Page last updated: 2024-12-06

coomassie brilliant blue r

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Description

Coomassie Brilliant Blue R (CBB R) is a triphenylmethane dye, a synthetic dye derivative of the natural dye indigo. Its synthesis involves a multi-step process that includes the condensation of o-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and N,N-diethylaniline. The resulting compound is a mixture of isomers, with the dominant one being the di-sulfonated form. CBB R is widely used in analytical chemistry for protein staining, particularly in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis), due to its high affinity for proteins, its ability to bind to both basic and acidic amino acids, and its sensitivity. CBB R can also be used for the determination of protein concentrations, the quantification of protein bands in gels, and the visualization of proteins in histological sections. The importance of CBB R in research stems from its versatility and sensitivity in protein detection. It allows researchers to visualize and quantify proteins in a variety of applications, including protein purification, protein analysis, and the study of protein-protein interactions. CBB R is frequently studied to optimize staining protocols, investigate its binding mechanism to proteins, and explore its potential applications in biomedical research. The study of CBB R allows for better understanding of protein behavior and its role in biological systems. '

kenacid blue: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID61365
CHEMBL ID4279842
SCHEMBL ID1925726
MeSH IDM0083298

Synonyms (49)

Synonym
6104-59-2
coomassie brilliant blue r
coomassie brilliant blue r-250
brilliant blue r
cbb r-250
alizarin rubinol 5g
B3194
acid cyanine 6b
solar cyanine 6b
acid blue 83
sodium 3-[[4-[[4-(4-ethoxyanilino)phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]-n-ethylanilino]methyl]benzenesulfonate
benzenemethanaminium, n-(4-((4-((4-ethoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)(4-(ethyl((3-sulfophenyl)methyl)amino)phenyl)methylene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-n-ethyl-3-sulfo-, inner salt, sodium salt (1:1)
eriosin brilliant cyanine 6b
unii-tkl1k0pt9a
einecs 228-060-5
benzenemethanaminium, n-(4-((4-((4-ethoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)(4-(ethyl((3-sulfophenyl)methyl)amino)phenyl)methylene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-n-ethyl-3-sulfo-, inner salt, monosodium salt
kenacid blue
c.i. acid blue 83
coomassie blue r 250
tkl1k0pt9a ,
hydrogen (4-(4-(p-ethoxyanilino)-4'-(ethyl(m-sulphonatobenzyl)amino)benzhydrylene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)(ethyl)(m-sulphonatobenzyl)ammonium, monosodium salt
benzenemethanaminium, n-(4-((4-((4-ethoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)(4-(ethyl((3-sulfophenyl)methyl)amino)phenyl)methylene)-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)-n-ethyl-3-sulfo-, hydroxide, inner salt, monosodium salt
FT-0624039
AKOS015902422
SCHEMBL1925726
NKLPQNGYXWVELD-UHFFFAOYSA-M
cbb r250
acidblue83
brilliant blue r-250
c45h44n3o7s2na
brilliant blue r; coomassie brilliant blue r-250; acid blue 83; ci 42660
HB0739
coomassie brilliant blue r250
mfcd00041762
coomassie blue r-250
bril-liant blue r
108066-47-3
sodium 3-(((4-((e)-(4-(4-ethoxyphenylamino)phenyl)((e)-4-(ethyl(3-sulfonatobenzyl)iminio)cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)methyl)phenyl)(ethyl)amino)methyl)benzenesulfonate
DTXSID80910613
Q418516
AS-13946
D78484
cbbr
coomassie brilliant blue r [mi]
AKOS037643325
CHEMBL4279842 ,
bdbm50464535
sodium;3-[[4-[[4-(4-ethoxyanilino)phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]-n-ethylanilino]methyl]benzenesulfonate
n-[4-[[4-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)amino]phenyl][4-[ethyl[(3-sulfophenyl)methyl]amino]phenyl]methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-n-ethyl-3-sulfo-benzenemethanaminium inner salt, sodium salt (1:1)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Non-animal toxicity tests and testing strategies for use in identifying the potential toxic hazard of chemicals and products, and in providing information for use in risk and safety assessment, are in the course of development, validation and evaluation."( Non-animal alternative toxicity tests for detergents: genuine replacements or mere prescreens?
Atkinson, K; Balls, M; Clothier, R; Reader, S; Tarrant, J, 1991
)
0.28
" Results indicated that the lowest concentration of guarana tested was not toxic and that the IC50 values calculated with the NR, KB, and MTT assays were lower than the highest concentration tested (40 mg/ml)."( Evaluation of the toxicity of guarana with in vitro bioassays.
Diaz, MM; Lopez, A; Muñoz-Mingarro, D; Pozuelo, JM; Santa Maria, A, 1998
)
0.3
" For some compounds, rat LD50 values were also determined."( Evaluation of the toxicity of substituted benzthioanilides by using in vitro tests.
Kowalska-Pyłka, H; Majer-Dziedzic, B; Matysiak, J; Niewiadomy, A,
)
0.13

