Atomoxetine hydrochloride is a non-stimulant medication used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It works by increasing the levels of norepinephrine in the brain, which helps to improve attention and focus. Atomoxetine hydrochloride is typically taken orally once daily. It is generally well-tolerated, but common side effects include decreased appetite, nausea, and insomnia. More serious side effects are possible, including liver problems, increased suicidal thoughts, and cardiovascular problems. Atomoxetine hydrochloride is synthesized through a multi-step process involving the reaction of 3-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol with 3,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride. The resulting compound is then reacted with hydrochloric acid to form the hydrochloride salt. Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an important medication for the treatment of ADHD. It offers an alternative to stimulant medications, which can be problematic for some patients. Atomoxetine hydrochloride is studied extensively to understand its effects on the brain, its efficacy in treating ADHD, and its safety and tolerability. Researchers are also investigating the use of atomoxetine hydrochloride for other conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and Tourette's syndrome.'
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.
atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.
ID Source | ID |
---|---|
PubMed CID | 54840 |
CHEMBL ID | 1702 |
CHEBI ID | 331697 |
SCHEMBL ID | 122111 |
MeSH ID | M0124111 |
Synonym |
---|
MLS002153176 |
(r)-tomoxetine hydrochloride |
(r)-(-)-tomoxetine hydrochloride |
strattera |
benzenepropanamine, n-methyl-gamma-(2-methylphenoxy)-, hydrochloride, (-)- |
(-)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propylamine hydrochloride |
atomoxetine hydrochloride |
ly-135252 |
ly-139603 |
ly-139602 [(+)-isomer] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [usan] |
ly 139603 |
82248-59-7 |
strattera (tn) |
D02574 |
tomoxetine hydrochloride |
atomoxetine hydrochloride (jan/usp) |
(r)-tomoxetine hydrochloride, solid |
MLS001401377 |
smr000469177 |
atomoxetine hcl |
CHEMBL1702 |
atomoxetine (as hydrochloride) |
nsc-759104 |
(3r)-n-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine hydrochloride |
chebi:331697 , |
(r)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine hydrochloride |
unii-57wvb6i2w0 |
57wvb6i2w0 , |
nsc 759104 |
(r)-n-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine hydrochloride |
cas-82248-59-7 |
tox21_110292 |
dtxsid2044266 , |
dtxcid0024266 |
AKOS015920150 |
S3175 |
CCG-100874 |
HY-17385 |
atomoxetine (hydrochloride) |
CS-1085 |
AM20060733 |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [usp-rs] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [ep monograph] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [mi] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [jan] |
benzenepropanamine, n-methyl-.gamma.-(2-methylphenoxy)-, hydrochloride, (-) |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [orange book] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [usp monograph] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [who-dd] |
atomoxetine hcl [vandf] |
atomoxetine hydrochloride [mart.] |
SCHEMBL122111 |
(r)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-amine hcl |
NC00124 |
NCGC00025345-02 |
tox21_110292_1 |
KS-1223 |
LUCXVPAZUDVVBT-UNTBIKODSA-N |
(r)-(-)-n-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropylamine hydrochloride |
(r)-n-methyl-?-(2-methylphenoxy)-benzenepropanamine hydrochloride |
methyl-((r)-3-phenyl-3-o-tolyloxy-propyl)-amine hydrochloride |
mfcd06410992 |
hydrochloride, atomoxetine |
hcl, atomoxetine |
ly 139603 hcl |
SR-01000763397-3 |
sr-01000597779 |
SR-01000597779-1 |
sr-01000763397 |
atomoxetine hydrochloride, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard |
(r)-n-methyl-gamma-(2-methylphenoxy)-benzenepropanamine hydrochloride |
(r)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)propan-1-aminehydrochloride |
atomoxetine for impurity a identification, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard |
atomoxetine hydrochloride, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard |
atomoxetine hydrochloride, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material |
atomoxetine hydrochloride 1.0 mg/ml in methanol (as free base) |
(r)-atomoxetine hydrochloride |
SW197504-3 |
F0001-2408 |
HMS3677C05 |
HMS3413C05 |
Q27225729 |
(r)-n-methyl-3-phenyl-3-(o-tolyloxy)-propan-1-amine hydrochloride |
atomoxetine, hcl |
atomoxetine for impurity a identification |
BM164222 |
atomoxetine hydrochloride- bio-x |
methyl[(3r)-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropyl]amine hydrochloride |
EN300-18528139 |
benzenepropanamine, n-methyl-gamma-(2-methylphenoxy)-, hydrochloride, (-) |
atomoxetine hydrochloride (usp monograph) |
atomxetine hyrochloride |
atomoxetine hydrochloride (ep monograph) |
atomoxetine hydrochloride (usp-rs) |
atomoxetine hydrochloride (mart.) |
(3r)-n-methyl-3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-amine monohydrochloride |
(-)-n-methyl-gamma(2-methylphenoxy)benzenepropamine hydrochloride |
Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an FDA-approved treatment for adult ADHD. No studies have clarified whether there are advantages to once versus twice daily dosing.
Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
---|---|---|
"Atomoxetine hydrochloride is an FDA-approved treatment for adult ADHD, but no studies have clarified whether there are advantages to once versus twice daily dosing." | ( Safety and tolerability of once versus twice daily atomoxetine in adults with ADHD. Adler, L; Allen, AJ; Bakken, R; Dietrich, A; Kelsey, D; Reimherr, FW; Sutton, VK; Taylor, LV, ) | 0.85 |
Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
---|---|---|
" Possible explanations include atypical atomoxetine effect, excess atomoxetine or metabolites due to poor metabolizer status (CYP 2D6 polymorphism/deficiency), a drug-drug interaction leading to elevated drug levels or to excess synaptic norepinephrine or dopamine." | ( Dyskinesias associated with atomoxetine in combination with other psychoactive drugs. Bond, GR; Garro, AC; Gilbert, DL, 2007) | 0.34 |
" The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of ATX using standard variables of a computer-based continuous performance test (cb-CPT) combined with an infra-red motion-tracking device at different times of the day." | ( Neuropsychological outcomes across the day in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine: results from a placebo-controlled study using a computer-based continuous performance test combined with an infra-red motion-tra Banaschewski, T; Dittmann, RW; Otto, WR; Schacht, A; Wehmeier, PM; Wolff, C, 2011) | 0.37 |
"We clarified the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of atomoxetine administration combined with intensive speech therapy (ST) for patients with post-stroke aphasia." | ( Atomoxetine administration combined with intensive speech therapy for post-stroke aphasia: evaluation by a novel SPECT method. Abo, M; Kakuda, W; Momosaki, R; Yamada, N; Yamamoto, K, 2016) | 0.43 |
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of drug disposition and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) has become a key component of drug development." | ( Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of the CYP2D6 Probe Atomoxetine: Extrapolation to Special Populations and Drug-Drug Interactions. Huang, W; Isoherranen, N; Nakano, M; Ragueneau-Majlessi, I; Sager, J, 2017) | 0.46 |
Role | Description |
---|---|
antidepressant | Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. |
adrenergic uptake inhibitor | Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. |
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] |
Class | Description |
---|---|
hydrochloride | A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base. |
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] |
Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
glp-1 receptor, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 5.0119 | 0.0184 | 6.8060 | 14.1254 | AID624417 |
TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 19.1804 | 0.0008 | 11.3822 | 44.6684 | AID686978; AID686979 |
GLI family zinc finger 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 17.7966 | 0.0007 | 14.5928 | 83.7951 | AID1259369; AID1259392 |
AR protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 0.0002 | 21.2231 | 8,912.5098 | AID1259243; AID1259247 |
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 11.8832 | 0.0006 | 57.9133 | 22,387.1992 | AID1259378 |
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 0.0010 | 22.6508 | 76.6163 | AID1224838 |
progesterone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.6032 | 0.0004 | 17.9460 | 75.1148 | AID1346795 |
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 21.8761 | 0.0123 | 7.9835 | 43.2770 | AID1645841 |
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 29.8493 | 0.0030 | 41.6115 | 22,387.1992 | AID1159552; AID1159555 |
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.6982 | 0.0015 | 30.6073 | 15,848.9004 | AID1224841; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403 |
cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 2.4545 | 0.0010 | 8.3798 | 61.1304 | AID1645840 |
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4889 | 0.0010 | 24.5048 | 61.6448 | AID743212 |
IDH1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 18.3564 | 0.0052 | 10.8652 | 35.4813 | AID686970 |
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4915 | 0.0016 | 28.0151 | 77.1139 | AID1259385 |
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian) | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 22.1639 | 0.0578 | 21.1097 | 61.2679 | AID1159526; AID1159528 |
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 21.6403 | 0.0003 | 23.4451 | 159.6830 | AID743065; AID743067 |
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 37.5751 | 0.0006 | 27.2152 | 1,122.0200 | AID743202 |
geminin | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.7943 | 0.0046 | 11.3741 | 33.4983 | AID624297 |
Cellular tumor antigen p53 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 10.5909 | 0.0023 | 19.5956 | 74.0614 | AID651631 |
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.6315 | 4.4531 | 9.3000 | AID1473740 |
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.2000 | 5.6774 | 10.0000 | AID1473741 |
Bile salt export pump | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 0.1100 | 7.1903 | 10.0000 | AID1473738 |
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 0.0200 | 0.0008 | 1.5416 | 20.0000 | AID1745860 |
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 133.0000 | 2.4100 | 6.3433 | 10.0000 | AID1473739 |
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
---|---|---|---|---|
AID1745845 | Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
AID651635 | Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression | |||
AID1347083 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
AID1347102 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1296008 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening | 2020 | SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1 | Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening. |
AID1347425 | Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
AID1347086 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
AID1347090 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347096 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347104 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347095 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347091 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347100 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347099 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347108 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347424 | RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1) | 2019 | The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46 | Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens. |
AID1347107 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347101 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347082 | qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal | 2020 | Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173 | A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity. |
AID1347098 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347407 | qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection | 2020 | ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7 | High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle. |
AID1508630 | Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay | 2021 | Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4 | A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. |
AID1347106 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347105 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347092 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347094 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347103 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347097 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347154 | Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
AID1347089 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1347093 | qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells | 2018 | Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4 | Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing. |
AID1346986 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
AID1346987 | P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen | 2019 | Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5 | A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. |
AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
AID588501 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
AID588499 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13 | Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening. |
AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2006 | Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5 | Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa. |
AID588497 | High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set | 2010 | Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1 | High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. |
AID187146 | Binding affinity against 5-HT uptake site, using [3H]citalopram as radioligand in rat cortical membrane | 1992 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23 | Iodinated tomoxetine derivatives as selective ligands for serotonin and norepinephrine uptake sites. |
AID1473741 | Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
AID1473740 | Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
AID588211 | Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans | 2010 | Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1 | Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species. |
AID1473739 | Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
AID1473738 | Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay | 2013 | Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1 | A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development. |
AID588213 | Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents | 2010 | Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1 | Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species. |
AID1912479 | Inhibition of the Norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) as assessed by GPCR-mediated changes in cell morphology using the impedance-based transporter activity through receptor activation (TRACT) assay in HEK-293 JumpIN-SLC6A2 cells (PubChem AID: 174586 | 2021 | Scientific reports, 06-10, Volume: 11, Issue:1 | Label-free high-throughput screening assay for the identification of norepinephrine transporter (NET/SLC6A2) inhibitors. |
AID1453444 | Inhibition of recombinant human C-MYC/DDK-tagged ENGase expressed in HEK293T cells at 100 uM using heat inactivated bovine ribonuclease B as substrate pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition after 90 mins by SDS-PAGE analysis | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13 | Repurposing of Proton Pump Inhibitors as first identified small molecule inhibitors of endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) for the treatment of NGLY1 deficiency, a rare genetic disease. |
AID588212 | Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents | 2010 | Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1 | Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species. |
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 5 (0.38) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 14 (1.07) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 434 (33.08) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 684 (52.13) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 175 (13.34) | 2.80 |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.
| This Compound (63.20) All Compounds (24.57) |
Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
---|---|---|
Trials | 306 (22.08%) | 5.53% |
Reviews | 293 (21.14%) | 6.00% |
Case Studies | 120 (8.66%) | 4.05% |
Observational | 19 (1.37%) | 0.25% |
Other | 648 (46.75%) | 84.16% |
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atomoxetine Treatment for ADHD and Marijuana Dependence [NCT00360269] | Phase 2 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
Efficacy of Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adolescents and Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders (SUD) [NCT01207622] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn(stopped due to Poor enrollment) | |||
Atomoxetine for Attention Deficits in Adults With Mild HD: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study [NCT00368849] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
Phase 2 Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled 4-Period Single-Dose Crossover Factorial Study to Evaluate the Contribution of the Individual Drug Components to the Efficacy of AD109 in Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT04580394] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-10-27 | Completed | ||
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Active- and Placebo-controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of OPC-64005 in the Treatment of Adult Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT03324581] | Phase 2 | 239 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-11-09 | Completed | ||
TAME-PD - Physical Therapy, Atomoxetine and, Methylphenidate, to Enhance Gait and Balance in Parkinson's Disease: A Single Center, Randomized Pilot Study [NCT02879136] | Early Phase 1 | 42 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-12-31 | Recruiting | ||
[NCT03661788] | Phase 4 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-31 | Completed | ||
Cortical Excitability: Phenotype and Biomarker in ADHD Therapy [NCT01330693] | Phase 3 | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Atomoxetine up to 12 Weeks in Newly Diagnosed Children and Adolescents Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00191945] | Phase 3 | 151 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
Efficacy of Careful Medication and Tailored Case Management Follow up Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT02142140] | 326 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-12-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
Evaluation of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children With Down Syndrome [NCT04115878] | Phase 2 | 22 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-10-21 | Completed | ||
Neuropsychological, Genetic and Neuroimaging Markers and Treatment Response Predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT02430896] | 600 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2015-02-28 | Recruiting | |||
Effect of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin on Phenotype Traits and OSA Severity [NCT02908529] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 22 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-30 | Completed | ||
A Proof of Principle Study of Atomoxetine for the Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope (VVS): POST6 [NCT02500732] | Phase 2 | 57 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Completed | ||
Stimulant vs. Non-stimulant Treatments and Reward Processing in Drug-naive Youth at SUD Risk [NCT03781765] | Phase 4 | 44 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-06-04 | Recruiting | ||
Study of Associated Gene Polymorphisms With Atomoxetine Response Prediction in ADHD Treatment [NCT01339286] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-03-31 | Recruiting | ||
An Open-Label, Single- and Multi-Dose Study to Evaluate the Relationship Between the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Clinical Outcomes of Atomoxetine in CYP2D6 Extensive, Intermediate and Poor Metabolizers in Children With Attention Deficit/Hypera [NCT03154359] | 51 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2017-12-12 | Completed | |||
[NCT01130467] | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2009-09-30 | Recruiting | |||
The Neuroprotective Effects of Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Lipidomic Study [NCT03936491] | 105 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-08-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
Phase Two Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial of Atomoxetine to Treat Memory Impairment Due to Multiple Sclerosis [NCT03091400] | Phase 2 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-16 | Completed | ||
A Gene by Medication Interaction to the Acute Effects of Alcohol [NCT01343628] | Phase 1 | 43 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Terminated due to lack of funding) | ||
Atomoxetine Effects in Humans [NCT00607568] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Young Children [NCT00254462] | Phase 4 | 93 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-01 | Completed | ||
The Reinforcing Mechanisms of Smoking in Adult ADHD [NCT00573859] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
Feasibility and Utility of Autonomic Correlates of Impulsivity in Preschool Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Extending Translational Research Skills [NCT00856063] | Phase 4 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-03-31 | Completed | ||
A Controlled Trial of Atomoxetine in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Cognitive Difficulties in Menopausal Women [NCT00611533] | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-05-31 | Completed | |||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2 Dose-Ranging Study of the Safety and Efficacy of ABT-089 in Children With Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00528697] | Phase 2 | 278 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-09-30 | Completed | ||
Enhancement of Post-stroke Neural Plasticity With Atomoxetine: a Pilot Study [NCT02788357] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
Effect of Atomoxetine and DAW2022 on OSA Severity [NCT05350215] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 18 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-06-01 | Recruiting | ||
Identifying Sleep Apnea Patients That Best Respond to Atomoxetine Plus Oxybutynin Therapy [NCT05550246] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 22 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-05-05 | Recruiting | ||
Measuring and Predicting Response to Atomoxetine and Methylphenidate [NCT00183391] | Phase 4 | 232 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-07-31 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Atomoxetine Versus Placebo in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder [NCT00406354] | Phase 4 | 181 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
A Phase 3b, Randomized, Open-Label Assessment of Response to Various Doses of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Korean Pediatric Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00568685] | Phase 3 | 153 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-11-30 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-blind Comparison of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride and Placebo for Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder [NCT00380692] | Phase 4 | 97 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | ||
A Pilot Study of Strattera Treatment in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified [NCT00181766] | Phase 4 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
Driving Ability in Adults With ADHD Before and After 10-weeks of Treatment With 40-80mg Atomoxetine vs. Untreated Adults With ADHD [NCT00938743] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Completed | ||
Medications for Obstructive Sleep Apnea to Improve Cognition in Children With Down Syndrome [NCT05933603] | Phase 2 | 36 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-08-01 | Recruiting | ||
Orthostatic Intolerance After Bariatric Surgery [NCT03808740] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-07-01 | Completed | ||
Effects of Atomoxetine Treatment in Humans [NCT00611936] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine and Cerebrovascular Outcomes in Adults [NCT00634439] | 72,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2008-01-31 | Completed | |||
Suicidality, Psychosis or Substance Abuse With Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, Amphetamine/Dextroamphetamine or Lisdexamfetamine, a Post-authorization Safety Study [NCT04132557] | 430,000 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2019-10-09 | Completed | |||
A Double-Blind Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Versus Placebo for the Treatment of ADHD in Young Adults With an Assessment of Associated Functional Outcomes [NCT00510276] | Phase 4 | 445 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-08-31 | Completed | ||
Evaluation of Atomoxetine for Cocaine Dependence: A Pilot Trial [NCT00617201] | Phase 2 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-07-31 | Completed | ||
Treatment of Orthostatic Intolerance [NCT00262470] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 1997-04-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
A Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride for the Treatment of ADHD in Children and Adolescents With ADHD and Comorbid Dyslexia [NCT00607919] | Phase 4 | 209 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study of the Effects of Atomoxetine on Cognitive Function in Patients With Schizophrenia and Normal Controls Based on COMT Genotype [NCT00548327] | Phase 2 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to The scientific director decided to terminate: low priority study with slow accrual) | ||
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) in Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [NCT01057329] | 200 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2010-01-31 | Completed | |||
An Open Label Pilot Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adolescents With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Cannabis Abuse. [NCT00687609] | Phase 4 | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was discontinued early, owing to difficulties in recruiting the target sample after seven patients had been recruited.) | ||
LY139603 Bioequivalence Study Comparing Atomoxetine Oral Solution and Capsule Formulation in Healthy Adult Male Japanese Subjects [NCT01177943] | Phase 1 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Completed | ||
Assessing the Effect of Missing Doses (Off-Days) of Daily Medication in Patients Stable on Pharmacotherapy for ADHD Receiving Atomoxetine or OROS Methylphenidate: A Parallel Matched Group Clinical Study (On/Off Study) [NCT01127646] | Phase 4 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Due to lack of availability of study participants to accommodate the study design) | ||
Near-infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback as a Treatment for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT04065906] | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-01-15 | Recruiting | |||
A Phase 3b, Double-blind, Randomised, Active-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Assess the Time to Response of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate to Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor [NCT01106430] | Phase 3 | 267 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-28 | Completed | ||
Role of Coenzyme Q in Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children [NCT04216186] | Phase 3 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-11-01 | Recruiting | ||
Effects of Strattera and Behavior Therapy on the School and Home Functioning of Elementary School Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00918567] | Phase 4 | 56 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
Enhancing the Effects of Adolescent Alcohol Treatment With Atomoxetine [NCT04565288] | Phase 2 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-05-06 | Active, not recruiting | ||
Randomized Double-Blind 2-Period Multiple Dose Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AD113 vs Atomoxetine in OSA Patients With Hypertension [NCT04905979] | Phase 2 | 21 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-07-31 | Completed | ||
A Pharmacotherapy Study: A Dose Response Effect of Atomoxetine on Alcohol-elicited Craving and Sensitivity to the Acute Effects of Alcohol [NCT01408589] | Phase 1 | 86 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Terminated | ||
A Randomized, Double Blind Comparison of the Effects of Atomoxetine Versus Placebo on Neuropsychological Outcomes Across the Day in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by Use of a Computer Based Continuous Performance Test (cb CP [NCT00546910] | Phase 4 | 125 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | ||
Comprehensive Pathophysiological Study Based on the Core Neurocognitive Deficits and Development of Biological Markers of Treatment Response in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT02623114] | Phase 4 | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Recruiting | ||
Open-Label 4-Period Dose-Escalation Safety and Efficacy Study of AD313 in Participants With Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT05101122] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-10-19 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Comparison Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Slow Transitioning Compared With Fast Transitioning From a Stimulant Medication to Atomoxetine in Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatients With DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hypera [NCT00760747] | Phase 4 | 112 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | ||
The Relative Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Versus Medication Only and the Combination of the Two: A Pilot Study [NCT02788851] | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-04-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
Mechanisms of Hypoglycemia Associated Autonomic Dysfunction, Q4-Atomoxetine [NCT00780650] | Early Phase 1 | 56 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
Randomized Control Study of Concerta and Strattera on the Improvement of Executive Function in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Children [NCT01065259] | Phase 4 | 262 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | ||
Double Blind Placebo Controlled Parallel Group Comparison of Atomoxetine (Strattera) for Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder (GSAD) [NCT00260533] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacokinetics of Atomoxetine: BAR-MEDS Atomoxetine [NCT03460210] | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-11-02 | Recruiting | |||
Treating Residual OSA With Endotype-directed Pharmacotherapy (Aim 3) [NCT05293600] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-09-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
A Pilot Study of Concerta Treatment in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified [NCT00181740] | Phase 4 | 30 participants | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
Treatment Adherence and Compliance in Children and Adolescents on ADHD Medication and Emotional Expression in Clinical Practice [NCT00540826] | 518 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2007-11-30 | Completed | |||
A Randomized, Controlled, Open-Label Study of the Long-Term Impact on Functioning Using Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Compared to Other Early Standard Care in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Treatment-Naïve Children and Adolescent [NCT00447278] | Phase 3 | 399 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Completed | ||
Targeted Pharmacologic Interventions for Autism: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Atomoxetine in Children and Adolescents With Autism [NCT00498173] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-07-31 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label Study of the Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride on Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder With or Without Comorbid Conditions [NCT00320528] | Phase 3 | 269 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Completed | ||
Correlation of Phenotype, Genotype and Clinical Efficacy/Toxicity of Clozapine Augmented by Atomoxetine for Treatment Refractory Schizophrenia (CAPG Study) [NCT00216281] | Phase 3 | 126 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Terminated | ||
A Randomized, Parallel Group, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Clinical Trial of Augmentation With Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder [NCT00222794] | Phase 4 | 66 participants | Interventional | 2003-11-30 | Completed | ||
Evaluation and Treatment of Autonomic Failure. [NCT00223691] | Phase 1 | 389 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-03-31 | Completed | ||
Use of Accelerometer for Quantification of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension Symptoms [NCT04782830] | 29 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-02-05 | Recruiting | |||
A Study to Assess the Cardiovascular, Cognitive and Subjective Effects of Atomoxetine in Combination With Intravenous Methamphetamine [NCT02014064] | Phase 1 | 41 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-08-31 | Completed | ||
[NCT02046551] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-04-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to funding lost) | ||
Phase III Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Outpatient Study of Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Once-Daily Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Versus Placebo in Russian Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor [NCT00386581] | Phase 3 | 105 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-07-31 | Completed | ||
Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Four Week, Efficacy And Safety Trial Of [S,S]-Reboxetine (PNU-165442g) And Atomoxetine In Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. [NCT00562055] | Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-11-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was withdrawn due to business reasons.) | ||
Evaluation of Academic Performance in Asian Children Aged 8 to 11 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated With Atomoxetine Hydrochloride [NCT00471354] | Phase 4 | 228 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-04-30 | Completed | ||
An Italian Randomised, Double-blind Placebo Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder [NCT00192023] | Phase 3 | 139 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Comparison of Atomoxetine and Placebo in Child Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Reading Disorder, or Comorbid Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Reading Disorder. [NCT00191906] | Phase 4 | 121 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Placebo and Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Given Once a Day in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: With a Secondary Examination of Impact of Treatment on Family Functioning [NCT00190775] | Phase 4 | 502 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
Unraveling the Nature of Impaired Pain Inhibition in Patients With Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial for the Treatment of Central Sensitization [NCT01601912] | 59 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-02-28 | Completed | |||
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Medications in Japan: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Label Compliance [NCT04113551] | 17,418 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2019-10-01 | Completed | |||
Neurophysiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Comorbid Dyslexia: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Measures of Brain Activation During Attention and Reading Tasks Pre- and Post-Atomoxetine Treatment [NCT00716274] | Phase 4 | 110 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents With Substance Use Disorder (SUD) [NCT00399763] | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | |||
An Open-Label Pilot Study for Atomoxetine in Adult Subjects With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00530335] | Phase 2 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-09-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism [NCT00844753] | Phase 4 | 128 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | ||
Long-Term, Open-Label Safety and Efficacy Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00969618] | Phase 3 | 211 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-11-30 | Completed | ||
A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Asian Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00962104] | Phase 3 | 391 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-08-31 | Completed | ||
A Phase IIIb Open-Label Trial of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride to Evaluate Academic Outcome in Children Ages 8 to 11 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00191880] | Phase 3 | 100 participants | Interventional | 2004-05-31 | Completed | ||
A Pilot Trial of Atomoxetine to Enhance Motivational Interviewing Therapy for the Treatment of Cannabis Dependence [NCT00167297] | Phase 2 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Completed | ||
[NCT00089869] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
A Multi-center Randomized Parallel Group Study Evaluating Treatment Outcomes of Concerta (Extended Release Methylphenidate) and Strattera (Atomoxetine) in Children With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00866996] | Phase 4 | 1,323 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Completed | |||
Agonist Replacement Therapy for Cocaine Dependence: Identifying Novel Medications [NCT00697138] | Phase 1 | 46 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label Pilot Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride to Evaluate Neuropsychological Function in Children Ages 6 to 10 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. [NCT00216918] | Phase 4 | 40 participants | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine in Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) [NCT00218322] | Phase 4 | 108 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
A Double-Blind Study of Functional Outcomes With Atomoxetine-Hydrochloride and Placebo in Adult Outpatients With DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00190931] | Phase 4 | 400 participants | Interventional | 2003-11-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine Augmentation of Cholinesterase Inhibitor Therapy in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00191009] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 124 participants | Interventional | 2003-10-31 | Completed | ||
Open-Label Treatment With Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Child and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Dyslexia [NCT00191048] | Phase 4 | 105 participants | Interventional | 2003-10-31 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label Study on Effectiveness and Tolerability of Atomoxetine as Perceived by Patients, Parents, and Physicians in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Germany [NCT00191516] | Phase 3 | 257 participants | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | ||
A 3 Month Open-Label Study of Atomoxetine in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Symptomatic and Functional Outcomes. [NCT00191633] | Phase 4 | 200 participants | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine for ATS and Opioid Dependence During Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment in Malaysia [NCT01863251] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-05-31 | Completed | ||
Naturalistic Study of ADHD Medication and Predictors of Treatment Outcome [NCT02136147] | 632 participants (Actual) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2015-06-30 | Completed | |||
A Phase IIIb Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Time Course of Treatment With ADDERALL XR and STRATTERA Compared to Placebo on Simulated Driving Safety and Performance and Cognitive Functioning in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD [NCT00557960] | Phase 3 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-02-25 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine Treatment for Cocaine Abuse and Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Preliminary Open Trial [NCT00218543] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
Pilot Study of Atomoxetine To Enhance COgnition In Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT00488163] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Once-Daily Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Versus Placebo in Taiwanese Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00485459] | Phase 3 | 106 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-02-29 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Augmented With Either Extended-Release Methylphenidate Hydrochloride (Concerta-TM) or Placebo in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Who Have Not Responded to Sti [NCT00485550] | Phase 3 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-01-31 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label, Dose Titration Safety Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Outpatient Japanese Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00485628] | Phase 2 | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-04-30 | Completed | ||
