine [no description available]	2.03	1	halide
geosmin geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.	3.17	1	geosmin
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.42	2	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.42	2	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.03	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
perfluoropropionic acid perfluoropropionic acid: ion pairing reagent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	2.33	2
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	5.53	22	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
lobeline (-)-lobeline : An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.	2.01	1	aromatic ketone; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary amine	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.7	3
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.	4.56	7	diamino acid; L-alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	bacterial metabolite; neurotoxin
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.4	2
perhydrohistrionicotoxin perhydrohistrionicotoxin: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha(R*),7 beta,8 alpha))-isomer; structure	2.66	3
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	3.09	1
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [no description available]	2.41	2
homoanatoxin homoanatoxin: structure given in first source; potent nicotinic agonist; analog of anatoxin-a from Cyanobacteria	9.62	25
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	2.15	1	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.18	5	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoarecolone methiodide isoarecolone methiodide: inhibits nicotine binding	3.09	1
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.03	1	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
chlorosyl chlorosyl: do not confuse with chlorsyle or chlorozil	2.08	1	chlorine oxide; inorganic radical
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.69	3
pozanicline [no description available]	3.09	1
permanganate [no description available]	2.44	2	manganese oxoacid
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	1.98	1	cyclodextrin
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	5.71	24	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	2.67	3	oligopeptide
ferruginine ferruginine: norferruginine is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.01	1
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.08	1
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.42	2	quinoxaline derivative
1,1-dimethyl-4-acetylpiperazinium 1,1-dimethyl-4-acetylpiperazinium: structure given in first source	1.98	1	N-methylpiperazine
5-(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-4-ene [no description available]	2.01	1	azepine
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.1	1	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
trans-metanicotine metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.09	1
a 85380 A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer	3.09	1
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist	3.09	1	dimethoxybenzene
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.98	1	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.65	3	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	3.01	4	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.7	3	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.4	2	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
microcystin yr microcystin YR: structure given in first source; isolated from cyanobacterium	1.98	1
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	2.75	3	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
a 84543 [no description available]	3.09	1
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.45	2	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
deschloroepibatidine deschloroepibatidine: structure in first source	2.01	1
n-methylepibatidine N-methylepibatidine: structure in first source	2.01	1
bacteriochlorophylls Bacteriochlorophyll A: A specific bacteriochlorophyll that is similar in structure to chlorophyll a.. bacteriochlorophyll : Chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria.	2.01	1	bacteriochlorophyll; methyl ester
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.15	1
nodularin nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA	6.98	17	ether
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.81	3	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
aplysiatoxin aplysiatoxin: structure. aplysiatoxin : The parent member of the class of aplysiatoxins. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs.	3.13	1	aplysiatoxins; bromophenol; cyclic hemiketal; ether; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; spiroketal	algal metabolite; carcinogenic agent; cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; protein kinase C agonist
microcystin microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.	6.05	20	peptide
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.06	1
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	7.21	19	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.34	2
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	1.93	1
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.4	2
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	3.17	1
pheophytin a pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S,11S),4beta,21beta))-isomer	2.31	1
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	7.49	2	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	1.93	1
cytisine [no description available]	2.08	1	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.08	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.07	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.25	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	4.02	10
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	5.7	86
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	5.68	84
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	5.7	86
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	5.68	84
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.21	1
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	2.52	2
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.1	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.47	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.1	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.47	2
Canine Diseases [description not available]	3.27	6
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.71	3
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.33	2
External Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.92	1
Otitis Externa Inflammation of the OUTER EAR including the external EAR CANAL, cartilages of the auricle (EAR CARTILAGE), and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.	1.92	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.33	2
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1
Ache [description not available]	2.01	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.01	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.4	7
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.33	2
Lock Jaw [description not available]	1.93	1
Paratyphoid Fever A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.	1.93	1
Enteric Fever [description not available]	1.93	1
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	1.93	1
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.62	3
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.62	3
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.62	3
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.62	3
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	6.93	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	1.93	1
Thrombopenia [description not available]	1.93	1
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	1.93	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	1.93	1
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	1.93	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	1.93	1
Gas Gangrene A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.	2.63	3
Rheumatism [description not available]	1.93	1
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	1.93	1
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	2.34	2
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.34	2
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.34	2
Encephalitis, Polio [description not available]	2.34	2
Poliomyelitis An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)	2.34	2
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	2.34	2
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	2.34	2
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	1.93	1
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	1.93	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.65	3
Koch's Disease [description not available]	1.92	1
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	1.92	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	1.92	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.03	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.03	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.94	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.94	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.68	10
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2	1
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	1.98	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.98	1
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	1.98	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.98	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	1.98	1
Adipocere [description not available]	1.97	1
Drooling [description not available]	1.97	1
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	1.97	1

chemdatabank.com