Compounds > salvianolic acid B
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salvianolic acid B

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Description

salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6451084
CHEMBL ID1615434
CHEBI ID134301
SCHEMBL ID19512041

Synonyms (45)

Synonym
c1gq844199 ,
3-benzofurancarboxylic acid, 4-(3-(1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-, 3-(1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl) ester, (2s-(2alpha,3beta(s*),4(e(s*))))-
3-(1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl) 4-(3-(1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-3-benzofurancarboxylate (2s-(2alpha,3beta(s*),4(e(s*))))-
unii-c1gq844199
4-{(e)-2-[1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-ethoxycarbonyl]-vinyl}-2-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid 2-carboxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-propyl ester
lithospermic acid b
(2r)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[(e)-3-[(2s,3s)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-[(1r)-1-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-ethoxy]carbonyl-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy-propanoic acid
(2r)-2-({(2e)-3-[(2s,3s)-3-{[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl}oxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(2s,3s)-4-((1e)-3-((1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxo-1-propen-1-yl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid 3-((1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl) ester
danfensuan b
salvianolic acid b
115939-25-8
monardic acid b
dan shen suan b
121521-90-2
CHEBI:134301 ,
CHEMBL1615434 ,
Q-100077
salvianolic acid b [usp-rs]
salvianolic acid b [who-dd]
3-benzofurancarboxylic acid, 4-[(1e)-3-[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3-oxo-1-propen-1-yl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-, 3-[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl] ester, (2s,3s)-
zinc-49538628
salvianolic acid b (constituent of chinese salvia) [dsc]
salvianolic acid b [inci]
HY-N1362
CS-5615
salvianolic acid b, analytical standard
salvianolic acid b, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
salvianolic acid b, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
salvianolic acid b, >=94% (hplc)
(2r)-2-{[(2e)-3-[(2s,3s)-3-{[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl}-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
SCHEMBL19512041
AKOS037514825
S4735
(2r)-2-[(e)-3-[(2s,3s)-3-[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl]prop-2-enoyl]oxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
(r)-2-(((2s,3s)-4-((e)-3-((r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carbonyl)oxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
CCG-270402
Q27275057
(r)-2-(((2s,3s)-4-((e)-3-((r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carbonyl)oxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoicacid
bdbm50587725
DTXSID201031347
salvianolic acid b (usp-rs)
(2r)-2-(((2e)-3-((2s,3s)-3-(((1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)carbonyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl)prop-2-enoyl)oxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
salvianolic acid b (constituent of chinese salvia)
3-benzofurancarboxylic acid,4-[(1e)-3-[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3-oxo-1-propenyl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-,3-[(1r)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl] ester, (2r,3r)-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is a widely used cardioprotective agent. Its clinical application was limited by poor intestinal absorption and low oral bioavailability. It has the ability to ameliorate amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is a widely used cardioprotective agent, while its clinical application was limited by poor intestinal absorption and low oral bioavailability. "( Pellets of phospholipids and d-glucose with improved intestinal absorption and oral bioavailability of salvianolic acid B.
He, J; Li, Z; Liu, J, 2022)		2.38
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a bioactive compound from "( Salvianolic Acid B Strikes Back: New Evidence in the Modulation of Expression and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells.
Bellio, P; Celenza, G; Franceschini, N; Ianni, A; Martino, F; Martino, G; Ruggeri, P, 2022)		3.61
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) is a herbal medicine that shows promise for improving the effectiveness of fat transplantation."( Salvianolic Acid B Reduces the Inflammation of Fat Grafts by Inhibiting the NF-Kb Signalling Pathway in Macrophages.
Chong, CH; Gao, Y; Ho, CK; Liu, YD; Liu, YX; Sun, JM; Yu, L; Zhang, YF; Zheng, DN, 2023)		3.07
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) is an extractant from Salvia miltiorrhiza that has been reported to ameliorate fibrosis in multiple organs."( Salvianolic Acid B Attenuates Hypertrophic Scar Formation In Vivo and In Vitro.
Chong, CH; Liu, YX; Sun, JM; Tsai, YT; Yu, L; Zhang, YF; Zheng, DN, 2023)		3.07
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a bioactive extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza with the ability to ameliorate amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neuronal degeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). "( Salvianolic acid B exerts protective effects against Aβ-induced neuroinflammation through the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and switching of M1/M2 polarization.
Liu, X; Wen, Y; Yang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023)		3.8
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a polyphenolic compound isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has been prescribed for various biological properties, including antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation and neuroprotection in pathological conditions."( Salvianolic acid B protects against MPP+-induced neuronal injury via repressing oxidative stress and restoring mitochondrial function.
Yang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2021)		2.79
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a polyphenolic compound in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge ("Danshen"), which has been largely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, among others."( Effects of Salvianolic acid B on RNA expression and co-expression network of lncRNAs in brown adipose tissue of obese mice.
An, T; Bao, X; Gao, S; Jiang, G; Lian, J; Lv, B; Mo, F; Wang, T; Wu, Y; Yang, X; Yu, N; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D, 2021)		2.45
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a water‑soluble phenolic compound, extractable from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and has previously been demonstrated to reverse tumor multidrug resistance (MDR) in colon cancer cells. "( Salvianolic acid B reverses multidrug resistance in nude mice bearing human colon cancer stem cells.
Gao, W; Guo, P; Li, Y; Liu, X; Wan, B; Wang, J; Wu, S; Xu, L, 2018)		3.37
"Salvianolic acid B (SB) is an antioxidant derived from Salvia militarize, and is one of the most widely used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. "( Salvianolic acid B, an antioxidant derived from Salvia militarize, protects mice against γ‑radiation‑induced damage through Nrf2/Bach1.
Lai, X; Lao, Z; Li, G; Lin, L; Long, H; Wang, T; Wu, Q; Zhang, B; Zhang, Y; Zheng, Q; Zhou, R, 2019)		3.4
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a water‑soluble active component of Danshen and has anti‑atherosclerotic effects. "( Protective effects of salvianolic acid B against hydrogen peroxide‑induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and underlying mechanisms.
Gao, S; Li, Q; Li, S; Sun, M; Wan, Z; Wang, S; Zhang, F, 2019)		2.27
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a polyphenolic compound found in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge that has several anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. "( Neuroprotective effects of salvianolic acid B on an Aβ25-35 peptide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Bae, SG; Ho Son, KH; Jeon, SJ; Jung, JM; Kim, DH; Kim, JM; Lee, HE; Lee, YW; Oh, HK; Park, SJ; Ryu, JH; Son, KH, 2013)		2.13
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a major water soluble component extracted from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, a traditional Chinese herb widely used for treating cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. "( Salvianolic acid B inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation through transforming growth factor beta-1 signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro.