Noradrenergic Augmentation of SSRI Therapy in Patients With Depression Unresponsive or Incompletely Responsive to SSRI Monotherapy [NCT00485862] | Phase 4 | 214 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-06-30 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Analog Classroom Study, Evaluating ADDERALL XR Versus STRATTERA, Dosed Once Daily, in Children Aged 6-12 With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00506727] | Phase 4 | 215 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-08-05 | Completed | ||
Pharyngeal Muscle Control Mechanisms of Atomoxetine-plus-oxybutynin in Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT05944965] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-10-22 | Not yet recruiting | ||
A Novel Pharmacological Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT03919955] | Phase 2 | 75 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-09-03 | Recruiting | ||
Treatment of Prisoners With Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder in Trondheim Prison [NCT00356070] | 40 participants | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | |||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Dose-Ranging Study of the Safety and Efficacy of ABT-894 in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00429091] | Phase 2 | 243 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
Guiding Dose Increases In Patients Incompletely Responsive to Usual Doses of Atomoxetine by Determining Plasma Atomoxetine Concentrations: a Randomized, Double-Blind Study [NCT00485407] | Phase 3 | 377 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label, Multicenter, Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Transitioning From a Stimulant Medication to Atomoxetine in Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatients With DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00485875] | Phase 4 | 62 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine as an Adjunct to Novel Antipsychotic Medication in the Treatment of Cognitive Deficits of Schizophrenia [NCT00161031] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-04-30 | Completed | |||
Marijuana-Abusing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Teens: Atomoxetine Treatment [NCT00142961] | Phase 2 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | ||
Efficacy of Atomoxetine in Adults With ADHD and Substance Abuse Disorder Being Treated in a Residential Treatment Facility [NCT00953862] | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-07-31 | Completed | |||
Efficacy of Atomoxetine Therapy Versus Placebo For Ameliorating Cognitive Late Effects Among Survivors of Childhood Cancers [NCT00255138] | Phase 3 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Withdrawn | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Fixed-Dose Ranges of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Child Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00191295] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 240 participants | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Completed | ||
Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adults With ADHD Over an Extended Period of Time (6 Months); With a Brief Evaluation of Executive Cognition [NCT00190736] | Phase 4 | 440 participants | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
The Effect of a Once Daily Dose of Atomoxetine (ATX) on ADHD-Related Insomnia [NCT00566371] | Phase 4 | 36 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Completed | ||
Reading ICARD: Interventions for Children With Attention and Reading Disorders [NCT01133847] | Phase 4 | 222 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-11-30 | Completed | ||
An Open Label Pilot Study of Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit and Hyperactive/Impulsive Behavior Problems in Children and Adolescents With Autistic Spectrum Disorders [NCT00485849] | Phase 4 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-02-29 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison, Safety and Efficacy Trial of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride and Methylphenidate Hydrochloride in Pediatric Outpatients With DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00486083] | Phase 3 | 330 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
Evaluation of Continuous Symptom Treatment of ADHD: A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Assessment of Morning-Dosed or Evening-Dosed Strattera [NCT00486122] | Phase 4 | 282 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-09-30 | Completed | ||
A Phase 3, Randomised, Double-blind, Multicentre, Parallel-group, Placebo- and Active-reference, Dose-optimisation Efficacy and Safety Study of Extended-release Guanfacine Hydrochloride in Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hy [NCT01244490] | Phase 3 | 338 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-17 | Completed | ||
Psychopharmacology of Adolescents With AUD and ADHD [NCT00029614] | Phase 2 | 24 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
Eight-Week, Double-Blind, 3-Arm Parallel, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Efficacy And Safety Trial Of Atomoxetine, Atomoxetine Plus Buspirone, And Placebo In Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00174226] | Phase 2 | 241 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Completed | ||
A Pilot Study of Strattera Treatment in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Who Have Poor Response to Stimulant Therapy [NCT00181948] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
Phase IV Placebo-Controlled Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Adults With ADHD and Comorbid Social Anxiety Disorder [NCT00190879] | Phase 4 | 440 participants | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine Treatment of Adults With ADHD and Comorbid Alcohol Abuse: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00190957] | Phase 4 | 140 participants | Interventional | 2004-08-31 | Completed | ||
Maintenance of Benefit After 8-Week and 52-Week Treatment With Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adolescents With ADHD [NCT00191035] | Phase 4 | 520 participants | Interventional | 2004-03-31 | Completed | ||
A Randomised, Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study of the Broader Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Swedish Children and Adolescents [NCT00191542] | Phase 3 | 100 participants | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label Study of the Broader Efficacy of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents [NCT00191659] | Phase 3 | 200 participants | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride and Placebo in Child and Adolescent Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder [NCT00191698] | Phase 3 | 226 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
An Open-Label Study on Effectiveness and Tolerability of Atomoxetine, as Perceived by Patients, Parents, and Physicians in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Germany [NCT00191737] | Phase 3 | 147 participants | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | ||
Long-Term Extension, Open-Label Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Child Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00191386] | Phase 3 | 228 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
Long-Term, Open Label Safety Study of Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Patients, 6 Years and Older With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00190684] | Phase 3 | 1,553 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2000-08-31 | Completed | ||
The Effect of a Once Daily Evening Dose of Atomoxetine (ATX) on ADHD-Related Insomnia in Children and Adolescents [NCT00252278] | Phase 4 | 36 participants | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Recruiting | ||
Phase 1, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multiple Dose Assessment of Potential Interactions Between Intravenous Cocaine and Atomoxetine [NCT00265265] | Phase 1 | 16 participants | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
A Study of the Efficacy of Atomoxetine in Treating the Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity in Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Effects [NCT00417794] | Phase 1 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine for Children With Acquired Attentional Disorders Following Completion of Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia [NCT00299234] | Phase 4 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient number of interested potentital subjects) | ||
Atomoxetine in the Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder: A Single-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible Dose Study in Outpatients [NCT00327834] | Phase 4 | 0 participants | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
Effects of Atomoxetine on Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia [NCT00420498] | Phase 2 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
Prospective Follow-Up Observational Study to Examine the Progression of ADHD Drug Treatment and to Analyze Associated Factors [NCT01624649] | 289 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2012-02-29 | Completed | |||
Competition With Striatal [11C]ORM-13070 Binding by Atipamezole and Endogenous Noradrenaline - a PET Study in Healthy Human Subjects [NCT01435213] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
A Study to Assess the Cardiovascular, Cognitive and Subjective Effects of Atomoxetine in Combination With Intravenous Methamphetamine [NCT01019707] | Phase 1 | 6 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to End in funding) | ||
An Open Study of Atomoxetine (LY139603) in Adult Subjects With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00636818] | Phase 2 | 45 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study of 3 Dosages of JNJ-31001074 in the Treatment of Adult Subjects With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT00880217] | Phase 2 | 430 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
Imaging Stimulant and Non Stimulant Treatments for ADHD: A Network Based Approach [NCT01678209] | Phase 4 | 127 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-10-31 | Completed | ||
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation to ADHD Pharmacotherapy in ADHD Adults With DESR Traits: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT01399827] | Phase 2 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-02-29 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine for the Treatment of Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Open-label Study [NCT00286949] | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-06 | Completed | |||
[NCT01557569] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-04-30 | Completed | ||
Cognitive Dysfunction in PD: Pathophysiology and Potential Treatments, a Pilot Study [NCT01340885] | Phase 4 | 9 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine in Comorbid ADHD/PTSD: A Pilot, Placebo-Controlled Feasibility Study [NCT02287038] | Phase 4 | 44 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-10-15 | Completed | ||
A Randomized, Prospective, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study of Atomoxetine in the Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope (POST7) [NCT05159687] | Phase 3 | 180 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-06-01 | Recruiting | ||
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Skills for Impulsive Aggression in Children Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at Alexandria University Hospitals [NCT05351944] | 62 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2023-05-07 | Active, not recruiting | |||
Depression Diagnosis and Treatment in Parkinson Disease [NCT00304161] | Phase 4 | 55 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-07-31 | Completed | ||
Changes in Striatal [11C]ORM-13070 Binding Elicited by Changing Levels of Endogenous Noradrenaline - a PET Study in Healthy Human Subjects [NCT01794975] | Phase 1 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-08-31 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine, Diurnal Profiles of Cortisol and α-amylase, Possible Biological Markers of Treatment Success [NCT03075579] | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-12-01 | Recruiting | |||
Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapy for Treating Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT02482649] | 46 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-01-31 | Recruiting | |||
Maintenance of Response After Open-Label Treatment With Atomoxetine Hydrochloride in Adult Outpatients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Withdrawal Study [NCT00700427] | Phase 3 | 2,017 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | ||
A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effects of Atomoxetine on Impulsivity in Patients With Tourette's Syndrome [NCT04354103] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-05-31 | Recruiting | ||
A Phase 4, Multicenter, 2-part Study Composed of a 1-Year Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled, Active-comparator, Dose-optimization Evaluation Followed by a 1-Year Open-label Evaluation to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Guanfac [NCT04085172] | Phase 4 | 288 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-09-18 | Recruiting | ||
Atomoxetine Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease (ATM-Cog) [NCT01738191] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Completed | ||
Atomoxetine Treatment for Opioid Maintained Cocaine Users [NCT01802515] | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-12-31 | Terminated(stopped due to No funding stopped recruitment march 2014 with only 14 enrolled) | |||
Efficacy and Safety/Tolerability of OROS MPH (Concerta) Plus Atomoxetine (ATMX) in Children and Adolescents (Age 6-17) With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00585910] | Phase 4 | 94 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-01-31 | Completed | ||
Strattera(Atomoxetine) for the Treatment of Attention Disorders in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT00702364] | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Completed | |||
An Open-label Study of the Long Term Tolerability and Safety of Atomoxetine in Treating the Inattention, Impulsivity and Hyperactivity in Children With Fetal-Alcohol Syndrome or Effects. [NCT00418262] | Phase 3 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
Cognitive Effects of Atomoxetine in Humans: Genetic Moderators [NCT01498549] | 35 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-12-31 | Completed | |||
Cognitive Treatments in Schizophrenia [NCT00628394] | Phase 4 | 119 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-09-30 | Completed | ||
Phase 2, Randomized, 3-Period, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety in Obstructive Sleep Apnea of AD036 Versus Placebo or Atomoxetine [NCT04445688] | Phase 2 | 62 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-07-15 | Completed | ||
Phase 2 Norepinephrine Transporter Blockade, Autonomic Failure IND117394 12/28/12 [NCT02784535] | Phase 2 | 48 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-08-29 | Completed | ||
Efficacy and Safety of Midodrine and Atomoxetine Treatment in Patients With Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension : A Prospective Randomized Study [NCT03350659] | Phase 4 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-01 | Completed | ||
A 6 Month, Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Flexible Dosing, Crossover Trial of Atomoxetine in Subjects With Mild Cognitive Impairment. [NCT01522404] | Phase 2 | 39 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-03-31 | Completed | ||
Effects of Atomoxetine and Oros-mph on Executive Functions in Patients With Combined Type Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [NCT02352051] | Phase 4 | 43 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Completed | ||
Phase 2 Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Parallel-Arm Dose Finding Study to Compare Fixed Dose Combinations of AD109 and AD504 to Atomoxetine or Placebo in Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT05071612] | Phase 2 | 294 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-29 | Completed | ||
Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study on the Neural Mechanisms of Remission in Children With ADHD Treated With Methylphenidate or Atomoxetine [NCT05229627] | 250 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-01-31 | Enrolling by invitation | |||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
The Adult AISRS was used to assess each of the 18 individual criteria symptoms (both inattentive and hyperactive) of ADHD in DSMIV on a severity grid (0=not present; 3=severe; minimum score=0; maximum score=54). Results are given as average change (reduction) in AISRS symptoms from baseline to Week 6. (NCT00181766)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 Weeks
Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Strattera (Atomoxetine) | -12.1 |
The CGI includes Global Severity (1=not ill; 7=extremely ill) and the Global Improvement (1=very much improved; 7=very much worse) Scales. Overall severity and change in severity of ADHD was assessed with the Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Improvement was defined by CGI-I ≤2, much or very much improved, at study endpoint. Results are given as number of subjects who improved according to the CGI-I using the definition above. (NCT00181766)
Timeframe: 6 Weeks
Intervention | subjects (Number) |
---|---|
Strattera (Atomoxetine) | 29 |
Modified Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, sum, higher is worse. This score does not have psychometrics available. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is a semistructured clinician-rated instrument that assesses the severity and frequency of motor and phonic tics over the previous week. Five index scores are obtained during the assessment, where higher scores indicate greater frequency or severity. These indices are: Total Motor Tic Score (0-25), Total Phonic Tic Score (0-25), Total Tic Score (0-50) Overall Impairment Rating (0-50). (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | .196 | .053 | .000 | .160 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | .111 | 1.342 | .214 | .143 |
CPT Commissions, impulsive responses, higher score is worse. This scale is based on t-scores and does not have psychometrics available. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | T-scores (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 51.3277 | 51.7005 | 59.8788 | 50.0763 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 52.8976 | 51.1713 | 51.2159 | 49.1616 |
Children's Sleep Problems Severity, sum of scores, higher is worse.The scale assessed contains 16 items, each scored 0 to 3, with 0 representing no problems and 3 representing daily problems. total range from 0 to 48. This score does not have psychometrics available. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 5.14 | 3.20 | 4.75 | 2.94 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 5.09 | 2.83 | 4.55 | 3.43 |
The Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment, relative to the clinician's past experience with patients who have the same diagnosis. Considering total clinical experience, a patient is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 5.14 | 3.20 | 4.75 | 2.94 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 5.09 | 2.83 | 4.55 | 3.43 |
Measure of conflict within the home over the past 24 hours. The CCI is a validated measure of family conflicts in the home and is completed by parents. It consists of 42 items (for boys) or 36 items (for girls) reflecting attention-seeking and conflictual behavior, as well as negativity and withdrawal. Items are scored as yes (1 point) or no (0 points). Mean score between 0 and 1 reported, with higher score indicating greater conflict. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment week 6 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | .3224 | .2386 | .3526 | .2118 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | .3385 | .1978 | .3078 | .2304 |
Affective problems. This scale consists of 8 items, scored 0-3, with 0 representing no problems and 3 representing extreme problems. This analysis presents sum of scores, higher is worse. Full range from 0 to 24. This score does not have psychometrics available. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 11.2609 | 10.6889 | 9.7108 | 10.9886 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 10.6905 | 10.8257 | 10.1400 | 10.9286 |
ADHD-RS Total Score Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale. Each item on the 18-item measure is scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms), yielding a possible total score of 0-54. Higher score indicates higher probability of diagnosis. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 39.58 | 20.03 | 34.32 | 18.08 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 39.75 | 17.59 | 33.54 | 22.13 |
Each item on the 18-item measure is scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms), yielding a possible total score of 0-27. Higher score indicates higher probability of diagnosis. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 23.30 | 12.32 | 20.33 | 11.09 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 22.44 | 10.35 | 18.74 | 13.26 |
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD- H/I). Each item on the 18-item measure is scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms), yielding a possible total score of 0-27. Higher score indicates higher probability of diagnosis. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 16.56 | 7.82 | 13.99 | 6.67 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 17.31 | 7.24 | 14.80 | 8.87 |
Modified Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, sum, higher is worse. This score does not have psychometrics available. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is a semistructured clinician-rated instrument that assesses the severity and frequency of motor and phonic tics over the previous week. Five index scores are obtained during the assessment, where higher scores indicate greater frequency or severity. These indices are: Total Motor Tic Score (0-25), Total Phonic Tic Score (0-25), Total Tic Score (0-50) Overall Impairment Rating (0-50). (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 5.304 | 1.737 | .000 | .500 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | .292 | .132 | .643 | .397 |
Systolic blood pressure - the amount of pressure in arteries during contraction of the heart muscle Normal range varies by age, sex, height and weight and can range from 80mm Hg to 130mmHg (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | mm HG (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 101.11 | 102.10 | 99.74 | 102.34 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 101.60 | 103.29 | 101.29 | 102.51 |
Heartbeats per minute. Range varies from 50-205 depending on age and level of activity. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | beats per minute (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 78.20 | 84.46 | 82.96 | 84.85 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 77.49 | 82.05 | 81.30 | 84.31 |
Diastole blood pressure - blood pressure when the heart muscle is between beats. normal range varies by age, sex, height and weight and can range from 34mm Hg to 90mmHg (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | mm HG (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 61.78 | 64.58 | 62.33 | 62.82 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 61.26 | 62.77 | 61.28 | 65.44 |
(NCT00183391)
Timeframe: Measured at ends of treatments one and two
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Treatment Preference of ATX | Treatment Preference of MPH | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 41.8 | 50.5 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 27.4 | 51.9 |
Modified Yale Global Tic Severity Scale, sum, higher is worse. This score does not have psychometrics available. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) is a semistructured clinician-rated instrument that assesses the severity and frequency of motor and phonic tics over the previous week. Five index scores are obtained during the assessment, where higher scores indicate greater frequency or severity. These indices are: Total Motor Tic Score (0-25), Total Phonic Tic Score (0-25), Total Tic Score (0-50) Overall Impairment Rating (0-50). (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | .161 | .018 | .039 | .060 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | .028 | 1.329 | .057 | .016 |
Measure of social skills, higher score is better. This scale is based on t-scores and does not have psychometrics available. (NCT00183391)
Timeframe: up to 14 weeks
Intervention | t-score (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Block 1 Baseline Week 0 | Block 1 End of Treatment Week 6 | Block 2 Baseline Week 8 | Blocks 2 End of Treatment Week 14 | |
Atomoxetine Then Methylphenidate | 82.71 | 91.07 | 78.58 | 91.07 |
Methylphenidate Then Atomoxetine | 77.96 | 88.57 | 82.35 | 87.96 |
Patients were assessed for changes in weight, height, and BMI. BMI is an estimate of body fat based on body weight divided by height squared. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | percentiles (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (0 to 25th percentile) (N=46) | Weight (25th to 50th percentile) (N=58) | Weight (50th to 75th percentile) (N=50) | Weight (75th to 100th percentile) (N=97) | Height (0 to 25th percentile) (N=64) | Height (25th tp 50th percentile) (N=61) | Height (50th to 75th percentile) (N=55) | Height (75th to 100th percentile) (N=65) | BMI (0 to 25th percentile) (N=34) | BMI (25th to 50th percentile) (N=53) | BMI (50th to 75th percentile) (N=55) | BMI (75th to 100th percentile) (N=101) | |
Atomoxetine | 18.93 | 14.90 | -1.33 | -6.68 | 12.06 | 9.53 | -6.28 | -10.92 | 18.71 | 8.52 | -3.26 | -7.94 |
Patients were assessed for changes in ECG. The RR interval is the time duration between two consecutive R waves of the ECG. The QRS interval is the beginning of Q to the end of the S wave. The QT interval is a measure of time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave and is dependent on the heart rate. A corrected QT interval (QTc) has been corrected in order to aid interpretation. QTbz is the QT interval using Bazett's correction formula. QTfr is the QT interval using Fridericia's correction formula.QTdat is the QT interval using a data specific correction method for children. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | milliseconds (msec) (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR Interval | QRS Interval | QT Bazett (bz) Correction | QT Data (dat) Correction | QT Fridericia (fr) Correction | |
Atomoxetine | 27.2 | 2.6 | -1.7 | -0.2 | 0.5 |
A 27-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the parent to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscales: Oppositional, Cognitive Problems, Hyperactivity, and ADHD Index. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 18 for all subscales except ADHD Index which ranges from 0 to 36. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CPRS ADHD Index Subscale (n=1056) | CPRS Cognitive Subscale (n=1056) | CPRS Hyperactive Subscale (n=1057) | CPRS Oppositional Subscale (n=1059) | |
Atomoxetine | 2.411 | 1.500 | 0.325 | 1.357 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.523 |
Patients were assessed for changes in heart rate using electrocardiogram. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | beats per minute (bpm) (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.5 |
(NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | centimeters (cm) (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 10.9 |
(NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | beats per minute (bpm) (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.5 |
(NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | millimeters of Mercury (mmHg) (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Systolic BP | Diastolic BP | |
Atomoxetine | 4.7 | 1.3 |
Vital signs were assesed categorically using the term high for BP, high and low for pulse and temperature, or decreased for weight. For BP, high was an increase to a value above the 95th percentile of the National Institute of Health (NIH) values. For pulse, high was an increase of at least 25 beats per minute to at least 110, and low was a decrease of at least 20 beats per minute to at most 65 beats per minute. For temperature, high was an increase of at least 1 to 37.7 and low was a decrease of at least 1.3 to at most 35.6. Decrease in weight was marked by a reduction of at least 3.5%. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: Baseline through 5 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic BP High (N=1431) | Diastolic BP High (N=1458) | Pulse High (N=1528) | Pulse Low (N=1528) | Temperature High (N=1525) | Temperature Low (N=1525) | Weight Decrease (N=1526) | |
Atomoxetine | 228 | 92 | 19 | 39 | 7 | 9 | 61 |
(NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | kilograms (kg) (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 11.0 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of ADHD. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. Hyperactive/Impulsive and Inattention Subscales consisted of 9 items each, for total subscale score range of 0 to 27. ADHD Index Subscale consisted of 12 items, for total score range of 0 to 36. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline, 5 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Score | Inattentive Subscale Score | Hyperactive Subscale Score | |
Atomoxetine | 3.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 |
QT interval is a measure of time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave and is dependent on the heart rate. A corrected QT interval (QTc) has been corrected in order to aid interpretation. QTbz is the QT interval using Bazett's correction formula. QTfr is the QT interval using Fridericia's correction formula. QTdat is the QT interval using a data specific correction method for children. For Males: Normal is <430 ms, Borderline is >=430 ms and <450 ms, Prolonged is >=450 ms. For Females: Normal is <450 ms, Borderline is >=450 ms and <470 ms, Prolonged is >=470 ms. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline through 5 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QTc (bz) Normal Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (bz) Normal Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (bz) Normal Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (bz) Borderline Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (bz) Borderline Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (bz) Borderline Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (bz) Prolonged Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (bz) Prolonged Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (bz) Prolonged Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (dat) Normal Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (dat) Normal Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (dat) Normal Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (dat) Borderline Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (dat) Borderline Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (dat) Borderline Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (dat) Prolonged Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (dat) Prolonged Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (dat) Prolonged Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (fr) Normal Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (fr) Normal Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (fr) Normal Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (fr) Borderline Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (fr) Borderline Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (fr) Borderline Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | QTc (fr) Prolonged Baseline/Normal Endpoint | QTc (fr) Prolonged Baseline/Borderline Endpoint | QTc (fr) Prolonged Baseline/Prolonged Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 1069 | 156 | 11 | 180 | 49 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1433 | 26 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1454 | 16 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
QT interval is a measure of time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave and is dependent on the heart rate. A corrected QT interval (QTc) has been corrected in order to aid interpretation. QTbz is the QT interval using Bazett's correction formula. QTfr is the QT interval using Fridericia's correction formula. QTdat is the QT interval using a data specific correction method for children. (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline through 5 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QTc (bz) Increase of at least 30 milliseconds (ms) | QTc (bz) Increase of at least 60 ms | QTc (bz) Increase to values >500 ms | QTc (dat) Increase of at least 30 ms | QTc (dat) Increase of at least 60 ms | QTc (dat) Increase to values >500 ms | QTc (fr) Increase of at least 30 ms | QTc (fr) Increase of at least 60 ms | QTc (fr) Increase to values >500 ms | |
Atomoxetine | 68 | 2 | 0 | 50 | 2 | 0 | 56 | 2 | 0 |
Standard reference ranges from Covance Laboratories were used in the determination of abnormal high and low values based on age and gender, where appropriate. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST); serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT); units/liter (U/L); alanine aminotransferase (ALT); serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT); millimoles/liter (mmol/L); grams/liter (g/L); micromoles/liter (umol/L); millimoles/liter-iron (mmol/L-Fe); trillion/liter (TI/L)or 10^12 units/liter; Giga/liter (GI/L)or 10^9 units/liter; femtoliters (fL); urinalysis (UA) (NCT00190684)
Timeframe: baseline through 5 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST/SGOT (U/L) Low (N=1484) | AST/SGOT (U/L) High (N=1484) | ALT/SGPT (U/L) Low (N=1486) | ALT/SGPT (U/L) High (N=1486) | Creatine Phosphokinase (U/L) Low (N=1485) | Creatine Phosphokinase (U/L) High (N=1485) | Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L) Low (N=1486) | Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L) High (N=1486) | Gamma Glutamyltransferase (U/L) Low (N=1486) | Gamma Glutamyltransferase (U/L) High (N=1486) | Urea Nitrogen (mmol/L) Low (N=1487) | Urea Nitrogen (mmol/L) High (N=1487) | Calcium (mmol/L) Low (N=1487) | Calcium (mmol/L) High (N=1487) | Inorganic Phosphorus (mmol/L) Low (N=1485) | Inorganic Phosphorus (mmol/L) High (N=1485) | Total Protein (g/L) Low (N=1487) | Total Protein (g/L) High (N=1487) | Albumin (g/L) Low (N=1487) | Albumin (g/L) High (N=1487) | Glucose, Non-Fasting/Random (mmol/L) Low (N=1486) | Glucose, Non-Fasting/Random (mmol/L) High (N=1486) | Uric Acid (umol/L) Low (N=1487) | Uric Acid (umol/L) High (N=1487) | Cholesterol (mmol/L) Low (N=1487) | Cholesterol (mmol/L) High (N=1487) | Creatinine (umol/L) Low (N=1487) | Creatinine (umol/L) High (N=1487) | Total Bilirubin (umol/L) Low (N=1458) | Total Bilirubin (umol/L) High (N=1458) | Hematocrit (1) Low (N=1482) | Hematocrit (1) High (N=1482) | Hemoglobin (mmL/L-Fe) Low (N=1482) | Hemoglobin (mmL/L-Fe) High (N=1482) | Erythrocyte Count (TI/L) Low (N=1482) | Erythrocyte Count (TI/L) High (N=1482) | Leukocyte Count (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Leukocyte Count (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Bands (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Bands (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Neutrophils, Segmented (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Neutrophils, Segmented (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Lymphocytes (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Lymphocytes (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Monocytes (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Monocytes (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Eosinophils (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Eosinophils (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Basophils (GI/L) Low (N=1482) | Basophils (GI/L) High (N=1482) | Mean Cell Volume (fL) Low (N=1482) | Mean Cell Volume (fL) High (N=1482) | Platelet Count (GI/L) Low (N=1479) | Platelet Count (GI/L) High (N=1479) | Sodium (mmol/L) Low (N=1486) | Sodium (mmol/L) High (N=1486) | Potassium (mmol/L) Low (N=1484) | Potassium (mmol/L) High (N=1484) | Chloride (mmol/L) Low (N=1486) | Chloride (mmol/L) High (N=1486) | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) Low (N=1486) | Bicarbonate (mmol/L) High (N=1486) | UA-Specific Gravity (no units) Low (N=1486) | UA-Specific Gravity (no units) High (N=1486) | Lymphocytes, Atypical (GI/L) Low (N=52) | Lymphocytes, Atypical (GI/L) High (N=52) | |
Atomoxetine | 0 | 27 | 2 | 38 | 0 | 57 | 67 | 83 | 0 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 117 | 10 | 31 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 113 | 20 | 1 | 6 | 130 | 87 | 72 | 0 | 285 | 0 | 38 | 24 | 85 | 14 | 30 | 8 | 3 | 63 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 23 | 6 | 0 | 62 | 12 | 0 | 54 | 0 | 3 | 26 | 10 | 1 | 63 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 39 | 73 | 0 | 52 |
"Tanner Stage:~I: no pubic hair at all (prepubertal Dominic state) II: small amount of long, downy hair with slight pigmentation at the base of the penis and scrotum (males) or on the labia majora (females) III: hair becomes more coarse and curly, and begins to extend laterally IV: adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs V: hair extends to medial surface of the thighs~Age Groups:~age<11.0 (female) and age<12 (male)~11=
Timeframe: 1 year through 5 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner I (N=7) | First Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner II (N=7) | First Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner III (N=7) | First Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner IV (N=7) | First Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner V (N=7) | First Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner I (N=14) | First Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner II (N=14) | First Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner III (N=14) | First Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner IV (N=14) | First Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner V (N=14) | First Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner I (N=37) | First Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner II (N=37) | First Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner III (N=37) | First Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner IV (N=37) | First Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner V (N=37) | First Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner I (N=35) | First Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner II (N=35) | First Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner III (N=35) | First Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner IV (N=35) | First Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner V (N=35) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner I (N=2) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner II (N=2) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner III (N=2) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner IV (N=2) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 1, Tanner V (N=2) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner I (N=4) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner II (N=4) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner III (N=4) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner IV (N=4) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 2, Tanner V (N=4) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner I (N=32) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner II (N=32) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner III (N=32) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner IV (N=32) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 3, Tanner V (N=32) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner I (N=55) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner II (N=55) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner III (N=55) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner IV (N=55) | Endpoint Tanner, Age Group 4, Tanner V (N=55) | |
Atomoxetine | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 19 | 33 |
120-item scale includes 101 items rated on 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree) or 4-5 point multiple choices. Adult Domain characteristics' subscales and score ranges include: Competence (13-65), Isolation (6-30), Attachment (7-35), Health (5-25), Role Restriction (7-35), Depression (9-45), Spouse (7-35). Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. Parent Domain score >=148 (>=85th percentile) is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Domain Total | Parent Domain Competence | Parent Domain Isolation | Parent Domain Attachment | Parent Domain Health | Parent Domain Role Restriction | Parent Domain Depression | Parent Domain Spouse | |
Atomoxetine | -5.08 | -1.78 | -0.68 | 0.05 | 0.05 | -0.51 | -1.55 | -0.74 |
Placebo | -1.34 | -1.24 | -0.11 | 0.40 | -0.05 | 0.06 | -0.08 | -0.32 |
The PSI 19-item Stress Life Events scale has yes/no responses and measures situational circumstances beyond control (death of family member, divorce, etc.) in the past 12 months. Maximum score (all answers=yes) is 79; a Life Stress raw score >=17 indicates high stress. Each question is weighted based upon the event. Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. High scores (>=85th percentile) indicate higher stress. Total Stress >=258 is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Total Stress | Life Stress | |
Atomoxetine | -10.74 | 0.25 |
Placebo | -7.06 | -0.30 |
The MADRS is an investigator administered rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms. The MADRS has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
12 Weeks (n=235,202) | 24 Weeks (n=236,202) | |
Atomoxetine | -0.69 | -0.61 |
Placebo | 0.14 | 0.36 |