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The concentrations that induced 20%, 50% and 80% (IC20, IC50 and IC80) inhibition relative to controls were calculated from dose-response curves."( Evaluation of the toxicity of substituted benzthioanilides by using in vitro tests.
Kowalska-Pyłka, H; Majer-Dziedzic, B; Matysiak, J; Niewiadomy, A,
)
0.13
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Alpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)322.00000.19003.82049.8000AID1401512
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (77)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
calcium ion homeostasisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
microglial cell activationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor recyclingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein kinase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
neutral lipid metabolic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid metabolic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membrane organizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron(II) ionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of phospholipase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of glutamate secretionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle exocytosisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle primingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of microtubule polymerizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor internalizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
protein destabilizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to magnesium ionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transporter activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of monooxygenase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to type II interferonAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidative stressAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
SNARE complex assemblyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of SNARE complex assemblyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transportAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of macrophage activationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endocytosisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of exocytosisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of exocytosisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle endocytosisAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle transportAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory responseAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthetic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin uptakeAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of norepinephrine uptakeAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine uptakeAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1Alpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to copper ionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to epinephrine stimulusAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
supramolecular fiber organizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinoneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glutathione peroxidase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide catabolic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic vesicle recyclingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein localization to cell peripheryAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynapse assemblyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (26)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
fatty acid bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase D inhibitor activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
SNARE bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
magnesium ion bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
actin bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase inhibitor activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
ferrous iron bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
lipid bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
kinesin bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
Hsp70 protein bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
histone bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic processAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
tau protein bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
phosphoprotein bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
molecular adaptor activityAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
dynein complex bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cuprous ion bindingAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
platelet alpha granule membraneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cell cortexAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeletonAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
inclusion bodyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
axonAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
growth coneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
postsynapseAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
supramolecular fiberAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-synucleinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (17)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1401524Inhibition of alpha-synuclein A53T mutant (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as reduction in fibrils formation after 30 days by TEM analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401510Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days by thioflavin T staining-based spectrofluorimetric analysis relative to control2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401526Inhibition of alpha-synuclein A53T mutant (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as denser aggregates formation after 30 days by TEM analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401511Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days by congo dye-based UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401518Induction of disaggregation of 15 days pre-formed wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as fluorescence intensity after 30 days by thioflavin T staining-based spectrofluorimetric analysis (Rvb = 40.4 +/- 3.2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401521Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days assessed as decrease in A11 epitope formation after 30 days by dot blot assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401516Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as oligomer height after 30 days by AFM analysis (Rvb = 1.9 +/- 1.5 nm)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401527Inhibition of alpha-synuclein A53T mutant (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days assessed as decrease in A11 epitope formation after 30 days by dot blot assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401523Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin)-mediated cytotoxicity in human SH-SY5Y cells exposed to alpha-synuclein co-incubuted with with compound for 15 days assessed as cell viability by LDH release assay (Rvb = 42%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401515Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as compact granular structure formation after 30 days by TEM analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401528Induction of disaggregation of 30 days pre-formed wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days by congo red dye-based UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401522Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401517Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as turbidity level after 30 days by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis (Rvb = 430.9 +/-100.7%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401529Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by LDH release assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401512Inhibition of wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) aggregation expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days by thioflavin T staining-based spectrofluorimetric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401520Induction of disaggregation of 15 days pre-formed wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 30 days by congo red dye-based UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
AID1401519Induction of disaggregation of 30 days pre-formed wild type alpha-synuclein (unknown origin) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 assessed as fluorescence intensity after 30 days by thioflavin T staining-based spectrofluorimetric analysis (Rvb = 16.3 +/- 3.2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143A routinely used protein staining dye acts as an inhibitor of wild type and mutant alpha-synuclein aggregation and modulator of neurotoxicity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (117)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199053 (45.30)18.7374
1990's25 (21.37)18.2507
2000's14 (11.97)29.6817
2010's23 (19.66)24.3611
2020's2 (1.71)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 44.94

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index44.94 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.80 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.50 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index69.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.03 (0.95)

This Compound (44.94)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other120 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]