Fu, WW; Liu, CH; Shen, L; Tao, YY; Wang, QL, 2013)		3.28
"Salvianolic acid B is a structural dimer of rosmarinic acid and is believed to be derived from rosmarinic acid."( Selective responses of enzymes in the two parallel pathways of rosmarinic acid biosynthetic pathway to elicitors in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures.
Liang, Z; Liu, F; Liu, Y; Qi, Z; Wang, B; Yan, Y; Zhang, S, 2014)		1.12
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a molecule derived from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), which is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases."( Salvianolic acid B inhibited PPARγ expression and attenuated weight gain in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.
Huang, M; Jiang, L; Li, W; Wang, F; Wang, P; Wang, Q; Xu, S; Yang, Z; Zhou, P, 2014)		2.57
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a major bioactive component of a traditional Chinese medical agent, Salvia miltiorrhiza, which has shown anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-proliferative properties."( Study on salvianolic acid B in the reduction of epidural fibrosis in laminectomy rats.
Chen, F; Gong, H; Ji, A; Tao, H; Wang, K; Ye, F; Zhang, C; Zuo, Z, 2014)		1.54
"Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is a hydrophilic component isolated from the Chinese herb Salviae miltiorrhizae, which has been used clinically for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. "( Salvianolic acid B inhibits platelets-mediated inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells.
Bu, X; Li, W; Ma, H; Xu, S; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhong, A, 2015)		3.3
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a commonly used, traditional Chinese medicine for enhancing neuroprotective effects, and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties."( Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Salvianolic Acid B Against H₂O₂-Induced Injury in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cells.
Liu, B; Liu, C; Pang, M; Rong, L; Shu, T; Wang, J; Wang, X; Zhou, W, 2015)		1.41
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a polyphenolic and one of the active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge."( Salvianolic acid B attenuates apoptosis and inflammation via SIRT1 activation in experimental stroke rats.
Hao, S; Lv, H; Ming, A; Shen, J; Su, F; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, Z, 2015)		2.58
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is a major water-soluble component derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza."( Salvianolic Acid B Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Albumin Leakage from Rat Mesenteric Venules through Src-Regulated Transcelluar Pathway and Paracellular Pathway.
Chang, X; Fan, JY; Han, JY; He, K; Hu, BH; Liu, YH; Liu, YY; Pan, CS; Wang, MX; Wei, XH; Wu, XM; Yang, XY; Zhang, Y, 2015)		2.58
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a bioactive water-soluble compound of Salviae miltiorrhizae, a traditional herbal medicine that has been used clinically for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. "( Salvianolic Acid B Down-regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity and Expression in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells.
Du, ZD; Guan, YQ; Ma, L, 2015)		3.3
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a major water-soluble bioactive component of the famous traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is notable for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects."( Salvianolic acid B ameliorates CNS autoimmunity by suppressing Th1 responses.
Dong, Z; Gong, Y; Ma, D; Yao, G; Yu, T, 2016)		2.6
"Salvianolic acid B is an antioxidative ingredient derived from Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae that has been widely used to treat liver diseases. "( Salvianolic acid B inhibits mitochondrial dysfunction by up-regulating mortalin.
E, Q; Hu, Y; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Yang, L; Zuo, J, 2017)		3.34
"Salvianolic acid B (SAB) is a component of Danshen, a herb widely used in Chinese medicine, and was previously shown to exert a number of biological activities including inhibition of platelet function, but the exact mechanisms involved are unclear. "( Salvianolic acid B inhibits platelet adhesion under conditions of flow by a mechanism involving the collagen receptor alpha2beta1.
de Groot, PG; Guo, DA; Han, JJ; Kainoh, M; Lisman, T; Pan, SD; Wei, R; Wu, YP; Xia, ZL; Zhao, XM, 2008)		3.23
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) is a leading bioactive component of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, which is used for treating neoplastic and chronic inflammatory diseases in China."( Salvianolic acid B inhibits growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo via cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptotic pathways.
Califano, J; Gu, X; Hao, Y; Ji, H; Korotcov, A; Pang, X; Shan, L; Sridhar, R; Wang, P; Xie, T; Zhou, Y, 2009)		2.52
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) is an active component isolated from Chinese herbal medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza. "( Bioavailability of salvianolic acid B and effect on blood viscosities after oral administration of salvianolic acids in beagle dogs.
Fang, XL; Gao, DY; Han, LM; Wang, JX; Zhang, LH, 2009)		2.12
"Salvianolic Acid B (Sal B) is a water-soluble component from Danshen (a traditional Chinese herb widely used for chronic renal diseases) with anti-oxidative and cell protective properties. "( Salvianolic acid B prevents epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-beta1 signal transduction pathway in vivo and in vitro.
Liu, CH; Shen, L; Tao, YY; Wang, QL; Yuan, JL, 2010)		3.25
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a water-soluble compound found in the traditional Chinese medicine, Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae, and has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases in Asian cultures. "( Salvianolic acid B attenuates hepatocyte apoptosis by regulating mediators in death receptor and mitochondrial pathways.
Liu, C; Liu, P; Tao, Y; Wang, Q; Yan, X; Zhou, T, 2010)		3.25
"Salvianolic acid B (SB) is a natural compound with protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion heart injury. "( Clarifying the signal network of salvianolic acid B using proteomic assay and bioinformatic analysis.
Cao, ZW; Feng, LX; Guan, SH; Guo, DA; Jiang, BH; Jing, CJ; Liu, X; Tang, KL; Tao, L; Wu, WY; Yang, M, 2011)		2.09
"Salvianolic acid B (SB) is an active component isolated from Danshen, a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. "( Differential proteomic analysis of platelets suggested possible signal cascades network in platelets treated with salvianolic acid B.
Guan, SH; Guo, DA; Jiang, BH; Liu, X; Ma, C; Wu, WY; Yang, M; Yang, PY; Yao, Y; Yue, QX; Zhou, XW, 2011)		2.02
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a polyphenolic compound from a Chinese herbal medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge."( Salvianolic acid B prevents bone loss in prednisone-treated rats through stimulation of osteogenesis and bone marrow angiogenesis.
Chen, Y; Cui, L; Huang, L; Jee, WS; Li, P; Li, T; Liu, Y; Tian, X; Wu, T; Xu, B; Zhou, L, 2012)		2.54
"Salvianolic acid B is an herbal ingredient isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. "( Determination and pharmacokinetic analysis of salvianolic acid B in rat blood and bile by microdialysis and liquid chromatography.
Chen, YF; Jaw, I; Shiao, MS; Tsai, TH, 2005)		2.03
"Salvianolic acid B is an herbal ingredient isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. "( Bioavailability of salvianolic acid B in conscious and freely moving rats.
Chen, YF; Hsieh, YJ; Jaw, I; Shiao, MS; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2006)		2.1
"Salvianolic acid B is an antioxidant derived from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza."( Salvianolic acid B, an antioxidant from Salvia miltiorrhiza, prevents 6-hydroxydopamine induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.
Duan, M; Li, CR; Sun, YN; Tian, LL; Wang, SQ; Wang, XJ; Xing, YL; Zhao, HB; Zhou, Z, 2008)		2.51
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is an active ingredient isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Chinese herbal medicine commonly used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders."( Salvianolic acid B inhibits Abeta fibril formation and disaggregates preformed fibrils and protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicty.
Chan, WS; Durairajan, SS; Huang, JD; Klein, WL; Koo, I; Kum, WF; Li, M; Liu, C; Song, Y; Xie, L; Yuan, Q, )		2.3