18-item scale that captures the 18-item DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD. 9 inattentive items alternate with 9 hyperactive/impulsive items. Each item is scored 0 (none), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe). The total score range is 0-54 (0-27 for each subscale). Higher scores indicate more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician or PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Score 12 Weeks (n=233, 201) | Hyperactivity Score 12 Weeks (n=233, 202) | Inattention Score 12 Weeks (n=233, 201) | Total Score 24 Weeks (n=235, 202) | Hyperactivity Score 24 Weeks (n=235, 202) | Inattention Score 24 Weeks (n=235, 202) | |
Atomoxetine | -13.26 | -5.84 | -7.42 | -13.66 | -6.05 | -7.62 |
Placebo | -9.06 | -4.37 | -4.66 | -8.02 | -3.68 | -4.35 |
30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/ impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Total Scores range from 0-54 (range of 0-27 for the inattention and hyperactivity subscales; 0-36 for the ADHD Index) with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician/PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 1 week
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score (n=144, 119) | Hyper/Impulsive Subscale (n=144, 119) | Inattention Subscale (n=144, 119) | ADHD Index Subscale (n=143, 119) | |
Atomoxetine Group 1 | -7.92 | -3.21 | -4.72 | -4.65 |
Atomoxetine Group 2 | -7.62 | -3.51 | -4.11 | -4.30 |
Placebo | -5.12 | -2.41 | -2.71 | -2.53 |
30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/ impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Total Scores range from 0-54 (range of 0-27 for the inattention and hyperactivity subscales; 0-36 for the ADHD Index) with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician/PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -16.43 |
Placebo | -8.65 |
Items 19-26 of the CDBRS assess the presence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (yes if participant answers >=4 items as 2 [often] or 3 [very often]). Items 1-26 are rated on a 0-3 scale (0=never/rarely, 1=sometimes, 2=often, 3=very often). 15 yes/no items assess the presence of Conduct Disorder (yes if >3 items answered yes). Participants with a child 6-12 years old living in the home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ODD Flag - Yes, Baseline | ODD Flag -No, Baseline | ODD Flag - Yes, 24 Weeks | ODD Flag -No, 24 Weeks | Conduct Disorder Flag - Yes, Baseline | Conduct Disorder Flag - No, Baseline | Conduct Disorder Flag - Yes, 24 Weeks | Conduct Disorder Flag - No, 24 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 54 | 127 | 40 | 141 | 13 | 168 | 14 | 167 |
Placebo | 40 | 119 | 33 | 126 | 14 | 145 | 10 | 149 |
32-item self-report scale to assess quality of the relationship perceived by participants. Response anchors vary and include a 5-, 6- or 7-point Likert scale (always agree/disagree; all the time/never); and 2 yes/no items. Assesses 4 relationship aspects (# items): dyadic satisfaction (10), cohesion (5), consensus (13), affectional expression (4). Raw score total=0-151 and is converted to a t-score (0-100; mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10). T-scores of 45-55 indicate a typical score (no concern). Scores <30 indicate significant impairment. Lower scores indicate poorer dyadic adjustment. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dyadic Adjustment | Dyadic Consensus | Dyadic Satisfaction | Affectional Expression | Dyadic Cohesion | |
Atomoxetine | 1.13 | 1.61 | 0.52 | 1.16 | -0.06 |
Placebo | 0.70 | 1.42 | -0.02 | -0.85 | 0.54 |
120-item scale includes 101 items rated on 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree) or 4-5 point multiple choices. Child Domain characteristics' subscales and score ranges include: Distractibility/Hyperactivity (9-45), Adaptability (11-55), Reinforces Parent (6-30), Demandingness (9-45), Mood (5-25), Acceptability (7-35). Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. A Child Domain score >=116 (>=85th percentile) is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child Domain Total | Defensive Responding | Child Domain Distractibility/Hyperactive | Child Domain Adaptability | Child Domain Reinforces Parent | Child Domain Demandingness | Child Domain Mood | Child Domain Acceptability | |
Atomoxetine | -5.66 | -1.66 | -1.70 | -1.56 | -0.79 | -0.56 | -0.36 | -0.68 |
Placebo | -5.72 | -0.35 | -1.93 | -1.87 | -0.32 | -1.00 | -0.26 | -0.34 |
42-item scale, 3 subscales (z-scores [-2 to 2]): Dysfunctional/Negative/Positive Parenting. Each construct rated 1=never/5=always (# items): involvement (10), supervision (10), positive parenting (6), inconsistent discipline (6), other discipline (7), harsh discipline (3). Higher scores indicate impairment: dysfunctional/negative parenting composite; supervision, inconsistent discipline, harsh punishment, other discipline. Lower scores indicate impairment: positive parenting composite; positive parenting, involvement. Completed by participants with a child 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Involvement (n=230, 192) | Parent Positive Parenting (n=230, 192) | Parent Poor Supervision (n=229, 191) | Parent Inconsistent Discipline (n=230, 192) | Parent Corporal Punishment (n=230, 192) | Parent Other Discipline Practice (n=230, 190) | Dysfunctional Parenting Composite (n=229, 191) | Negative Parenting Composite (n=229, 191) | Positive Parenting Composite (n=230, 192) | |
Atomoxetine | 0.27 | 0.00 | -1.29 | -1.07 | -0.23 | -0.01 | -0.23 | -0.37 | 0.03 |
Placebo | 0.67 | 0.36 | -1.17 | -0.81 | -0.21 | 0.00 | -0.26 | -0.32 | 0.13 |
30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/ impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Total Scores range from 0-54 (range of 0-27 for the inattention and hyperactivity subscales; 0-36 for the ADHD Index) with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician/PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, after 2-week titration period beginning at Week 24
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score | Hyper/Impulsive Subscale | Inattention Subscale | ADHD Index Subscale | |
Atomoxetine | -0.17 | -0.06 | -0.12 | -0.17 |
Placebo/Atomoxetine Group 1 | -4.54 | -1.71 | -2.82 | -2.37 |
Placebo/Atomoxetine Group 2 | -4.92 | -2.00 | -2.92 | -2.91 |
120-item scale includes 101 items rated on 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree) or 4-5 point multiple choices. Adult Domain characteristics' subscales and score ranges include: Competence (13-65), Isolation (6-30), Attachment (7-35), Health (5-25), Role Restriction (7-35), Depression (9-45), Spouse (7-35). Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. Parent Domain score >=148 (>=85th percentile) is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Domain Total | Parent Domain Competence | Parent Domain Isolation | Parent Domain Attachment | Parent Domain Health | Parent Domain Role Restriction | Parent Domain Depression | Parent Domain Spouse | |
Atomoxetine | -7.66 | -2.58 | -1.08 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.52 | -2.13 | -0.75 |
Placebo | -3.12 | -1.57 | -0.28 | -0.01 | 0.07 | -0.31 | -0.54 | -0.48 |
32-item self-report scale to assess quality of the relationship perceived by the spouse/significant other. Response anchors vary and include a 5-, 6- or 7-point Likert scale (always agree/disagree; all the time/never); and 2 yes/no items. Assesses 4 relationship aspects (# items): dyadic satisfaction (10), cohesion (5), and consensus (13), and affectional expression (4). Raw score total=0-151 and is converted to a t-score (0-100; mean=50, SD=10). T-scores of 45-55 indicate a typical score (no concern). Scores <30 indicate significant impairment. Lower scores indicate poorer dyadic adjustment. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dyadic Adjustment | Dyadic Consensus | Dyadic Satisfaction | Affectional Expression | Dyadic Cohesion | |
Atomoxetine | 2.09 | 2.49 | 1.37 | 1.57 | 0.81 |
Placebo | 2.64 | 3.67 | 1.61 | 1.23 | 0.29 |
30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/ impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Total Scores range from 0-54 (range of 0-27 for the inattention and hyperactivity subscales; 0-36 for the ADHD Index) with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician/PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -14.33 |
Placebo | -10.05 |
FAM consists of 3 components: General Scale; Dyadic Relationships Scale (DRS), and Self-Rating Scale. Participants completed the DRS scale, a 42-item self-report scale providing quantitative indices of family strengths/weaknesses. Items are rated 0-3 (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). Raw scores=0-18 (each subscale) and are converted to a t-score (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10; scores range from 0-100). T-scores should be between 40-60. T-scores >=60 indicate disturbance in family functioning. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Task Accomplishment | Role Performance | Communication | Affective Expression | Involvement | Control | Values and Norms | |
Atomoxetine | -0.79 | -0.25 | -0.63 | 0.50 | -0.27 | -0.01 | 0.00 |
Placebo | -0.41 | -0.04 | -0.29 | -0.33 | 0.17 | 0.33 | -0.27 |
FAM consists of 3 components: General Scale; Dyadic Relationships Scale (DRS), and Self-Rating Scale. The spouse/significant other completed the DRS scale, a 42-item self-report scale providing quantitative indices of family strengths/weaknesses. Items are rated 0-3 (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). Raw scores=0-18 (each subscale) and are converted to a t-score (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10; scores range from 0-100). T-scores should be between 40-60. T-scores >=60 indicate disturbance in family functioning. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Task Accomplishment | Role Performance | Communication | Affective Expression | Involvement | Control | Values and Norms | |
Atomoxetine | -0.28 | -0.86 | -0.15 | 0.17 | -0.25 | 0.15 | -0.27 |
Placebo | 0.15 | -0.35 | -0.05 | 0.32 | 0.11 | 0.54 | -0.95 |
Contains the symptoms of ADHD (9 items for Inattention/9 items for Hyperactive-Impulsive). Total maximum severity score is 54 (0-27 for each subscale). Higher scores indicate greater impairment. Participants with a child 6-12 years old living in the home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Score | Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptom ADHD Score | Inattention Symptom ADHD Score | |
Atomoxetine | -2.93 | -1.18 | -1.75 |
Placebo | -2.57 | -1.26 | -1.30 |
16-item scale to assess parenting self-esteem: the Satisfaction Subscale has 9 questions (2,3,4,5,8,9,12,14,16)=54; the Efficacy Subscale has 7 questions (1,6,7,10,11,13,15)=43. Each response on the satisfaction subscale is answered on a 6-point scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree). Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction and greater self-efficacy. Lower scores mean more impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Score | Satisfaction Scale | Efficacy Scale | |
Atomoxetine | 3.51 | 1.77 | 1.75 |
Placebo | 2.52 | 1.26 | 1.25 |
120-item scale includes 101 items rated on 5-point Likert scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree) or 4-5 point multiple choices. Child Domain characteristics' subscales and score ranges include: Distractibility/Hyperactivity (9-45), Adaptability (11-55), Reinforces Parent (6-30), Demandingness (9-45), Mood (5-25), Acceptability (7-35). Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. A Child Domain score >=116 (>=85th percentile) is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child Domain Total | Defensive Responding | Child Domain Distractibility/Hyperactive | Child Domain Adaptability | Child Domain Reinforces Parent | Child Domain Demandingness | Child Domain Mood | Child Domain Acceptability | |
Atomoxetine | -9.52 | -2.28 | -2.28 | -2.66 | -1.54 | -1.06 | -0.72 | -0.91 |
Placebo | -7.85 | -0.84 | -2.60 | -2.44 | -0.63 | -1.30 | -0.33 | -0.56 |
32-item self-report scale to assess quality of the relationship perceived by participants. Response anchors vary and include a 5-, 6- or 7-point Likert scale (always agree/disagree; all the time/never); and 2 yes/no items. Assesses 4 relationship aspects (# items): dyadic satisfaction (10), cohesion (5), and consensus (13), and affectional expression (4). Raw score total=0-151 and is converted to a t-score (0-100; mean=50, SD=10). T-scores of 45-55 indicate a typical score (no concern). Scores <30 indicate significant impairment. Lower scores indicate poorer dyadic adjustment. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dyadic Adjustment | Dyadic Consensus | Dyadic Satisfaction | Affectional Expression | Dyadic Cohesion | |
Atomoxetine | 1.21 | 2.13 | 0.47 | 0.62 | 0.30 |
Placebo | 0.51 | 1.58 | -0.32 | -1.13 | 0.16 |
The PSI 19-item Stress Life Events scale has yes/no responses and measures situational circumstances beyond control (death of family member, divorce, etc.) in the past 12 months. Maximum score (all answers=yes) is 79; a Life Stress raw score >=17 indicates high stress. Each question is weighted based upon the event. Total Score measures relative magnitude of stress in parent-child system. High scores (>=85th percentile) indicate higher stress. Total Stress >=258 is indicative of impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Total Stress | Life Stress | |
Atomoxetine | -17.19 | 0.99 |
Placebo | -10.97 | 0.19 |
The CGI-ADHD-S is a single-item rating of the clinician's assessment of the severity of ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD subjects. Severity is rated on a 7-point scale (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill subjects). The scale was administered by a physician or PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
8 Weeks | 24 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | -1.13 | -1.18 |
Placebo | -0.69 | -0.67 |
30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/ impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales. Total Scores range from 0-54 (range of 0-27 for the inattention and hyperactivity subscales; 0-36 for the ADHD Index) with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. The scale was administered by a physician/PhD at the investigative site. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score | Hyper/Impulsive Subscale | Inattention Subscale | ADHD Index Subscale | |
Atomoxetine Group 1 | -10.55 | -4.61 | -5.94 | -6.09 |
Atomoxetine Group 2 | -10.58 | -4.76 | -5.83 | -5.92 |
Placebo | -7.77 | -3.43 | -4.34 | -4.00 |
42-item scale, 3 subscales (z-scores [-2 to 2]): Dysfunctional/Negative/Positive Parenting. Each construct rated 1=never/5=always (# items): involvement (10), supervision (10), positive parenting (6), inconsistent discipline (6), other discipline (7), harsh discipline (3). Higher scores indicate impairment: dysfunctional/negative parenting composite; supervision, inconsistent discipline, harsh punishment, other discipline. Lower scores indicate impairment: positive parenting composite; positive parenting, involvement. Completed by child 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 Weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child Involvement Mother (n=189, 159) | Child Involvement Father (n=188, 159) | Child Positive Parenting (n=188, 159) | Child Poor Supervision (n=188, 158) | Child Inconsistent Discipline (n=189, 159) | Child Corporal Punishment (n=189, 160) | Child Other Discipline Practice (n=189, 159) | |
Atomoxetine | 0.12 | 0.36 | -0.90 | -1.52 | -0.44 | -0.25 | -0.24 |
Placebo | -0.11 | 0.44 | -0.33 | -1.31 | -0.86 | -0.34 | -0.19 |
42-item scale, 3 subscales (z-scores [-2 to 2]): Dysfunctional/Negative/Positive Parenting. Each construct rated 1=never/5=always (# items): involvement (10), supervision (10), positive parenting (6), inconsistent discipline (6), other discipline (7), harsh discipline (3). Higher scores indicate impairment: dysfunctional/negative parenting composite; supervision, inconsistent discipline, harsh punishment, other discipline. Lower scores indicate impairment: positive parenting composite; positive parenting, involvement. Completed by participants with a child 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent Involvement (n=230, 192) | Parent Positive Parenting (n=230, 192) | Parent Poor Supervision (n=229, 191) | Inconsistent Discipline (n=230, 192) | Parent Corporal Punishment (n=230, 192) | Other Discipline Practice (n=230, 190) | Dysfunctional Parenting Composite (n=229, 191) | Negative Parenting Composite (n=229, 191) | Positive Parenting Composite (n=230, 192) | |
Atomoxetine | 0.31 | 0.07 | -1.24 | -1.19 | -0.25 | 0.22 | -0.25 | -0.39 | 0.05 |
Placebo | 0.43 | 0.11 | -0.96 | -0.82 | -0.14 | 0.18 | -0.20 | -0.28 | 0.07 |
"Self-report scale completed by the participant. Separate scales measure state (20 items) and trait (20 items) anxiety. The participant reports how they feel right now at this moment for state anxiety and how they generally feel for trait anxiety. The state items are scored as: 1 (not at all), 2 (somewhat true), 3 (moderately true), 4 (very true). The trait items are scored as: 1 (almost never), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often), 4 (almost always). Scores range from 4-80 for each scale. Higher scores indicate more impaired participants." (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
State Anxiety Score 12 Weeks (n=230, 197) | Trait Anxiety Score 12 Weeks (n=231, 198) | State Anxiety Score 24 Weeks (n=232, 198) | Trait Anxiety Score 24 Weeks (n=233, 198) | |
Atomoxetine | -1.50 | -5.67 | -0.40 | -5.32 |
Placebo | 1.12 | -2.42 | 0.38 | -2.77 |
32-item self-report scale to assess quality of the relationship perceived by the spouse/significant other. Response anchors vary and include a 5-, 6- or 7-point Likert scale (always agree/disagree; all the time/never); and 2 yes/no items. Assesses 4 relationship aspects (# items): dyadic satisfaction (10), cohesion (5), and consensus (13), and affectional expression (4). Raw score total=0-151 and is converted to a t-score (0-100; mean=50, SD=10). T-scores of 45-55 indicate a typical score (no concern). Scores <30 indicate significant impairment. Lower scores indicate poorer dyadic adjustment. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dyadic Adjustment | Dyadic Consensus | Dyadic Satisfaction | Affectional Expression | Dyadic Cohesion | |
Atomoxetine | 2.09 | 2.79 | 1.32 | 1.38 | 0.87 |
Placebo | 2.84 | 3.87 | 1.27 | 2.00 | 0.99 |
FAM consists of 3 components: General Scale; Dyadic Relationships Scale (DRS), and Self-Rating Scale. Participants completed the DRS scale, a 42-item self-report scale providing quantitative indices of family strengths/weaknesses. Items are rated 0-3 (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). Raw scores=0-18 (each subscale) and are converted to a t-score (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10; scores range from 0-100). T-scores should be between 40-60. T-scores >=60 indicate disturbance in family functioning. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Task Accomplishment | Role Performance | Communication | Affective Expression | Involvement | Control | Values and Norms | |
Atomoxetine | -0.81 | -0.33 | -1.15 | 0.05 | -0.32 | -0.53 | -0.67 |
Placebo | -0.90 | 0.27 | -0.58 | 0.25 | 0.56 | 0.41 | 0.31 |
FAM consists of 3 components: General Scale; Dyadic Relationships Scale (DRS), and Self-Rating Scale. The spouse/significant other completed the DRS scale, a 42-item self-report scale providing quantitative indices of family strengths/weaknesses. Items are rated 0-3 (strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree). Raw scores=0-18 (each subscale) and are converted to a t-score (mean=50, standard deviation (SD)=10; scores range from 0-100). T-scores should be between 40-60. T-scores >=60 indicate disturbance in family functioning. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | T-scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Task Accomplishment | Role Performance | Communication | Affective Expression | Involvement | Control | Values and Norms | |
Atomoxetine | -0.79 | -0.93 | 0.14 | -0.08 | -0.47 | 0.05 | -0.19 |
Placebo | 0.24 | -0.41 | -0.09 | 0.60 | -0.10 | 0.73 | -0.57 |
16-item scale to assess parenting self-esteem: the Satisfaction Subscale has 9 questions (2,3,4,5,8,9,12,14,16)=54; the Efficacy Subscale has 7 questions (1,6,7,10,11,13,15)=43. Each response on the satisfaction subscale is answered on a 6-point scale (strongly agree/strongly disagree). Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction and greater self-efficacy. Lower scores mean more impairment. Participants with a child aged 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home completed the scale. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Score | Satisfaction Scale | Efficacy Scale | |
Atomoxetine | 4.57 | 2.48 | 2.09 |
Placebo | 2.93 | 1.53 | 1.41 |
42-item scale, 3 subscales (z-scores [-2 to 2]): Dysfunctional/Negative/Positive Parenting. Each construct rated 1=never/5=always (# items): involvement (10), supervision (10), positive parenting (6), inconsistent discipline (6), other discipline (7), harsh discipline (3). Higher scores indicate impairment: dysfunctional/negative parenting composite; supervision, inconsistent discipline, harsh punishment, other discipline. Lower scores indicate impairment: positive parenting composite; positive parenting, involvement. Completed by child 6-12 or 13-17 years living at home. (NCT00190775)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child Involvement Mother (n=189, 158) | Child Involvement Father (n=188, 159) | Child Positive Parenting (n=188, 159) | Child Poor Supervision (n=188, 158) | Child Inconsistent Discipline (n=189,159) | Child Corporal Punishment (n=189, 160) | Child Other Discipline Practice (n=189, 159) | |
Atomoxetine | 0.08 | 0.38 | -0.80 | -1.12 | -0.60 | -0.30 | -0.24 |
Placebo | -0.17 | -0.15 | -0.24 | -1.23 | -0.81 | -0.31 | -0.27 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191386)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 Months, 12 Months, 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Score 6 Months (n=228) | Total Score 12 Months (n=178) | Total Score 2 Years (n=143) | Total Score 3 Years (n=105) | Total Score 4 Years (n=62) | |
Atomoxetine | -14.1 | -16.0 | -17.7 | -20.0 | -20.1 |
Measures severity of the participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00191386)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 Months, 12 Months, 2 Years, 3 Years, 4 Years
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Months | 12 Months | 2 Years | 3 Years | 4 Years | |
Atomoxetine | -1.1 | -1.3 | -1.4 | -1.6 | -1.8 |
Participants were categorized as either extensive metabolizers (EM) or poor metabolizers (PM). CYP2D6 is the primary atomoxetine metabolizing enzyme. The CYP2D6 genotype were analysed by testing the *2, *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, *8, and *10 alleles. Metabolizer status was determined by focusing on the normal(wild type, *2), decreased(*10), and defective allele(*3, *4, *5, *6, *7, or *8). PM were assigned to the patients had two defective alleles in any combination of *3, *4, *5, *6, *7, or *8 alleles. EM was all except for PM. (NCT00191386)
Timeframe: Over 1 year
Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Extensive Metabolizer | Poor Metabolizer | |
Atomoxetine | 225 | 3 |
Details on the actual adverse events are presented in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00191386)
Timeframe: Baseline through 4 years
Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Serious Adverse Events | All Other Nonserious Adverse Events | |
Atomoxetine | 6 | 222 |
Measure of reaction time in determining whether the stimulus sounds like a real word ('yes' response) or not ('no' response) using pseudo homophones and pseudo words. Data presented here are for reaction time to indentifying pseudo words correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C+RD | -113.06 |
Reading Disorder | -213.00 |
Reading Disordered Control | -368.14 |
Measure of reaction time in determining whether the stimulus sounds like a real word ('yes' response) or not ('no' response) using pseudo homophones and pseudo words. Data presented here are for reaction time to identifying psuedohomophones correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C+ RD | -170.81 |
Reading Disorder | -241.00 |
Reading Disordered Control | -254.86 |
Measures the degree of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, based on answers to 9 items. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often) for a total Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Subscale score of 0 to 27. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 15.51 | 10.32 | 12.91 |
Placebo | 17.24 | 17.03 | 17.13 |
Measures the degree of inattention symptoms based on answers to 9 items. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often), for a total Inattention Subscale score range of 0 to 27. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 15.27 | 12.25 | 13.76 |
Placebo | 17.82 | 18.28 | 18.05 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total score is computed as the sum of the scores on each of the 18 items. Total score is the sum of the scores on the 18 items and range from 0 to 54. Total T-score = (Total Score - 50)/10. Total T-score ranges from -5 (low severity) to 0.4 (high severity). (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | T-Score of units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | -1.91 | -2.76 | -2.34 |
Placebo | -1.48 | -1.48 | -1.48 |
Measures total improvement (or worsening) of a patient's ADHD symptoms from the beginning of treatment (1=very much improved, 7=very much worsened). (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: 4 week therapy endpoint
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 3.69 | 2.98 | 3.34 |
Placebo | 3.70 | 3.76 | 3.73 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: 4 week therapy endpoint
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 4.05 | 3.65 | 3.85 |
Placebo | 3.73 | 4.34 | 4.04 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total score is the sum of the scores on the 18 items and range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | ADHD-Combined Type + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 30.86 | 22.44 | 26.65 |
Placebo | 35.20 | 35.17 | 35.18 |
SSRT measures response execution (go trials) and response inhibition (stop trials). Go trials consist of stimulus (airplane). Child to press response button corresponding to direction airplane is pointing. Stop trials consist of go trial and audible stop signal. Initial delay between go trial and stop signal = 250 msec. If child succeeded in inhibiting response, delay on next stop trial increased by 50 msec, otherwise, delay decreased by 50 msec. SSRT = subtract mean delay from mean go signal reaction time. Lower scores mean better ability to suppress response when presented with stop signal. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C+RD | -0.25 |
Reading Disorder | -34.0 |
Reading Disordered Control | 0.05 |
SSRT measures response execution (go trials) and response inhibition (stop trials). Go trials consist of stimulus (airplane). Child to press response button corresponding to direction airplane is pointing. Stop trials consist of go trial and audible stop signal. Initial delay between go trial and stop signal = 250 msec. If child succeeded in inhibiting response, delay on next stop trial increased by 50 msec, otherwise, delay decreased by 50 msec. SSRT = subtract mean delay from mean go signal reaction time. Lower scores mean better ability to suppress response when presented with stop signal. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C | 7.95 |
Normal Control | 11.22 |
Measure of reaction time to identify whether a word displayed on a computer is a pseudo word versus a real or correct word. During the performance of the lexical decision task that was presented on a computer, the reaction times and accuracy of responses were measured. Data presented are the mean reaction times over the 4 weeks of each therapy for identifying pseudo words correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | Reading Disorder | ADHD-C + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 1403.0 | 1365.0 | 1426.1 | 1398.0 |
Placebo | 1475.4 | 1412.2 | 1487.0 | 1458.2 |
Measure of reaction time to identify whether a word displayed on a computer is a real or correct word versus a pseudo word. During the performance of the lexical decision task that was presented on a computer, the reaction times and accuracy of responses were measured. Data presented are the mean reaction times over the 4 weeks of each therapy for identifying correct words correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | Reading Disorder | ADHD-C + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 1182.9 | 1172.4 | 1201.9 | 1185.7 |
Placebo | 1291.9 | 1198.6 | 1305.9 | 1265.5 |
Measure of reaction time in determining whether the stimulus sounds like a real word ('yes' response) or not ('no' response) using pseudo homophones and pseudo words. Data presented here are for reaction time to identifying pseudo words correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C | -523.20 |
Normal Control | -536.00 |
Measure of reaction time in determining whether the stimulus sounds like a real word ('yes' response) or not ('no' response) using pseudohomophones and pseudo words. Data presented here are for reaction time to identifying psuedohomophones correctly. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and 4 weeks of therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD-C | -230.40 |
Normal Control | -339.17 |
Measures the visuo-spatial working memory span, and corresponds to the longest sequence of blocks that has been reproduced correctly at least once. Scores can range from 3 to 8, with the higher score indicating better function. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | blocks correctly sequenced (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | Reading Disorder | ADHD-C + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 5.29 | 5.50 | 5.92 | 5.57 |
Placebo | 4.98 | 5.14 | 5.29 | 5.14 |
SSRT measures response execution (go trials) and response inhibition (stop trials). Go trials consist of stimulus (airplane). Child to press response button corresponding to direction airplane is pointing. Stop trials consist of go trial and audible stop signal. Initial delay between go trial and stop signal = 250 msec. If child succeeded in inhibiting response, delay on next stop trial increased by 50 msec, otherwise, delay decreased by 50 msec. SSRT = subtract mean delay from mean go signal reaction time. Lower scores mean better ability to suppress response when presented with stop signal. (NCT00191906)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 4 of initial therapy and Week 4 of crossover therapy
Intervention | milliseconds (msec) (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD-Combined Type | Reading Disorder | ADHD-C + Reading Disorder | Overall | |
Atomoxetine | 299.90 | 265.61 | 277.38 | 280.97 |
Placebo | 308.82 | 260.51 | 292.53 | 287.29 |
(NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks
Intervention | kilograms (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 12 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 38.0 | 37.0 |
Placebo | 37.5 | 38.9 |
(NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks
Intervention | mmHg (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 12 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 98.7 | 102.9 |
Placebo | 102.2 | 101.2 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Week 107
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 21.4 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total Scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Week 12
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 26.3 |
Placebo | 34.8 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Week 4
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 31.2 |
Placebo | 35.5 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Week 6
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 28.7 |
Placebo | 34.4 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Week 9
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 27.3 |
Placebo | 34.4 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: week 6 and week 12
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Week 6 | Week 12 | |
Atomoxetine | 28.7 | 26.3 |
Placebo | 34.4 | 34.8 |
Parent-rated assessment of a child's health status and level of functioning. It consists of 76 items. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a five-point response format (for example, 'how good is your child at making friends?' 1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (t-value) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Standard scores are expressed in standard deviation units. T-score=[(Score-4.2382)*10/0.32835]+50. Higher scores mean improvement. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | standard deviation units (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parent: Satisfaction Baseline | Parent: Comfort Baseline | Parent: Resilience Baseline | Parent: Risk Avoidance Baseline | Parent: Achievement Baseline | Parent: Satisfaction 12 Weeks | Parent: Comfort 12 Weeks | Parent: Resilience 12 Weeks | Parent: Risk Avoidance 12 Weeks | Parent: Achievement 12 Weeks | Child/Adolescent: Satisfaction Baseline | Child/Adolescent: Comfort Baseline | Child/Adolescent: Resilience Baseline | Child/Adolescent: Risk Avoidance Baseline | Child/Adolescent: Achievement Baseline | Child/Adolescent: Satisfaction 12 Weeks | Child/Adolescent: Comfort 12 Weeks | Child/Adolescent: Resilience 12 Weeks | Child/Adolescent: Risk Avoidance 12 Weeks | Child/Adolescent: Achievement 12 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 38.0 | 42.8 | 42.1 | 31.7 | 33.2 | 40.4 | 44.6 | 45.3 | 40.5 | 38.0 | 49.2 | 49.9 | 52.0 | 47.6 | 42.1 | 50.6 | 52.7 | 52.4 | 51.9 | 45.5 |
Placebo | 39.0 | 44.4 | 41.8 | 34.1 | 33.1 | 40.0 | 44.1 | 42.2 | 35.9 | 34.4 | 50.0 | 50.6 | 52.0 | 49.1 | 44.6 | 52.3 | 51.9 | 52.2 | 49.7 | 45.7 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and Open-Label Endpoint (107 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 107 | |
Atomoxetine | 5.1 | 3.2 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 12 | |
Atomoxetine | 5.06 | 3.89 |
Placebo | 5.04 | 4.5 |
The CPRS-R:S has 27 items to be completed by the parent to assess behavioral problems related to ADHD. Individual item scores range from 0 (not at all true/never/seldom: lowest impairment) to 3 (very much true/very often/very frequent: highest impairment). The total score is calculated as the sum of all items. Total scores range from 0 to 81. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 12 | |
Atomoxetine | 54.6 | 37.8 |
Placebo | 54.7 | 48.5 |
The K-SADS-PL is a semi-structured interview schedule for assessing psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. It is used to assess the status of 32 DSM-IV child and adolescent psychiatric diagnosis. (NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants with any Comorbidity | Participants with Oppositional Defiant Disorder | Participants with Tic Disorder | Participants with Affective Disorders | Participants with Anxiety Disorders | Participants with Conduct Disorder | |
Atomoxetine | 46 | 28 | 16 | 3 | 13 | 0 |
Placebo | 22 | 10 | 9 | 2 | 6 | 0 |
(NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks
Intervention | mmHg (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 12 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 56.4 | 59.3 |
Placebo | 58.2 | 57.5 |
(NCT00191945)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 weeks
Intervention | beats per minute (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 12 Weeks | |
Atomoxetine | 75.8 | 84.5 |
Placebo | 77.0 | 79.0 |
Number of participants with nonserious adverse events during the open-label phase of the trial, which was for 1.5 years or until atomoxetine received marketing approval. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Baseline (Visit 14) though 1.5 years (Visit 20) or until atomoxetine received marketing approval
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abdominal pain | Nausea | Vomiting | Pyrexia | Influenza | Weight decreased | Anorexia | Decreased appetite | Headache | Somnolence | Agitation | Insomnia | |
Atomoxetine | 6 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 8 | 7 | 4 |
The scale measures symptoms of DSM-IV linked anxiety disorders in children. Contains 41 items. Individual item scores range from 0 (not true or hardly ever true) to 2 (very true or often true). Therefore, the overall score ranges from 0 to 82. Higher scores are more indicative of greater anxiety. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 20.3 | -2.1 |
Placebo | 18.8 | -1.7 |
Items are included from the DSM-IV criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder (items #21-#28). The SNAP-IV is based on a 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much) rating scale. Total subscale scores range from 0 to 24. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 17.2 | -2.7 |
Placebo | 17.5 | -0.3 |
Items from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD are included for the two subsets of symptoms: inattention (items #1-#9) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (items #11-#19). The SNAP-IV is based on a 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much) rating scale. Total subscale scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 42.7 | -8.1 |
Placebo | 41.5 | -2.0 |
Parent-rated assessment of a child's health status and level of functioning. It consists of 76 items. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a five-point response format (for example, 'how good is your child at making friends?' 1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (t-value) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Standard scores are expressed in standard deviation units. T-score=[(score-4.2382)*10/0.32835] + 50. Higher scores mean improvement. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | standard deviation units (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 27.1 | 3.6 |
Placebo | 26.9 | 1.2 |
Measures presence and severity of depression. Consists of 17 items scored on a 1-5 or 1-7 scale. A rating of 1 indicates normal, thus the minimum score is 17. The maximum score is 113. In general, scores below 20 indicate an absence of depression; scores of 20 or 30 indicate borderline depression; scores of 40 to 60 indicate moderate depression. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 28.0 | -0.5 |
Placebo | 26.9 | -0.1 |
Number of participants with serious adverse events during the open-label phase of the trial, which was for 1.5 years or until atomoxetine received marketing approval. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Baseline (Visit 14) though 1.5 years (Visit 20) or until atomoxetine received marketing approval
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Vomiting | Infectious mononucleosis | Agitation | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A 27-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the parent to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscales: Oppositional, Cognitive Problems, Hyperactivity, and ADHD Index. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 18 for all subscales except ADHD Index which ranges from 0 to 36. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oppositional Baseline | Oppositional Change to 8 Week Endpoint | Cognitive Problems Baseline | Cognitive Problems Change to 8 Week Endpoint | Hyperactivity Baseline | Hyperactivity Change to 8 Week Endpoint | ADHD Index Baseline | ADHD Index Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 11.7 | -1.2 | 14.3 | -2.3 | 12.0 | -2.2 | 28.2 | -5.0 |
Placebo | 12.2 | 0.8 | 14.2 | 0.2 | 12.0 | -0.7 | 28.4 | -0.1 |
A 28-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the teacher to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 15 for Oppositional and Cognitive Problems, 0 to 21 for Hyperactivity, and 0 to 36 for ADHD Index. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oppositional Baseline | Oppositional Change to 8 Week Endpoint | Cognitive Problems Baseline | Cognitive Problems Change to 8 Week Endpoint | Hyperactivity Baseline | Hyperactivity Change to 8 Week Endpoint | ADHD Index Baseline | ADHD Index Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 7.6 | -1.1 | 8.2 | -0.9 | 12.8 | -2.1 | 25.3 | -3.5 |
Placebo | 10.8 | 0.1 | 8.5 | 0.0 | 16.3 | -1.1 | 29.4 | -0.9 |
Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00192023)
Timeframe: Visit 8 (baseline) and Visit 14 (8 weeks)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change to 8 Week Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine | 5.1 | -0.6 |
Placebo | 5.1 | 0.0 |
Weekly AARS scores (continuous, range 0-54) were examined with the baseline score compared to that at the last assessment obtained and change in these scores over time. The AARS looks at adult ADHD symptoms. A score of 0 represents no symptoms and 54 would be indicative of the most severe level of symptoms. (NCT00218543)
Timeframe: measured during 12 weeks or length of study participation
Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
baseline | end of study | |
Atomoxetine | 31.4 | 21.2 |
AARS is a self report that measures symptoms of adult ADHD. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients achieving a 30% reduction from baseline on the AARS scale. The AARS is scored on a continuous, range 0-54. 0 being no symptoms and 54 being indicative of the most severe level of symptoms. (NCT00218543)
Timeframe: baseline compared to rating at week 12 or last rating during study participation
Intervention | percent of participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 50 |
"Measures 18 symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Each symptom rated 0-3, for a minimum total score of 0, and a maximum total score of 54 for the scale. A higher score reflects more severe symptomatology.~The inattentive subscale and the hyperactive/impulsive subscale each has a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 27." (NCT00254462)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and at Week 8. These are the only two timepoints calculated, later timepoint subtracted from earlier timepoint.
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -13.2 |
Placebo | -5.8 |
Measures 18 symptoms of ADHD. Each symptom rated 0-3, for a maximum total score of 54 for the scale. A higher score reflects more severe symptomatology. (NCT00254462)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and at Week 8. Later time point is subtracted from earlier time point.
