Compounds > imirestat
Page last updated: 2024-11-06

imirestat

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

Imirestat is a small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme aldose reductase. It is being investigated as a potential treatment for diabetic neuropathy, a debilitating complication of diabetes that affects the nerves. Imirestat is believed to work by reducing the accumulation of sorbitol, a sugar alcohol that builds up in the nerves of people with diabetes and contributes to nerve damage. Imirestat has been shown to improve nerve function in animal studies, and clinical trials are underway to evaluate its safety and effectiveness in humans.'

imirestat: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID65673
CHEMBL ID269455
SCHEMBL ID49034
MeSH IDM0148349

Synonyms (37)

Synonym
2,7-difluorospiro(9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione
imirestat [inn]
al 1576
2,7-difluorospiro(fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione
imirestatum [inn-latin]
spiro(9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione, 2,7-difluoro-
c15h8f2n2o2
hoe 843
alcon 1576
unii-0pm69s95uq
0pm69s95uq ,
89391-50-4
imirestatum
hoe-843
al01576
imirestat
al-1576
2,7-difluorospiro[fluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine]-2',4'-dione
CHEMBL269455 ,
bdbm50010283
2,7-difluorospiro[9h-fluorene-9,4''-(tetrahydro-1''h-imidazole)]-2'',5''-dione(imirestat)
2,7-difluorospiro[9h-fluorene-9,4''-(tetrahydro-1''h-imidazole)]-2'',5''-dione
SCHEMBL49034
AKOS028108554
spiro[9h-fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione, 2,7-difluoro-
DTXSID80237635
CS-6702
HY-16255
al 1576; alcon 1576; hoe 843
Q27237071
2-([(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyl]amino)-3-phenylpropanoicacid
D86321
AS-56138
2,7-difluorospiro[fluorene-9,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione
SY333170
2,7-difluorospiro[fluorene-9,4 inverted exclamation mark -imidazolidine]-2 inverted exclamation mark ,5 inverted exclamation mark -dione
mfcd00865639

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken to investigate these findings."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of structurally related spirohydantoin and spirosuccinimide aldose reductase inhibitors.
Barker, R; Barratt, D; Brazzell, K; DuPriest, M; Griffin, B; Mayer, P; Park, YH; York, B, 1992)		0.28
" After single doses of 20 to 50 mg, imirestat plasma concentrations declined with an apparent elimination half-life of 50 to 70 hr over the 168 hr in which levels were measured."( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat in man.
Brazzell, RK; Dobbs, R; Mayer, PR; McNamara, PJ; Slattery, JT; Teng, RL, 1991)		0.79
" Plasma drug concentrations were measured by HPLC or liquid scintillation spectrometry and various pharmacokinetic parameters (clearance, CL; Vd, volume of distribution; and t1/2) were calculated from the data."( Interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors.
Barker, R; Brazzell, RK; Couch, R; McCue, B; Park, YH; Wooldridge, CB; York, B, )		0.13
"Drugs that bind with high affinity and to a significant extent (relative to dose) to a pharmacologic target such as an enzyme, receptor, or transporter may exhibit nonlinear pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior."( General pharmacokinetic model for drugs exhibiting target-mediated drug disposition.
Jusko, WJ; Mager, DE, 2001)		0.31

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Bioavailability following topical dosing increased with dose, although not in a linear fashion."( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat following topical ocular administration.
Brazzell, RK; Hackett, RB; McCue, BA; Wooldridge, CB, 1990)		0.53