Effects

Salvianolic acid B (SAB) has a high concentration in the liver, but the mechanism of its distribution is unclear. It has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. It has been proven as an effective drug to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis which could be beneficial for bone repair.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Salvianolic acid B has a protective effect on TAO rats. "( Protective effects and potential mechanism of salvianolic acid B on sodium laurate-induced thromboangiitis obliterans in rats.
Ji, J; Ma, M; Sun, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, Z, 2020)		2.26
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. "( Salvianolic acid B protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting high mobility group box 1 protein expression through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
Cai, H; Chen, Q; Liu, H; Liu, W; Qiu, H; Xu, D; Zheng, C; Zou, D, 2020)		3.44
"Salvianolic acid B (SAB) has a high concentration in the liver, but the mechanism of its distribution in the liver is unclear. "( Transport of salvianolic acid B via the human organic anion transporter 1B1 in the liver.
Cao, L; Wen, J; Zhou, J, 2019)		2.33
"Salvianolic acid B has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. "( Effect and mechanism of salvianolic acid B on the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
Gao, XQ; Guo, YH; Ji, XP; Wu, Z; Xue, L, 2014)		2.15
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has been extensively investigated in our laboratory for myocardial ischemia (MI) disease. "( Salvianolic Acid B Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia Injury by Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via SIRT1-AMPK-PGC-1α Signaling Pathway.
Jiang, B; Li, Q; Pan, Y; Xu, L; Zhang, Q; Zuo, Z, 2022)		3.61
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has previously been shown to suppress neuroinflammatory responses in many disorders."( Salvianolic acid B ameliorates neuroinflammation and neuronal injury via blocking NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting SIRT1 in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Dai, H; Wu, D; Xia, D; Yuan, J; Zhuang, Z, 2023)		3.07
"Salvianolic acid B has been proven as an effective drug to promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis which could be beneficial for bone repair."( Salvianolic Acid B-Loaded Chitosan/hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Promotes The Repair Of Segmental Bone Defect By Angiogenesis And Osteogenesis.
Bi, L; Fan, J; Ji, C; Li, J, 2019)		3.4
"Salvianolic acid B has a protective effect on TAO rats. "( Protective effects and potential mechanism of salvianolic acid B on sodium laurate-induced thromboangiitis obliterans in rats.
Ji, J; Ma, M; Sun, L; Zhang, D; Zhang, Z, 2020)		2.26
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. "( Salvianolic acid B protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats via inhibiting high mobility group box 1 protein expression through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
Cai, H; Chen, Q; Liu, H; Liu, W; Qiu, H; Xu, D; Zheng, C; Zou, D, 2020)		3.44
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and immunomodulatory functions."( Immunomodulatory effects of Salvianolic acid B in a spontaneous abortion mouse model.
Fujino, M; Li, XK; Liu, C; Que, W; Tong, G; Wang, J; Yan, H, 2020)		1.57
"Salvianolic acid B (SAB) has a high concentration in the liver, but the mechanism of its distribution in the liver is unclear. "( Transport of salvianolic acid B via the human organic anion transporter 1B1 in the liver.
Cao, L; Wen, J; Zhou, J, 2019)		2.33
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has been widely reported to have a major effect on the anti-inflammatory response, but these effects in an aGvHD model have never been reported."( Salvianolic acid B ameliorates liver injury in a murine aGvHD model by decreasing inflammatory responses via upregulation of HO-1.
Fujino, M; Ichimaru, N; Li, XK; Que, W; Takahara, S; Yang, XC; Zhao, J, 2019)		2.68
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal-B) has been studied in several pathological progresses, whereas it is still unclear whether maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) is an intermediate regulator during this progress."( Cardio-protective effects of salvianolic acid B on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated H9c2 cells.
Cai, S; Yang, B; Yu, H; Zhang, R; Zhao, C; Zheng, C, 2019)		1.53
"Salvianolic acid B has a significant protective effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. "( Effect and mechanism of salvianolic acid B on the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
Gao, XQ; Guo, YH; Ji, XP; Wu, Z; Xue, L, 2014)		2.15
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases."( Salvianolic acid B accelerated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux by targeting PPAR-γ and LXRα.
Guan, Q; Jing, Q; Li, B; Yue, J, 2015)		2.58
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has shown a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects."( Salvianolic acid B ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in chronic mild stress-treated mice: involvement of the neuroinflammatory pathway.
Fan, YH; Feng, Y; Peng, C; Wu, XH; Xie, XF; Yan, S; You, ZL; Zhang, JQ; Zhao, QY, 2016)		2.6
"Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) has been shown to improve functional recovery in brain-injured rats."( Salvianolic acid B promotes survival of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in spinal cord-injured rats.
Bi, XB; Deng, YB; Gan, DH; Wang, YZ, 2008)		2.51

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Salvianolic acid B displays a positive effect during premaxillary expansion with a greater number of capillaries potentially in association with higher bone formation and improved angiogenesis in rats."( Effect of salvianolic acid B on new bone formation in the orthopedically expanded suture.
Deynek, GT; Kayalar, E; Kucuk, S; Tok, OE, 2021)		2.47

Treatment

Salvianolic acid B treatment did not obviously reduce hyaluronic acid and laminin concentration in blood. Treatment restored the impaired expressions of FGF19 and FGFR4. Treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg prevented neural cell loss in CA1 of the hippocampus.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Salvianolic acid B treatment restored the impaired expressions of FGF19 and FGFR4."( Salvianolic acid B blocks hepatic stellate cell activation via FGF19/FGFR4 signaling.
Chen, J; Chen, M; Han, Y; Shang, H; Tian, S; Wang, B, )		2.3
"Salvianolic acid B treatment did not obviously reduce hyaluronic acid and laminin concentration in blood (P > 0.05)."( Protective effect of salvianolic acid B on chronic pancreatitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid solution in rats.
Cai, JT; Dong, XY; Du, Q; Fu, YB; Lu, XL; Mao, JS; Si, JM, 2009)		1.39
"Salvianolic acid B pretreatment improves pulmonary microcirculation disturbance and lung injury on LPS exposure."( Salvianolic acid B protects from pulmonary microcirculation disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide in rat.
Fan, JY; Han, JY; Li, Q; Lin, F; Liu, YY; Sun, K; Wang, CS; Wang, HY; Xu, B; Zhang, SW, 2013)		2.55
"Treatment with salvianolic acid B (1, 3 or 6 mg/kg) was started simultaneously with LPS infusion (0.5 mg/kg LPS in 60 mL saline; 10 mL/h over a period of 6 h) through the contralateral marginal ear vein."( Antagonism by salvianolic acid B of lipopolysaccharide-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits.
Bai, ZQ; Li, JN; Lin, X; Wu, Z, 2014)		1.1
"Treatment with salvianolic acid B at a dose of 10 mg/kg also significantly prevented neural cell loss in CA1 of the hippocampus."( Salvianolic acid B improves motor function after cerebral ischemia in rats.
Feng, W; Tang, M; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhong, J, 2006)		2.12

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Furthermore, photo-crosslinking based oligomerization studies suggest SalB significantly suppresses the toxic oligomerization of hIAPP monomers."( Salvianolic acid B inhibits the amyloid formation of human islet amyloid polypeptide and protects pancreatic beta-cells against cytotoxicity.
Chen, H; Cheng, B; Gong, H; Huang, K; Li, X; Sun, Y; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zheng, L, 2013)		1.83
" The LD50 in mice was 1747 mg/kg, which was more than one hundred times higher than the effective dose."( The Safety Evaluation of Salvianolic Acid B and Ginsenoside Rg1 Combination on Mice.
Cho, K; Deng, Y; Guo, DA; Jiang, B; Li, X; Liu, X; Ma, H; Teng, F; Wang, L; Wu, P; Wu, W; Xu, F; Yang, M; Yu, H; Zhao, Q, 2015)		0.72