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -12.5 |
Placebo | -5.0 |
"This is a commonly used, clinician-rated measure of clinical improvement.~The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement scale (CGI-I) is a 7 point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. and rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse.~For purposes of analysis, subjects rated as (1) Very Much Improved or (2) Much Improved were considered responders." (NCT00260533)
Timeframe: 10 weeks (end of study)
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 3 |
Placebo | 4 |
"CGIC-C score is a clinician's rating of change (improvement or worsening) over the course of the trial in an individual's symptoms and their global impact on function and clinical status, i.e., the global impact of the intervention that the patient is better, unchanged, or worse). Scale ranges1 to 7 which equates to from very much worse to very much improved.~The CGIC-C score is not an appropriate baseline measure since it represents change after initiating an intervention. In addition, a baseline Clinical Global Impression of Severity-Clinician Rated Score (CGIS-C) is not appropriate to compare to CGIC-C, as a patient with severe disease might show clinically meaningful improvement (i.e., very much improved) from an intervention while still being severely affected on the CGIS-C score; by contrast, a patient with mild CGIS-C could have minimal or no change on the CGIC-C score. This study was not designed to assess the influence of disease severity on the primary outcome (CGIC-C)." (NCT00286949)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Much Improved | Much Improved | Minimally Improved | No Change | Minimally Worse | Much Worse | Very Much Worse | |
Atomoxetine Open Label | 3 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe) Executive Function subscore is on of the 3 subscales of the FrSBE, a scale designed to identify and quantify behavioral problems associated with frontal lobe dysfunction. The other subscales are Apathy and Disinhibition. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Totals are generated for each subscale and normative data is referenced (based on patient gender, age and education) and standardized T-scores are determined). For all FrSBe scales, T scores ≥ 65 are considered clinically significant and scores of 60 to 64 represent likely borderline impairment. (NCT00286949)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | T-score (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline Visit | Final Visit | |
Atomoxetine | 67 | 58 |
The CAARS-L Inattention/Memory subscale, a primary self-rated outcome measure in this study, measures the frequency of behaviors associated with executive dysfunction, such as task incompletion, disorganization, distractibility, and difficulty planning, multi-tasking, and initiating tasks. CAARS-L scores are depicted as group Mean (SD) T scores, derived from comparison to CAARS norms based on gender and age in a normative sample. Similar to the FrSBE, higher T-scores are associated with greater symptom severity and T-scores above 65 represent symptoms of clinical significance. (NCT00286949)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline Visit | Final Visit (8 weeks) | |
Atomoxetine (Strattera) | 60 | 52 |
"The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scale rates total improvement on a 7 point scale:~= Very much improved~= Much improved~= Minimally improved~= No change~= Minimally worse~= Much worse~= Very much worse~A participant scoring a 1 or 2 is considered a responder on the CGI scale." (NCT00304161)
Timeframe: Week 8
Intervention | percentage of responders (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 45.5 |
Placebo | 33.3 |
The primary measure of depression symptom severity was the Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C), a 30-item (scores 0-84, increasing scores indicating greater depression severity) comprehensive instrument that is increasingly used as a primary outcome measure in major depression treatment studies in the general population. An IDS-C score of greater than or equal to 22 was indicative of at least moderate depression. The IDS-C was administered at every study visit. The criteria for the primary measure of treatment response was a >50% decrease in IDS-C score from baseline. (NCT00304161)
Timeframe: Week 8
Intervention | percentage of improved participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 22.7 |
Placebo | 9.5 |
Parent-rated assessment of a child's health status and level of functioning. It consists of 76 items. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a five-point response format (for example, 'how good is your child at making friends?' 1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (t-value) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Standard scores are expressed in standard deviation units. Achievement Domain Range = -3.1 to 67.7. Higher scores mean greater health or level of functioning in achievement. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Mean) |
---|---|
Pure ADHD | 2.65 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | 0.51 |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | 3.89 |
Items from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for ADHD are included for the two subsets of symptoms: inattention (items #1-#9: total score=0-27) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (items #11-#19: total score=0-27). The SNAP-IV is based on a 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much) rating scale. Total combined type (inattention plus hyperactivity/impulsivity) subscale scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Inattention Subscale | Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale | Combined Type (ADHD) Subscale | |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -7.58 | -8.08 | -15.7 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | -5.52 | -5.67 | -11.2 |
Pure ADHD | -5.88 | -6.19 | -12.1 |
Measures presence and severity of depression. Consists of 17 items scored on a 1-5 or 1-7 scale. A rating of 1 indicates normal, thus the minimum score is 17. The maximum score is 113. In general, scores below 20 indicate an absence of depression; scores of 20 or 30 indicate borderline depression; scores of 40 to 60 indicate moderate depression. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Pure ADHD | -1.60 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | -2.56 |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -3.13 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Pure ADHD | -1.23 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | -1.63 |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -1.42 |
The Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) is used to rate the severity of anxiety in children and adolescents, ages 6 to 17 years. The total score for the PARS is derived by summing 5 of the 7 severity/impairment/interference items (2,3,5,6,7). The total score ranges from 0 (none) to 25 (extreme severity). Items 1 (overall number of anxiety symptoms) and 4 (overall severity of physical symptoms) are not included in the total score calculation. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Pure ADHD | -0.18 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | -1.88 |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -1.18 |
Items are included from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The SNAP-IV is based on a 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much) rating scale. Total subscale scores range from 0 to 24. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Pure ADHD | -2.01 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | -2.12 |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -5.54 |
Parent-completed ASI-4 contains 120 items on 18 emotional and behavioral disorders in adolescents (12-18 years old). Item score range:0 (no symptoms) to 3 (maximum impairment). Categories: A=ADHD (0-54); B=Conduct (0-60); C=Oppositional Defiant (0-24); D=Generalized Anxiety (0-18); E=Specific Phobia/Panic Attack/Obsessions/Compulsions/Somatization (0-30); F=Social Phobia (0-6); G=Separation Anxiety (0-24); H=Schizoid Personality (0-9); I=Schizophrenia (0-6); J=Enuresis (0-18); K=Major Depressive (0-42); L=Bipolar (0-27); M=Anorexia (0-12); N=Bulimia (0-12); O=Substance Abuse (0-18). (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category A - Baseline | Category A - Change from Baseline | Category B - Baseline | Category B - Change from Baseline | Category C- Baseline | Category C - Change from Baseline | Category D- Baseline | Category D - Change from Baseline | Category E- Baseline | Category E - Change from Baseline | Category F- Baseline | Category F - Change from Baseline | Category G- Baseline | Category G - Change from Baseline | Category H- Baseline | Category H - Change from Baseline | Category I- Baseline | Category I - Change from Baseline | Category J- Baseline | Category J - Change from Baseline | Category K- Baseline | Category K - Change from Baseline | Category L- Baseline | Category L - Change from Baseline | Category M- Baseline | Category M - Change from Baseline | Category N- Baseline | Category N - Change from Baseline | Category O- Baseline | Category O - Change from Baseline | |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | 38.13 | -11.6 | 10.80 | -5.57 | 15.60 | -5.47 | 8.37 | -2.97 | 3.63 | -1.30 | 1.20 | -0.53 | 2.10 | -0.97 | 1.70 | -0.67 | 2.13 | -0.93 | 0.50 | -0.23 | 4.23 | -1.60 | 6.03 | -1.97 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 2.30 | -0.80 | 0.53 | -0.13 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | 38.33 | -10.4 | 6.00 | -0.60 | 10.50 | -1.40 | 9.20 | -1.70 | 7.60 | -4.50 | 2.60 | -1.40 | 4.50 | -3.20 | 1.60 | 0.20 | 3.20 | -1.30 | 0.40 | -0.30 | 4.90 | -1.00 | 5.10 | -0.20 | 1.30 | -0.10 | 2.20 | -0.90 | 0.30 | -0.20 |
Pure ADHD | 32.73 | -11.4 | 4.04 | -0.73 | 7.92 | -0.88 | 4.73 | -0.58 | 3.58 | -0.38 | 1.19 | -0.58 | 2.27 | -0.46 | 0.73 | -0.38 | 1.00 | -0.19 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 3.73 | -1.04 | 3.54 | -1.08 | 0.73 | 0.15 | 1.31 | -0.38 | 0.23 | 0.15 |
The CSI-4 contains 97 items that screen for 15 emotional and behavioral disorders in children between 5 and 12 years old. Item score range:0 (no symptoms) to 3 (maximum impairment). Categories: A=ADHD (0-54); B=Conduct (0-60); C=Oppositional Defiant (0-24); D=Generalized Anxiety (0-18); E=Specific Phobia/Panic Attack/Obsessions/Compulsions/Somatization (0-30); F=Social Phobia (0-6); G=Separation Anxiety (0-24); H=Schizoid Personality (0-9); I=Schizophrenia (0-6); J=Enuresis (0-18). (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category A - Baseline | Category A - Change from Baseline | Category B - Baseline | Category B - Change from Baseline | Category C - Baseline | Category C - Change from Baseline | Category D - Baseline | Category D - Change from Baseline | Category E - Baseline | Category E - Change from Baseline | Category F - Baseline | Category F - Change from Baseline | Category G - Baseline | Category G - Change from Baseline | Category H - Baseline | Category H - Change from Baseline | Category I - Baseline | Category I - Change from Baseline | Category J - Baseline | Category J - Change from Baseline | |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | 38.95 | -12.7 | 15.65 | -3.76 | 4.63 | -1.99 | 7.41 | -1.63 | 2.79 | -0.85 | 0.91 | -0.24 | 3.51 | -0.46 | 4.45 | -1.54 | 2.94 | -0.32 | 5.22 | -1.55 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | 36.00 | -9.68 | 11.05 | -1.14 | 2.23 | -0.05 | 8.23 | -2.23 | 2.09 | -0.41 | 0.32 | -0.14 | 4.05 | -0.91 | 4.64 | -1.09 | 2.77 | -0.45 | 5.58 | -0.86 |
Pure ADHD | 34.00 | -10.6 | 9.29 | -2.12 | 2.10 | -0.88 | 5.83 | -0.84 | 2.07 | -0.38 | 0.48 | -0.17 | 3.02 | -0.62 | 3.66 | -1.10 | 2.76 | -0.03 | 3.92 | -1.34 |
Parent-rated assessment of a child's health status and level of functioning. It consists of 76 items. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a five-point response format (for example, 'how good is your child at making friends?' 1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (t-value) were established, with all domains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Satisfaction range=-25.7 to 66.3; Comfort=-28.6 to 67.2; Resilience=-36.3 to 71.8; Risk Avoidance=-23.5 to 62.5. Higher scores mean greater health or level of functioning in that domain. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction Domain (N=88, N=31, N=105) | Comfort Domain (N=86, N=28, N=103) | Resilience Domain (N=87, N=30, N=106) | Risk Avoidance Domain (N=82, N=28, N=94) | |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | 3.78 | 4.94 | 3.07 | 9.88 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | 0.81 | 5.72 | 2.18 | 5.70 |
Pure ADHD | 2.14 | 1.01 | 1.21 | 4.72 |
A 28-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the teacher to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 15 for Oppositional and Cognitive Problems, 0 to 21 for Hyperactivity, and 0 to 36 for ADHD Index. (NCT00320528)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Oppositional | Cognitive Problems | Hyperactivity | ADHD Index | |
ADHD+Externalizing Disorders | -2.35 | -0.94 | -4.09 | -6.62 |
ADHD+Internalizing Disorders | 1.07 | -0.47 | -2.34 | -3.60 |
Pure ADHD | -1.42 | -1.08 | -2.87 | -4.94 |
Participants submitted a urine sample weekly. Percentage of marijuana positive urine samples were calculated per group. (NCT00360269)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | Percentage of positive UDS (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 87.3 |
Placebo | 85.3 |
The Clinical Global Impression - Improvement scale (CGI-I) was used to assess improvement in ADHD symptoms during study participation. CGI-I is a 7 point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention. and rated as: 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. (NCT00360269)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2.63 |
Placebo | 3.26 |
Participants' self-report of mean frequency of use of marijuana during week 12 of the study was assessed using a Time-Line Follow-Back. (NCT00360269)
Timeframe: One week (study week 12)
Intervention | Times per day (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2.17 |
Placebo | 1.84 |
Participants' self-report of mean frequency of use of marijuana from baseline through week 12 visit of the study was assessed using a Time-Line Follow-Back. (NCT00360269)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | Percentage of days used (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 60.1 |
Placebo | 68.1 |
The WRAADDS is intended to measure the severity of ADHD symptoms in adults. It measures symptoms in seven categories: attention difficulties, hyperactivity/restlessness, temper, affective lability, emotional over-reactivity, disorganization, and impulsivity. The scale rates individual items from 0-2 (0=not present, 1=mild, 2=clearly present), with a minimum score of 0 and maximum score of 46. Reported here is change from Baseline to Week 12 (or LOCF). (NCT00360269)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -15.05 |
Placebo | -11.05 |
The attention composite comprises performance on Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III Symbol-Digit and Letter Number Sequencing Subtests, Trail Making Test Part A, computerized simple-choice reaction time, and computerized working memory (i.e., 2-Back). The composite score is the average combined z score for each test. Higher, positive values indicate better than average performance and negative and lower values indicate worse than average. The outcome reported was change in score from baseline for each treatment arm. (NCT00368849)
Timeframe: There are two time points for this measure: baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment
Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.13 |
Placebo | 0.02 |
Although changes in motor symptoms were not hypothesized, the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale motor examination was administered at every visit. An experienced motor rater completes a motor examination and rates the participant on several motor tasks. Total score ranges from 0 - 124, with higher scores indicating a worse outcome. The outcome reported was change in score from baseline for each treatment arm. (NCT00368849)
Timeframe: There are two time points for this measure: baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.42 |
Placebo | -0.35 |
Psychiatric symptoms were evaluated with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, a self report measure of psychiatric symptoms. The measure produces raw scores and normed scores (T scores Mean = 50), with higher values representing greater impairment. The outcome reported was change in score from baseline for each treatment arm. (NCT00368849)
Timeframe: There are two time points for this measure: baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -4.20 |
Placebo | -4.64 |
The executive composite comprises performance on Trail Making Test Part B, Stroop Color and Word Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (i.e., Verbal Fluency). The composite score is the average combined z score for each test. Positive values indicate better than average performance and negative values worse than average. The outcome reported was change in score from baseline for each treatment arm. (NCT00368849)
Timeframe: There are two time points for this measure: baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.68 |
Placebo | -2.94 |
The Conners' Adult Attention Rating Scale (CAARS) is one of the most frequently used self-rating measures for adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and was given as a self-report measure of attention. It has 66 items with each item ranging from 0 to 3 points. Higher total scores represent greater impairment. The outcome reported was change in score from baseline for each treatment arm. (NCT00368849)
Timeframe: There are two time points for this measure: baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.88 |
Placebo | -2.24 |
"Memory search task aims at measuring serial search processes to be carried out in working memory. There are 2 blocks (loads) with 40 trials each. Load 1 has 1 target to remember (one animal). A yes is required whenever the target is part of displayed set of 4 animals. Load 2 has 2 animals. A yes is required whenever one of the animals appears in successively displayed sets of 4 animals. Targets are present in 50% of the trials. Reaction time (RT) for hits is mean RT of correct yes responses to targets. RT correct rejections are mean RTs of correct no responses when target was missing." (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load 1 Baseline (n=33, n=35) | Load 1 8 Week (n=34, n=34) | Load 2 Baseline (n=32, n=34) | Load 2 8 Week (n=34, n=34) | Reaction Time Hits Load 1 Baseline (n=33, n=35) | Reaction Time Hits Load 1 8 Week (n=34, n=34) | Reaction Time Hits Load 2 Baseline (n=32, n=34) | Reaction Time Hits Load 2 8 Week (n=34, n=34) | |
Atomoxetine | 1051.9 | 1014.8 | 1411.0 | 1130.4 | 932.7 | 882.4 | 1131.5 | 1060.0 |
Placebo | 1010.4 | 928.7 | 1387.2 | 1294.2 | 881.7 | 786.8 | 1111.8 | 1110.8 |
Task is the same as described in Outcome Measure #14. Standard deviations of reaction times (RT) assess intraindividual variability in RT referring to the two conditions creating hits and correct rejections as mentioned in Outcome Measure #14. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Load 1 Baseline (n=32, n=35) | Load 1 8 Week (n=32, n=33) | Load 2 Baseline (n=31, n=34) | Load 2 8 Week (n=32, n=33) | SD Hits Load 1 Baseline (n=32, n=34) | SD Hits Load 1 8 Week (n=33, n=33) | SD Hits Load 2 Baseline (n=31, n=34) | SD Hits Load 2 8 Week (n=32, n=33) | |
Atomoxetine | 406.2 | 408.2 | 515.4 | 544.9 | 308.7 | 261.6 | 416.8 | 380.6 |
Placebo | 415.0 | 353.2 | 577.4 | 580.5 | 320.3 | 232.5 | 424.6 | 501.0 |
A complex visuo-motor flexibility task that aims at measuring eye-hand co-ordination and fine motor control. By moving mouse cursor, the child is required to follow as closely as possible a target that randomly moves across the PC-screen. Accuracy is the mean distance between the mouse cursor and the moving target. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | millimeters (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline (n=30,n=33) | 8 Week (n=31,n=33) | |
Atomoxetine | 7.8 | 8.2 |
Placebo | 8.1 | 10.1 |
A complex visuo-motor flexibility task that measures eye-hand co-ordination and fine motor control. By moving mouse cursor, the child is required to follow as closely as possible a target that randomly moves across the PC-screen. Stability is within subject variability of mean distance between cursor and target. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | millimeters (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline (n=30,n=33) | 8 Week (n=31,n=33) | |
Atomoxetine | 7.6 | 8.2 |
Placebo | 8.2 | 9.4 |
Measures total improvement (or worsening) of a patient's ADHD symptoms from the beginning of treatment (1=very much improved, 7=very much worsened). (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
8 Week Improvement Score | 28 Week Improvement Score (n=39, n=35) | |
Atomoxetine | 3.5 | 2.5 |
Placebo | 3.9 | 2.7 |
A 28-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the teacher to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 15 for Oppositional and Cognitive Problems, 0 to 21 for Hyperactivity, and 0 to 36 for ADHD Index. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oppositional: Baseline (n=42, n=44) | Oppositional: 8 Week (n=36, n=36) | Oppositional: 28 Week (n=26, n= 25) | Hyperactivity: Baseline (n=42, n=44) | Hyperactivity: 8 Week (n=36, n=36) | Hyperactivity: 28 Week (n=26, n=25) | Cognitive/Attention: Baseline (n=40, n=44) | Cognitive/Attention: 8 Week (n=34, n=36) | Cognitive/Attention: 28 Week (n=26, n=25) | ADHD: Baseline (n=42, n=44) | ADHD: 8 Week (n=36, n=36) | ADHD: 28 Week (n=26, n=25) | |
Atomoxetine | 4.1 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 8.8 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 18.5 | 15.8 | 13.5 |
Placebo | 3.6 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 18.1 | 17.2 | 12.5 |
Genotype characterization was used to determine participants' metabolic status. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: baseline
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Extensive Metabolizer | Intermediate Metabolizer | Poor Metabolizer | Missing | |
Atomoxetine | 28 | 13 | 6 | 1 |
Placebo | 28 | 15 | 6 | 0 |
Parental distress is measured with the GHQ. The raw total score (based on 0-0-1-1 scoring system) can be used as an overall index of psychological distress, ranging from 0 to 12 with higher scores indicating more distress. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n=48, n=49) | 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | |
Atomoxetine | 2.9 | 2.3 | 1.7 |
Placebo | 4.0 | 3.1 | 2.3 |
The NOSI contains 123 items to be completed by the primary caregiver. Individual item scores range from 1 (completely agree) to 6 (completely disagree). Total scores range from 123 to 738. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n=42, n=44) | 8 Week (n=38, n=39) | 28 Week (n=35, n=34) | |
Atomoxetine | 368.6 | 350.0 | 325.2 |
Placebo | 379.5 | 368.8 | 328.4 |
10-item parent-based scale assessing sleep problems (6 point Likert scale). Scores: Difficulty falling asleep (1-6); Quality of sleep (3-18); Functional outcome (6-36). Lower scores indicate higher problems with item. Open-ended items: Time to fall asleep (1 [0-15 minutes] to 5 [>1 hour]); Total hours (numbers associated with hours of sleep). (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time to Fall Asleep: Baseline (n=48, n=49) | Time to Fall Asleep: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Time to Fall Asleep: 28 Week (n=35, n=35) | Difficulty Falling Asleep: Baseline (n=48, n=49) | Difficulty Falling Asleep: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Difficulty Falling Asleep: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | Total Hours of Sleep: Baseline (n=48, n=49) | Total Hours of Sleep: 8 Weeks (n=42, n=46) | Total Hours of Sleep: 28 Week (n=36, n=34) | Quality of Sleep: Baseline (n=48, n=49) | Quality of Sleep: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Quality of Sleep: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | Functional Outcome During Day:Baseline (n=48,n=49) | Functional Outcome During Day:8 Week (n=43,n=46) | Functional Outcome During Day:28Week (n=38,n=36) | |
Atomoxetine | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 14.1 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 29.6 | 29.1 | 27.8 |
Placebo | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 14.4 | 14.9 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 29.6 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 23.6 |
Placebo | 25.9 |
CSBQ is filled out by parents and consists of 49 items. Items are rated in an ordinal rather than a discrete fashion in order to establish the extent to which problems are present. The CSBQ consists of six subscales. Individual item scores range from 0=does not apply to 2=applies clearly. Total score ranges from 0 to 98. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n=48, n=49) | 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | 28 Week (n=38, n=35) | |
Atomoxetine | 53.6 | 46.1 | 40.4 |
Placebo | 52.4 | 50.2 | 43.6 |
The ABC is a 58-item informant-based scale comprised of five subscales (Irritability [15 items], Lethargy [16], Stereotypic Behaviors [7], Hyperactivity [16], Inappropriate Speech [4]). Individual item scores range from 0 (no problem) to 3 (severe problem). Subscale scores are total of individual item scores in subscale: Irritability (0-45); Lethargy (0-48); Stereotypic (0-21); Hyperactivity (0-48); Inappropriate Speech (0-12). (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks, 28 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irritiability: Baseline (n=47, n=49) | Irritiability: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Irritiability: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | Lethargy: Baseline (n=47, n=49) | Lethargy: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Lethargy: 28 Week (n=38 , n=36) | Stereotypic: Baseline (n=47, n=49) | Stereotypic: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Stereotypic: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | Hyperactivity: Baseline (n=47, n=49) | Hyperactivity: 8 Week (n=43, n=45) | Hyperactivity: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | Inappropriate Speech: Baseline (n=47, n=49) | Inappropriate Speech: 8 Week (n=43, n=46) | Inappropriate Speech: 28 Week (n=38, n=36) | |
Atomoxetine | 17.4 | 14.5 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 28.2 | 22.5 | 16.4 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 3.1 |
Placebo | 16.2 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 25.5 | 24.6 | 16.0 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 2.9 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline Total Score (n=48, n=49) | 8 Week Endpoint Total Score (n=43, n=47) | |
Atomoxetine | 40.7 | 32.3 |
Placebo | 38.6 | 37.3 |
Measures ability to neglect stimuli interfering with predefined stimulus-response coupling. Child presented with displays of 9 colored squares. Child responds to color of central square by pressing left mouse key when blue, and right mouse key when yellow. Part 1 (40 trials), surrounding squares may be same color (compatible) or different (neutral). Part 2 (80 trials), in 50% of trials, surrounding squares have color corresponding to predefined key press for other hand (incompatible). Error rates are percentages of errors in response to compatible and incompatible signals, respectively. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | error rate (percentages) (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compatible Signals Baseline (n=32, n=35) | Compatible Signals 8 Week (n=33, n=35) | Incompatible Signals Baseline (n=32, n=35) | Incompatible Signals 8 Week (n=32, n=35) | |
Atomoxetine | 7.7 | -2.1 | 8.4 | -0.4 |
Placebo | 8.5 | -1.8 | 9.1 | 0.1 |
Task is the same as described in Outcome Measure #19. Mean reaction times (RTs) are computed for correct responses to compatible and incompatible flankers, respectively. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compatible Flankers Part 2 Baseline (n=31,n=34) | Compatible Flankers Part 2 8 Week (n=33,n=35) | Incompatible Flankers Part 2 Baseline (n=31,n=35) | Incompatible Flankers Part 2 8 Week (n=33,n=35) | |
Atomoxetine | 863.1 | 901.1 | 959.4 | 931.9 |
Placebo | 925.4 | 897.7 | 976.5 | 946.2 |
"Focused attention assessed distractibility. Child needs to identify a specific target (eg, Cherry); non-target is any other fruit. Child presses yes when target occurs in relevant position (eg, one of vertical positions on diamond). Child presses no when target is absent, or when target appears on horizontal position (irrelevant target). Error rates are percentage of missing relevant targets and percentage of false alarms in response to (irr)relevant (non)targets based on number of errors/total number of trials X 100." (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
Intervention | error rate (percentage) (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrelevant Targets Baseline (n=35, n=44) | Irrelevant Targets 8 Week (n=35, n=44) | Relevant Nontargets Baseline (n=35, n=44) | Relevant Nontargets 8 Week (n=35, n=44) | Relevant Targets Baseline (n=35, n=44) | Relevant Targets 8 Week (n=35, n=44) | |
Atomoxetine | 12.3 | 10.0 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 7.3 |
Placebo | 11.8 | 13.3 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 6.9 | 7.2 |
Task is the same as described in Outcome Measure #10. Reaction times (RT) for hits are mean RTs of correct responses to relevant targets. RTs for correct rejections are mean RTs for correct rejections are mean RTs for correct no responses to irrelevant targets and relevant nontargets. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrelevant Target Baseline (n=34, n=42) | Irrelevant Target 8 Week (n=32, n=43) | Relevant Nontarget Baseline (n=34, n=43) | Relevant Nontarget 8 Week (n=33, n=43) | Mean Reaction Time Hits Baseline (n=34, n=42) | Mean Reaction Time Hits 8 Week (n=33, n=43) | |
Atomoxetine | 1260.1 | 1167.8 | 1208.4 | 1165.4 | 1045.6 | 1013.0 |
Placebo | 1217.3 | 1206.0 | 1220.9 | 1168.9 | 1084.4 | 1017.7 |
Task is the same as described in Outcome Measure #10. Standard deviations of reaction times (RT) assess intraindividual variability in RT and refer to the same conditions as those for mean reaction times described in Outcome Measure #11. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irrelevant Target Baseline (n=33, n=39) | Irrelevant Target 8 Week (n=29, n=41) | Relevant Nontarget Baseline (n=33, n=40) | Relevant Nontarget 8 Week (n=30, n=41) | Standard Deviation Hits Baseline (n=33, n=39) | Standard Deviation Hits 8 Week (n=30, n=41) | |
Atomoxetine | 421.0 | 341.0 | 442.2 | 442.6 | 434.3 | 381.5 |
Placebo | 429.4 | 431.7 | 565.6 | 455.6 | 497.9 | 393.9 |
Measures inhibition of pre-potent responses. 24 Go signals (open squares) are presented, randomly mixed with 24 No-Go signals (closed squares). Subjects are required to press a key if a Go signal (target) appears on the screen but to withhold a response if they see a No-Go signal. Error rate is the percentage of key presses to No-Go signals/total number of trials X 100. (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | error rate (percentage) (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Absent Target Baseline | Absent Target 8 Week | Present Target Baseline | Present Target 8 Week | |
Atomoxetine | 8.0 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 3.7 |
Placebo | 6.8 | 9.0 | 2.9 | 1.9 |
"The memory search task aims at measuring serial search processes to be carried out in working memory. There are 2 blocks (loads) with 40 trials each. Load 1 has 1 target to identify (e.g., an animal). A yes is required whenever the target is part of the displayed set of four stimuli (all animals). Load 2 has 2 targets. Whenever 1 of the targets appears in the successively displayed sets of four animals, a yes is required. Targets are present in 50% of trials. Error rates are the percentages of errors made in each task condition, based on the number of errors/total number of trials X 100." (NCT00380692)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 Weeks
Intervention | error rate (percentage) (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent Targets Load 2 Baseline (n=33, n=35) | Absent Targets Load 2 8 Week (n=34, n=35) | Absent Targets Load 1 Baseline (n=34, n=35) | Absent Targets Load 1 8 Week (n=34, n=35) | Present Targets Load 1 Baseline (n=34, n=35) | Present Targets Load 1 8 Week (34, n=35) | Present Targets Load 2 Baseline (n=33, n=35) | Present Targets Load 2 8 Week (n=34, n=35) | |
Atomoxetine | 2.0 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 7.6 | 9.5 | 8.7 |
Placebo | 4.4 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 7.6 | 6.6 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 10.1 |
The TLFB assesses the number of days in which a substance was used in the past 28 days. The TLFB is administered by the clinician and uses a 28-day calendar with anchor points to record this information. This instrument relies on confidential self-report of the adolescent participant. The result is reported as mean change in the number of days used substances in the past 28 days from baseline to the end of treatment using linear mixed models in an intent-to-treat analysis. (NCT00399763)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | days (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -2.24 |
Atomoxetine | -5.78 |
The SEFCA is a clinician-administered instrument that systematically assesses 52 possible side effects and rates them on a scale of 0 (not present) to 3 (severe). The instrument relies on confidential, self-report of the adolescent.The number of serious adverse events was recorded by intervention assignment. (NCT00399763)
Timeframe: weekly from randomization to 12 weeks post-randomization
Intervention | Number of serious adverse events (Number) |
---|---|
Placebo | 1 |
Atomoxetine | 1 |
All 18 ADHD symptoms are rated on a scale of 0 (none) to 3 (severe) since the previous study visit. The scores are summed to create a total ADHD severity scale score ranging from 0 (none) to 54 (most severe). A single value of mean change in ADHD severity for each group (placebo and atomoxetine) was calculated using linear mixed models in an intent-to-treat an analysis. (NCT00399763)
Timeframe: baseline and weekly through week 12 post randomization
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 18.61 |
Atomoxetine | 18.19 |
ITB-Inv assesses frequency and intensity of individually-defined target behaviors. The investigator defines 3 individual behavior problems based on interviews and additional information. Those most impairing for the child or stressful for the parents will be chosen as target behavior. Frequency of each target behavior during the last 7 days is rated on a 6-point scale (0=never to 5=always) with 0 as lowest possible score and 15 the highest possible score. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 6.0 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 6.6 |
Placebo | 8.1 |
Family burden is assessed by the FaBel questionnaire (German version of the Impact on Family Scale). Questionnaire is answered by participant's caregiver and contains 33 Likert-scaled items to assess general negative impact (of a disability, disorder, disease) on parents, description of social relationships, concern for siblings, financial impact, problems in coping as well as a total score. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale (1=fully applies, 4=applies not at all). Total scores range from 24-96. Higher scores correspond to higher family burden. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 54.2 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 50.6 |
Placebo | 53.8 |
Number of participants who experienced pre-specified categories of clinically relevant adverse events during the initial three-weeks of study treatment. NOTE: this is a subset of the overall adverse events which are reported by participant and event. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 3 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nausea or related symptoms | Fatigue or related symptoms | Gastrointestinal complaints | Sleep disturbances | |
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 21 | 19 | 12 | 2 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 18 | 14 | 8 | 2 |
Placebo | 5 | 6 | 2 | 1 |
The physician-rated CGI-S ADHD measures the participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients) during the last 7 days. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 3.5 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 3.6 |
Placebo | 4.3 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time). The lowest possible score on the Self Esteem subscale is 0; the highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 60.1 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 57.3 |
Placebo | 48.0 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time). The lowest possible score in the Total QOL score is 0; the highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher score indicates better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 66.0 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 65.6 |
Placebo | 60.7 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time). The lowest possible score on the School subscore is 0; the highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 63.4 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 67.4 |
Placebo | 60.5 |
ITB-Inv assesses frequency and intensity of individually-defined target behaviors. The investigator defines 3 individual behavior problems based on interviews and additional information. Those most impairing for the child or stressful for the parents will be chosen as target behavior. Intensity during the last 7 days is rated on a 10-point scale (0=no problems to 9=most severe problems) with the lowest possible score of 0 and the highest possible of 27. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 10.8 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 11.9 |
Placebo | 14.9 |
"FBB-HKS (Fremdbeurteilungsbogen fur Hyperkinetische Storungen), the German, parent-rated scale for attention-deficit, is a 20-item rating scale which describes ADHD symptom criteria of DSM-IV and is grouped based upon the 3 ADHD domains: inattention (items 1-9); hyperactivity (items 10-16); impulsivity (items 17-20). Parents rated symptom severity of each item during the last 7 days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all to 3=very much). The total score was calculated for ADHD overall (sum of ratings for items 1-20, divided by 20). Higher scores indicate higher severity of symptoms." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 1.2 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 1.1 |
Placebo | 1.5 |
"FBB-SSV (Fremdbeurteilungsbogen fur Storungen des Sozialverhaltens), the German, parent-rated oppositional defiant/conduct disorders scale, covers 23 criteria for ODD and 25 for conduct disorder (CD) in four sections. Parents rated symptom severity of each item during the last 7 days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all to 3=very much). The total score was calculated for ODD/CD overall (sum of ratings for items 1-17, divided by 17). Higher scores indicate higher severity of symptoms." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 0.8 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 0.8 |
Placebo | 1.0 |
The SNAP-IV: ADHD Combined Subscale for inattention (items 1-9) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (items 11-19) scores the intensity of each item during the last seven days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, 1=just a little, 2=pretty much, 3=very much). The lowest possible score is 0; highest is 54. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 22.9 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 21.3 |
Placebo | 29.6 |
The SNAP-IV: ADHD Inattention Subscale (items 1-9) scores the intensity of each item during the last seven days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, 1=just a little, 2=pretty much, 3=very much). The lowest possible score is 0; highest is 27. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 11.1 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 10.0 |
Placebo | 14.1 |
The SNAP-IV: ADHD Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale (items 10-18) scores the intensity of each item during the last seven days on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, 1=just a little, 2=pretty much, 3=very much). The lowest possible score is 0; highest is 27. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 11.5 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 11.1 |
Placebo | 15.2 |
The SNAP-IV, a 26-item scale, includes 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD and 1 item for each of the 8 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ODD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0=Not at All, 1=Just a Little, 2=Pretty Much, 3=Very Much). The SNAP-IV yields scores in three domains: Inattention (items 1-9: subscore range=0-27), Hyperact-ivity/Impulsivity (items 10-18: subscale range=0-27), and Oppositional (items 19-26: subscale range=0-24). SNAP-IV: ADHD Combined Scale score (inattention + hyperactivity/impulsivity) ranges from 0-54. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 8.6 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 9.0 |
Placebo | 12.0 |
Originally, time to treatment discontinuation was analyzed, deeming participants 'censored' if they reached the end of the observation period, were lost to followup, or withdrew informed consent. Because the median was not reached, the number of participants who discontinued (i.e., those who were not censored) is reported here. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Age <12 Years | Age >=12 Years | |
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 4 | 2 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 8 | 5 |
Placebo | 15 | 4 |
Number of participants who experienced pre-specified categories of clinically relevant adverse events during the nine-week study treatment period. NOTE: this is a subset of the overall adverse events which are reported by participant and event. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nausea or related symptoms | Fatigue or related symptoms | Gastrointestinal complaints | Sleep disturbances | |
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 25 | 20 | 14 | 4 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 21 | 14 | 12 | 3 |
Placebo | 6 | 6 | 3 | 2 |
The physician-rated CGI-S Combined ADHD and ODD measures the participant's overall severity of both ADHD and ODD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients) during the last 7 days. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 3.7 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 3.5 |
Placebo | 4.4 |
The physician-rated CGI-S ODD measures the participant's overall severity of ODD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients) during the last 7 days. (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 3.6 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 3.5 |
Placebo | 4.3 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time).The lowest possible score for the Emotional Well-Being subscale is 0; highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 71.8 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 73.0 |
Placebo | 66.9 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1=never; 5=all the time). The lowest possible score on the Family subscale is 0; the highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 63.7 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 61.9 |
Placebo | 54.7 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time). The lowest possible score on the Friends subscale is 0; the highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 67.1 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 61.3 |
Placebo | 56.2 |
"KINDL-R (Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitatsfragebogen, revised version), a validated German quality of life (QOL) questionnaire, provides parents' views on their child's emotional QOL. It consists of 24 items covering 6 QOL related dimensions (subscales) and 7 additional items assessing chronic illness. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1= never; 5= all the time). The lowest possible score on the Physical Well-Being subscale is 0; highest possible score is 100. Scores were normalized between 0 and 100, irrespective of the number of items per subscore. Higher scores indicate better QOL." (NCT00406354)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Fast Titration | 69.1 |
Atomoxetine Slow Titration | 71.9 |
Placebo | 78.1 |
"Motor Tics~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.27 |
"Movements, Picking/Chewing Skin or Fingers~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.62 | 0.64 |
"Tearful/Sad/Depressed~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.27 |
"Socially Withdrawn~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.09 |
"Stomachaches~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.23 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.45 |
Trouble Sleeping Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation. (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.35 | 0.64 | 0.53 | 0.40 |
"Worried/Anxious~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.27 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 0.45 |
"Crabby/Irritable~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.85 | 0.68 | 1.06 | 0.73 |
"Dull/Tired/Listless~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.38 | 0.36 |
"Hallucinations~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
"Headaches~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.18 |