Dosage Studied

Imirestat was retained in the lens following topical dosing similar to that in cornea, with an apparent elimination t1/2 of 140 hr. Urine from a dog dosed orally at 20 mg/kg with 14C-imirestat contained 17. Imirestat concentration appeared to be dose proportional, although the time required to achieve steady state decreased with increasing dose.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Urine from a dog dosed orally at 20 mg/kg with 14C-imirestat, a spirohydantoin aldose reductase inhibitor, contained 17."( Application of 19F-n.m.r. spectroscopy to the identification of dog urinary metabolites of imirestat, a spirohydantoin aldose reductase inhibitor.
Gilbert, PJ; Hartley, TE; Troke, JA; Turcan, RG; Vose, CW; Watson, KV, 1992)		0.75
" (3) The dosing regimen of the second study was repeated and, at two sampling times, nine tissues and plasma were obtained from four rats per sampling time for determination of imirestat tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio."( Saturable tissue binding and imirestat pharmacokinetics in rats.
Banfield, CR; Brazzell, RK; Chien, JY; Mayer, PR; Slattery, JT, 1992)		0.77
" We report the elevated excretion of D-glucaric acid (DGA) and D-glucuronic acid (GCA) following treatment with 2,7-difluorospirofluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine-2'4'-dione (Imirestat, IM, Al 1576, HOE 843) at 50 mg/kg/day for 1 month, but not with 3-4-bromo-2-fluorobenzyl-4-oxo-3-phthalazine-1-ylacetic acid (Ponalrestat, Statil), dosed at 50 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks."( Studies on the biochemical effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor 2,7-difluorospirofluorene-9,5'-imidazolidine-2',4'-dione (Al 1576, HOE 843). Detection of D-glucaric and D-glucuronic acid excretion by high resolution 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Gilbert, PJ; Hoyle, VR; Nicholson, JK; Troke, JA; Vose, CW, 1992)		0.48
" During once-daily dosing of 2 to 20 mg/day for 4 weeks, mean steady-state imirestat concentration appeared to be dose proportional, although the time required to achieve steady state decreased with increasing dose."( Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat in man.
Brazzell, RK; Dobbs, R; Mayer, PR; McNamara, PJ; Slattery, JT; Teng, RL, 1991)		0.75
" The three ARIs (AL01567, AL01576, and AL01750) were administered intravenously as a single dose to all species except rat, which was dosed orally with AL01750, and man, who was dosed orally with AL01567 and AL01576."( Interspecies comparison of the pharmacokinetics of aldose reductase inhibitors.
Barker, R; Brazzell, RK; Couch, R; McCue, B; Park, YH; Wooldridge, CB; York, B, )		0.13
" Imirestat was retained in the lens following topical dosing similar to that in cornea, with an apparent elimination t1/2 of 140 hr."( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor imirestat following topical ocular administration.
Brazzell, RK; Hackett, RB; McCue, BA; Wooldridge, CB, 1990)		1.44
"Two new potent aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1567 (DL-spiro(2-fluoro-9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidine)-2',5'-dione) and AL-1576 (spiro-(2,7-difluoro-9H-fluoren-9,4'-imidazolidine)2',5'-dione), have been characterized with respect to in vitro activity toward rat lens and human placental aldose reductase and in vivo activity in uncontrolled, severely diabetic rats dosed acutely with the compounds."( Effects of two new aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1567 and AL-1576, in diabetic rats.
Chandler, ML; Griffin, BW; McNatt, LG; York, BM, 1987)		0.27
" Clearly, ocular dosing with AL-4114 and AL-1576 for 14 days had little effect on hepatic, intestinal, and ocular biotransformation."( Minimal effects of two aldose reductase inhibitors, AL-1576 and AL-4114, after subacute topical-ocular dosing on xenobiotic biotransformation in rabbits.
Sanders, RA; Sastry, SG; Veltman, JC; Watkins, JB, 1995)		0.29
" It was found that at the same dosage of 10 mg/kg/day, both AL01576 and AL04114 completely prevented all morphological and biochemical changes in the lenses of naphthalene-fed rats."( Inhibition of naphthalene cataract in rats by aldose reductase inhibitors.
Lou, MF; Xu, GT; York, B; Zigler, S, 1996)		0.29
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00700.00041.877310.0000AID34975; AID95257
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.05470.00101.191310.0000AID34201
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell maturationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasisAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of urine volumeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
fructose biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular hyperosmotic salinity responseAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric collecting duct developmentAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (8)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID34201Inhibitory Activity against Human recombinant Aldose Reductase (wild type)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID34975In vitro inhibition of Aldose reductase (AR) from rat lens (RL)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Spiro[fluoreneisothiazolidin]one dioxides: new aldose reductase and L-hexonate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID230204Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W20A).2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID230202Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W111A)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID95257In vitro inhibitory activity against L-Hexonate Dehydrogenase (L-HDH) from rat kidney (RK)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Spiro[fluoreneisothiazolidin]one dioxides: new aldose reductase and L-hexonate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID230205Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W20Y)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID232928Selectivity as ratio of IC50 for rat lens and kidney aldose reductase1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Spiro[fluoreneisothiazolidin]one dioxides: new aldose reductase and L-hexonate dehydrogenase inhibitors.
AID230203Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W111Y).2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (65)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199015 (23.08)18.7374
1990's37 (56.92)18.2507
2000's9 (13.85)29.6817
2010's4 (6.15)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.24