Pharmacokinetics

LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbit plasma. Study was made to discuss the compatibility mechanism of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and ChuanxiongRhizoma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This is the first report on the determination and pharmacokinetic study of danshensu, salvianolic acid B and tanshinone IIA in rat plasma and the results indicated that this method was reliable for the determination of the major active components of danshen in rat plasma."( Simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of water-soluble and lipid-soluble components of danshen in rat plasma using HPLC-UV method.
Chen, Q; Deng, L; Fu, H; Gong, T; Liu, J; Nie, Y; Wang, X; Zhang, ZR, 2007)		0.56
"The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of Panax quinquefolium protopanaxadiol saponins (PQDS) extracts on the plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetic of salvianolic acids extracts extracted from the traditional Chinese medical Salvia miltiorrhiza,."( Pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acids after intravenous injection, with and without Panax quinquefolium protopanaxadiol saponins, in rats.
Liu, YS; Tang, X; Wang, YJ; Yang, XN, 2008)		0.35
"It was found that there were significant differences in the percentage protein binding as well as the pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acids after intravenous injection, with and without Panax quinquefolium protopanaxadiol saponins, in rats.
Liu, YS; Tang, X; Wang, YJ; Yang, XN, 2008)		0.35
"Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies on rat were conducted for lithospermic acid B, one of the components from Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (danshen) that shows many bioactivities."( High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for rat metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of lithospermic acid B from danshen.
Cai, Z; Chan, K; Chan, W; Cui, L; Jiang, ZH; Wu, JL, 2008)		0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of MET and META were measured after oral (15 mg/kg) administration of MET in rats in the presence and absence of SalB."( The effects of salvianolic acid B from radix salvia miltiorrhizae on the oral pharmacokinetics of metoprolol and metoprolol acid in rats.
Liu, CX; Wan, RZ; Zhou, MJ, 2010)		0.71
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic interactions induced by content variation of the main water-soluble components of Danshen injection in rats."( Pharmacokinetic interactions induced by content variation of major water-soluble components of Danshen preparation in rats.
Cao, WW; Cao, Y; Chang, BB; Chen, YC; Liu, XQ; Wang, Y; Yang, WL; Zhang, L, 2010)		0.36
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared for identifying the pharmacokinetic interactions among these components."( Pharmacokinetic interactions induced by content variation of major water-soluble components of Danshen preparation in rats.
Cao, WW; Cao, Y; Chang, BB; Chen, YC; Liu, XQ; Wang, Y; Yang, WL; Zhang, L, 2010)		0.36
"Complex, extensive pharmacokinetic interactions were observed among the major water-soluble constituents in the Danshen injection."( Pharmacokinetic interactions induced by content variation of major water-soluble components of Danshen preparation in rats.
Cao, WW; Cao, Y; Chang, BB; Chen, YC; Liu, XQ; Wang, Y; Yang, WL; Zhang, L, 2010)		0.36
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental methods."( Pharmacokinetics of phenolic compounds of Danshen extract in rat blood and brain by microdialysis sampling.
Li, J; Wu, L; Yin, FX; Yuan, Y; Zhang, QL; Zhang, YJ, 2011)		0.37
" These results suggested that pretreatment with rifampicin prior to SAB administration could decrease significantly the total and bile elimination of SAB and alter its pharmacokinetic profiles."( Influence of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid B may involve inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) mediated influx.
Chen, XJ; Gao, ZD; Han, DE; Li, N; Li, TT; Lu, Y; Zhang, YJ; Zhao, D, 2012)		0.63
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats after an intravenous administration of Danshen injection."( Simultaneous determination of six phenolic constituents of Danshen injection in rat plasma by LC-ESI-MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, XJ; Han, DE; He, JK; Li, N; Li, TT; Lu, Y; Yang, SY; Zhao, D, 2011)		0.37
"To establish a LC-MS/MS method for determining the concentration of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbit plasma, in order to determine the concentration of the three main ingredients in blood after transdermal administration and calculate their pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.6
" Winnonlin software was used to calculate their major pharmacokinetic parameters."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.38
" After transdermal administration of refined coronary cataplasm in rabbits, the main pharmacokinetic parameters of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B or paeoniflorin were as follows: Cmax (20."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.58
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and paeoniflorin are suitable to assess the percutaneous absorption of refined coronary cataplasm."( [Pharmacokinetic study on three main ingredients of refined coronary cataplasm].
Du, MB; Hou, R; Liang, RX; Liu, SZ; Wang, L; Wang, YL; Zhang, JY, 2012)		0.63
"Nine metabolites were found, the metabolic pathway was described, and the pharmacokinetic profiles of LSA and monomethyl-SAB were studied, thereby clarifying that methylation was the dominant metabolic pathway for SAB in rats."( The identification and pharmacokinetic studies of metabolites of salvianolic acid B after intravenous administration in rats.
Cao, LJ; Hao, HP; Hao, K; Li, FY; Qi, Q; Wang, GJ, 2013)		0.63
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non-compartmental methods."( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration.
Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)		0.4
" The values of Cmax and AUC(0-t) after IT were significantly higher than IV."( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration.
Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)		0.4
" Co-administration of Danshen and Sanqi could cause significant pharmacokinetic herb-herb interactions in guinea pigs."( In vivo distribution and pharmacokinetics of multiple active components from Danshen and Sanqi and their combination via inner ear administration.
Chen, G; Long, W; Mu, L; Wen, L; Yang, F; Zhang, SC, 2014)		0.4
"A reliable high-performance liquid chromatography method was adopted for simultaneous determination of lithospermic acid B and tanshinone II A in rat plasma, through which the pharmacokinetic interaction between lithospermic acid B and tanshinone II A by intravenous injection was investigated."( Pharmacokinetic investigation on interaction between hydrophilic lithospermic acid B and lipophilic tanshinone IIA in rats: an experi- mental study.
Mao, S; Wei, G; Xiuli, W, 2015)		0.42
"The simultaneous intravenous injection of tanshinone II A and lithospermic acid B significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of both compounds when compared with the individual intravenous administration of each compound."( Pharmacokinetic investigation on interaction between hydrophilic lithospermic acid B and lipophilic tanshinone IIA in rats: an experi- mental study.
Mao, S; Wei, G; Xiuli, W, 2015)		0.42
"A study was made on the pharmacokinetic regularity of effective components salvianolic acid B and ferulic acid in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (SMRR) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma(CR) in rats, so as to discuss the compatibility mechanism of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Chuanxiong Rhizoma."( [Study on compatibility of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Chuanxiong Rhizoma based on pharmacokinetics of effective components salvianolic acid B and ferulic acid in rat plasma].
Chen, HW; Dong, Y; Ren, WG; Zhang, CY; Zhang, H, 2015)		0.85
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between tanshinones and polyphenolics which act as the main bioactive compounds in Saliva miltiorrhiza Bunge (SMB)."( Simultaneous determination of tanshinones and polyphenolics in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to the pharmacokinetic interaction between them.
Duan, J; Guan, H; Qian, D; Ren, H; Shang, E; Su, S; Zhang, W, 2016)		0.43
" Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: LST, LST+SA-B and LST+Tan IIA, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated after oral administration of LST, LST+SA-B and LST+Tan IIA."( Effects of salvianolic acid B and tanshinone IIA on the pharmacokinetics of losartan in rats by regulating the activities and expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9.
Wang, R; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Y; Zhang, H, 2016)		0.82
" However, no reports have been described the pharmacokinetic study of them."( Development and validation of a UFLC-MS/MS method for determination of 7'(Z)-(8″S, 8‴S)-epi-salvianolic acid E, (7'R, 8'R, 8″S, 8‴S)-epi-salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid B in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Huang, J; Liu, X; Miao, J; Sun, G; Sun, H; Sun, W; Tong, L; Xie, X; Xu, J, 2016)		0.64
" The quantitative retention-activity relationships (QRARs) of the constituents were established to model their pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and chromatographic retention data, and generate their biological effectiveness fingerprints."( Determination of quantitative retention-activity relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and biological effectiveness fingerprints of Salvia miltiorrhiza constituents using biopartitioning and microemulsion high-performance liquid chromatography.
Gao, H; Huang, H; Li, N; Yu, N; Zheng, A, 2017)		0.46
"The prolongation of the coexistence of the four active components in Danshen in vivo by regulating their pharmacokinetic processes may contribute to better efficiency."( Development of sustained-release pellets to modulate the in vivo processes of the main active components of Danshen: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Jiang, C; Liu, J; Tang, H; Wang, B; Wang, D; Zhang, S, 2019)		0.51
" The four kinds of sustained-release pellets were filled into capsules on the basis of the original weight ratio of the four active components in purified Salvia miltiorrhiza extract for further in vitro release and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations."( Development of sustained-release pellets to modulate the in vivo processes of the main active components of Danshen: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation.
Jiang, C; Liu, J; Tang, H; Wang, B; Wang, D; Zhang, S, 2019)		0.51
" The pharmacokinetic analysis of Sal B, Ros A and DA after pulmonary administration of SMPA solution to rat was performed by LC-MS/MS."( Pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid and Danshensu in rat after pulmonary administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza polyphenolic acid solution.
Li, J; Liu, H; Liu, Z; Lu, P; Ma, Z; Peng, H; Xing, Y; Xue, Z; Zhang, B; Zhou, QT, 2019)		0.84
" In comparison with Danshen and Sanqi alone, there were significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters of TS IIA, SAB and Rg1, and the brain distribution of SAB and TS IIA when Danshen, Sanqi and borneol were administrated together."( The effects of borneol on the pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B and ginsenoside Rg
Jia, LJ; Li, JP; Liu, SL; Shi, LY; Wang, H; Xie, BP; Zhang, J, 2021)		0.84

