Page last updated: 2024-12-06

D-tyrosine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

D-tyrosine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid, meaning it is not found in proteins. It is a stereoisomer of the more common L-tyrosine, differing only in the spatial arrangement of its atoms. D-tyrosine is produced synthetically and is not found naturally in significant amounts in food. While L-tyrosine is a precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, D-tyrosine is not. However, D-tyrosine has been studied for its potential effects on cognitive function, mood, and athletic performance. Some research suggests that D-tyrosine may improve mental performance under stress, but more research is needed to confirm these effects. D-tyrosine is also studied for its potential as a treatment for conditions such as depression and anxiety.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID71098
CHEMBL ID1076637
CHEBI ID28479
SCHEMBL ID20787

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
d-tyrosin
(2r)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
DTY ,
d-tyr
CHEBI:28479 ,
dtyr
D-TYROSINE ,
C06420
(r)-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)alanine
556-02-5
(r)-2-amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid
d-tyrosine, reagentplus(r), 99%
DB03839
NCGC00142608-01
NCGC00142608-02
T-9000
1168FFD2-192C-4DB4-9161-4BF71A6C98C9
h-d-tyr-oh
T1141
CHEMBL1076637 ,
A830718
(2r)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid;d-tyrosine
einecs 209-112-6
wq5g9jq7gc ,
unii-wq5g9jq7gc
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-d-alanine
AKOS015854094
(d)-tyrosine
(r)-tyrosine
AM82303
SCHEMBL20787
J-300275
(r)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
d-(+)-tyrosine
tyrosine, d-
d-p-tyrosine
mfcd00063073
d-tyrosine, puriss., >=99.0% (nt)
AC-8668
d-tyrosine, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 99%
CS-D1377
(2r)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid; (r)-tyrosine; d-p-tyrosine
d-4-hydroxyphenylalanine
Q27115118
AS-11715
Q16082044
M02937
DTXSID50883441
HY-Y0444
bdbm50463198
EN300-61693
Z969739284
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
Escherichia coli metaboliteAny bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterionZwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.
tyrosineAn alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.
D-alpha-amino acid
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (10)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.07520.531815.435837.6858AID504845
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)KA0.24000.02001.72197.4000AID1397319; AID691713; AID725228
Carbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)KA0.06120.01101.42737.8000AID1397320; AID464319; AID691714; AID725229
Adenosine receptor A1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)KA0.08700.01101.32337.8000AID691714
Adenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)KA0.08700.01101.32337.8000AID691714
Carbonic anhydraseSaccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKa84.00000.95005.12509.3000AID464321
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putativeTrypanosoma cruzi strain CL BrenerKA2.80000.14002.80507.5400AID1397322
Carbonic anhydrase Nakaseomyces glabratus CBS 138Ka7.10007.10008.30009.5000AID464322
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (45)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epitheliumCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reductionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathwayCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
secretionCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pHCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transportCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic processCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune responseLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-17 productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-4 productionLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagyLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to muscle activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
neutral amino acid transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
isoleucine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
methionine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
phenylalanine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
proline transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
tryptophan transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
tyrosine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
valine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
alanine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hyperoxiaLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell proliferationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
liver regenerationLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-histidine transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to L-arginineLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-tryptophan transmembrane transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic processLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of L-leucine import across plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transportLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activityCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activityAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
protein bindingLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
aromatic amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-leucine transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-tryptophan transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (16)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheathCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellCarbonic anhydrase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
lysosomal membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transport complexLarge neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (28)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID725228Activation of human recombinant CA1 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
The extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase (CA) from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, the fastest CA known, is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID691714Activity of human recombinant CA2 cytosolic isoform after 15 mins by phenol red staining based stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20
The first activation study of a bacterial carbonic anhydrase (CA). The thermostable α-CA from Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID725227Activation of Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense recombinant CA by stopped flow CO2 hydrase method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
The extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase (CA) from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, the fastest CA known, is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID691713Activity of human recombinant CA1 cytosolic isoform after 15 mins by phenol red staining based stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20