"Loss of Appetite~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1) , moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation" (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.45 |
Height measured in centimeters at the time of each visit as part of the vital signs. (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | cm (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 121.67 | 123.27 | 132.13 |
Parent rate the frequency of 18 of their child's behaviors from not at all (0), just a little (1) , pretty much (2) to very much (3) for each behavior. The Item scores were summed to arrive at a total score which ranged from 0 to 54. The higher the score, the worse the behavior. (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | 37.35 | 27.87 | 31.88 |
"Buccal, Lingual Movements~Parent rating of none (0), mild (1), moderate (2) or severe (3) for each manifestation." (NCT00418262)
Timeframe: 12 months or study duration
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visit 1 | Visit 5 | Visit 8 | Visit 10 | |
Atomoxetine HCL (Strattera) | .12 | 0.2 | 0.44 | 0.27 |
CHIP-CE PRF: parent rated assessment of a child's health status/level of functioning. The achievement domain describes developmentally appropriate role functioning in school and with peers. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a 5-point response format (1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (T-scores) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Normative range is 40 to 60. Higher scores indicate better health and lower scores indicate worse health. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 12 months
Intervention | T-Scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Change from Baseline: 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=195) | Month 6 Baseline (M6B) (n=132, n=148) | Change from M6B at 12 Months (n=104, n=128) | |
Atomoxetine | 7.8 | 37.7 | 1.2 |
OEST | 10.7 | 41.2 | -0.9 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales consisted of 9 items each, for total subcale scores ranging from 0 to 27. Higher scores are indicative of more severe symptoms. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Baseline (n=199, n=198) | Total Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Total Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Total 6 Month Baseline (n=137, n=154) | Total Change at 12 Months (n=108, n=138) | Inattention Baseline (n=199, n=198) | Inattention Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Inattention Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Inattention 6 Month Baseline (n=137, n=154) | Inattention Change at 12 Months (n=108, n=139) | Hyperactivity Baseline (n=199, n=198) | Hyperactivity Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=193,n=194) | Hyperactivity Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=193,n=194) | Hyperactivity 6 Month Baseline (n=138, n=154) | Hyperactivity Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=138) | |
Atomoxetine | 40.87 | -18.1 | -17.6 | 20.84 | -2.35 | 21.91 | -9.58 | -9.15 | 11.52 | -1.17 | 18.97 | -8.54 | -8.42 | 9.36 | -1.24 |
OEST | 40.35 | -20.1 | -20.3 | 18.62 | -2.71 | 21.55 | -11.1 | -11.2 | 9.51 | -1.13 | 18.80 | -8.97 | -9.13 | 9.11 | -1.63 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n=199, n=199) | Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=199, n=199) | Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=199, n=199) | 6 Month Baseline (n=138, n=153) | Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=137) | |
Atomoxetine | 5.54 | -1.88 | -1.94 | 3.21 | -0.28 |
OEST | 5.45 | -1.94 | -2.06 | 3.17 | -0.57 |
CHIP-AE CRF: adolescent rated assessment of their health status and level of functioning. Domains: Achievement, Satisfaction, Comfort, Risk Avoidance, Resilience. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a 5-point response format (1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (T-scores) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Normative range is 40 to 60. Higher scores indicate better health and lower scores indicate worse health. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | T-Scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achievement Baseline (n=37, n=37) | Achievement Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=31, n=32) | Achievement Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=32, n=35) | Achievement 6 Month Baseline (n=26, n=30) | Achievement Change at 12 Months (n=17, n=24) | Satisfaction Baseline (n=37, n=38) | Satisfaction Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=31, n=34) | Satisfaction Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=32, n=36) | Satisfaction 6 Month Baseline (n=26, n=30) | Satisfaction Change at 12 Months (n=17, n=25) | Comfort Baseline (n=37, n=38) | Comfort Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=31, n=33) | Comfort Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=32, n=35) | Comfort 6 Month Baseline (n=26, n=30) | Comfort Change at 12 Months (n=17, n=25) | Risk Avoidance Baseline (n=37, n=37) | Risk Avoidance Change: 4 Month LOCF (n=31, n=33) | Risk Avoidance Change: 6 Month LOCF (n=32, n=35) | Risk Avoidance 6 Month Baseline (n=26, n=30) | Risk Avoidance Change at 12 Months (n=17, n=23) | Resilience Baseline (n=35, n=37) | Resilience Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=29, n=33) | Resilience Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=30, n=35) | Resilience 6 Month Baseline (n=26, n=30) | Resilience Change at 12 Months (n=17, n=24) | |
Atomoxetine | 49.1 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 53.7 | -1.8 | 49.7 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 51.2 | -2.6 | 53.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 55.1 | 2.3 | 55.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 57.5 | -1.2 | 45.0 | 0.8 | -0.7 | 44.1 | -1.4 |
OEST | 49.3 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 52.2 | -0.5 | 49.6 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 55.4 | -1.4 | 51.6 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 55.8 | -0.2 | 54.4 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 57.6 | 0.1 | 45.4 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 47.9 | -1.7 |
CHIP-CE PRF: parent rated assessment of a child's health status and level of functioning. Domains: Satisfaction, Comfort, Risk Avoidance, Resilience. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a 5-point response format (1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (T-scores) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Normative range is 40 to 60. Higher scores indicate better health and lower scores indicate worse health. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | T-Scores of units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comfort Baseline (n=198, n=198) | Comfort Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=191, n=194) | Comfort Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=191, n=194) | Comfort Month 6 Baseline (n=137, n=153) | Comfort Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=134) | Resilience Baseline (n=199, n=197) | Resilience Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=193, n=193) | Resilience Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=193, n=193) | Resilience Month 6 Baseline (n=136, n=152) | Resilience Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=133) | Risk Avoidance Baseline (n=198, n=198) | Risk Avoidance Change: 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Risk Avoidance Change: 6 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Risk Avoidance Month 6 Baseline (n=132, n=149) | Risk Avoidance Change at 12 Months (n=104, n=130) | Satisfaction Baseline (n=199, n=198) | Satisfaction Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Satisfaction Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=193, n=194) | Satisfaction Month 6 Baseline (n=138, n=153) | Satisfaction Change at 12 Months (n=110, n=134) | |
Atomoxetine | 43.4 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 46.5 | 0.2 | 37.8 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 44.3 | -1.6 | 29.7 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 40.1 | 1.0 | 33.4 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 39.6 | -0.9 |
OEST | 43.0 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 47.7 | -0.5 | 38.9 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 45.3 | -0.3 | 31.2 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 41.1 | 2.2 | 32.8 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 40.7 | 1.0 |
"The 50-item WFIRS-P rates impairment in 6 domains of functioning: home, school, self-concept, social, activities of daily living, and risk taking. Each item is rated by the parent on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 to 3 (0=never or not at all, 1=sometimes or somewhat, 2=often or much, 3=very often or very much). Average of non-missing values were calculated for each domain as well as the Total, which combined all 6 domains; therefore each scale including total has a range of 0 (best) to 3 (worst)." (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Baseline (n=192, n=194) | Total Change at 4 Months LOCF (n=187, n=190) | Total Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=187, n=190) | Total 6 Month Baseline (n=134, n=150) | Total Change at 12 Months (n=103, n=126) | Home Baseline (n=196, n=199) | Home Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=190, n=195) | Home Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=190, n=195) | Home 6 Month Baseline (n=139, n=152) | Home Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=131) | Daily Living Baseline (n=197, n=196) | Daily Living Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=191, n=192) | Daily Living Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=191, n=192) | Daily Living 6 Month Baseline (n=139, n=152) | Daily Living Change at 12 Months (n=108, n=131) | Risk Taking Baseline (n=198, n=199) | Risk Taking Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=195) | Risk Taking Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=192, n=195) | Risk Taking 6 Month Baseline (n=139, n=151) | Risk Taking Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=130) | School Baseline (n=198, n=199) | School Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=195) | School Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=192, n=195) | School 6 Month Baseline (n=138, n=152) | School Change at 12 Months (n=107, n=132) | Self-Concept Baseline (n=198, n=198) | Self-Concept Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Self-Concept Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Self-Concept 6 Month Baseline (n=137, n=132) | Self-Concept Change at 12 Months (n=107, n=131) | Social Baseline (n=198, n=198) | Social Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Social Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=192, n=194) | Social 6 Month Baseline (n=139, n=152) | Social Change at 12 Months (n=109, n=132) | |
Atomoxetine | 1.02 | -0.30 | -0.30 | 0.62 | -0.01 | 1.28 | -0.40 | -0.40 | 0.74 | 0.01 | 1.06 | -0.20 | -0.20 | 0.82 | -0.04 | 0.51 | -0.16 | -0.17 | 0.29 | -0.01 | 1.24 | -0.49 | -0.49 | 0.62 | -0.03 | 0.94 | -0.25 | -0.27 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 1.02 | -0.26 | -0.28 | 0.64 | -0.02 |
OEST | 0.96 | -0.35 | -0.36 | 0.59 | -0.02 | 1.19 | -0.45 | -0.44 | 0.72 | -0.04 | 1.07 | -0.25 | -0.27 | 0.81 | -0.03 | 0.45 | -0.17 | -0.18 | 0.25 | -0.02 | 1.18 | -0.57 | -0.60 | 0.53 | -0.03 | 0.85 | -0.31 | -0.32 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.97 | -0.32 | -0.30 | 0.67 | -0.03 |
CHIP-CE PRF: parent rated assessment of a child's health status/level of functioning. The achievement domain describes developmentally appropriate role functioning in school and with peers. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a 5-point response format (1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (T-scores) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Normative range is 40 to 60. Higher scores indicate better health and lower scores indicate worse health. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Intervention | T-Scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n=198, n=199) | Change from Baseline at 6 Months (n=150, n=166) | Change from Baseline: 6 Month LOCF (n=192,n=195) | |
Atomoxetine | 28.0 | 8.4 | 7.3 |
OEST | 28.3 | 12.4 | 11.7 |
Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated on each domain at baseline, Month 6 and Change to Month 6 between parent-rated CHIP and pooled patient-rated (child and adolescent) CHIP. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months
Intervention | correlation coefficient (Number) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achievement Baseline | Achievement Month 6 | Achievement Change to Month 6 | Comfort Baseline | Comfort Month 6 | Comfort Change to Month 6 | Resilience Baseline | Resilience Month 6 | Resilience Change to Month 6 | Risk Avoidance Baseline | Risk Avoidance Month 6 | Risk Avoidance Change to Month 6 | Satisfaction Baseline | Satisfaction Month 6 | Satisfaction Change to Month 6 | |
Pearson Correlation Coefficient | 0.288 | 0.329 | 0.167 | 0.306 | 0.373 | 0.286 | 0.271 | 0.429 | 0.113 | 0.429 | 0.450 | 0.296 | 0.310 | 0.336 | 0.133 |
CHIP-CE CRF: child rated assessment of their health status and level of functioning. Domains: Achievement, Satisfaction, Comfort, Risk Avoidance, Resilience. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a 5-point response format (1=never, 5=always). Standard scores (T-scores) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Normative range is 40 to 60. Higher scores indicate better health and lower scores indicate worse health. (NCT00447278)
Timeframe: Baseline, 4 months, 6 months, 12 months
Intervention | T-Scores of units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achievement Baseline (n=157, n=155) | Achievement Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=139, n=135) | Achievement Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=145, n=142) | Achievement 6 Month Baseline (n=108, n=117) | Achievement Change at 12 Months (n=87, n=105) | Comfort Baseline (n=159, n=155) | Comfort Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=146, n=140) | Comfort Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=147, n=143) | Comfort 6 Month Baseline (n=108, n=122) | Comfort Change at 12 Months (n=87, n=109) | Resilience Baseline (n=159, n=155) | Resilience Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=146, n=140) | Resilience Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=147, n=143) | Resilience 6 Month Baseline (n=108, n=122) | Resilience Change at 12 Months (n=87, n=109) | Risk Avoidance Baseline (n=158, n=155) | Risk Avoidance Change: 4 Month LOCF (n=139, n=135) | Risk Avoidance Change: 6 Month LOCF (n=145, n=142) | Risk Avoidance 6 Month Baseline (n=108, n=118) | Risk Avoidance Change at 12 Months (n=87, n=106) | Satisfaction Baseline (n=159, n=155) | Satisfaction Change at 4 Month LOCF (n=146, n=140) | Satisfaction Change at 6 Month LOCF (n=147, n=143) | Satisfaction 6 Month Baseline (n=108, n=121) | Satisfaction Change at 12 Months (n=87, n=109) | |
Atomoxetine | 35.8 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 43.8 | -0.5 | 49.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 52.2 | -0.0 | 46.1 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 50.0 | -1.8 | 44.1 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 51.2 | -0.6 | 47.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 49.4 | 0.4 |
OEST | 36.5 | 7.0 | 8.8 | 46.3 | -0.1 | 48.2 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 54.0 | 1.4 | 46.0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 48.7 | -1.0 | 44.3 | 7.6 | 8.9 | 53.3 | -0.4 | 45.2 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 50.1 | 0.5 |
Correlation was calculated between change from baseline and endpoint in ADHD-RS Total Score and change in separate SGA language, math, and science scores. ADHD-RS measures 18 symptoms associated with diagnosis of ADHD. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. SGA: separate language, math, and science school grades on a scale of 0-100, with higher scores indicating better grades/apptitude in the respective class. Any ordinal grades were imputed to numerical grades based on communication with relevant schools. (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Spearman Correlation Coefficient (Number) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Correlation with Language Scores | Correlation with Math Scores | Correlation with Science Scores | |
Atomoxetine | -0.086 | -0.126 | -0.058 |
Separate school grades in the classes of Language, Math, and Science were obtained. A score between 0 and 100 was provided for each of the three classes, and the average taken to get a SGA Total Score between 0 and 100, with higher scores indicating better grades/apptitude in each class and overall. Any ordinal grades were imputed to numerical grades based on communication with relevant schools. (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Change from Baseline in Language Scores | Change from Baseline in Math Scores | Change from Baseline in Science Scores | Change from Baseline in Total Scores | |
Atomoxetine | 3.9 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 4.7 |
Measures total improvement (or worsening) of a patient's ADHD symptoms from the beginning of treatment (1=very much improved, 7=very much worsened). (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: 24 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2.3 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -18.8 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.1 |
A 27-item rating scale (0 [not at all/never] to 3 [very much true/very often]) completed by the parent to assess problem behaviors related to ADHD. Subscale assessed: ADHD Index. ADHD Index is the sum of items 1, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27. Subscale total scores range from 0 to 36. Higher scores reflect more severe problem behaviors related to ADHD. (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -9.8 |
Correlation was calculated between change from baseline and endpoint in ADHD-RS Total Score and change in SGA total score. ADHD-RS measures 18 symptoms associated with diagnosis of ADHD. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. SGA: Grades (0 to 100) in classes of Language, Math, and Science were obtained and average taken to get SGA Total Score between 0 and 100; higher scores indicating better grades/apptitude. Any ordinal grades were imputed to numerical grades based on communication with relevant schools. (NCT00471354)
Timeframe: Baseline, 24 weeks
Intervention | Spearman Correlation Coefficient (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.083 |
The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is completed by the parent in order to assess whether additional improvements in social functioning occur with atomoxetine, as observed in our pilot study. This 65-item questionnaire will be completed at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. The SRS is a standardized measure of the core symptoms of autism. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The score of each item is summed to create a total score. Total score results as follows: 0-62: within normal limits; 63-79 mild range of impairment; 80-108: moderate range of impairment; 109-149: severe range of impairment. This 65-item questionnaire will be completed at the start of and at the end of 8 weeks of the open-label trial. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Open-label Trial | -5.8 |
The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is an 18-item scale directly derived from DSM-IV criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with established reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. The ADHD-RS-IV is investigator-administered biweekly during the 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase of the study. The scale consists of 2 subscales: inattention (9 items) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items). If 3 or more items are skipped, the clinician should use extreme caution in interpreting the scale. Results from this rating scale alone should not be used to make a diagnosis. The total score can range form 0 to 54, with a higher score indicating greater severity. Change will be determined from the start of the open-label trial to 8 weeks post-start. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Open-label Trial | -15.4 |
The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is an 18-item scale directly derived from DSM-IV criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with established reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. The ADHD-RS-IV is investigator-administered biweekly during the 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase of the study. The scale consists of 2 subscales: inattention (9 items) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items). If 3 or more items are skipped, the clinician should use extreme caution in interpreting the scale. Results from this rating scale alone should not be used to make a diagnosis. The total score can range form 0 to 54, with a higher score indicating greater severity. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 28.7 |
Placebo | 34.0 |
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item questionnaire with 5 subscales derived by factor analysis: Irritability, Social Withdrawal, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, and Inappropriate. It has been extensively used in psychopharmacological studies of autism and assesses many symptoms that are either central to autism (Social Withdrawal, Stereotypy, and Inappropriate Speech) or frequently a target of treatment Irritability). Each item of the 58-item scale is scored on a 4-point scale (0=never a problem to 3=severe problem). The interpretation of the tool and its sub-scales is that a greater number of items, indicates greater severity. The range of scores per subscale are: Social Withdrawal/Lethargy 0-48; Stereotypy 0-21; Irritability 0-45; Hyperactivity 0-48; Inappropriate Speech 0-12. Parent ratings occur every 2 weeks during the study. Change will be determined from the start of the open-label trial to 8 weeks post-start. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irritability | Lethargy | Stereotypy | Hyperactivity | Inappropriate Speech | |
Open-label Trial | -4.5 | -4.0 | -2.3 | -11.5 | -1.7 |
The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is an 18-item scale directly derived from DSM-IV criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with established reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. The ADHD-RS-IV is investigator-administered biweekly during the 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled phase of the study. The scale consists of 2 subscales: inattention (9 items) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items). If 3 or more items are skipped, the clinician should use extreme caution in interpreting the scale. Results from this rating scale alone should not be used to make a diagnosis. The score for each subscale ranges from 0-27 with a higher score indicating greater severity. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Inattention | Hyperactivity | |
Atomoxetine | 14.7 | 13.7 |
Placebo | 17.3 | 16.8 |
The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a 58-item questionnaire with 5 subscales derived by factor analysis: Irritability, Social Withdrawal, Stereotypy, Hyperactivity, and Inappropriate. It has been extensively used in psychopharmacological studies of autism and assesses many symptoms that are either central to autism (Social Withdrawal, Stereotypy, and Inappropriate Speech) or frequently a target of treatment (Irritability). Each item of the 58-item scale is scored on a 4-point scale (0=never a problem to 3=severe problem). The interpretation of the tool and its sub-scales is that a greater number of items, indicates greater severity. The range of scores per subscale are: Social Withdrawal/Lethargy 0-48; Stereotypy 0-21; Irritability 0-45; Hyperactivity 0-48; Inappropriate Speech 0-12. Parent ratings occur every 2 weeks during the study. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irritability | Lethargy | Stereotypy | Hyperactivity | Inappropriate Speech | |
Atomoxetine | 15.6 | 7.2 | 4.7 | 24.2 | 4.4 |
Placebo | 13.8 | 8.3 | 5.2 | 28.2 | 5.6 |
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS) is used to assess adaptive functioning in four domains: Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization, and Motor Skills. This is a well-standardized open-ended interview used to assess the overall functioning of children and adults. This measure is especially important for subjects with PDDs given that their intellectual level is not always comparable to their adaptive functioning. The Vineland Maladaptive Behavior subscales will be included with these measures as these have been shown to be responsive to drug effects in other clinical trials in this population. The VABS will be done at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. The composite score represents a standard score (mean = 100 and standard deviation of 15; range = 20-160) on which higher scores indicate a higher level of adaptive functioning. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 73.4 |
Placebo | 74.9 |
The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) is completed by the parent in order to assess whether additional improvements in social functioning occur with atomoxetine, as observed in our pilot study. This 65-item questionnaire will be completed at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. The SRS is a standardized measure of the core symptoms of autism. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The score of each item is summed to create a total score. Total score results as follows: 0-62: within normal limits; 63-79 mild range of impairment; 80-108: moderate range of impairment; 109-149: severe range of impairment. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 83.0 |
Placebo | 82.0 |
The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) is an 18-item scale directly derived from DSM-IV criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with established reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. The ADHD-RS-IV is investigator-administered biweekly during the 8-week open-label phase of the study. The scale consists of 2 subscales: inattention (9 items) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items). If 3 or more items are skipped, the clinician should use extreme caution in interpreting the scale. Results from this rating scale alone should not be used to make a diagnosis. The score fro each subscale ranges from 0-27, with a higher score indicating greater severity. Change will be determined from the start of the open-label trial to 8 weeks post-start. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Inattention | Hyperactivity | |
Open-label Trial | -8.1 | -7.3 |
Since the ABC does not have items which directly assess anxiety, the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) is administered at week 8 during the study as an exploratory measure. The PARS is a clinician-rated instrument that assesses anxiety symptoms that are commonly associated with social anxiety, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorders. Scaled score ranges form 0-25 with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 7.3 |
Placebo | 8.5 |
The Clinical Global Impressions Global Improvement (CGI-I) is designed to take into account all factors to arrive at an assessment of response to treatment. The CGI-I scale ranges from 1 to 7 (1=very much improved; 2= much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change; 5=minimally worse; 6=much worse; 7=very much worse), with lower scores indicating improvement (1=very much improved and 2=much improved). Participants with a CGI-I score of 1 or 2 were classified as improved. Odds of improvement at 8 weeks were estimated using a repeated measures logistic regression model adjusting for baseline severity, study stratum, and site. The CGI-I was administered biweekly during the study. The CGI was focused on the target symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | odds of improvement (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.53 |
Placebo | 0.11 |
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (VABS) is used to assess adaptive functioning in four domains: Communication, Daily Living Skills, Socialization, and Motor Skills. This is a well-standardized open-ended interview used to assess the overall functioning of children and adults. This measure is especially important for subjects with PDDs given that their intellectual level is not always comparable to their adaptive functioning. The Vineland Maladaptive Behavior subscales will be included with these measures as these have been shown to be responsive to drug effects in other clinical trials in this population. The composite score represents a standard score (mean = 100 and standard deviation of 15; range = 20-160) on which higher scores indicate a higher level of adaptive functioning. Change will be determined from the start of the open-label phase to 8 weeks (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Open-label Trial | 5.8 |
Since the ABC does not have items which directly assess anxiety, the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale (PARS) is administered at week 8 during the study as an exploratory measure. The PARS is a clinician-rated instrument that assesses anxiety symptoms that are commonly associated with social anxiety, separation anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorders. Scaled score ranges form 0-25 with higher scores indicating more severe anxiety symptoms.Change will be determined from the start of the open-label trial to 8 weeks post-start. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Open-label Trial | -1.8 |
Quality of life is assessed with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). This instrument is well-validated and widely used for measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. It also appears to be a valid instrument for use with children with psychiatric disorders. The Generic Core scales include 23 items. The health related and family functioning scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. The Family Impact module will be included to assess any change in family functioning. This will be completed at the start of the open-label trial and at the end of 8 weeks. Change will be determined from the start of the open-label trial to 8 weeks post-start. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Health | Family | |
Open-label Trial | 4.1 | 13.6 |
Quality of life is assessed with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0). This instrument is well-validated and widely used for measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents. It also appears to be a valid instrument for use with children with psychiatric disorders. The Generic Core scales include 23 items. The health related and family functioning scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. The Family Impact module will be included to assess any change in family functioning. This will be completed at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. Estimates are adjusted for baseline score, study stratum, and site, which were set at their sample means. (NCT00498173)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Health | Family | |
Atomoxetine | 64.2 | 55.2 |
Placebo | 62.2 | 53.0 |
Used to determine the level of daytime sleepiness. The ESS is a self-rated questionnaire with 8 items that describe normative daily situations known to vary in their soporific qualities. Subjects rate the likelihood of dozing off or falling asleep in each of these situations. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale from 0 (would never doze) to 3 (high chance of dozing). The item scores are summed to produce a total score (range of 0-24). Score >10 (95th percentile) are considered to be suggestive of significant daytime sleepiness. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.76 |
Placebo | -1.07 |
Variation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) which is a method for assessing the quantity of alcohol consumption on a daily basis. This subscale assesses the amount of recreational drugs other than marijuana an individual consumed and is expressed as the ratio of number of days on which drugs were used over the total number of days, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 1. With a calendar as a guide, the interviewee provides a retrospective estimate of daily habits over a specified period of as long as the previous year. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | ratio (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.02 |
Placebo | 0.02 |
Variation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) which is a method for assessing the quantity of alcohol consumption on a daily basis. This subscale assesses the amount of nicotine consumed by an individual. With a calendar as a guide, the interviewee provides a retrospective estimate of daily habits over a specified period of as long as the previous year. The goal is to provide a detailed record of patterns of use that can be used to guide treatment and to assess treatment outcome. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | number of nicotine products per day (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.01 |
Placebo | -0.81 |
CAARS-Inv:SV is a 30-item scale containing 3 subscales: the Inattention subscale, the Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscale, and the ADHD Index. The 18-item total ADHD symptom score is the sum of the Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, never; 1=just a little, once in a while; 2=pretty much, often; 3=very much, very frequently). The scale assesses symptom severity over the past week. The total score ranges from 0 to 54. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -14.88 |
Placebo | -9.82 |
Baseline smoking status was recorded and associations to response to treatment were determined. Response was defined as 25% or greater decrease in ADHD symptoms as measured by the CAARS-Inv:SV total ADHD symptom score. The 18-item total CAARS-Inv:SV ADHD symptom score is the sum of the Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, never; 1=just a little, once in a while; 2=pretty much, often; 3=very much, very frequently). The scale assesses symptom severity over the past week. The total score ranges from 0 to 54. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine 20 - 50 mg BID, Smokers | 54 |
Atomoxetine 20 - 50 mg BID, Non-smokers | 60 |
Placebo, Smokers | 29 |
Placebo Non-smokers | 53 |
Baseline smoking status was recorded and associations to response to treatment were determined. Strong response was defined as 40% or greater decrease in ADHD symptoms as measured by the CAARS-Inv:SV total ADHD symptom score. The 18-item total CAARS-Inv:SV ADHD symptom score is the sum of the Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0=not at all, never; 1=just a little, once in a while; 2=pretty much, often; 3=very much, very frequently). The scale assesses symptom severity over the past week. The total score ranges from 0 to 54. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine 20 - 50 mg BID, Smokers | 38 |
Atomoxetine 20 - 50 mg BID, Non-Smokers | 41 |
Placebo, Smokers | 19 |
Placebo, Non-Smokers | 31 |
Variation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) which is a method for assessing the quantity of alcohol consumption on a daily basis. With a calendar as a guide, the interviewee provides a retrospective estimate of daily habits over a specified period of as long as the previous year. The goal is to provide a detailed record of patterns of use that can be used to guide treatment and to assess treatment outcome. Recorded is the number of standard drinks that have been consumed. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | number of alcoholic drinks per day (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.21 |
Placebo | -0.06 |
The FTND was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. The FTND contains 4 yes-no and 2 multiple choice questions and can be used in a self-report format. The items on FTND are scored 0 to 3 for multiple choice items, the items are summed to yield a total score of 0-10 (0=minimum nicotine dependence; 10=maximum nicotine dependence). (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.12 |
Placebo | 0.43 |
21-item self-reported screening tool for measuring anxiety severity. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely; I could barely stand it). Each item is descriptive of subjective, somatic, or panic-related symptoms of anxiety. Patients record how much they have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including the day the questionnaire is administered. The total score ranges from 0 to 63. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.58 |
Placebo | -2.07 |
Single-item clinician rating of the clinician's assessment of the patient's severity of the ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD patients. Severity is rated on a 7-point scale (1 = normal, not at all ill; 7 = among the most extremely ill patients). The total score ranges from 1 to 7. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.10 |
Placebo | -0.67 |
30-item patient-reported scale with 3 subscales: Inattention subscale, Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscale, and ADHD Index. 18-item total ADHD symptom score is the sum of the Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscales. Each individual item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale (0 = not at all, never; 1 = just a little, once in a while; 2 = Pretty much, often; 3 = very much, very frequently). The rating scale assesses symptom severity over the past week. The total score ranges from 0 to 54. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -11.88 |
Placebo | -7.84 |
7-point scale modeled after the CGI on which patients rate any change in their overall status that they had experienced since beginning the study drug. The score on this scale ranges from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 3.17 |
Placebo | 3.42 |
"AAQOL-29: Patient-reported outcome measure examining disease-specific functional impariments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. The domains included in the AAQOL are life productivity, psychological health, quality of relationships, and life outlook. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning.~CAARS-Inv:SV: Inattention subscale, Impulsivity subscale, and ADHD Index. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale, assessing symptom severity over the past week. The total score is the sum of all subscale scores." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | correlation coefficient (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine 20 - 50 mg BID and Placebo | -0.591 |
Rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms, administered by the investigator. The scale consists of 10 items, each rated on a scale from 0 to 6. The MADRS total score is the sum of the 10 items and the score ranges from 0 to 60. Higher scores denote more severe depressive symptoms. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.72 |
Placebo | -0.30 |
Variation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) which is a method for assessing the quantity of alcohol consumption on a daily basis. This subscale assesses the amount of caffeine consumed by an individual. With a calendar as a guide, the interviewee provides a retrospective estimate of daily habits over a specified period of as long as the previous year. The goal is to provide a detailed record of patterns of use that can be used to guide treatment and to assess treatment outcome. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | number of caffeinated drinks per day (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.23 |
Placebo | -0.20 |
Variation of the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB) which is a method for assessing the quantity of alcohol consumption on a daily basis. With a calendar as a guide, the interviewee provides a retrospective estimate of daily habits over a specified period of as long as the previous year. The goal is to provide a detailed record of patterns of use that can be used to guide treatment and to assess treatment outcome. Recorded is the number of joints that have been consumed. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | number of joints per day (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.09 |
Placebo | 0.03 |
"Patient-reported outcome measure used to examine the disease specific functional impairments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. This subscale asseses life outlook. Individual items are scored on a five-point Likert-like scale from not at all/never=1 to extremely/very often=5. The range of scores for this subscale is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 9.27 |
Placebo | 5.87 |
"Patient-reported outcome measure used to examine the disease specific functional impairments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. This subscale assesses life productivity. Individual items are scored on a five-point Likert-like scale from not at all/never=1 to extremely/very often=5. The range of scores for this subscale is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 20.92 |
Placebo | 15.18 |
"Patient-reported outcome measure used to examine the disease specific functional impairments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. This subscale asseses the psychological health. Individual items are scored on a five-point Likert-like scale from not at all/never=1 to extremely/very often=5. The range of scores for this subscale is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 14.57 |
Placebo | 10.21 |
"Patient-reported outcome measure used to examine the disease-specific functional impariments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. This subscale asseses quality of relationships. Individual items are scored on a five-point Likert-like scale from not at all/never=1 to extremely/very often=5. The range of scores for this subscale is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 15.51 |
Placebo | 9.61 |
The BRIEF-A Organization of Materials assesses an individuals' organizing skills in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Observations are rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 8 to 24. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.50 |
Placebo | -1.85 |
The BRIEF-A Plan/Organize asseses an individuals' capabilities to plan and organize in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 10 to 30. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -3.62 |
Placebo | -2.28 |
The BRIEF-A Self Monitor assesses an individuals' capacity to self monitor in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Observations are rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 6 to 18. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.03 |
Placebo | -1.20 |
"Patient-reported outcome measure used to examine the disease-specific functional impariments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. The domains included in the AAQOL are life productivity, psychological health, quality of relationships, and life outlook. Individual items are scored on a five-point Likert-like scale from not at all/never=1 to extremely/very often=5. The range of scores is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing quality of life measures, higher scores on the AAQOL-29 indicate better functioning." (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 15.76 |
Placebo | 10.95 |
The BRIEF-A behavioral regulation subscale measures an individuals control over behavior in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 30 to 90. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -8.15 |
Placebo | -5.20 |
The BRIEF-A emotional control subscale assesses an individuals emotional control in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 10 to 30. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.98 |
Placebo | -1.40 |
The BRIEF-A GEC rates the global executive composite of the patient in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 75 to 225. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -22.41 |
Placebo | -14.83 |
The BRIEF-A Inconsistency rates the behavioral inconsistency displayed by the patient in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 0 to 20. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.51 |
Placebo | -0.42 |
Standardized measure assessing adult executive functioning/self-regulation in his/her everyday environment. Extent to which respondent answers additional items in an unusual and infrequent direction. Form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. Total score ranges from 0 to 5. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.27 |
Placebo | 0.16 |
Patient completed scale that consists of 21 items that examine behavior and subjective perception, including satisfaction, self-perception and motivation in participating in and maintaining relationships with family and friends, satisfaction in work, home and leisure activities, and intellectual interests. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, corresponding to minimal and maximal social adjustment, with a total score range from 0 to 60. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1.24 |
Placebo | 1.46 |
The BRIEF-A Initiate rates an individual's initiative behaviors in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 8 to 24. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.41 |
Placebo | -1.74 |
BRIEF-A Metacognition subscale is a standardized measure assessing individual's ability to systematically solve problems via planning and organization while sustaining these task-completion efforts in active working memory. Form is designed to be completed by adults, including adults with wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior never observed, 2=behavior sometimes observed, and 3=behavior often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. Total score ranges from 40 to 120. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -14.13 |