Compound-Compound Interactions

The study tested the hypotheses that bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2) combined with salvianolic acid B(Sal-B) enhance the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards cardiomyocytes in vitro.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The total yield of salvianolic acid B was up to 75% at the purity over 99% while biotransformation combined with microsphere resin chromatography by water elution."( Microsphere resin chromatography combined with microbial biotransformation for the separation and purification of salvianolic acid B in aqueous extract of roots of Salvia multiorrihza Bunge.
Chen, D; Huang, W; Kan, S; Li, J; Shao, L, 2009)		0.89
"We studied the effect of ultrasonication extraction technology combined with ammonium sulfate/ethanol aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for the separation of lithospermic acid B (LAB) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge."( An ammonium sulfate/ethanol aqueous two-phase system combined with ultrasonication for the separation and purification of lithospermic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.
Guo, YX; Han, J; Wang, LH; Zhang, DY; Zhou, LL, 2012)		0.38
" TA, SA-B, and TA combined with SA-B were consecutively applied intralesionally weekly for 20 weeks."( Efficacy of salvianolic acid B combined with triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.
Jiang, XW; Lu, K; Sun, GL; Yang, SK; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2013)		0.77
"TA combined with SA-B were consecutively applied intralesionally 1 time weekly for 30 times."( [Methods and effects of injection of salvianolic acid B combined with triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis].
DU, YX; Jian, XC; Xiao, YC; Zheng, L; Zhou, C, 2017)		0.73
"The present study tested the hypotheses that bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2) combined with salvianolic acid B(Sal-B) enhance the differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards cardiomyocytes in vitro."( BMP-2 combined with salvianolic acid B promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Gao, CW; Liu, B; Lv, Y; Wang, HP; Wang, HY, 2017)		1
" Overall, these findings suggest that SLI combined with XST (1X1S) has protective effects on co-culture of endothelial cells and pericytes after OGD/R."( Effects of salvianolate lyophilized injection combined with Xueshuantong injection in regulation of BBB function in a co-culture model of endothelial cells and pericytes.
Chai, LJ; Guo, H; Hu, LM; Jia, ZZ; Li, RL; Wang, JX; Wang, SX; Yuan, Q, 2021)		0.62
" Silk fibroin (SF) substrates were combined with functionalized GO through the freeze-drying method."( Delivery of Salvianolic Acid B for Efficient Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis from Silk Fibroin Combined with Graphene Oxide.
Jia, W; Li, X; Liu, C; Liu, Y; Qi, X; Wang, W; Yang, C, 2020)		0.94
"After the CI/RI animal model established, rats were administered with MSCs and SAB individually or combination treatment."( The potential effect of salvianolic acid B against rat ischemic brain injury in combination with mesenchymal stem cells.
Dai, S; Li, S; Li, Z; Yan, M; Yu, P, 2023)		1.22
" More importantly, the rats with the combination treatment showed a better behavioral recovery, neurogenesis and smaller infarct size compared with the rats administered with MSCs or SAB individually."( The potential effect of salvianolic acid B against rat ischemic brain injury in combination with mesenchymal stem cells.
Dai, S; Li, S; Li, Z; Yan, M; Yu, P, 2023)		1.22