The first activation study of a bacterial carbonic anhydrase (CA). The thermostable α-CA from Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1331210Activation of Burkholderia pseudomallei gamma carbonic anhydrase assessed as Kcat at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Burkholderia pseudomallei γ-carbonic anhydrase is strongly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1331206Activation of Burkholderia pseudomallei gamma carbonic anhydrase at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Burkholderia pseudomallei γ-carbonic anhydrase is strongly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1397321Activation of Leishmania donovani chagasi CA preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition by stopped-flow assay
AID1398361Trans-stimulation of human LAT1 expressed in TREx HEK293 cells assessed as induction of [3H]-gabapentin efflux at 200 uM after 3 mins by scintillation counting analysis relative to L-phenylalanine2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-23, Volume: 61, Issue:16
Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1).
AID1751498Antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as inhibition of biofilm formation at 100 uM2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 48Discovery of non-proteinogenic amino acids inhibiting biofilm formation by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
AID464322Activation of Candida glabrata recombinant carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 20, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the beta-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata with amines and amino acids.
AID1397320Activation of human CA2 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay
AID1331203Activation of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 1 at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Burkholderia pseudomallei γ-carbonic anhydrase is strongly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID464321Activation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant Nce103p by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 20, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the beta-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata with amines and amino acids.
AID691715Activity of Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 recombinant CA expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) after 15 mins by phenol red staining based stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 22, Issue:20
The first activation study of a bacterial carbonic anhydrase (CA). The thermostable α-CA from Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense YO3AOP1 is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID725226Activation of Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense recombinant alpha carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydrase method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
The extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase (CA) from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, the fastest CA known, is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID464319Activation of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme 2 by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 20, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the beta-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata with amines and amino acids.
AID1398360Cis-inhibition of human LAT1 expressed in TREx HEK293 cells at 200 uM assessed as inhibition of [3H]-gabapentin uptake at 200 uM preincubated for 3 mins at 37 degC followed by washing with choline buffer and measured after 3 hrs by scintillation counting 2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-23, Volume: 61, Issue:16
Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1).
AID1398359Cis-inhibition of human LAT1 expressed in TREx HEK293 cells at 200 uM assessed as inhibition of [3H]-gabapentin uptake preincubated for 3 mins at 37 degC followed by washing with choline buffer and measured after 3 hrs by scintillation counting analysis r2018Journal of medicinal chemistry, 08-23, Volume: 61, Issue:16
Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1).
AID725229Activation of human recombinant CA2 by stopped flow CO2 hydrase method2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
The extremo-α-carbonic anhydrase (CA) from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, the fastest CA known, is highly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1331204Activation of recombinant human carbonic anhydrase 2 at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Burkholderia pseudomallei γ-carbonic anhydrase is strongly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1397322Activation of Trypanosoma cruzi CA preincubated for 15 mins followed by CO2 addition by stopped-flow assay
AID1751482Antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus aureus assessed as bacterial growth rate at 100 uM measured by UV absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 48Discovery of non-proteinogenic amino acids inhibiting biofilm formation by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
AID1751483Antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as biofilm formation at 100 uM measured by crystal violet staining based microplate reader assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 48Discovery of non-proteinogenic amino acids inhibiting biofilm formation by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
AID681113TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-tryptophan uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2001The Journal of biological chemistry, May-18, Volume: 276, Issue:20
Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters.
AID464320Activation of archaea Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum recombinant carbonic anhydrase by stopped flow CO2 hydration method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 20, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the beta-carbonic anhydrase from the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata with amines and amino acids.
AID1281543Activation of Malassezia globosa beta-carbonic anhydrase incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydrase method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5
Carbonic anhydrase activators: Activation of the β-carbonic anhydrase from Malassezia globosa with amines and amino acids.
AID1331205Activation of recombinant Methanosarcina thermophila gamma carbonic anhydrase at 10 uM incubated for 15 mins prior to testing by stopped flow CO2 hydration assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 27, Issue:1
Burkholderia pseudomallei γ-carbonic anhydrase is strongly activated by amino acids and amines.
AID1397319Activation of human CA1 by stopped-flow CO2 hydration assay
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (9)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's1 (11.11)29.6817
2010's7 (77.78)24.3611
2020's1 (11.11)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 34.04

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index34.04 (24.57)
Research Supply Index2.30 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.88 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index39.83 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (34.04)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other9 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]