Placebo | -9.64 |
The BRIEF-A Negativity asseses an indivduals' perceived negativity in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 0 to 10. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.85 |
Placebo | -0.71 |
The BRIEF-A Shift assess an individuals' shifting between different behaviors in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Observations are rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 6 to 18. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.49 |
Placebo | -0.96 |
The BRIEF-A Task Monitor assesses an individuals's ability to monitor a task in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Observations are rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 6 to 18. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.28 |
Placebo | -1.57 |
The BRIEF-A Working Memory assesses an individuals' memory function in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Observations are rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 8 to 24. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -3.48 |
Placebo | -2.18 |
26 item self-rated driving survey with examples of driving behaviors, e.g.: putting on seat belt, driving within speed limits, yielding the right of way to other drivers. Items are rated on a 4-point scale (1 = not at all or rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often, 4 = very often). The total score is the sum of the 26 items. A driving history is completed by self-report the first time a rater completes the Driving Behavior Survey (Self-Report). The total score ranges from 26 to 104. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1.93 |
Placebo | 3.54 |
26-item driving survey completed by someone other than the patient/driver. Examples of driving behaviors included in the survey match those listed in the Self-Report version of the scale. Items are rated on a 4-point scale (1 = not at all or rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = often, 4 = very often). The total score is the sum of the 26 items and ranges from 26 to 104. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 3.24 |
Placebo | 2.63 |
The BRIEF-A Inhibit rates an individual's inhibition in his or her everyday environment. The self-report form is designed to be completed by adults 18-90 years of age, including adults with a wide variety of developmental, systemic, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Behavior is rated on a 3-point Likert scale, with 1=behavior is never observed, 2=behavior is sometimes observed, and 3=behavior is often observed - higher ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. The total score ranges from 8 to 24. (NCT00510276)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.62 |
Placebo | -1.65 |
CYP2D6 is the primary atomoxetine metabolizing enzyme. Metabolizer status was determined by focusing on the normal, decreased, and defective allele. Poor metabolizer = defective/defective. Extensive metabolizer is all except for poor metabolizer. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Extensive Metabolizer | Poor Metabolizer | |
Atomoxetine | 44 | 1 |
The Fridericia correction of the QT interval(QTcF) was used. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QTcF Interval of >450 milliseconds (ms) | QTcF Interval of >480 milliseconds | QTcF Interval of >500 milliseconds | QTcF Interval increase from baseline of ≥30 msec | QTcF Interval increase from baseline of ≥60 msec | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
(NCT00530335)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nausea | Malaise | Anorexia | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Potentially clinically significant weight loss was defined as any decrease of at least 7%. Potentially clinically significant weight gain was defined as any increase of at least 7%. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Weight Loss=Any Decrease of at Least 7% | Weight Gain=Any Increase of at Least 7% | |
Atomoxetine | 4 | 0 |
Vital signs reported are Pulse (beats per minute [bpm]), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (mmHg), and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (mmHg). (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: over 8 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Pulse(bpm)=Increase ≥15 to a value >120 | Low Pulse(bpm)=Decrease ≥15 to a value <50 | High SBP(mmHg)=Increase ≥20 to value at least 180 | Low SBP(mmHg)=Decrease ≥20 to value of at most 90 | High DBP(mmHg)=Increase ≥15 to value at least 105 | Low DBP(mmHg)=Decrease ≥15 to value of at most 50 | |
Atomoxetine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.2 |
The 14-item HAMA assesses the severity of anxiety. The investigator talked to the patient about their symptoms over the previous week before the study visit. Each item was scored using a 5-point scale, i.e. 0 = absent to 4 = severe. The total score of HAMA-14 may range from 0 (normal) to 56 (severe). (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.1 |
"Derivation of norm-based scoring: Items re-scored to ensure choices were in consistent order and sum up converted score in each subscale; Transform subscale score; Normalize transformed subscale score (i.e. Z-score) using Japanese mean and standard deviation of SF-36v2 subscales.~Calculate: norm-based score=Z-score*10+50 in each subscale." (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Component Summary Baseline | Physical Component Summary Change from Baseline | Mental Component Summary Baseline | Mental Component Summary Change from Baseline | Physical Functioning Baseline | Physical Functioning Change from Baseline | Role-Physical Baseline | Role-Physical Change from Baseline | Bodily Pain Baseline | Bodily Pain Change from Baseline | General Health Perception Baseline | General Health Perception Change from Baseline | Vitality Baseline | Vitality Change from Baseline | Social Functioning Baseline | Social Functioning Change from Baseline | Role-Emotional Baseline | Role-Emotional Change from Baseline | Mental Health Baseline | Mental Health Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 47.9 | 1.20 | 44.46 | 0.86 | 54.74 | -0.63 | 44.04 | 2.20 | 49.55 | 0.78 | 48.30 | 0.91 | 43.41 | 1.23 | 43.21 | 1.17 | 39.09 | 2.64 | 43.18 | 1.80 |
The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.2 |
Scale=30 items divided between 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD index (12 items), using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptom score consisted of 18 items (sum of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity subscales) with range of scores from 0 to 54. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score | Inattentive Subscale | Hyperactivity/Impulsive Subscale | ADHD Index Subscale | |
Atomoxetine | -15.0 | -9.9 | -5.0 | -9.3 |
Scale=30 items divided between 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity-impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD index (12 items), using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptom score consisted of 18 items (sum of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity subscales) with range of scores from 0 to 54. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score | Inattentive Subscale | Hyperactive/Impulsive Subscale | ADHD Index Subscale | |
Atomoxetine | -11.9 | -7.0 | -4.9 | -6.4 |
An assessment of response inhibition. Three timed tests: reading color words in black ink; reading the printed colored ink; and reading color words printed in different colored ink. There were 100 items for each of the three test categories and if they made it through the 100 words with time remaining, they would repeat the list. (NCT00530335)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
Intervention | number of correct answers (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Word Test Baseline | Word Test Change from Baseline | Color Test Baseline | Color Test Change from Baseline | Color-Word Test Baseline | Color-Word Test Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 91.3 | 4.1 | 72.8 | 4.9 | 51.7 | 4.2 |
Computer test. Patient is to press button if target appears, but not at non-target. Impulsivity variables during test: CE=percent of response to non-target; ANT=percent of responses prior to target presentation. Results are converted to Q-scores (age and sex-adjusted normalized scores with a mean=0 and standard deviation=1 in the general population, expressing the probability determined by the Gamma function in terms of standard deviation of Gaussian density). Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Q-scores (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline: CE- Morning | Baseline: CE- Noon | Baseline: CE- Evening | W8: CE- Morning | W8: CE- Noon | W8: CE- Evening | Baseline: AR- Morning | Baseline: AR- Noon | Baseline: AR- Evening | W8: AR- Morning | W8: AR-Noon | W8: AR- Evening | |
Atomoxetine | -0.68 | -0.65 | -0.80 | -0.88 | -0.94 | -0.76 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 0.32 | -0.50 | -0.54 | -0.52 |
Placebo | -0.89 | -0.85 | -0.87 | -0.32 | -0.44 | -0.49 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.08 | -0.34 | -0.31 | -0.28 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Baseline to LOCF | |
Atomoxetine | -17.19 | -15.78 |
Placebo | -4.76 | -4.21 |
Computer test. Patient is to press button if target appears, but not at non-target. Inattention test variables: mRT=average time (ms) from target presentation to response; RTV=standard deviation of mRT; nVRT=RTV expressed in terms of RT (variation as a percent of mean value); OE= percent of omitted targets. Results are converted to Q-scores (age and sex-adjusted normalized scores with a mean=0 and SD=1 in the general population, expressing the probability determined by the Gamma function in terms of SD of Gaussian density). Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Q-scores (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline: RTV-Morning | Baseline: RTV-Noon | Baseline: RTV-Evening | W8: RTV-Morning | W8: RTV-Noon | W8: RTV-Evening | Baseline: OR- Morning | Baseline: OR- Noon | Baseline: OR- Evening | W8: OR- Morning | W8: OR- Noon | W8: OR- Evening | Baseline: mRT- Morning | Baseline: mRT- Noon | Baseline: mRT- Evening | W8: mRT- Morning | W8: mRT- Noon | W8: mRT- Evening | Baseline: nVRT-Morning | Baseline: nVRT-Noon | Baseline: nVRT-Evening | W8: nVRT-Morning | W8: nVRT-Noon | W8: nVRT-Evening | |
Atomoxetine | 2.93 | 2.95 | 2.63 | -0.89 | -1.07 | -0.90 | 1.12 | 1.31 | 1.22 | 0.01 | 0.03 | -0.04 | 2.42 | 2.40 | 2.23 | -0.18 | -0.35 | -0.13 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 0.92 | -0.59 | -0.65 | -0.65 |
Placebo | 2.49 | 2.48 | 2.19 | -0.09 | 0.00 | -0.00 | 1.13 | 1.30 | 1.28 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 1.92 | 2.02 | 1.86 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.68 | -0.36 | -0.09 | -0.33 |
Computer test. Patient is to press button if target appears, but not at non-target. Other variables during test: ER=percent of overall incorrect responses (CE and OE); MR=percent of multiple responses per presentation of target (patient responds more than once to target). Results are converted to Q-scores (age and sex-adjusted normalized scores with a mean=0 and standard deviation=1 in the general population, expressing the probability determined by the Gamma function in terms of standard deviation of Gaussian density). Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | Q-scores (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline: ER- Morning | Baseline: ER- Noon | Baseline: ER- Evening | W8: ER- Morning | W8: ER- Noon | W8: ER- Evening | Baseline: MR- Morning | Baseline: MR- Noon | Baseline: MR- Evening | W8: MR- Morning | W8: MR- Noon | W8: MR- Evening | |
Atomoxetine | 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.37 | -0.41 | -0.44 | -0.43 | -0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | -0.23 | -0.45 | -0.35 |
Placebo | 0.30 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.28 | -0.26 | -0.30 | -0.34 | -0.24 | -0.16 | -0.16 |
CGI-S-ADHD measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Baseline to LOCF | |
Atomoxetine | -1.78 | -1.52 |
Placebo | -0.63 | -0.40 |
Infra-red camera tracks movement of head reflector on patient performing computer test. Hyperactivity test variables: TA=percent time patient moved>1 centimeter (cm)/second; DIS=path of movement (m); AR=total area (cm2) of movements; ME=number of position changes>1 mm; MS=degree (percent) of directional changes. Results are converted to Q-scores (age and sex-adjusted normalized scores with a mean=0 and standard deviation (SD)=1 in general population, expressing the probability determined by the Gamma function in terms of SD of Gaussian density). Higher scores reflect more severe symptoms. (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks (W8)
Intervention | Q-scores (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline: TA-Morning | Baseline: TA- Noon | Baseline: TA- Evening | W8 Change: TA- Morning | W8 Change: TA- Noon | W8 Change: TA- Evening | Baseline: DIS- Morning | Baseline: DIS- Noon | Baseline: DIS- Evening | W8 Change: DIS- Morning | W8 Change: DIS- Noon | W8 Change: DIS- Evening | Baseline: AR- Morning | Baseline: AR- Noon | Baseline: AR- Evening | W8 Change: AR- Morning | W8 Change: AR- Noon | W8 Change: AR- Evening | Baseline: ME- Morning | Baseline: ME- Noon | Baseline: ME- Evening | W8 Change: ME- Morning | W8 Change: ME- Noon | W8 Change: ME- Evening | Baseline: MS- Morning | Baseline: MS- Noon | Baseline: MS- Evening | W8 Change: MS- Morning | W8 Change: MS- Noon | W8 Change: MS- Evening | |
Atomoxetine | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.66 | -0.32 | -0.60 | -0.55 | 1.41 | 1.55 | 1.47 | -0.51 | -1.06 | -0.87 | 1.14 | 1.25 | 1.19 | -0.38 | -0.87 | -0.71 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.94 | -0.47 | -0.82 | -0.72 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.22 | -0.22 | -0.39 | -0.38 |
Placebo | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.75 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 1.40 | 1.45 | 1.58 | 0.39 | 0.40 | -0.00 | 1.15 | 1.09 | 1.18 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.35 | -0.04 | -0.12 | -0.19 |
Weekly Rating Of Evening & Morning Behavior-Revised-Investigator Rated (WREMB-R-Inv) measures the level of difficulty of 11 common morning or evening behaviors (e.g. getting out of bed, doing homework, sitting through dinner). Possible scores for each item range from 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (a lot of difficulty) with a Total score (maximum score=33), Morning subscore (maximum score=9), Evening subscore (maximum score=24), and Item 11 score which pertains to degree of difficulty falling asleep (maximum score=3). (NCT00546910)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Score: Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Total Score: Baseline to LOCF | Evening Subscore: Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Evening Subscore: Baseline to LOCF | Morning Subscore: Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Morning Subscore: Baseline to LOCF | Item 11 Subscore: Baseline to Visit 7 (Week 8) | Item 11 Subscore: Baseline to LOCF | |
Atomoxetine | -10.72 | -9.59 | -6.91 | -6.30 | -2.81 | -2.46 | -1.00 | -0.83 |
Placebo | -5.10 | -3.90 | -3.57 | -3.03 | -1.16 | -0.65 | -0.37 | -0.23 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Individual item scores range from 0 none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 (no symptoms) to 54 (highly symptomatic). (NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 42
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | -9.55 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | -12.31 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | -14.51 |
Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) captures occurrence, severity & frequency of suicide-related thoughts & behaviors, via questions designed to solicit information to determine if a suicide-related thought or behavior occurred. The C-SSRS is not scored; recorded incidents are counted. C-SSRS was only required if an adverse event was reported that the investigator suspected to represent a suicidal thought or behavior. If the C-SSR was completed at a visit, the Self-Harm Supplement was also required. If a self-harm event was reported, the Self-Harm Follow-Up form was also required. (NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 42
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
0-0.35 mg/kg/Day | 0 |
0.36-0.85 mg/kg/Day | 0 |
>0.85 mg/kg/Day | 0 |
Adverse Events (Preferred Term) leading to discontinuation by decreasing frequency (NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline to Day 42
Intervention | events (Number) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anorexia | Appendicitis | Dizziness | Dysphemia | Irritability | Sedation | Decreased appetite | |
> 0.85 mg/kg/Day | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
0-0.35 mg/kg/Day | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
0.36-0.85 mg/kg/Day | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
(NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 42
Intervention | mmHg (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic Baseline | Systolic Day 42 | Systolic Change at Endpoint | Diastolic Baseline | Diastolic Day 42 | Diastolic Change at Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | 105.98 | 107.82 | 0.98 | 66.53 | 67.45 | 0.16 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | 102.49 | 104.98 | 2.35 | 65.39 | 68.78 | 3.65 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | 106.12 | 108.48 | 1.72 | 66.78 | 70.02 | 2.17 |
Measures total improvement (or worsening) of a patient's ADHD symptoms from the beginning of treatment. (1=very much improved, 7=very much worsened) (NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 7, 14, 42
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 42 | LOCF Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | 3.57 | 3.25 | 3.24 | 3.29 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | 3.22 | 3.20 | 3.09 | 3.16 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | 3.54 | 2.98 | 2.77 | 2.80 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 7, 14, 42
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Day 7 | Day 14 | Day 42 | LOCF Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | -0.24 | -0.73 | -1.04 | -0.98 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | -0.53 | -0.90 | -1.30 | -1.22 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | -0.30 | -0.92 | -1.56 | -1.54 |
(NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 42
Intervention | beats per minute (bpm) (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Day 42 | Change at endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | 87.86 | 90.43 | 2.59 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | 85.78 | 90.35 | 5.24 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | 90.10 | 93.89 | 4.98 |
(NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 42
Intervention | degrees Celsius (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Day 42 | Change at endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | 36.63 | 36.58 | -0.05 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | 36.56 | 36.55 | -0.02 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | 36.50 | 36.59 | 0.07 |
(NCT00568685)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 42
Intervention | kilograms (kg) (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Day 42 | Change at Endpoint | |
Atomoxetine 0.2 mg/kg/Day | 35.67 | 36.10 | 0.37 |
Atomoxetine 0.5 mg/kg/Day | 35.54 | 35.72 | -0.08 |
Atomoxetine 1.2 mg/kg/Day | 35.48 | 36.39 | -0.15 |
In the morning of each monitoring day, approximately 60 minutes after medication or placebo pill administration, participants were asked to either abstain from smoking or smoke their first cigarette of the day 5 minutes prior to starting the CPT. (NCT00573859)
Timeframe: 4 days
Intervention | errors (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD medication + Smoking | ADHD medication + Abstinence | Placebo + Smoking | Placebo + Abstinence | |
ADHD Medication Versus Placebo | 0.40 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 2.8 |
The Shiffman-Jarvik withdrawal questionnaire measures nicotine withdrawal and was completed after each CPT assessment. The questionnaire consists of 25 items using 8-point scales. Total scores range from 0 to 200 and higher scores reflect higher levels of nicotine withdrawal. (NCT00573859)
Timeframe: 4 days
Intervention | scores on a scale (Median) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD medication + Smoking | ADHD medication + Abstinence | Placebo + Smoking | Placebo + Abstinence | |
ADHD Medication Versus Placebo | 92.7 | 91.3 | 97.0 | 102.0 |
Salivary cotinine was measured across two days on ADHD medication versus two days on placebo. (NCT00573859)
Timeframe: 4 days
Intervention | ng/ml (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD medication | Placebo | |
ADHD Medication Versus Placebo | 180.7 | 274.0 |
Secondary analyses allowed us to evaluate the effects of treatment on additional measures of functioning (CGIs for ADHD and other psychiatric disorders). The CGI-Severity scale is as follows: 0 = Not assessed, 1 = normal, not at all ill, 2 = Borderline mentally ill, 3 = Mildly ill, 4 = Moderately Ill, 5 = Markedly Ill, 6 = Severely Ill, 7 = Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT00585910)
Timeframe: 7 weeks
Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Overall Study | 2.7 |
The primary outcome was the ADHD rating scale. Change scores for the ADHD Rating Scale (RS), from baseline to endpoint (week 7 or last observation carried forward), were analyzed with paired t-tests and nonparametric Wilcoxon sign-rank tests. The best score is a score of 0 (no ADHD symptoms) and the worst score is the highest score possible (54). (NCT00585910)
Timeframe: 7 weeks
Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Overall Study | 12.8 |
The ADHDRS-IV-parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3 =severe (very often). Hyperactivity-impulsivity scores range from 0-27, and inattention scores range from 0-27. Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Score | Inattention Score | Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -8.29 | -14.33 | -22.62 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -9.8 | -13.84 | -23.64 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Teacher is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Hyperactivity-impulsivity scores range from 0-27, and inattention scores range from 0-27. Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Score | Inattention Score | Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -0.82 | -2.27 | -3.09 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -2.71 | -4.48 | -7.19 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | -1.99 | -0.99 | -2.98 |
The K-SCT rating scale contains 3 components: Youth, Parent, and Teacher ratings. It queries 17 candidate SCT symptoms, such as daydreams, lost in a fog, sluggish/drowsy. Scores range from 0-51. Lower scores indicate less sluggish. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Score-Parent Variation (n= 56, 57, 23) | Total Score-Teacher Variation (n= 22, 22, 11) | Total Score-Youth Variation (n= 56, 57, 23) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -8.24 | -3.47 | -6.17 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -7.82 | -8.82 | -4.71 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | -4.64 | -1.64 | -4.21 |
The Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement has a Standard Battery (Tests 1-12) of a broad set of scores and an Extended Battery (Tests 13-22) on specific academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests associated with reading skills (1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, 20) were administered. Scores for each individual test can range from 0 to over 200 where anything 69 and below is very low and anything 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Reading Skills (Tests 1, 13 | Letter-Word Identification (Test 1) | Passage Comprehension (Test 9) | Reading Comprehension (Tests 9, 17) | Reading Fluency (Test 2) | Reading Vocabulary (Test 17) | Spelling (Test 7) | Spelling of Sounds (Test 20) | Word Attack (Test 13) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -0.24 | 0.24 | 1.24 | 0.86 | 3.24 | -0.14 | 0.38 | 5.90 | -0.90 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 2.73 | 1.69 | 2.31 | 2.89 | 2.69 | 2.60 | 0.60 | 2.98 | 3.27 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blending Words | Elision | Memory for Digits | Non-word Repetition | Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Digit Naming | Rapid Letter Naming | Rapid Naming | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 1.86 | 0.27 | -0.50 | 0.82 | 6.82 | 1.36 | 0.23 | 0.14 | -0.59 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 5.20 | 2.22 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 1.06 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 0.95 | -0.24 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 2.00 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.35 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. Scores range from 45-146. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonemic Decoding Efficiency | Sight Word Efficiency | Total Word Reading Efficiency Standard Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 1.77 | 0.69 | -5.88 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 1.92 | 1.38 | -0.57 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 1.21 | 1.19 | 2.81 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Least Square mean of change from baseline in ADHDRS is from a restricted maximum likelihood-based, mixed model repeated measures analysis which includes the effects of treatment, investigative site, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -20.01 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | -12.27 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. Scores range from 45-146. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonemic Decoding Efficiency | Sight Word Efficiency | Total Word Reading Efficiency Standard Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 5.33 | 4.62 | 1.52 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 2.64 | 1.93 | 2.56 |
The Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement has a Standard Battery (Tests 1-12) of a broad set of scores and an Extended Battery (Tests 13-22) on specific academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests associated with reading skills (1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, 20) were administered. Scores for each individual test can range from 0 to over 200 where anything 69 and below is very low and anything 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Reading Skills (Tests 1, 13) | Letter-Word Identification (Test 1) | Passage Comprehension (Test 9) | Reading Comprehension (Test 9, 17) | Reading Fluency (Test 2) | Reading Vocabulary (Test 17) | Spelling (Test 7) | Spelling of Sounds (Test 20) | Word Attack (Test 13) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -0.41 | -0.32 | -4.50 | -5.00 | 1.36 | -3.95 | -0.41 | 8.45 | -0.36 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 1.75 | 1.18 | -0.92 | -0.08 | -0.24 | 0.51 | -0.22 | 5.67 | 2.27 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 0.87 | -0.07 | -1.02 | -1.09 | -0.11 | -0.16 | -4.16 | 3.31 | 1.13 |
The MSCS is an overall assessment of self concept or an individual measure of any of the six scaled dimensions of self concept: Social, Competence, Affect, Academic, Family, and Physical. Standard scores range from 45-145. Higher scores are better (indicate higher self concept). (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic Standard Section Score | Affect Standard Section Score | Competence Standard Section Score | Family Standard Section Score | Physical Standard Section Score | Social Standard Section Score | Standard Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 5.43 | 3.14 | 5.19 | 0.33 | 2.43 | 2.38 | 3.48 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 6.02 | 4.29 | 6.76 | 0.16 | 6.09 | 4.84 | 5.61 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy Score | Comprehension Score | Fluency Score | Oral Reading Quotient | Rate Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 0.95 | -0.30 | 1.10 | -1.30 | 0.15 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 2.64 | 0.58 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phonological Loop Component Score (n=51, 54, 21) | Central Executive Component Score (n=41, 44,12) | Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Score (n=47, 43, 21) | Digit Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | Word List Matching (n=54, 56, 23) | Word List Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | Non-Word List Recall (n=53, 56, 23) | Block Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | Mazes Memory (n=54, 56, 23) | Listening Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | Counting Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | Backward Digit Recall (n=54, 56, 23) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 2.24 | 2.17 | 3.67 | 0.22 | 2.04 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 1.26 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 3.57 | 7.34 | 4.15 | 0.17 | -0.20 | 1.00 | 0.89 | -0.37 | 1.94 | 1.52 | 0.50 | 1.30 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 1.63 | -0.89 | -0.47 | 0.55 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.71 | -0.80 | 1.18 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.16 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phonological Loop Component Score (n=43, 20) | Central Executive Component Score (n=38, 14) | Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Component Score (n=40, 20) | Digit Recall (n=45, 21) | Word List Matching (n=45, 21) | Word List Recall (n=45, 21) | Non-Word List Recall (n=44, 21) | Block Recall (n=45, 21) | Mazes Memory (n=45, 21) | Listening Recall (n=45, 21) | Counting Recall (n=45, 21) | Backward Digit Recall (n=45, 21) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 1.70 | 1.64 | 2.65 | 0.52 | 1.95 | 0.33 | -0.67 | 1.05 | 3.48 | -1.05 | 1.24 | 2.29 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 3.67 | 6.53 | 3.85 | -0.04 | 2.38 | 1.49 | 0.55 | 0.71 | 2.33 | 2.18 | 1.53 | 1.07 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blending Words | Elision | Memory for Digits | Non-word Repetition | Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Digit Naming | Rapid Letter Naming | Rapid Naming | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 1.90 | 0.71 | -0.05 | 0.43 | 5.33 | -0.67 | 0.62 | 0.90 | 1.76 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 1.31 | 1.07 | 0.87 | 0.93 | 7.33 | 4.93 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 1.30 |
The MSCS is an overall assessment of self concept or an individual measure of any of the six scaled dimensions of self concept: Social, Competence, Affect, Academic, Family, and Physical. Standard scores range from 45-145. Higher scores are better (indicate higher self concept). (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic Standard Section Score | Affect Standard Section Score | Competence Standard Section Score | Family Standard Section Score | Physical Standard Section Score | Social Standard Section Score | Standard Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 5.52 | 3.56 | 5.20 | -1.00 | 3.04 | 3.88 | 3.44 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 5.91 | 3.62 | 6.64 | 0.39 | 4.09 | 4.36 | 4.72 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 4.23 | 2.35 | 4.95 | -3.12 | 1.32 | 2.72 | 1.98 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy Score | Comprehension Score | Fluency Score | Oral Reading Quotient | Rate Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 0.95 | -0.33 | 1.14 | 2.43 | 0.38 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 0.71 | 0.37 | 0.78 | -1.43 | 0.20 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 0.40 | 0.65 | 0.33 | 2.87 | 0.05 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Hyperactivity-impulsivity scores range 0-27, and inattention scores range 0-27. Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Score | Inattention Score | Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -6.26 | -10.33 | -16.59 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -8.23 | -10.64 | -18.87 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | -5.18 | -7.79 | -12.98 |
LPS-C is a short (24 item, 0-3 points per item) parent-rated scale that is designed to assess changes in adaptive functioning related to treatment for ADHD. This scale measures improvements in social, emotional, cognitive, educational, and affiliative (family, friends) functioning, which indirectly reflect improvements in executive functioning. Happy/social subscores range from 0-18, and self-control subscores range from 0-54. Total scores range from 0-72. Higher scores are better for LPS. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
LPS Happy/Social Score (n=45, 21) | LPS Self Control Score (n=45, 20) | LPS Total Score (n=45, 20) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 2.14 | 10.44 | 12.64 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 1.57 | 9.10 | 10.67 |
LPS-C is a short (24 item, 0-3 points per item) parent-rated scale that is designed to assess changes in adaptive functioning related to treatment for ADHD. This scale measures improvements in social, emotional, cognitive, educational, and affiliative (family, friends) functioning, which indirectly reflect improvements in executive functioning. Happy/social subscores range from 0-18, and self-control subscores range from 0-54. Total scores range from 0-72. Higher scores are better for LPS. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
LPS Happy/Social Score | LPS Self Control Score | LPS Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | 1.38 | 7.49 | 9.05 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | 0.57 | 6.06 | 6.51 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Placebo | 0.53 | 4.29 | 4.82 |
The K-SCT rating scale contains 3 components: Youth, Parent, and Teacher ratings. It queries 17 candidate SCT symptoms, such as daydreams, lost in a fog, sluggish/drowsy. Scores range from 0-51. Lower scores indicate less sluggish. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total Score-Parent Variation (n=45, 21) | Total Score-Teacher Variation (n=23, 9) | Total Score-Youth Variation (n=45, 21) | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -10.83 | -7.89 | -5.43 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -10.40 | -7.00 | -4.36 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Teacher is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3 =severe (very often). Hyperactivity-impulsivity scores range from 0-27, and inattention scores range from 0-27. Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment. (NCT00607919)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Score | Inattention Score | Total Score | |
ADHD Alone: Atomoxetine | -2.89 | -4.19 | -7.08 |
ADHD+ Dyslexia (D): Atomoxetine | -1.87 | -4.28 | -6.15 |
(NCT00611533)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 weeks intervention
Intervention | lb (Mean) |
---|---|
Baseline | 160.1 |
Atomoxetine | 158.1 |
Placebo | 159.8 |
The total BADDS ranged from 0-120 with higher scores meaning greater problems with memory, attention and focus. (NCT00611533)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 weeks intervention
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Baseline | 38.6 |
Atomoxetine | 25.5 |
Placebo | 30.1 |
(NCT00611533)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 weeks intervention
Intervention | beats/min (Mean) |
---|---|
Baseline | 63 |
Atomoxetine | 68.8 |
Placebo | 66.3 |
(NCT00611533)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 weeks intervention
Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
systolic BP | diastolic BP | |
Atomoxetine | 116.7 | 69.8 |
Baseline | 118.8 | 74 |
Placebo | 120.3 | 70.7 |
Raw scores for 5 clusters (organizing/activating, attention/concentration, alertness/effort/processing, managing affect interference, and working memory/recall) on the BADDS were converted to T scores which range from 50-99, with higher scores meaning greater impairment. (NCT00611533)
Timeframe: Baseline and after 6 weeks intervention
Intervention | T score (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
organizing/activating | attention/concentration | alertness/effort/processing | managing affect interference | working memory/recall | |
Atomoxetine | 55.6 | 52.1 | 54.2 | 51.8 | 52.4 |
Baseline | 60.7 | 58.8 | 57.4 | 55.3 | 61.3 |
Placebo | 56.3 | 56.4 | 54.7 | 51.6 | 59.6 |
Trial retention- those who complete the 12 week dosing period (NCT00617201)
Timeframe: 12-weeks
Intervention | days (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 57.4 |
Atomoxetine | 51.6 |
Total % urine samples negative for benzoylecgonine over the 12-week trial (NCT00617201)
Timeframe: Urines were collected 3 times per week (e.g., Monday, Wednesday and Friday) for 12 weeks
Intervention | percentage of positive urine samples (Number) |
---|---|
Placebo | .67 |
Atomoxetine | .74 |
Gordon Continuous Performance Test - Distractibility Version The test is designed assess a person's executive functioning by testing their ability to maintain their focus over a period of time. They are intended to respond to a series of targets or inhibit their responses to a variety of foils. They are mainly assessed for their omissions and commissions. The omission and commission errors assess the person's ability to screen out extraneous stimuli while responding correctly and inhibiting incorrect responding. This means lower scores are better. The scale is 0-126. (NCT00628394)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomox/CR | 20.82 |
Atomox/Control | 18.03 |
Placebo/CR | 25.43 |
Placebo/Control | 11.64 |
Birchwood Social Function Scale (SFS) This scale is given to determine a person's ability to function independently and in social settings without difficulty. It assesses a variety of settings with independent subscales (whose scores vary in range) but in which the higher score is always better. These subscales (Withdrawal/Social Engagement; Interpersonal Communication; Independence-Performance; Independence-Competence; Recreation; Prosocial; and, Employment/Occupation) are combined and developed into a mean score. These scores range from 0-32. (NCT00628394)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomox/CR | 9.75 |
Atomox/Control | 10.32 |
Placebo/CR | 10.82 |
Placebo/Control | 9.02 |
Measures severity of the patient's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 4.8 | -1.7 |
Conners' Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-Self Rating:Screening Version. Total ADHD symptom score consisted of 18 items (sum of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity subscales) using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently) for total score range of 0 to 54. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 30.6 | -12.1 |
Potentially clinically significant weight loss was defined as any decrease of at least 7 percent (%). Potentially clinically significant weight gain was defined as any increase of at least 7%. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 Weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Weight Loss = Any Decrease of at Least 7% | Weight Gain = Any Increase of at Least 7% | |
Atomoxetine | 5 | 0 |
Conners' Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale-Investigator Rating:Screening Version. Total ADHD symptom score consisted of 18 items (sum of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity subscales) using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently) for total score range of 0 to 54. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 32.0 | -12.8 |
This was a psychological test to observe the interference in which disparity between the meaning and color affects reading speed. A subject was given 3 tasks of recognition: reading the printed colored ink (Color Test), reading color words in black ink (Word Test), and interference, reading color words printed in different colored ink (Word-Color Test). The test was scored on the number of correct answers. There were 100 items for each of the three categories and if they made it through the 100 words with time remaining, they would repeat the list. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | number of correct answers (Mean) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Word Test: Baseline | Word Test: Change from Baseline | Color Test: Baseline | Color Test: Change from Baseline | Color-Word Test: Baseline | Color-Word Test: Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 82.4 | 4.5 | 68.7 | 4.8 | 49.0 | 3.5 |
CYP2D6 is the primary atomoxetine metabolizing enzyme. Metabolizzer status was determined by focusing on the normal, decreased, and defective allele. Poor metabolizer = defective/defective. Extensive metabolizer is all except for poor metabolizer. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Extensive Metabolizer | Poor Metabolizer | |
Atomoxetine | 44 | 0 |
The definition of a study adverse event was any unfavorable medical event, newly emerged or a deterioration of a preexisting condition, in other words any untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a pharmaceutical product, without regard to the possibility of a causal relationship, that occurred after the visit for informed consent and up to the visit for completion of administration, or discontinuation. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 Weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Participants with >=1 AE (Discontinuation) | Somnolence (Nervous System Disorder) | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 1 |
The Fridericia correction of the QT interval (QTcF) was used. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 Weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
QTcF Interval of >450 milliseconds (msec) | QTcF Interval of >480 msec | QTcF Interval of >500 msec | QTcF Interval Increase from Baseline of ≥30 msec | QTcF Interval Increase from Baseline of ≥60 msec | |
Atomoxetine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Vital signs reported are Pulse (beats per minute [bpm]), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (mmHg), and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (mmHg). (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 Weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High Pulse (bpm)=Increase ≥15 to a value >120 | Low Pulse (bpm)=Decrease ≥15 to a value <50 | High SBP (mmHg)=Increase ≥20 to a value >180 | Low SBP (mmHg)=Decrease ≥20 to value of at most 90 | High DBP (mmHg)=Increase ≥15 to value at least 105 | Low DBP (mmHg)=Decrease ≥15 to value of at most 50 | |
Atomoxetine | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
SF-36 assesses quality of life (QoL) on 8 domains and 2 summary scores (mental component summary [MCS] and physical component summary [PCS]). MCS and PCS scores=0-100 (higher scores indicate better QoL). Raw domain scores: general health=5-25; physical functioning=10-30; role-physical=4-20; role-emotional=3-15; social functioning=2-10; bodily pain=2-12; vitality=4-20; mental health=5-25. Using norm based scores, all domains, MCS and PCS scores have average score of 50 with standard deviation of 10. Norm-based score=Z-score*10+50 in each subscale. Range cannot be specified in norm-based scores. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Component Summary: Baseline | Physical Component Summary: Change from Baseline | Mental Component Summary: Baseline | Mental Component Summary: Change from Baseline | Physical Functioning: Baseline | Physical Functioning: Change from Baseline | Role-Physical: Baseline | Role-Physical: Change from Baseline | Bodily Pain: Baseline | Bodily Pain: Change from Baseline | General Health Perception: Baseline | General Health Perception: Change from Baseline | Vitality: Baseline | Vitality: Change from Baseline | Social Functioning: Baseline | Social Functioning: Change from Baseline | Role-Emotional: Baseline | Role-Emotional: Change from Baseline | Mental Health: Baseline | Mental Health: Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 46.77 | -0.38 | 43.71 | 3.62 | 53.12 | -3.02 | 43.58 | 1.30 | 50.46 | 1.32 | 47.81 | 2.48 | 43.73 | 2.78 | 40.97 | 2.82 | 36.63 | 5.46 | 40.38 | 5.51 |
The HAMA-14 scale measures anxiety symptoms accompanying Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Each item of the 14-item HAMA was scored from 0 (not present) to 4 (very severe), with a resulting maximum total score of 56. (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 6.7 | -2.0 |
The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00636818)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change from Baseline | |
Atomoxetine | 4.8 | -1.5 |
Participants rate most common and most severe ideation type by frequency (1=
Timeframe: Week 4
Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (Most Common) Once a Week | Frequency (Most Severe) Once a Week | Duration (Most Common) Fleeting | Duration (Most Severe) Fleeting | Control (Most Common) Little Diffficulty | Control (Most Severe) Little Diffficulty | Deterrent (Most Common) Uncertain It Stopped You | Deterrent (Most Severe) Uncertain it Stopped You | Reasons (Most Common) Mostly to Get Attention | Reasons (Most Severe) Mostly to Get Attention | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Solicits suicide-related information with structured questioning. Scale consists of 28 items in 4 sections: suicide behavior, actual attempts, suicidal ideation, intensity of ideation. Suicidal ideation consists of 5 yes/no items: wish to be dead, non-specific active suicidal thoughts, active suicidal ideation with any methods (not plan) without intention to act, active suicidal ideation with some intent to act without specific plan, active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent. Only items with yes responses at a given week are listed. (NCT00687609)