Bioavailability

Salvianolic acid B (SalB) was demonstrated to be a promising chemopreventive agent for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The properties like low efficacy, poor systemic delivery, and low bioavailability has hampered its clinical applications. The aim of this study was to apply an automated blood sampling system coupled to a simple liquid chromatographic system.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Although LSB was not detected (limit of quantitation 10 ng/ml) in plasma after oral dose of 10 mg/kg, the absolute oral bioavailability at 50 mg/kg was 5%."( Pharmacokinetics of lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza in rats.
Ji, HY; Kim, HH; Kim, J; Kim, YC; Lee, BM; Lee, HS; Sohn, DH, 2005)		0.33
" The aim of this study was to apply an automated blood sampling system coupled to a simple liquid chromatographic system to determine the bioavailability of salvianolic acid B in stress-free rats."( Bioavailability of salvianolic acid B in conscious and freely moving rats.
Chen, YF; Hsieh, YJ; Jaw, I; Shiao, MS; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2006)		0.86
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability were compared after oral administration of salvianolic acid B (500 mg/kg) and the complex nanoparticles (450 mg/kg equivalent to salvianolic acid B)."( Enhanced oral bioavailability of salvianolic acid B by phospholipid complex loaded nanoparticles.
Gong, T; Liu, J; Peng, Q; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zuo, J, 2008)		0.84
" The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) of SalB in beagle dogs and the effect on blood viscosity after intravenous and oral administration of Salvianolic acids (SAs)."( Bioavailability of salvianolic acid B and effect on blood viscosities after oral administration of salvianolic acids in beagle dogs.
Fang, XL; Gao, DY; Han, LM; Wang, JX; Zhang, LH, 2009)		0.68
" Due to the poor chemical stability and bioavailability of SalB, liposomes were developed as drug carriers for parental administration."( Salvianolic acid B and its liposomal formulations: anti-hyperalgesic activity in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Bergonzi, MC; Bilia, AR; Fabbri, V; Galeotti, N; Ghelardini, C; Isacchi, B; Karioti, A; Vannucchi, MG, 2011)		1.81
" The results indicated that borneol is able to enhance the intestinal absorption and relative bioavailability of SalB, with a positive dose-dependent relationship."( Enhancing effects of different dosages of borneol on pharmacokinetics of salvanic acid B after oral administration to rats.
Chang-Xiao, L; Mao-Jin, Z; Ren-Zhong, W; Yan-Ping, L; Yan-Yan, X, 2012)		0.38
" In conclusion, extrusion/spheronization could be a suitable technique to prepare PC loaded pellets, which could effectively preserve the properties of PC to improve the permeability and bioavailability of highly water-soluble drug."( Bioavailability and foam cells permeability enhancement of Salvianolic acid B pellets based on drug-phospholipids complex technique.
Cui, Y; Fan, YQ; Kan, SL; Li, J; Liu, JP; Liu, P; Yang, JK; Zhang, WJ; Zhang, WL, 2013)		0.63
" The tanshinones improved the bioavailability of DSS, accelerated the eliminating rate of RA and Sal B and promoted their distribution in vivo."( Simultaneous determination of tanshinones and polyphenolics in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to the pharmacokinetic interaction between them.
Duan, J; Guan, H; Qian, D; Ren, H; Shang, E; Su, S; Zhang, W, 2016)		0.43
"Salvianolic acid B (SalB) was demonstrated to be a promising chemopreventive agent for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the previous studies by our and other research institution, but the properties like low efficacy, poor systemic delivery, and low bioavailability has hampered its clinical applications."( Cellular uptake and anticancer activity of salvianolic acid B phospholipid complex loaded nanoparticles in head and neck cancer and precancer cells.
Li, H; Liu, W; Shi, L; Wei, J; Wu, L; Zhang, C; Zhou, Z, 2016)		2.14
" The absolute bioavailability of Sal B increased at least 10-fold after pulmonary administration, compared with oral administration."( Pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid B, rosmarinic acid and Danshensu in rat after pulmonary administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza polyphenolic acid solution.
Li, J; Liu, H; Liu, Z; Lu, P; Ma, Z; Peng, H; Xing, Y; Xue, Z; Zhang, B; Zhou, QT, 2019)		0.84
"The encapsulation of three drug components in the emulsion can improve the oral bioavailability to varying degrees and can effectively prevent the acute liver injury caused by acetaminophen."( [Preparation of salvianolic acid B, tanshinone Ⅱ_A, and glycyrrhetinic acid lipid emulsion and its protective effect against acute liver injury induced by acetaminophen].
Gu, H; Lin, T; Wang, XJ; Wang, XL; Zhang, XR, 2022)		1.07
" However, the high absorption rate of transplanted fat is currently a bottleneck in the process."( Salvianolic Acid B Reduces the Inflammation of Fat Grafts by Inhibiting the NF-Kb Signalling Pathway in Macrophages.
Chong, CH; Gao, Y; Ho, CK; Liu, YD; Liu, YX; Sun, JM; Yu, L; Zhang, YF; Zheng, DN, 2023)		2.35
" In addition, previous pharmacokinetics showed that Sal B was poorly absorbed by oral administration, and it was unstable in the stomach, with a large first-pass effect in the liver."( [Protective mechanism of salvianolic acid B on blood vessels].
DU, YJ; Li, J; Lu, J; Pan, QQ; Sun, FQ; Tian, Z; Yang, CK, 2023)		1.21

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The current findings not only identified the usefulness of sodium caprate for the improved delivery of Danshen product but also demonstrated the importance of biopharmaceutics characterization in the dosage form development of traditional Chinese medicine."( Effect of sodium caprate on the oral absorptions of danshensu and salvianolic acid B.
Chow, MS; Zhou, L; Zuo, Z, 2009)		0.59
" SA elicitation on the phenolic acid accumulation was depended upon the application dosage and the time-duration."( Accumulation of salicylic acid-induced phenolic compounds and raised activities of secondary metabolic and antioxidative enzymes in Salvia miltiorrhiza cell culture.
Dong, J; Liang, Z; Wan, G, 2010)		0.36
" The dosage formulation SAB@MSNs-RhB effectively protected the loaded drug SAB from decomposition."( An anti-ROS/hepatic fibrosis drug delivery system based on salvianolic acid B loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles.
Chen, F; Guo, L; He, Q; Shi, J; Zhang, J; Zhu, Z, 2010)		0.6
" These results provide a meaningful basis for developing a clinical dosage regimen in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis by FZHY."( Comparative pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of four major bioactive components in normal and hepatic fibrosis rats after oral administration of Fuzheng Huayu recipe.
Liu, CH; Liu, S; Tao, YY; Wang, CH; Yang, T; Zhou, H, 2015)		0.42
" Exposure levels of both compound 1 and Sal B were higher than compound 2 in the same dosage range."( Development and validation of a UFLC-MS/MS method for determination of 7'(Z)-(8″S, 8‴S)-epi-salvianolic acid E, (7'R, 8'R, 8″S, 8‴S)-epi-salvianolic acid B and salvianolic acid B in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic studies.
Huang, J; Liu, X; Miao, J; Sun, G; Sun, H; Sun, W; Tong, L; Xie, X; Xu, J, 2016)		0.64
"A total of 31 metabolites were characterized in rats after ingestion of Sal B at a dosage of 40 mg/kg, including 1 in plasma, 19 in urine, 31 in feces, 0 in heart, 0 in liver, 0 in spleen, 1 in lung, 1 in kidney and 0 in brain."( Dissection of the potential anti-diabetes mechanism of salvianolic acid B by metabolite profiling and network pharmacology.
Cui, SS; Li, C; Li, RM; Yuan, YL; Zhang, FX, 2022)		0.97
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (12)