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.24 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.29 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.53 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.24)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (2.86%)5.53%
Reviews1 (1.43%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other67 (95.71%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
choline
[no description available]		1.9810cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene
1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene: naphthalene metabolite; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol : A member of the class of naphthalenediols that is 1,2-dihydronaphthalene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.		2.420dihydronaphthalenes;
naphthalenediols		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		1.9910dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.8940cyclitol;
hexol
naphthalene
[no description available]		2.8940naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		1.9910octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
phosphorylcholine
Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.		1.9810phosphocholinesallergen;
epitope;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		1.9910phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
zopolrestat
zopolrestat: structure given in first source		210
phenytoin
[no description available]		7.3720imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
alrestatin
alrestatin: aldose reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710
bumetanide
[no description available]		1.9910amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		1.9710
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		1.9810cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9810barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9710naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
ponalrestat
[no description available]		3.69100phthalazines
fr 74366
[no description available]		2.3920
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		5.51161glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9810glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		3.78110D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		1.991014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.420naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		1.9710azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
thiazoles
[no description available]		1.99101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		210organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		7.4632imidazolidine-2,4-dione
1,2-naphthoquinone
naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.		2101,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		1.9910gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		1.9910organic molecular entity
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		210methoxybenzenes;
phenols
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene: RN given refers to parent cpd		210naphthalenediolmouse metabolite
galactitol
[no description available]		3.2460hexitolEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		1.9710fluorescein isothiocyanate
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.3920diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		1.9810glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		2.0310taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p
[no description available]		1.9810peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		2.0310aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.87120naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		210glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		1.9910phenanthroline
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		210catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		1.9810D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		210primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.420
al-01567
alconil: structure given in first source		2.3720
3-deoxy-3-fluoro-d-glucose
[no description available]		2.420
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		1.9710
4'-deoxydoxorubicinol
4'-deoxydoxorubicinol: structure given in first source		2.0310
cp-166,572
[no description available]		1.9910
risarestat
[no description available]		1.9910thiazolidinone
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		1.9810D-xylose
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
al 4114
AL 4114: structure given in first source		2.6830
sorbinil
sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.		3.85120azaspiro compound;
chromanes;
imidazolidinone;
organofluorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.392011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		3.68100azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.6730cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
nadp
[no description available]		2.940
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		2.420
quercetin
[no description available]		2.41207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		1.9910alkali metal atom
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		1.9710alkaline earth metal atom
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		1.9710organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.		1.9710
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.3920ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0510
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		04.18170
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.4620
Alveolar Bone Atrophy
[description not available]		02.4620
Maxillary Diseases
Diseases involving the MAXILLA.		02.0510
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.4620
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.4220
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.6930
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		04140
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		03.7921
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.9240
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		04140
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		03.7921
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.9240
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		01.9810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.3920
Classic Galactosemia
[description not available]		02.6730
Galactosemias
A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)		02.6730
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		0210
Anoxemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		01.9710
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.3820
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		01.9710
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		01.9710