Timeframe: Week 4
Intervention | Participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1 |
The AAQoL is a self-reported, 29-item scale assessing functional impairments in adults with ADHD. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale; range: 1 (Not at all/ Never) to 5 (Extremely/Very Often). 5-domains of scale include: work functioning, family relationships, social functioning, activities of daily living (driving, managing finances), and psychological adaptation (life satisfaction, self-esteem). These scores are transformed to a 0-100 point scale (1=0; 2=25; 3=50; 4=75; 5=100), and then the item scores are summed and divided by item count to generate overall scores. The overall scores have the same total range of scores of 0-100, with higher scores indicating better quality of life. Least Squares (LS) Mean values were adjusted for baseline AAQoL score and Investigator/site. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.4 |
Placebo | -4.0 |
The BRIEF-A:Self Report is a 75-item self-reported measure captures adults' views of their own executive functions/self-regulation in their everyday environment. Items include: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Self Monitor, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials. Behavior is rated on a 3-point scale: 1 (behavior is never observed) to 3 (behavior is often observed). GEC Index Score is a subscore of the 75-item BRIEF-A score, reflects overall functioning and was calculated based on 70 items. Total scores range: 70-210. Lower scores = less perceived impairment. Least Squares (LS) Mean values were adjusted for treatment, pooled Investigator, and baseline. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -5.70 |
Placebo | 0.90 |
BRIEF-A:Informant is a 75-item third-party observer's view of the participants' executive functions/self-regulation in their everyday environment. Items include: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Self Monitor, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials. Behavior is rated on a 3-point scale: 1 (behavior is never observed) to 3 (behavior is often observed). GEC Index Score is a subscore of the 75-item BRIEF-A score, reflects overall functioning and was calculated based on 70 items. Total scores range: 70-210. Lower scores = less perceived impairment. Least Squares (LS) Mean values were adjusted for treatment, pooled Investigator, and baseline. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -8.4 |
Placebo | -0.6 |
"Relapse was defined as 2 consecutive visits with a CGI-ADHD-S score ≥4 points and a return to ≥80% of participant's baseline (Visit 2) CAARS-Inv:SV Total ADHD Symptom Score (SS). If the participant showed evidence of a return of symptoms at a single visit that met severity criteria described above, and because of worsening symptoms, was unwilling to remain in the study or did not return for a second visit, the participant was also considered to have relapsed.~CAARS-Inv:SV is a 30-item scale (3 subscales): Inattention, Hyperactivity/Impulsivity (9 items each), ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0 (0=not at all/never) to 3 (very much/very frequently). Total ADHD SS=inattention+hyperactivity/impulsivity (range: 0-54). Higher score=more impairment. CGI-ADHD-S measures participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms and scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants)." (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24) up to Week 49
Intervention | days (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | NA |
Placebo | NA |
Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Investigator Rated:Screening Version (CAARS-Inv:SV); 30-item scale (3 subscales): inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity (9 items each), ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0 (not at all/never) to 3 (very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score (SS)=inattention+hyperactivity/impulsivity (range:0-54). Higher score=more impairment. Clinical Global Impressions-ADHD-Severity (CGI-ADHD-S) measures participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms and scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). Maintenance of response during the randomized withdrawal phase was a reduction of ≥30% in the baseline CAARS-Inv:SV Total ADHD SS and a CGI-ADHD-S score ≤3. Participants had to continuously meet the response criteria, except for 1 excursion after assessment at Week 24 through Week 37 and 1 other excursion after assessment at Week 37 through Week 49. Excursions were not permitted at 2 consecutive visits. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24) up to Week 49
Intervention | percentage of responders (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 64.3 |
Placebo | 50.0 |
CAARS-S:SV is a 30-item participant completed scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/impulsivity (9 items), ADHD Index (12 items). 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Inattention and hyperactivity subscales range from 0-27; ADHD index subscale range is 0-36 with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales; range: 0-54 with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. Least Squares (LS) Mean values adjusted for treatment, pooled Investigator, and baseline. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD Symptom Imputed Index Score | Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Subscale Imputed Score | Inattention Subscale Imputed Score | Total ADHD Symptom Imputed Score | |
Atomoxetine | -1.20 | -0.90 | -0.70 | -1.60 |
Placebo | 0.90 | 0.50 | 1.20 | 1.70 |
The CAARS-O:SV is a 30-item observer (typically a significant other or close friend) completed scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/impulsivity (9 items), and ADHD Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Inattention and hyperactivity subscales range from 0-27; ADHD index subscale range is 0-36 with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales, ranging from 0-54, with higher scores indicating more impaired participants. Least Squares (LS) Mean values adjusted for treatment, pooled Investigator, and baseline. (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD Imputed (Attributed) Index Score (N=164, 153) | Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale Imputed Score | Inattention Subscale Imputed Score | Total ADHD Symptom Imputed Score | |
Atomoxetine | -2.60 | -1.90 | -1.60 | -3.50 |
Placebo | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.40 |
"The EQ-5D is a Self-reported, 5-item scale to assess health utility (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain and discomfort, and depression/anxiety). Scoring is on a 3-point scale (1=no health problems, 2=some or moderate problems, 3=major health problems). A preference value Index score is calculated using societal preference developed from a general population-based valuation studies. Index score ranges: United Kingdom (UK): -0.59 to 1.0, United States (US): -0.11 to 1.0, where 1 represents best possible health and 0 represents dead, with <0 interpreted as a health state worse than dead. A Quality of Life Health State Score visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed, scores range from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better health state. Least Square (LS) Mean values were adjusted for treatment, pooled Investigator, baseline." (NCT00700427)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 24), Week 49
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
UK population-based Index Score (n=194, 180) | US population-based Index Score (n=194, 180) | Health State Score (N=197, 179) | |
Atomoxetine | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.60 |
Placebo | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.20 |
"The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of questions involving the 18-items of the The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV- Text Revision (TR) criteria for ADHD that rate symptoms on a Likert scale ranging from 0-4 based on the frequency of symptoms (never, rarely, sometimes, often, and very often). A previous study of the ASRS found the self-report to be both valid (Cronbach's alpha =.88) and reliable (ICC=.84). Scores on the 18 items were summed for a total ASRS score." (NCT00702364)
Timeframe: Post treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 28.883 |
Placebo | 30.997 |
"Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) Computerized Cognitive Assessment System [19] is comprised of a battery of computer-controlled tasks administered on a laptop computer with parallel forms of the tests being presented on each testing session. The Power of Attention factor of the CDR was selected as the primary outcome measure because of its strong psychometric properties in other drug studies with cognitively compromised populations.~Instead of utilizing a t-test to compare treatment and control groups, treatment and control groups for both primary and secondary outcomes were compared utilizing an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model in which repeat baseline measures taken on each respective outcome served as a covariate. This method controls for any differences that may exist between the groups at baseline. Model assumptions for conducting an ANCOVA were investigated for all primary and secondary analyses, where no violations of model assumptions were detected. Additionally," (NCT00702364)
Timeframe: Post treatment
Intervention | msec (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1262.1744 |
Placebo | 1252.9510 |
"Neurobehavioral Functioning Inventory (NFI) was developed as a clinical and research tool to quantify a variety of post-injury behaviours and symptoms characteristic of neurologic disability and encountered in daily life. The inventory is comprised of 76 items organized into six analytically derived factor scales: Depression, Somatic, Memory/Attention, Communication, Aggression, and Motor. Respondents are asked to rate items as occurring never, rarely, sometimes, often, or always. Using the standardized scoring procedures outlined in the NFI Manual, T-scores were calculated for the Depression sub-scale. Lower T-score indicates less depressive symptomotology." (NCT00702364)
Timeframe: Post treatment
Intervention | T-score (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 27.53 |
Placebo | 29.47 |
The Stroop Color and Word Test is frequently used to study deficits of attention and executive function in individuals with TBI, and has adequate test-retest reliability. At each administration, the following scores were obtained, Word Reading, Colour Naming and Interference. Raw scores were converted to demographically-adjusted T-scores using Golden and Freshwater norm. (NCT00702364)
Timeframe: Post treatment
Intervention | T-score (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 56.50 |
Placebo | 55.44 |
The number of participants with at least one TEAE and had Dyslexia. A summary of other non-serious adverse events and all serious adverse events, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From 16 Weeks Up to Week 32
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
ATX/ATX | 3 |
ATX/PLA | 2 |
PLA/ATX | 8 |
The number of participants who experienced one or more treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and who had Dyslexia A summary of other non-serious adverse events and all serious adverse events, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: 16 Weeks
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 13 |
Placebo | 11 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD alone | |
ATX/ATX | -0.32 | -6.29 |
ATX/PLA | -6.38 | -8.83 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS Mean was calculated using ANCOVA model with terms for gender, baseline score, and age. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Atomoxetine | -12.96 | -18.76 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a restricted maximum likelihood (REML)-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Atomoxetine | -11.04 | -13.85 |
Placebo | -7.53 | -1.63 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
ATX/ATX | -0.90 | 1.01 |
ATX/PLA | 14.59 | 3.69 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS Mean was calculated using ANCOVA model with terms for gender, baseline score, and age." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Atomoxetine | -9.44 | -9.33 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | 4.01 | 5.62 | 0.19 |
Placebo | 2.69 | 0.62 | -1.00 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | 4.60 | 2.33 | -0.71 |
Placebo | 1.35 | 3.43 | 0.21 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | 3.66 | 3.70 | 2.36 |
Placebo | 7.00 | 3.48 | 1.63 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Healthy Participants | 3.63 | 2.05 | 0.63 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Healthy Participants | 3.63 | 2.05 | 0.63 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | 12.69 | 3.40 | 4.72 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
ATX/ATX | 3.54 | -2.65 | 2.65 |
ATX/PLA | 5.29 | 0.12 | 1.21 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | 5.90 | 5.61 | 2.67 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
ATX/ATX | -0.33 | 3.59 | 1.53 |
ATX/PLA | 9.67 | 0.84 | 3.51 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
Atomoxetine | -0.41 | -4.63 | 3.99 |
The CTOPP assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming and is appropriate for ages 7 to 24. The test contains six core subtests. The composite scores are 1) Phonological Awareness, comprised of the standard scores of the Elision and Blending Words; 2) Phonological Memory, comprised of standard scores for Memory for Digits and Non-word Repetition; and 3) Rapid Naming, comprised of standard scores for Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming. Standard scores range from 1-20, and composite scores range from 35-165. Higher scores are better and lower scores are poor. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Phonological Awareness | Phonological Memory | Rapid Naming Score | |
ATX/ATX | -1.19 | -6.96 | 7.24 |
ATX/PLA | 2.06 | -1.76 | -2.42 |
Change From Baseline in Task-related Brain Activity During Biological Motion Recognition Task (Task-based fMRI) BOLD response (Blood-oxygen-level-dependent response) (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | Change-from-baseline (BOLD response) (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Left Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Semantic-category: Right Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD+Dyslexia, Pseudoword Rhyming: Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Left Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Semantic-category: Right Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Temporo-parietal Region | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | ADHD Only, Pseudoword Rhyming: Temporo-parietal Region | |
Atomoxetine | 0.077 | 0.079 | 0.038 | 0.079 | 0.065 | 0.008 | -0.046 | 0.053 | 0.081 | 0.142 | 0.091 | 0.096 | 0.069 | 0.114 | 0.080 | 0.078 | 0.013 | -0.024 | -0.002 | -0.013 | -0.074 | 0.052 | -0.039 | 0.034 | -0.029 | -0.012 | -0.030 | -0.013 | 0.005 | -0.003 | 0.007 | -0.016 |
Placebo | -0.038 | -0.1 | -0.037 | -0.096 | -0.016 | 0.015 | -0.045 | -0.035 | 0.005 | 0.047 | 0.042 | 0.012 | -0.006 | 0.047 | 0.002 | -0.026 | -0.057 | -0.035 | -0.047 | -0.064 | -0.030 | -0.100 | 0.019 | -0.101 | 0.101 | 0.063 | 0.058 | 0.029 | 0.088 | 0.043 | -0.011 | 0.046 |
Change From Baseline in Task-related Brain Activity During Biological Motion Recognition Task (Task-based fMRI) BOLD response (Blood-oxygen-level-dependent response) (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | Change-from-baseline (BOLD response) (Mean) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Semantic-category: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Left Temporo-parietal Region | Semantic-category: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | Semantic-category: Right Temporo-parietal Region | Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Interior Temporal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Medial Temporal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Left Temporo-parietal Region | Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Interior Temporal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Right Medial Temporal Gyrus | Pseudoword Rhyming: Temporo-parietal Region | |
Atomoxetine | -0.056 | -0.061 | -0.038 | -0.073 | 0.019 | 0.002 | -0.014 | -0.015 | 0.012 | -0.062 | 0.005 | -0.026 | -0.017 | 0.013 | 0.039 | 0.011 |
Placebo | -0.033 | 0.010 | -0.006 | -0.037 | 0.018 | 0.058 | 0.071 | 0.076 | 0.020 | -0.003 | 0.024 | -0.012 | 0.024 | 0.103 | 0.009 | 0.087 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Healthy Participants | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.74 | -0.16 | -3.42 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Healthy Participants | 0.74 | 0.68 | 0.74 | -0.16 | -3.42 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Atomoxetine | 0.22 | 0.17 | -0.28 | -0.61 | -2.23 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms of treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Placebo | -0.45 | -1.02 | -0.81 | -1.55 | -12.23 |
Atomoxetine | -0.59 | -1.77 | -1.66 | -2.46 | -14.01 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Atomoxetine | 0.05 | -1.44 | -0.20 | -0.02 | -1.37 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
ATX/ATX | 0.36 | -1.29 | -0.54 | 3.46 | 8.27 |
ATX/PLA | -0.35 | 0.15 | -0.38 | -0.04 | -3.13 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms of treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Atomoxetine | 0.80 | 0.46 | 0.72 | -0.96 | -0.74 |
Placebo | 0.97 | -0.17 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 5.63 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
ATX/ATX | 0.37 | 0.07 | 0.33 | 1.75 | 7.16 |
ATX/PLA | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.52 | 3.64 | 12.92 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the attention-deficit disorder (ADD). 0-39 equate to, ADD possible but not likely. 40-54 equate to, ADD probable but not certain. 55-120 equate to, ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Placebo | -4.29 | -1.85 |
Atomoxetine | -6.91 | -9.05 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
ATX/ATX | 0.27 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.06 | -3.04 |
ATX/PLA | -0.64 | -0.69 | -0.64 | -0.76 | -4.91 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models of with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Atomoxetine | 0.24 | -0.10 | -0.17 | 0.89 | 2.30 |
Placebo | -0.44 | -0.72 | -0.65 | -0.29 | -2.66 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Atomoxetine | 2.77 | 6.75 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Digit Recall Score | |
Atomoxetine | 0.06 | -4.12 | 3.05 | 1.78 | 0.56 | -0.22 | 0.73 | -0.55 | 0.05 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Digit Recall Score | |
Atomoxetine | 3.75 | -3.37 | 1.25 | 1.12 | 3.65 | -1.09 | 4.24 | -3.05 | -0.45 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backwards Digit Recall Score | |
Atomoxetine | 0.47 | 1.29 | 0.75 | -0.96 | 1.25 | 1.91 | 4.15 | -0.88 | -0.64 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
Atomoxetine | 0.59 | 4.98 |
Placebo | 1.18 | 4.69 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
ATX/ATX | 3.74 | 2.03 |
ATX/PLA | 1.38 | 1.37 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension | |
Healthy Participants | -3.42 | -2.74 | -0.63 | 5.37 | -1.84 | 2.21 | -2.16 | -3.58 | -2.11 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Reading Comprehension | Reading Fluency | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills Score | Passage Comprehension | |
Healthy Participants | -0.37 | -3.58 | 0.79 | 0.47 | 7.84 | 1.95 | 3.63 | -2.00 | 0.05 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline score, age, and baseline score by treatment interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
Atomoxetine | 2.40 | -0.78 | 0.71 | 2.24 | 2.61 | 1.29 | -1.79 | 0.70 | 3.58 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline score, age, and baseline score by treatment interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Word Attack Score | Letter Word Identification | Reading Vocabulary Score | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
ATX/ATX | -2.65 | 0.50 | 0.64 | 5.46 | 0.86 | 0.45 | -10.17 | -1.29 | 0.15 |
ATX/PLA | -2.62 | -1.07 | -4.08 | 6.21 | -2.49 | 0.86 | -3.52 | -2.17 | 0.52 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline score, age, and baseline score by treatment interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
Atomoxetine | -1.89 | -1.87 | 5.88 | 2.93 | 4.77 | 4.04 | 6.80 | -2.44 | -3.16 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline score, age, and baseline score by treatment interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Word Attack Score | Letter Word Identification | Reading Vocabulary Score | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
ATX/ATX | -1.56 | -3.89 | 5.15 | 13.05 | 3.86 | 2.07 | -2.65 | -2.70 | 6.86 |
ATX/PLA | -0.58 | -1.61 | -3.62 | 4.88 | 3.26 | 1.15 | 2.65 | -1.97 | 2.31 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for gender, baseline score, and age. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Letter Word Identification | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary Score | |
Atomoxetine | 8.96 | 0.24 | 2.12 | -1.81 | 4.67 | 3.41 | 2.17 | 5.37 | -2.28 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline score, age, and baseline score by treatment interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Word Attack Score | Letter Word Identification | Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | Reading Vocabulary Score | |
ATX/ATX | 2.79 | 2.92 | 11.03 | 4.52 | -2.90 | 3.33 | 2.87 | 4.51 | 3.02 |
ATX/PLA | -1.01 | -4.08 | -1.53 | -6.86 | -1.72 | 0.30 | -3.80 | -6.92 | -4.84 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
Atomoxetine | -3.41 | 2.02 | 1.71 | 2.65 | 0.69 | -1.36 | 8.42 | 2.53 | 2.65 |
Placebo | 2.61 | 0.80 | -0.90 | 0.71 | 2.80 | -2.59 | 5.02 | -0.21 | -1.01 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reading Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary | Spelling | Spelling of Sounds | Basic Reading Skills | Passage Comprehension Score | |
Atomoxetine | -2.70 | -2.92 | 2.60 | -1.60 | -1.15 | 4.30 | 5.90 | 0.86 | -4.10 |
Placebo | -4.98 | -1.40 | 0.46 | 0.08 | -1.48 | 3.62 | 0.57 | 0.48 | -1.80 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores, which is a greater range of standard scores. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter Word Identification | Word Attack Score | Reading Vocabulary Score | Reading Fluency Score | Reading Comprehension Score | Spelling Score | Spelling of Sounds Score | Basic Reading Skills Score | Passage Comprehension | |
Atomoxetine | 0.88 | 0.48 | 1.04 | 0.13 | 2.38 | 0.89 | 3.11 | 0.99 | 2.80 |
Placebo | 2.77 | 2.53 | -1.73 | -1.06 | -1.03 | -0.36 | 3.59 | 2.13 | -0.20 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Digit Recall Score | |
Healthy Participants | 2.47 | -0.95 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.63 | 1.11 | -0.58 | 0.37 | 2.95 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backwards Digit Recall Score | |
Healthy Participants | 2.47 | -0.95 | 1.79 | 0.58 | 1.63 | 1.11 | -0.58 | 0.37 | 2.95 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Digit Recall Score | |
ATX/ATX | -1.77 | 3.98 | -0.68 | 2.25 | 1.57 | 6.90 | 3.44 | -2.05 | 2.74 |
ATX/PLA | 0.45 | 1.84 | -1.90 | -0.40 | -1.73 | 1.27 | -1.23 | -2.21 | 2.49 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | Nonword List Recall Score | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Digit Recall Score | |
Atomoxetine | 0.74 | 0.34 | 0.61 | -0.10 | 0.59 | -1.05 | 1.41 | 1.83 | -0.28 |
Placebo | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.50 | 0.17 | 0.82 | -2.96 | -0.52 | 0.18 | 0.65 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall | Word List Matching | Word List Recall | NonWord | Block Recall | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall | Counting Recall | Backward Digit Recall | |
Atomoxetine | -0.64 | -0.02 | -0.78 | 0.12 | -1.71 | 3.08 | -0.48 | -2.26 | -0.31 |
Placebo | 1.03 | -0.78 | 0.80 | 1.12 | 0.75 | -1.01 | 2.16 | -1.61 | 1.76 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | NonWord List Recall | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Recall Score | |
ATX/ATX | -1.25 | -4.48 | 2.34 | 2.17 | -1.71 | -2.82 | 1.93 | 1.34 | 0.76 |
ATX/PLA | 1.83 | -4.40 | 2.28 | 0.64 | 3.81 | 1.28 | 0.49 | -0.89 | -0.14 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall | Word List Matching | Word List Recall | NonWord | Block Recall | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall | Counting Recall | Backward Digit Recall | |
Atomoxetine | 2.70 | -0.79 | 1.50 | 1.41 | 1.03 | 2.70 | 1.53 | 0.31 | 1.82 |
Placebo | 0.94 | 2.03 | 1.17 | -0.13 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 1.57 | -1.02 | 2.15 |
WMTB-C is assessment of working memory capacities, consisting of 9 subtests (Trials Correct Scores [Range from 55-145], Higher scores are better, Lower scores are poor) reflecting 3 main components of working memory: central executive (CE) control/regulation of working memory (Backward Digit Recall, Listening Recall, Counting Recall); phonological loop (PL) responsible for holding verbal information for short periods (Digit Recall, Word List Matching, Word List Recall, Non-word List Recall); and visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSSP) which holds information in visual and spatial form (Block Recall, Mazes Memory). LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digit Recall Score | Word List Matching Score | Word List Recall Score | NonWord List Recall | Block Recall Score | Mazes Memory Score | Listening Recall Score | Counting Recall Score | Backward Recall Score | |
ATX/ATX | 2.56 | -1.22 | -1.23 | -1.29 | -1.14 | 1.11 | -1.12 | -0.03 | -0.68 |
ATX/PLA | -0.97 | -1.71 | 1.71 | -1.12 | 0.59 | -2.51 | -0.09 | -2.90 | -0.46 |
The number of participants who experienced one or more TEAEs and who had ADHD and ADHD+Dyslexia. A summary of other non-serious adverse events and all serious adverse events, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: 16 Weeks
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD alone | |
Atomoxetine | 12 | 12 |
Placebo | 14 | 8 |
The number of participants who experienced one or more TEAEs with ADHD and ADHD + Dyslexia. A summary of other non-serious adverse events and all serious adverse events, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16 Up to Week 32
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
---|---|---|
ADHD + Dyslexia | ADHD Alone | |
ATX/ATX | 2 | 3 |
ATX/PLA | 2 | 4 |
PLA/ATX | 10 | 8 |
The GORT-4 is a norm-referenced test of oral reading rate, accuracy, fluency, and comprehension valid for individuals aged 6 to 18 years old. The test has two parallel forms, Form A and Form B, that are administered in an alternating fashion (e.g. Week 0-Form A, Week 16-Form B, Week 32-Form A.) with each containing 14 separate stories and 5 multiple-choice comprehension questions for each story. GORT-4 yields the following scores: rate, accuracy, fluency, comprehension, and overall reading ability. Standard scores range from 1-20. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Lower scores indicate poor reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral Reading Rate | Accuracy | Fluency | Reading Comprehension | Oral Reading Quotient | |
Atomoxetine | 0.63 | -1.93 | -0.66 | -0.23 | -9.53 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes diagnostic group, visit, and diagnostic group-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 0.15 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.88 |
Placebo | -2.51 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ATX/ATX | 3.02 |
ATX/PLA | 0.27 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes the effects of diagnostic group, visit, diagnostic group-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 1.17 |
The ADHDRS-IV-Parent is an 18-item scale with 1 item for each of the 18 symptoms contained in the DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 0 to 3 scale: 0=none (never or rarely); 1=mild (sometimes); 2=moderate (often); 3=severe (very often). Total scores range from 0-54. Higher scores indicate higher impairment and lower scores indicate no impairment. LS Mean was calculated using ANCOVA model with terms for gender, baseline score, and age. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 12.60 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes the effects of diagnostic group, visit, and diagnostic group-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 1.42 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM which includes the effects of diagnostic group, visit, diagnostic group-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 5.74 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -7.22 |
Placebo | -2.82 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ATX/ATX | -6.96 |
ATX/PLA | 7.13 |
"The BADD-A is used to assess impairment in executive functions related to ADHD. These include 1) Organizing, prioritizing, and activating to work; 2) Focusing, sustaining and shifting attention to tasks; 3) Regulating alertness, sustaining effort, and processing speed; 4) Managing frustration and modulating emotions; 5) Utilizing working memory and accessing recall (Brown 2001). Scores range from 0-120. The higher the score the more severe the ADD. Scores of 0-39 equate to ADD possible but not likely. Scores of 40-54 equate to ADD probable but not certain. Scores of 55-120 equate to ADD highly probable. LS Mean was calculated using ANCOVA model with terms for gender, baseline score, and age." (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -10.07 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. Basic Reading Skills is an aggregate measure of sight vocabulary, phonics, and structural analysis. It is a combination of Test 1, Letter-Word Identification, which measures the participant's word identification skills, and Test 13, Word Attack, which measures skill in applying phonic and structural analysis skills to the pronunciation of unfamiliar printed words. It is the average (arithmetic mean) of the tests 1 and 13. Scores for each individual test range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. LS mean was analyzed using LOCF, fixed-effects ANCOVA models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -2.81 |
Placebo | 2.25 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 3.20 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes diagnostic group, visit, and diagnostic group-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 32 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 4.05 |
WJ III (Woodcock et al. 2001) has two parallel forms (A and B) alternating two batteries of tests-Standard and Extended. Standard tests (1 -12) have a broad set of scores. Extended tests (13 -22) have a more in-depth diagnostic assessment of academic strengths and weaknesses. Tests administered were 1, 2, 7, 9, 13, 17, and 20. The standard score scale is a mean (M) of 100 and a standard deviation (SD) of 15. The WJ III ACH has extended standard scores which is a greater range of standard scores. Test 13, Word Attack, measures skill in applying phonic, structural analysis to the pronunciation of unfamiliar printed words. Each individual test scores range from 0 to over 200 where 69 and below is very low and 131 and above is very superior. Higher scores indicate better reading skills. Least Square (LS) Mean was analyzed using last observation carried forward (LOCF), fixed-effects analysis of covariate (ANCOVA) models with terms for treatment, gender, baseline, age, treatment*baseline. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -3.57 |
Placebo | 2.92 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2.21 |
Placebo | -0.17 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analyses which includes diagnostic group, visit, and diagnostic group-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: Baseline, 16 Weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Healthy Participants | 0.20 |
The TOWRE is a measure of an individual's ability to pronounce printed words accurately and fluently and is appropriate for individuals aged 6 to 24 years old. The TOWRE contains two subtests: Sight Word Efficiency (SWE) which assesses the number of real printed words that can be accurately identified within 45 seconds and Phonemic Decoding Efficiency (PDE) which measures the number of pronounceable printed non-words that can be accurately decoded within 45 seconds. The total standard score ranges from 35-165. Higher scores indicate higher reading proficiency and lower scores indicate lower reading proficiency. LS mean was calculated using a REML-based, MMRM analysis which includes treatment, baseline, visit, treatment-by-visit interaction, and baseline-by-visit interaction. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: From Week 16, Up to Week 32
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ATX/ATX | -0.17 |
ATX/PLA | 4.17 |
Number of participants who had at least one adverse event. A summary of other non-serious adverse events and all serious adverse events, regardless of causality, is located in the Reported Adverse Events Section. (NCT00716274)
Timeframe: 32 Weeks
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 35 |
Placebo | 31 |
ATX/ATX | 8 |
ATX/PLA | 8 |
PLA/ATX | 25 |
The CGI- S is a single-item clinician rating of the severity of the participant's ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience of ADHD participants. Severity is rated on a seven-point scale (1 = normal, not ill at all; 7 = among the most extremely ill patients). Least square means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -1.7 |
Fast Switching Group | -1.7 |
CHIP-CE-PRF consists of 76 items. The majority of items assess frequency of activities or feelings using a five-point response format. Standard scores (t-value) were established, with all domains and subdomains having a mean score of 50 and standard deviation (SD) of 10. Standard scores are expressed in SD units. T-score=[(Score- Mean for the reference population [Ref Pop])*10/SD for the Ref Pop]+50. Higher scores mean better quality of life. Least square means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | standard deviation units (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Satisfaction Domain | Comfort Domain | Risk Avoidance Domain | Resilience Domain | Achievement Domain | |
Fast Switching Group | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.9 | -1.0 | -1.2 |
Slow Switching Group | 3.4 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 3.5 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of ADHD. Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. Higher score indicates greater severity of disease. Least squares means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 2 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -8.0 |
Fast Switching Group | -8.1 |
Measures the 18 symptoms contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Individual item scores range from 0 (none/never or rarely) to 3 (severe/very often). Total scores range from 0 to 54. Higher score indicates greater severity of disease. Least squares means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -14.3 |
Fast Switching Group | -15.0 |
The GIPD scale is a 5-item rating of ADHD-related difficulties (overall difficulties perceived in the morning, during school, during homework, in the evening, and over the entire day and night). For each item, difficulties during the past week are rated on a 7-point scale (1 = normal, not difficult at all; 7 = extremely difficult) and the mean of the 5 items is reported. Least square means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -0.6 |
Fast Switching Group | -0.4 |
The GIPD scale is a 5-item rating of ADHD-related difficulties (overall difficulties perceived in the morning, during school, during homework, in the evening, and over the entire day and night). For each item, difficulties during the past week are rated on a 7-point scale (1 = normal, not difficult at all; 7 = extremely difficult) and the mean of the 5 items is reported. Least square means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -1.3 |
Fast Switching Group | -1.2 |
The GIPD scale is a 5-item rating of ADHD-related difficulties (overall difficulties perceived in the morning, during school, during homework, in the evening, and over the entire day and night). For each item, difficulties during the past week are rated on a 7-point scale (1 = normal, not difficult at all; 7 = extremely difficult) and the mean of the 5 items is reported. Least square means are adjusted for baseline, site, treatment, visit and treatment by visit interaction. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -1.0 |
Fast Switching Group | -0.8 |
The Treatment Satisfaction Survey consists of a five-question survey each rated on a 5 point scale (0=very satisfied/very likely, 4=very dissatisfied/not at all likely). The mean score over the items is reported. (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | -0.7 |
Fast Switching Group | -0.5 |
(NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks, 14 weeks
Intervention | beats per minute (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Week 6 Change (n=52, 52) | Week 14 Change (n=43, 40) | |
Fast Switching Group | 4.2 | 5.9 |
Slow Switching Group | 6.8 | 3.4 |
"Columbia Suicide Rating Scale (C-SSRS): scale capturing occurrence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors. Number of participants with suicidal behaviors and ideations are provided. Suicidal behavior: a yes answer to any of 5 suicidal behavior questions: preparatory acts or behavior, aborted attempt, interrupted attempt, actual attempt, and completed suicide. Suicidal ideation: a yes answer to any one of 5 suicidal ideation questions, which includes wish to be dead, and 4 different categories of active suicidal ideation." (NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline through 14 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
Slow Switching Group | 1 |
Fast Switching Group | 1 |
(NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks, 14 weeks
Intervention | mmHg (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Week 6 Change Diastolic BP (n=52, 52) | Week 6 Change Systolic BP (n=52, 52) | Week 14 Change Diastolic BP (n=43, 40) | Week 14 Change Systolic BP (n= 43, 40) | |
Fast Switching Group | 1.9 | 0.5 | 3.1 | 2.6 |
Slow Switching Group | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | -0.2 |
(NCT00760747)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks, 14 weeks
Intervention | kilogram (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Week 6 Change (n=52, 52) | Week 14 Change (n=43, 40) | |
Fast Switching Group | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Slow Switching Group | -0.4 | 0.6 |
Respondents were defined as having ≥30% decrease on the SNAP and CGI-I<=2). The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP)-IV Parent and Teacher Rating Scales were used to measure ADHD and oppositional symptoms at home and school. The SNAP-IV ADHD section contains items for each of the 18 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV symptoms of ADHD rated from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). The Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) includes subscales for severity of illness and global improvement. The Severity scale is scored from 1 (normal) to 7 (extremely ill), with a rating of ≥4 required for inclusion. The Improvement score ranged from 1 (very much improved) through 4 (no change) to 7 (very much worse). The CGI was completed by a blinded rater based on parent/child interview and review of completed parent and school behavior problem questionnaires at each study visit. (NCT00844753)
Timeframe: week 10
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine + Parent Management Training | 45.2 |
Atomoxetine Without Parent Management Training | 46.9 |
Placebo + Parent Management Training | 29.0 |
Placebo Without Parent Management Training | 19.4 |
"Respondents were defined as having ≥30% decrease on the HSQ and CGI-I≤2). The 25-item HSQ was adapted by the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network to evaluate behavioral noncompliance in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Home Situations Questionnaire - Pervasive Developmental Disorder (HSQ) is a 25-item parent rating scale assessing noncompliance. Parents are asked to indicate whether each item is a problem and, if so, its severity from 1 (mild) to 9 (severe). The School Situations Questionnaire (SSQ) is a 9-item teacher rating scale that assesses noncompliance. The SSQ is a companion instrument to the HSQ and uses the same rating scale.~The Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI) includes subscales for severity of illness and global improvement. The Severity scale is scored from 1 (normal) to 7 (extremely ill)," (NCT00844753)
Timeframe: week 10
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine + Parent Management Training | 22.6 |
Atomoxetine Without Parent Management Training | 43.8 |
Placebo + Parent Management Training | 38.7 |
Placebo Without Parent Management Training | 16.4 |
"The DBD consists of 8 items that are the DSM-IV symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Items on the DBD were rated by parents and teachers using Likert scales that ranged from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). The factor structure, reliability and validity of the DBD have been supported in multiple studies." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | .54 |
Drug Therapy | .71 |
"The DBD consists of 8 items that are the DSM-IV symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Items on the DBD were rated by parents and teachers using Likert scales that ranged from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). The factor structure, reliability and validity of the DBD have been supported in multiple studies." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | .90 |
Drug Therapy | 1.12 |
The IRS is a 8 item measure that uses visual-analogue scales to evaluate the child's problem level and need for treatment in developmentally important areas, such as peer relationships, adult-child relationships, academic performance, and classroom behavior 51. The scale is scored from 0 (no problem) to 6 (extreme problem). The scale has excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability and well supported validity 51, 52. (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 2.66 |
Drug Therapy | 2.84 |
The IRS is a 6 item measure that uses visual-analogue scales to evaluate the child's problem level and need for treatment in developmentally important areas, such as peer relationships, adult-child relationships, academic performance, and classroom behavior. The scale is scored from 0 (no problem) to 6 (extreme problem). The scale has excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability and well supported validity. (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 2.02 |
Drug Therapy | 2.29 |
"The PSERS measures adverse events commonly associated with stimulant medication and has been used in multiple studies of ADHD. For this study, the PSERS was modified to also assess adverse emotional events potentially associated with ATX, including suicidal statements. The resulting scale consisted of 14 items (an additional sleep item for parents) rated from 0 (none) to 3 (severe). An overall side effects score was computed by averaging across all ratings and used in analyses." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | .38 |
Drug Therapy | .34 |
Observations were conducted using the Student Behavior Teacher Response Observation Code. After learning the classroom rules, observers watched children in their classrooms for 30 minutes during an academic activity and recorded each time the subject violated a classroom rule. Total classroom rule violations were used as the primary outcome measures for the study. (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | number occurences per 30 mins (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 6.15 |
Drug Therapy | 4.93 |
"completed by parents to measure children's problem behaviors (PB). Items are rated from 0 (not at all) to 2 (very often). The scale has 55 items. The score reported below is the sum total of the items on the scale and then averaged for the whole group. Therefore, the range can be between 0 and 110. A higher score indicates a better outcome." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 16.48 |
Drug Therapy | 19.53 |
"The SSRS was completed by teachers to measure children's problem behaviors (PB). Items are rated from 0 (not at all) to 2 (very often). The scale has 55 items. The score reported below is the sum total of the items on the scale and then averaged for the whole group. Therefore, the range can be between 0 and 110. A higher score indicates a better outcome." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 13.88 |
Drug Therapy | 13.96 |
"The PSERS measures adverse events commonly associated with stimulant medication and has been used in multiple studies of ADHD. For this study, the PSERS was modified to also assess adverse emotional events potentially associated with ATX, including suicidal statements. The resulting scale consisted of 13 items (for teachers) rated from 0 (none) to 3 (severe). An overall side effects score was computed by averaging across all ratings and used in analyses." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: at weeks 8 (Endpoint)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | .23 |
Drug Therapy | .21 |