RoleDescription
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
osteogenesis regulatorAny compound that induces or regulates osteogenesis.
apoptosis inducerAny substance that induces the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in multi-celled organisms.
hepatoprotective agentAny compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
neuroprotective agentAny compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
cardioprotective agentAny protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
autophagy inhibitorAny compound that inhibits the process of autophagy (the self-digestion of one or more components of a cell through the action of enzymes originating within the same cell).
antidepressantAntidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
polyphenolMembers of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
1-benzofuransA member of the class of benzofurans consisting of a 1-benzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.
enoate esterAn alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
dicarboxylic acidAny carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.
catecholsAny compound containing an o-diphenol component.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.11000.00312.16029.6000AID1845959; AID1854426
P2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)Ki36.40000.00202.82209.8300AID1871462
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (59)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombinationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein ubiquitinationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localizationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UVLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodelingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IILysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IILysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein demethylationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transitionLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron projection developmentLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex developmentLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
neuron maturationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediatorLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell sizeLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IILysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
guanine metabolic processLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
muscle cell developmentLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathwayLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
response to fungicideLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediatorLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell proliferationLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodelingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathwayP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extensionP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
hemostasisP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migrationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection organizationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium assemblyP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
platelet activationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of integrin activation by cell surface receptor linked signal transductionP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrinP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathwayP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transportP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chemotaxisP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemotaxisP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of localization in cellP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ATPP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
visual system developmentP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ruffle assemblyP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of microglial cell migrationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of microglial cell migrationP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (26)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
telomeric DNA bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
p53 bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chromatin bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor coactivator activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
demethylase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
histone demethylase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
histone H3K4 demethylase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
histone H3K9 demethylase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
MRF bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear androgen receptor bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
telomeric repeat-containing RNA bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activityLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
transcription factor bindingLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activityP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled ADP receptor activityP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activityP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (12)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
chromatinLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric regionLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
DNA repair complexLysine-specific histone demethylase 1AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
membraneP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cell projection membraneP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
cell body membraneP2Y purinoceptor 12Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (4)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1845960Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 214Annual review of LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors in 2020.
AID1845959Inhibition of LSD1 (unknown origin) by Spectra Max Paradigm Microplate Reader analysis2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 214Annual review of LSD1/KDM1A inhibitors in 2020.
AID1854426Inhibition of LSD1 (unknown origin) by microplate reader method2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 240A comprehensive comparative study on LSD1 in different cancers and tumor specific LSD1 inhibitors.
AID1871462Displacement of [3H]2MeSADP from human P2Y12 expressed in U2OS cell membranes incubated for 60 mins by scintillation counting method
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (611)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's3 (0.49)18.2507
2000's144 (23.57)29.6817
2010's339 (55.48)24.3611
2020's125 (20.46)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 39.99

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index39.99 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.44 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.98 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index56.80 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (39.99)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (0.32%)5.53%
Reviews14 (2.24%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other608 (97.44%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
protocatechuic acid
protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.		3.1750catechols;
dihydroxybenzoic acid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0610amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		210monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		2.0510ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		2.53206-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.0310monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
catechol
[no description available]		7.1510catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		3.1950monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.1310trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		7.95402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0810elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.3110indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.1110hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4420alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0410octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.15102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		human metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.1110long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.0210phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.4110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.0310oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
3-methoxytyrosine
[no description available]		2.1110tyrosine derivative
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		2.4720acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.8530acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0310acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.110benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
berberine
[no description available]		3.7120alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
celecoxib
[no description available]		7.0510organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.5320aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
decanoic acid
decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.		2.0510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		2.4110acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.0310organic cation
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.610branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.0310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.1310benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
lauric acid
dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.		2.2510medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antibacterial agent;
plant metabolite
letrozole
[no description available]		2.0610nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		7.1310biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.4920chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		7.0510aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.0410benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		2.0710acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		210dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0310quaternary ammonium ion
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		2.110monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
urethane
[no description available]		2.1310carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		7.211011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.98404-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		7.2110corticosteroid hormone
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		7.071011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		7.6320organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.1750chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0210glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.4520ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		2.17103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		2.4620adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.1110amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.7830amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.0310adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		7.4520nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0810lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.6620aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.3110amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		2.1710L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0610arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		3.92111beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
rhodamine b
rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.		2.0510organic chloride salt;
xanthene dye		fluorescent probe;
fluorochrome;
histological dye
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.0810pyrrolidin-2-ones
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0310mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		210benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.1310nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.4920aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.2110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
shikimic acid
Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.		210alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		4.55230dihydroxybenzaldehyde
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.1310catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
benzofuran
benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.		2.13101-benzofurans;
benzofuran
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.5370cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
thiazoles
[no description available]		2.74301,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.4320diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid
4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid: tyrosing metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid : A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.		2.58202-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
phenols		bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		2.610N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
muscone
muscone: structure in first source		2.1110
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.41200dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0510arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.2110isothiocyanateinsecticide
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		2.2510flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		2.4720acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		2.4320alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
durapatite
Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).		2.5720
arsenic trioxide
Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.		7.0810
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0510enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		7.1310organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
palmatine
burasaine: structure in first source		3.4110berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		plant metabolite
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		3.51102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.0310antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.0510copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.1110copper group element atom;
elemental gold
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.0510D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.2110calcium phosphate
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0310L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.2150benzenes;
phenyl acetates
alkenes
[no description available]		3.5270
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0710glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		7.830pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0610alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		2.110methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl
3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.		2.1310pentachlorobiphenyl;
trichlorobenzene
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.2860D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.7430organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
baicalin
[no description available]		7.2110dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		6.6140phenanthroline
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.06101,2,3-triazole
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		2.0310
columbamine
[no description available]		3.4110berberine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
jatrorrhizine
jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source		3.4110alkaloid
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.2110iditolfungal metabolite
sarsasapogenin
[no description available]		2.3110sapogenin
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.1310D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.1710cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system		2.1510oligopeptide
daidzin
daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).		2.05107-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside;
hydroxyisoflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		plant metabolite
exp3174
losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.		2.1310biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound		metabolite
tanshinone
tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent		8.31560abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
astragaloside a
[no description available]		2.4110
spinosin
spinosin: isolated from seeds of Ziziph spinosa; structure given in first source. spinosin : A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4', a methoxy group at position 7 and a 2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a C-glycosidic linkage.		2.1710dihydroxyflavone;
flavone C-glycoside;
monomethoxyflavone		anxiolytic drug;
plant metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.7130oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
miltirone
miltirone: from Salvis miltiorrhiza Bunge; central benzodiazepine receptor ligand; structure given in first source		2.3110abietane diterpenoid
cryptotanshinone
cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza		5.44180abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
epiberberine
epiberberine: isolated in plants of Coptis from China		4.3720
ampelopsin
ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.2510dihydromyricetin;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
metabolite
boswellic acid
boswellic acid: ursane type; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; active principle of salai guggal; see also record for salai guggal		2.2110triterpenoid
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.6680amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
asperphenamate
asperphenamate: isolated from culture filtrate & mycelium of Aspergillus flavipes ATCC 11013; structure. asperphenamate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine with the hydroxy group of N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol. A metabolite found in several Pencillium and Aspergillus species, as well as in plants as a product of endophytic fungi.		2.3110benzamides;
carboxylic ester;
L-phenylalanine derivative		antineoplastic agent
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		2.0710glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		13.845792
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		7.6120
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		7.463402-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		3.719012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1
notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.572012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
lignans
Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)		2.4520
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.0310cyclic peptide
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		3.6920resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0310octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		340ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
schizandrin
schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name		2.1710
acetylshikonin
acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210
shikonin
shikonin: a naphthazarin; has antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibiting activities		2.730hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
cholestane-3,5,6-triol
cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0110
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		2.1710triterpenoid
glycosides
[no description available]		2.5120
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		3.1950chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.4720stilbene
amygdalin
[no description available]		2.1110
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		3.6280caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
tetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		7.0610
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.3510aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		4.3720capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		7.7830cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		340
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.1710cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
cystine
[no description available]		7.2110
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		4.05130
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.730
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		2.11102-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
ex 527
6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.		2.5320carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.5120biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.7330prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
biochanin a
[no description available]		4.37204'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin
[no description available]		2.17104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
jasmonic acid
jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.		3.1240oxo monocarboxylic acidjasmonates;
plant metabolite
echinacoside
echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity		2.1310oligosaccharide
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		3.4110rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		7.43460stilbenoid
acteoside
acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.		2.1310catechols;
cinnamate ester;
disaccharide derivative;
glycoside;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antileishmanial agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.0810metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0510dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		7.0410benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
puerarin
[no description available]		7.7730C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.0410
abscisic acid
Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.		2.13102-trans-abscisic acid
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.0710ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
caftaric acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxycinnamic acid
hydroxysafflor yellow a
hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).		8.1950
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.8130
ginsenoside rb2
[no description available]		2.171012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antiviral agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.3760borneol
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.4420phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.5220aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		8.1950ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.2510
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0310
Dihydrotanshinone I
dihydrotanshinone I: extracted from Radix Salviae		3.4110abietane diterpenoidanticoronaviral agent
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		2.0810
sepharose
agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.		2.0410
salvianolic acid c
salvianolic acid C: mTOR inhibitor from Salvia miltiorrhiza		2.3110benzofurans
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7630
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		7.0310
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0810glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.9740
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide
cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide: RN given refers to the (3-beta)-isomer; do not confuse with cholesterol hydroperoxide (5-hydroperoxycholesterol)		2.0810
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		2.0410
chitosan
[no description available]		2.8530
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate
tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure		2.2510
methyl jasmonate
[no description available]		3.2150
oxymatrine
oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects		3.1710
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.7730
J147
J147: neurotrophic curcumin derivative compound that has enhanced stability and bioavailability over curcumin		3.3510anilide
9r-(9alpha(z),10alpha) of 3'-angeloyloxy-4'-acetoxy-3',4'-dihydroseselin
praeruptorin A: isolated fromPeucedanum praeruptorum Dunn. roots; structure in first source		2.2110
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.0310
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.4920
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		2.1310polypeptide
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		3.0240ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.2110benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.0610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		4130
gsk2879552
GSK2879552: inhibits lysine demethylase 1; structure in first source. GSK2879552 : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by (4-carboxyphenyl)methyl and {[(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]amino}methyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A). It was under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and small cell lung carcinoma.		3.5110benzenes;
benzoic acids;
cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
piperidines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.66 (lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A) inhibitor
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.1110
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		2.0810
lithospermic acid
lithospermic acid: isolated from Lithospermum ruderale		4.14150
rabdosiin
rabdosiin: isolated from the stem of Rabdosia Japonica; structure in first source		210
tridihexethyl
mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.1710
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.7430
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.1710
silybin
Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.		2.0310
protopanaxadiol
protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.0410
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.07103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		2.0710purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.5320
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.4720cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		2.0710guanosinesbiomarker
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.0410
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		7.19260
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.950
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.950
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		03.5320
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		03.7380
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		03.7380
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		04.43120
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.1140
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.3110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.43540
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.830
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.8220
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.74270
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		07.8220
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		04.74270
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.4110
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.4110
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.6120
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.4110
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.6120
Ache
[description not available]		02.4110
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.2650
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.4110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.63220
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.63220
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.4110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		03.0730
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.830
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.2850
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		08.0730
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.830
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		08.2850
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.920
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.2450
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.2450
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.18140
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.790
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		04.24160
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		04.24160
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		03.790
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.65230
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		04.65230
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.890
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.1850
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		07.17191
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		07.17191
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.2450
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.2450
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		05.24180
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		05.24180
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		04.29140
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		04.0290
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		04.29140
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		03.5460
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.3340
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		03.3340
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.3340
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		03.3750
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic
An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.		02.610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.0440
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		03.6420
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.6480
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.6480
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		07.9940
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		08.6420
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.1850
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		03.1140
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		02.6920
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		03.1140
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		02.6920
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.5320
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		03.1410
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.5320
Infarct
[description not available]		02.610
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.5220
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.5220
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.7830
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.5220
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.7830
Buerger Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.2510
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.2510
Abortion, Tubal
[description not available]		02.2510
Abortion, Recurrent
[description not available]		02.2510
Abortion, Spontaneous
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.		02.2510
Abortion, Habitual
Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.		02.2510
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.470
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.5820
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		07.5820
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.2510
a-Synucleinopathies
[description not available]		02.2510
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.1950
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.6120
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.1950
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.6120
Drug-Induced Cochlear Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2510
Ototoxicity
Damage to the EAR or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.2510
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		07.2510
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.2450
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		02.2510
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.8630
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.8630
Aura
[description not available]		02.2510
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.2510
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		08.140
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.5520
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.8730
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.8730
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.8230
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.8230
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.3110
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		07.3110
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		02.3110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.8130
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.8130
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.3110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.4620
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1510
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		02.1510
Lacerations
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.		02.1510
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.1510
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.1510
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		04.1931
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.1510
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.1510
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.5220
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.5220
Cerebral Microangiopathies
[description not available]		02.1710
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases
Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.		02.1710
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.1710
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.1710
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		07.1710
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.1710
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		02.1710
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1710
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.1710
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.1710
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.1710
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.1710
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.7930
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.7930
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.3260
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.9940
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.3260
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.9940
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.1710
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.1710
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.5820
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.5220
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.5220
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.5220
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.5220
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.2110
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.2110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.2110
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.2110
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.2110
Kidney Stones
[description not available]		02.2110
Kidney Calculi
Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.		02.2110
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.7930
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.4820
Graft vs Host Disease
The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.		02.2110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.7930
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.2110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.7530
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.6130
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.8130
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		04.8340
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.8130
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		04.8340
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		09.6130
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2110
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.2110
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.2110
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.2110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.4820
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.0710
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.0710
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.0810
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.4920
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.4920
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.110
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		07.110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4820
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.4820
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.110
Adhesions, Tissue
[description not available]		02.110
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		02.110
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		02.110
Bone Fractures
[description not available]		02.110
Fractures, Bone
Breaks in bones.		02.110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.4520
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		02.1110
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		02.1110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung
A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.		02.1310
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.1310
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.1310
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1310
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.1310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.92120
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.4620
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.4620
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		02.1310
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		02.1310
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		02.7630
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.4720
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		02.7630
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.4720
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.5420
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.5420
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.1310
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.1310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.7630
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.1310
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		07.1310
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.1310
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.1310
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.1310
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		02.1310
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.1510
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.1510
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.1510
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0410
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.0410
Chronic Pancreatitis
[description not available]		07.0510
Pancreatitis, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.		02.0510
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		02.7430
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		02.7430
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.0510
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0510
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.0510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.0510
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.7430
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.7430
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.0610
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.9740
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.4520
Leukokeratosis
Leukoplakic lesions related to abnormal keratin fiber formation.		02.0610
Leukoplakia
A white patch lesion found on a MUCOUS MEMBRANE that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is generally considered a precancerous condition, however its appearance may also result from a variety of HEREDITARY DISEASES.		02.0610
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.0610
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.0610
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.0510
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.9910
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.0710
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		07.0710
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.0610
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		02.0710
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		02.0710
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		03.4711
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.0810
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.0810
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		08.3911
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.3911
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.4220
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		02.0210
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		03.8510
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		03.8510
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.0310
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.0310
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		0210
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		0210