"The DBD consists of 18 items that are the DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD. Items on the DBD were rated by parents and teachers using Likert scales that ranged from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). The factor structure, reliability and validity of the DBD have been supported in multiple studies." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 1.07 |
Drug Therapy | 1.47 |
"The ADHD subscale of the DBD consists of 18 items that are the DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD. Items on the DBD were rated by parents and teachers using Likert scales that ranged from 0 (not at all) to 3 (very much). The factor structure, reliability and validity of the DBD have been supported in multiple studies." (NCT00918567)
Timeframe: Endpoint (Week 8)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Combined Therapy | 1.01 |
Drug Therapy | 1.13 |
The CGI-S (Clinical Global Impression-- Severity of Illness) scale is a single-item rating scale of the clinician's assessment of the global severity of ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD patients. Severity is rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill). (NCT00953862)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 10 of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Arm | 1.1 |
The ASRS (Adult ADHD Symptom Rating Scale) v1.1 Symptom Checklist is an 18-item scale developed by the workgroup on Adult ADHD for the World Health Organization designed to assess the frequency of ADHD symptoms on a 0-4 scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3= often, and 4 = very often, minimum total summed score of 0 and maximum total summed score of 72, higher score is more impairment). (NCT00953862)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 10 of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Phase | 19.7 |
The AISRS (Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale) consists 18-items that directly correspond to the 18 DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD. Each item is scored on a 4-point scale (0 = none; 1 = mild; 2 = moderate; and 3 = severe, higher score is more impaired). The total summed score was at minimum 0 and at maximum 54 (the higher the score the more severe the symptomatology). (NCT00953862)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 10 of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Arm | 17.3 |
Participant assessment of symptom severity over past week. Total ADHD symptom score comprises 18 items (sum of inattention [9 items, range: 0-27] and hyperactivity-impulsivity [9 items, range: 0-27] subscales) using 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently). Total score range: 0 to 54. Higher scores=greater impairment. Least Squares Mean Value based on mixed model repeated measures analysis with term for baseline, country, visit, treatment, and treatment*visit. Baseline included as covariate; thus, treatment difference in observed value is same as change from baseline. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 16.80 |
Placebo | 22.97 |
Third-party observer of participant completes 75-item scale. Comprised of 3 subscales. Each item rated on 3-point Likert scale (1=behavior never observed to 3=behavior often observed). Behavioral regulation subscale measures one's control over behavior (30-90 total score). Metacognition subscale assesses systematic problem-solving ability while sustaining these task-completion efforts in active working memory (40-120 total score). Global executive composite (GEC) subscale rates participant's GEC in everyday environment (75-225 total score). Higher subscale ratings=greater perceived impairment. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Raw Behavioral Regulation Index Score (N=126, 128) | Raw Metacognition Index (MI) Score | Raw Global Executive Composite Score (N=123, 128) | |
Atomoxetine | -5.8 | -7.3 | -13.2 |
Placebo | -5.0 | -7.3 | -12.4 |
A 75-item standardized self-reported measure comprised of 3 subscales. Each item is rated on a 3-point Likert scale (1=behavior never observed to 3=behavior often observed). Behavioral regulation subscale measures one's control over behavior (30-90 total score). Metacognition subscale assesses systematic problem-solving ability while sustaining these task-completion efforts in active working memory (40-120 total score). Global executive composite (GEC) subscale rates participant's GEC in everyday environment (75- 225 total score). Higher subscale ratings=greater perceived impairment. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Raw Behavioral Regulation Index Score | Raw Metacognition Index (MI) Score (N=177, 189) | Raw Global Executive Composite Score (N=175, 189) | |
Atomoxetine | -9.1 | -13.6 | -22.6 |
Placebo | -5.5 | -7.5 | -13.0 |
The CGI-ADHD-S is a single-item clinician rating of the clinician's assessment of the overall severity of the participant's ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD participants. Measures severity of the participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms (1=normal, not at all ill to 7=among the most extremely ill participants). (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.3 |
Placebo | -0.8 |
The EQ-5D is a generic, multidimensional, health-related, quality-of-life instrument. Overall health state score is self-reported using a visual analogue scale marked on a scale of 0 to 100 with 0 representing worst imaginable health state and 100 representing best imaginable health state. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1.4 |
Placebo | 1.5 |
Clinician-administered rating scale that assesses severity of anxiety and its improvement (or change) during course of treatment (Hamilton 1959; Riskind et al. 1987). Scale consists of 14 items that provide an overall measure of general anxiety, including psychic anxiety and somatic anxiety. Investigator talked to participant about participant's symptoms over previous week before study visit. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale of 0 (absent) to 4 (very severe). Total score=sum of 14 items and ranges from 0 (normal) to 56 (severe). Higher scores indicate a greater degree of symptom severity. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.6 |
Placebo | -0.7 |
The HAMD-17 was used to assess the severity of depression and its improvement during the course of therapy. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (very severe) or a 3-point scale of 0 (not present) to 2 (marked). Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The total score is the sum of the scores from HAMD-17 Items 1 through 17. The total score may range from 0 (not at all depressed) to 52 (severely depressed). Higher scores indicate a greater degree of symptom severity. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.2 |
Placebo | -0.1 |
Participant-reported outcome measure used to examine disease-specific functional impairments and QoL for adults with ADHD. The domains include work functioning, family relationships, social functioning, activities of daily living (that is, driving, managing finances), and psychological adaptation (that is, life satisfaction and self-esteem). Individual items scored on a 5-point scale from 1 (not at all/never) to 5 (extremely/very often). Range of scores for this subscale is 0 to 100. Consistent with the majority of existing QoL measures, higher scores on AAQoL-29 indicate better functioning. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 12.83 |
Placebo | 8.20 |
CAARS-Inv:SV is a scale that assesses symptom severity over past week. Total ADHD symptom score consisted of 18 items (sum of inattention [9 items, range: 0-27] and hyperactivity-impulsivity [9 items, range: 0-27] subscales) using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently) for total score range of 0 to 54. Higher scores indicate greater impairment. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -14.3 |
Placebo | -8.8 |
The CGI-ADHD-I is a single-item clinician rating of the clinician's assessment of the participant's improvement in ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD participants. Measures total improvement (or worsening) of a participant's ADHD symptoms from the beginning of treatment (1=very much improved to 7=very much worsened). (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2.84 |
Placebo | 3.28 |
CAARS-Inv:SV assesses symptom severity over past week. Total ADHD symptom score comprises 18 items (sum of inattention [9 items, range: 0-27] and hyperactivity-impulsivity [9 items, range: 0-27] subscales) using a 4-point scale (0=not at all/never to 3=very much/very frequently). Total score range: 0 to 54. Higher scores=greater impairment. Least Squares Mean Value based on mixed model repeated measures analysis with term for baseline, country, visit, treatment, and treatment*visit. Baseline included as a covariate; thus, treatment difference in observed value is same as change from baseline. (NCT00962104)
Timeframe: 10 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 17.24 |
Placebo | 23.42 |
(NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline through 48 weeks
Intervention | participant (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 29 |
AAQoL is a 29 items participant completed questionnaire rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (Not at all/ Never) to 5 (Extremely/Very Often). AAQoL total (all 29 items) and 4 subscale scores: Life Productivity (11 items); Psychological Health (6 items); Life Outlook (7 items); Relationships (5 items). Total score is computed by (1) reversing scores for all items except the 7 items in the Life Outlook subscale; (2) transforming scores to 0-100 scale (1=0; 2=25; 3=50; 4=75; 5=100); (3) summing item scores and dividing by the item count. Higher total scores indicate better quality of life. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 4.46 |
The HAMD-17 instrument consists of 17 items used to assess the severity of depression and its improvement during the course of therapy. This instrument is completed by the clinician based on his or her assessment of the participant. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (very severe) or a 3-point scale of 0 (not present) to 2 (marked). The total score is the sum of the scores from HAMD-17 Items 1 through 17 and ranges from 0 (not at all depressed) to 52 (severely depressed). Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.2 |
The HAMA-14 instrument consists of 14 items that provide an overall measure of general anxiety, including psychic anxiety and somatic anxiety. This instrument is completed by the clinician based on his or her assessment of the participant. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale of 0 (absent) to 4 (very severe). Total score is the sum of the 14 items and ranges from 0 (normal) to 56 (severe). Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.3 |
CAARS-Inv:SV-J is a 30-item scale containing 3 subscales: inattention (9 items), hyperactivity/impulsivity (9 items), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Index (12 items). Each item is scored 0-3 (0=not at all/never; 1=just a little/once in a while; 2=pretty much/often; 3=very much/very frequently). Total ADHD symptoms score=sum of the inattention subscales (scores range from 0-27) and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales (scores range from 0-27) with a total score range of 0-54. The ADHD Index scores range from 0-36. Higher scores indicate greater impairment. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total ADHD Symptoms Score | Inattention Subscale Score | Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale Score | ADHD Index Subscale Score | |
Atomoxetine | -7.3 | -4.6 | -2.7 | -5.0 |
Third-party observer of participant completes 75-item scale. Comprised of 3 subscales. Each item rated on 3-point Likert scale: 1 (behavior never observed) to 3 (behavior often observed). Global executive composite (GEC) subscale rates participant's GEC in everyday environment (75-225 total score). Behavioral regulation subscale measures participant's control over behavior (30-90 total score). Metacognition subscale assesses systematic problem-solving ability while sustaining these task-completion efforts in active working memory (40-120 total score). Higher subscale ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
GEC Subscale Score (n=146) | Behavioral Regulation Subscale Score (n=148) | Metacognition Subscale Score (n=147) | |
Atomoxetine | -8.5 | -2.9 | -5.5 |
A 75-item standardized self-reported measure comprised of 3 subscales. Each item is rated on a 3-point Likert scale: 1 (behavior never observed) to 3 (behavior often observed). Global executive composite (GEC) subscale rates participant's GEC in everyday environment (75- 225 total score). Behavioral regulation subscale measures participant's control over behavior (30-90 total score). Metacognition subscale assesses systematic problem-solving ability while sustaining these task-completion efforts in active working memory (40-120 total score). Higher subscale ratings indicate greater perceived impairment. (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
GEC Subscale Score | Behavioral Regulation Subscale Score | Metacognition Subscale Score | |
Atomoxetine | -10.4 | -3.6 | -6.8 |
The CGI-ADHD-S is a single-item rating of the clinician's assessment of the overall severity of the participant's ADHD symptoms in relation to the clinician's total experience with ADHD participants. CGI-ADHD-S measures severity of the participant's overall severity of ADHD symptoms: 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). (NCT00969618)
Timeframe: Baseline, 48 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -0.8 |
Based on 8 timepoints post MA infusion, data were pooled and the mean value and standard deviation are presented. Timepoints assessed were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes following infusion. (NCT01019707)
Timeframe: Timepoints post MA infusion
Intervention | BPM (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine With MA | 81.3 |
Placebo With MA | 82.1 |
Based on 8 timepoints post MA infusion, data were pooled and the mean value and standard deviation are presented. Timepoints assessed were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes following infusion. (NCT01019707)
Timeframe: Timepoints post MA infusion
Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine With MA | 126.2 |
Placebo With MA | 137.1 |
Based on 8 timepoints post MA infusion, data were pooled and the mean value and standard deviation are presented. Timepoints assessed were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes following infusion. (NCT01019707)
Timeframe: Timepoints post MA infusion
Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine With MA | 72.4 |
Placebo With MA | 79.3 |
HUI is used to describe health status and to obtain utility scores by collecting data using one or more questionnaires in formats selected to match the specific study design criteria. Scoring ranges from 0.00 (dead) to 1.00 (perfect health). Higher scores represent better health status. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: up to 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | 0.920 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 0.922 |
The WFIRS-P is a 50-item scale with each item scored from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Mean scores range from 0 to 3. Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | -0.35 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.27 |
ADHD-RS-IV consists of 18 items scored on a 4-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms) with total score ranging from 0 to 54. A decrease in score indicates an improvement in ADHD symptomology. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: Baseline and 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | -26.1 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -19.7 |
The BPRS-C characterizes psychopathology. A total of 21 items are rated on a scale from 0 (not present) to 6 (extremely severe) with a total score ranging from 0 to 126. A decrease in score indicates a reduction in psychopathology. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 9 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | -10.7 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -7.9 |
UKU-SERS-Clin is composed of 48 items each of which asks about a single side effect. Each side effect is rated based on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no or doubtful presence) to 3 (the least favorable rating). The rating is independent of whether the symptom is regarded as related to the investigational product. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight Loss | Reduced Duration of Sleep | Asthenia/Lassitude/Increased Fatigability | Tension/Inner Unrest | Nausea/Vomiting | Sleepiness/Sedation | Reduced Salivation | Headache-Tension Headache | Concentration Difficulties | Failing Memory | Depression | Increased Duration of Sleep | Increased Dream Activity | Emotional Indifference | Dystonia | Rigidity | Hypokinesia/Akinesia | Hyperkinesia Logic | Tremor | Akathisia | Paraesthesias | Accomodation Disturbances | Increased Salivation | Diarrhea | Constipation | Micturition Disturbances | Polyuria/Polydipsia | Orthostatic Dizziness | Palpitations/Tachycardia | Increased Tendency to Sweating | Rash-Morbiliform | Rash-Petechial | Rash-Urticarial | Rash-Cannot be Classified | Pruritus | Weight Gain | Headache-Migraine | Headache-Other Forms | |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 19 | 16 | 29 | 22 | 26 | 35 | 6 | 17 | 92 | 21 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 10 |
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | 46 | 29 | 25 | 20 | 19 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 75 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 3 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 11 |
C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview that captures the occurence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors during the assessment period. The interview includes definitions and suggested questions to solicit the type of information needed to determine if a suicide-related thought or behaviour occurred. The assessment is done by the nature of the responses, not by a numbered scale. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Suicidal ideation | Suicidal behavior | |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 0 | 0 |
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | 0 | 0 |
Time to first response was defined as a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) value of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) first recorded following first dose of investigational product. CGI-I consists of a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | Days (Median) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | 12.0 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 21.0 |
Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) consists of a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the scale. (NCT01106430)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
---|---|
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate | 81.7 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 63.6 |
(NCT01127646)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 5 weeks
Intervention | beats per minute (bpm) (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -1.2 |
Osmotic-Release Oral System (OROS) Methylphenidate | 2.5 |
(NCT01127646)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 5 weeks
Intervention | millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Diastolic Blood Pressure | Systolic Blood Pressure | |
Atomoxetine | 1.9 | -0.1 |
Osmotic-Release Oral System (OROS) Methylphenidate | -1.5 | -3.7 |
Rating Scale of ADHD symptomology completed by parents and teachers. Raters evaluate how well each DSM-IV ADHD symptom describes a child on a four-point Likert scale (0=Not at all, 1=Just a little, 2=Quite a bit, 3=Very much). The measure shows adequate internal consistency (.94) and test-retest reliability (Bussing et al., 2008; Gau et al., 2008). (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-up | |
ADHD Treatment | 0.7 | 0.8 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 1.1 | 1.1 |
The TOWRE Sight Word Efficiency subtest measures fluency of reading words in lists. The raw score is the number of words or nonwords identified correctly in 45 seconds. Standard scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviaion of 15 are reported here. Higher scores represent a better outcome. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | standardized scores (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 80.8 | 83.57 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 83.5 | 84.15 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 82.7 | 85.04 |
The WIAT-III is an individually-administered test of academic achievement. In the Pseudoword Decoding subtest students read a list of increasingly difficult nonsense words as a test of their ability to use phonics to decode unknown words. Scores reported here are standardized scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Higher scores represent a better outcome. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | standardized scores (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 78.3 | 77.1 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 83.0 | 81.9 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 83.8 | 82.6 |
The WIAT-III is an individually-administered test of academic achievement. In the Word Reading subtest students read a list of increasingly difficult words. Scores reported here are standardized scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | standardized scores, M=100, SD = 15 (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 76.9 | 77.1 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 79.9 | 78.8 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 79.0 | 78.1 |
The TOSREC measures sentence-level comprehension and silent reading fluency. It is a sentence verification task; children are presented with a list of sentences and must tell whether they are true or false. Items are based on common knowledge (e.g., All apples are blue). The raw score is the number of items answered correctly in 3 minutes. Standardized with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15 are reported here. Higher scores represent a better outcome. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16, End of Active Treatment Phase
Intervention | standardized scores (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD Treatment | 17.40 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 17.70 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 18.57 |
The WIAT-III is an individually-administered test of academic achievement. This subtest involves reading sentences and longer passages and then answering a set of literal and inferential comprehension questions about the text. Scores reported here are standardized scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Higher scores represent a better outcome. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16, End of Active Treatment Phase
Intervention | standardized scores (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
ADHD Treatment | 88.27 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 84.70 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 86.35 |
DIBELS ORF measures oral reading fluency in connected text. Students are presented with a passage on their grade level to read orally, and the score is the number of words of the passage read correctly in a one-minute period. Students in this study read two passages at each test administration, and the mean score for the two passages was the dependent variable analyzed. A research synthesis of studies reporting psychometric properties for DIBELS ORF determined that reliability coefficients in these studies exceeded .80 and that the measure demonstrated moderate to high concurrent and predictive validity across studies (Goffreda & DiPerna, 2010). (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | words read correctly per minute (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 53.67 | 63.06 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 53.83 | 59.05 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 50.71 | 57.40 |
Rating Scale of ADHD symptomology completed by parents and teachers. Raters evaluate how well each DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) ADHD symptom describes a child on a four-point Likert scale (0=Not at all, 1=Just a little, 2=Quite a bit, 3=Very much). The measure shows adequate internal consistency (.94) and test-retest reliability (Bussing et al., 2008; Gau et al., 2008). (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: 16 weeks (end of Active Treatment phase), and follow-up
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-up Outcomes | |
ADHD Treatment | 0.8 | 0.9 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 0.6 | 0.7 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Rating Scale of ADHD symptomology completed by parents and teachers. Raters evaluate how well each DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) ADHD symptom describes a child on a four-point Likert scale (0=Not at all, 1=Just a little, 2=Quite a bit, 3=Very much). The measure shows adequate internal consistency (.94) and test-retest reliability (Bussing et al., 2008; Gau et al., 2008). (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: 16 weeks (end of Active Treatment phase), and follow-up
Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-up Outcomes | |
ADHD Treatment | 1.1 | 1.3 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 1.7 | 1.6 |
Rating Scale of ADHD symptomology completed by parents and teachers. Raters evaluate how well each DSM-IV ADHD symptom describes a child on a four-point Likert scale (0=Not at all, 1=Just a little, 2=Quite a bit, 3=Very much). The measure shows adequate internal consistency (.94) and test-retest reliability (Bussing et al., 2008; Gau et al., 2008). (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 1.2 | 1.5 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 1.4 | 1.5 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 1.7 | 1.9 |
The TOWRE Phonemic Decoding Efficiency measures the student's fluent decoding of nonsense words that follow the spelling rules of the English language. The raw score is the number of nonwords identified correctly in 45 seconds. Standardized scores with a mean of 100 and standard deviaion of 15 are reported here. Higher scores represent a better outcome. (NCT01133847)
Timeframe: Week 16 (End of Active Treatment Phase) and Follow-Up
Intervention | standardized scores (Least Squares Mean) | |
---|---|---|
16-Week Outcomes | Follow-Up | |
ADHD Treatment | 80.4 | 81.49 |
Combined ADHD Treatment and Reading Instruction | 82.9 | 84.32 |
Intensive Reading Instruction | 83.4 | 84.50 |
The AUC (0-tlast) is the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero (predose) to time of last quantifiable concentration (tlast) and is based on the atomoxetine plasma concentration. The Least Squares (LS) Mean Value was based on treatment, period, group, and subject. (NCT01177943)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours post dose
Intervention | nanogram hour per milliliter (ng*h/mL) (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Oral Solution | 2220 |
Atomoxetine Capsule Formulation | 2150 |
The Cmax values are based on the atomoxetine plasma concentration. The Least Squares (LS) Mean Value was based on treatment, period, group, and subject. (NCT01177943)
Timeframe: Predose, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours post dose
Intervention | nanogram per millileter (ng/mL) (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine Oral Solution | 456 |
Atomoxetine Capsule Formulation | 483 |
The WFIRS-P Life Skills Domain is the mean of 10 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.383 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.477 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.450 |
Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) consists of a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Improvement is defined as a score of 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved) on the scale. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
---|---|
Placebo | 44.1 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | 67.9 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 56.3 |
CGI-S assesses the severity of the subject's condition on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill). Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 (Normal, not at all ill) | 2 (Borderline mentally ill) | 3 (Mildly ill) | 4 (Moderately ill) | 5 (Markedly ill) | 6 (Severely ill) | 7 (Amongst the most extremely ill) | |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 6.3 | 19.6 | 32.1 | 19.6 | 13.4 | 7.1 | 1.8 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | 14.3 | 23.2 | 31.3 | 22.3 | 5.4 | 3.6 | 0 |
Placebo | 9.9 | 15.3 | 20.7 | 20.7 | 25.2 | 6.3 | 1.8 |
C-SSRS is a semi-structured interview that captures the occurence, severity, and frequency of suicide-related thoughts and behaviors during the assessment period. The interview includes definitions and suggested questions to solicit the type of information needed to determine if a suicide-related thought or behaviour occurred. The assessment is done by the nature of the responses, not by a numbered scale. Outcome measure is at 12 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 15 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 15 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | |
---|---|---|
Suicidal Ideation | Suicidal Behaviour | |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 5 | 0 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | 3 | 0 |
Placebo | 2 | 0 |
The WFIRS-P Family Domain is the mean of 10 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.409 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.617 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.499 |
The ADHD-RS-IV consists of 18 items scored on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms) with total score ranging from 0 to 54. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -15.0 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -23.9 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -18.8 |
The BPRS-C characterizes childhood behavioral and emotional symptomatology. A total of 21 items are rated on a scale from 0 (not present) to 6 (extremely severe) with a total score ranging from 0 to 126. A decrease in score indicates a reduction in psychopathology. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -5.6 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -8.3 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -6.5 |
The WFIRS-P Learning in School Domain is the mean of 10 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.419 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.636 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.581 |
The WFIRS-P Academic Performance Domain is the mean of 4 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.555 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.766 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.681 |
The WFIRS-P Behavior in School Domain is the mean of 6 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.363 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.592 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.544 |
The WFIRS-P Child Self-Concept Domain is the mean of 3 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.312 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.361 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.390 |
The Structured Side-effect Questionnaire is a simple checklist of 17 side effects. The subject indicates whether a side effect has occurred since the last visit by marking 'yes' on the checklist for each of the events listed. Outcome measure is at 12 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 15 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 15 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nausea | Vomiting | Diarrhea | Abdominal Pain | Decreased Appetite | Increased Appetite | Headache | Dizziness | Fatigue | Nervousnes/Anxiety | Insomnia | Somnolence | Depression | Itching | Rash | Missed Menses | |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 39 | 25 | 8 | 42 | 48 | 25 | 34 | 23 | 35 | 34 | 24 | 38 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 0 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | 30 | 7 | 18 | 45 | 31 | 40 | 52 | 28 | 55 | 37 | 32 | 57 | 7 | 13 | 9 | 1 |
Placebo | 19 | 11 | 15 | 26 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 16 | 30 | 25 | 19 | 26 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 0 |
The WFIRS-P Risk Domain is the mean of 10 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.134 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.190 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.173 |
The WFIRS-P Social Domain is the mean of 7 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.322 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.555 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.434 |
HUI is used to describe health status and to obtain utility scores by collecting data using one or more questionnaires in formats selected to match the specific study design criteria. Scoring ranges from 0.00 (dead) to 1.00 (perfect health). Higher scores represent better health status. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 0.927 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | 0.922 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | 0.913 |
The WFIRS-P Global Score is the mean of 50 items, ranging from 0 (never/not at all) to 3 (very often/very much). Higher scores indicate greater functional impairment. Outcome measure is at 10 weeks for ages 6-12 years and at 13 weeks for ages 13-17 years. (NCT01244490)
Timeframe: Baseline and Up to 10 weeks for children aged 6-12 years and up to 13 weeks for adolescents aged 13-17 years
Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | -0.321 |
Guanfacine Hydrochloride | -0.487 |
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride | -0.425 |
The BRIEF-A is a 75-item questionnaire that assesses and adult's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions within the past month. The subject rates each question on a 3-point scale (1=Never, 2=Sometimes, 3=Often). Raw scores are calculated and used to generate T-scores for 8 scales (Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials), 2 summary index scales (Behavioral Regulation Index and Metacognition Index), and one scale reflecting overall functioning (Global Executive Composite). T-scores range from 30 to 100, with scores ≥65 indicating clinical impairment. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT01399827)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Number) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Change in BRIEF-A Inhibit Scale T-Scores from Base | Change in BRIEF-A Shift Scale T-Scores from Baseli | Change in BRIEF-A Self Monitor Scale T-Scores from | Change in BRIEF-A Initiate Scale T-Scores from Bas | Change in BRIEF-A Working Memory Scale T-Scores fr | Change in BRIEF-A Plan/Organize Scale T-Scores fro | Change in BRIEF-A Task Monitor Scale T-Scores from | Change in BRIEF-A Organization of Materials Scale | Change in BRIEF-A BRI Scale T-Scores from Baseline | Change in BRIEF-A MI Scale T-Scores from Baseline | Change in BRIEF-A GEC Scale T-Scores from Baseline | |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | -14 | 0 | 0 | -17 | -11 | -11 | -5 | -6 | -7 | -12 | -11 |
Placebo | -28 | -13 | -13 | -9 | -30 | -19 | -32 | -22 | -29 | -46 | -29 |
"The Adult ADHD Investigator Rating Scale (AISRS) measures ADHD symptoms in adults. This scale is an investigator rated scale. Higher scores on this scale indicate more severe ADHD-like symptoms. Patients symptoms are rated as never, rarely, sometimes, often, or very often by the investigator. Total score ranges from 0 to 54. T-scores range from 30 to 100, with scores ≥65 indicating clinical impairment. A reduction in score indicates improvement." (NCT01399827)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Number) |
---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | -14 |
Placebo | -23 |
The Clinical Global Impression (CGI) is a 3-item observer-rated scale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global improvement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response (CGIE). Scores range from 0 to 7 on each subscale. Total scores range from 0 to 21. T-scores range from 30 to 100, with scores ≥65 indicating clinical impairment. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT01399827)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Number) |
---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 5 |
Placebo | 1 |
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale is used to rate how serious a mental illness may be. Lower scores on this scale indicate a lower level of functioning and higher severity of symptoms. Total scores range from 0 to 100. (NCT01399827)
Timeframe: baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | units on a scale (Number) |
---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | 11 |
Placebo | 8 |
The BRIEF-A is a 75-item questionnaire that assesses and adult's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions within the past month. The subject rates each question on a 3-point scale (1=Never, 2=Sometimes, 3=Often). Raw scores are calculated and used to generate T-scores for 8 scales (Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials), 2 summary index scales (Behavioral Regulation Index and Metacognition Index), and one scale reflecting overall functioning (Global Executive Composite). T-scores range from 30 to 100, with scores ≥65 indicating clinical impairment. A reduction in score indicates improvement. (NCT01399827)
Timeframe: Baseline to 12 weeks
Intervention | T-Score (Number) |
---|---|
Omega-3 Fatty Acids | -7 |
Placebo | -33 |
"Cognitive Test to determine the speed of Visual information. The CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing test (RVP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component (Sahakian and Owen, 1992). Digits are rapidly (100/minute) and pseudo-randomly presented for 7 minutes. Subjects are instructed to press when the third digit of a target sequence (e.g. 3-5-7) is displayed. Primary outcomes are indices of target discriminability (A') and response bias (B) and response latency to targets." (NCT01498549)
Timeframe: 2 years
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine 40 mg | 446.70 |
Atomoxetine 80 mg | 452.64 |
Sugar Pill 0mg | 464.44 |
"Cognitive Test to determine the speed of Visual information. The CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing test (RVP) is a measure of sustained attention with a small working memory component (Sahakian and Owen, 1992). Digits are rapidly (100/minute) and pseudo-randomly presented for 7 minutes. Subjects are instructed to press when the third digit of a target sequence (e.g. 3-5-7) is displayed. Primary outcomes are indices of target discriminability (A') and response bias (B) and response latency to targets." (NCT01498549)
Timeframe: 2 years
Intervention | Proportion of Participants (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Descriminability | Response Bias | |
Atomoxetine 40 mg | 0.88 | 0.87 |
Atomoxetine 80 mg | 0.89 | 0.86 |
Sugar Pill 0mg | 0.87 | 0.89 |
This study will examine the effect of Atomoxetine and Inactive Compound on biomarkers of inflammation by measuring and comparing the mean levels of Thymus-Expressed Chemokine (TECK). These levels are measured using the assay of CSF at Baseline, Week 29 and Week 58. The study hypothesizes that the period that participants are treated with atomoxetine will have reduction in levels of these markers among both groups. (NCT01522404)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 29 and Week 58
Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 29 | Week 58 | |
Atomoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1.1 |
Inactive Compound / Placebo | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose as measured by Fluoro Deoxy Glucose (FDG) uptake will be obtained by Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. The rates from the Baseline are compared to week 29 and week 58 among the subjects treated with Atomoxetine / Inactive Compound Compared to Participants Treated With Inactive Compound / Atomoxetine. . Cerebral glucose metabolism is reduced in early stages of AD. The ratio of hippocampal FDG-PET uptake to the whole brain average are presented below. (NCT01522404)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 29 and Week 58
Intervention | ratio (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 29 | Week 58 | |
Atomoxetine / Inactive Compound | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.74 |
Inactive Compound / Atomoxetine | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.73 |
Tolerability is measured by comparing the drop out rate among the participants treated with Atomoxetine to the participants treated with inactive compound (Placebo). Study predicts that treatment-associated (Atomoxetine Group) drop out rate will be < 15% . (NCT01522404)
Timeframe: Up to Week 58
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 2 |
Inactive Compound/Placebo | 1 |
Safety was assessed by number of all adverse events among the participants treated with Atomoxetine compared to the participants treated with Placebo throughout the study. The Adverse Event assessment was done at each study visit through their participation in the study. (NCT01522404)
Timeframe: Up to Week 58
Intervention | Adverse events (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 142 |
Inactive Compound (Placebo) | 91 |
Change in rate of cerebral blood flow is assessed by arterial spin labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ASL-MRI) in subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment MCI treated with Atomoxetine / Inactive Compound compared to participants treated with Inactive compound / Atomoxetine. The rates from the Baseline are compared to week 29 and week 58 among the participants treated with Atomoxetine / Inactive Compound compared to participants treated with Inactive compound / Atomoxetine. All MRIs will be reviewed by the investigators and the investigator. (NCT01522404)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 29, Week 58
Intervention | mL/100 g/min (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Week 29 | Week 58 | |
Atomoxetine / Inactive Compound | 42.4 | 39.3 | 40.2 |
Inactive Compound / Atomoxetine | 42.6 | 38.8 | 39.6 |
The number of days until a participant has a relapse, which will be measured by qualitative urine drug screens. To ensure a large enough sample, those who drop out prior to completing the residential stay will be included in this analysis (with minus days until relapse) (NCT01557569)
Timeframe: 57 days
Intervention | Days to Relapse (Median) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 7 |
Placebo | -8 |
ADHD-RS is an 18-item list of core ADHD symptoms, each item are scored on a 4-point scale from 0-3, with total 0-54, with higher score indicating more symptoms. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 1 |
Atomoxetine Arm | 15 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 18 |
a clinician rated measure of symptom severity. CGI-S is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment, relative to the clinician's past experience with patients who have the same diagnosis. Considering total clinical experience, a patient is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating 1, normal, not at all ill; 2, borderline mentally ill; 3, mildly ill; 4, moderately ill; 5, markedly ill; 6, severely ill; or 7, extremely ill. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 1 |
Atomoxetine Arm | 3.2 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 3.4 |
A neuropsychological assessment of attention compared at 6 weeks from baseline. CPT is a task-oriented computerized assessment of attention-related problems.This score indicates the number of times the client responded but no target was presented. A fast reaction time and high commission error rate points to difficulties with impulsivity. A slow reaction time with high commission and omission errors, indicates inattention in general. Scores are compared with the normative scores for the age, group and gender of the person being tested and represented as a commissioned T-score. The T-score indicates the degree to which performance in CPT task is higher or lower than the performance of a healthy individual matched in age. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean and is considered normal. Lower numbers indicate values lower than the mean and higher numbers indicate values higher than the mean. Higher values are indicative of more attention-related problems. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: baseline and at 6 weeks
Intervention | commissioned t-score (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 6 weeks | |
Atomoxetine Arm | 55.26 | 50.70 |
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 46.65 | 44.64 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 52.94 | 48.46 |
A cognitive/neuropsychological measure of auditory/verbal working memory compared at 6 weeks from baseline. Digit Span. Memory span is the longest list of items that a person can repeat back in correct order immediately after presentation on 50% of all trials. Items may include words, numbers, or letters. The task is known as digit span when numbers are used. Memory span is a common measure of short-term memory. A digit-span task is used to measure working memory's number storage capacity.The item score is the sum of the scores on the two trials for that item (range=0-2). The total raw score for backwards digit span is the sum of the item scores; maximum backwards digit span total raw score is 0-16 points. Higher score indicates better health outcomes. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: baseline and at 6 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 6 weeks | |
Atomoxetine Arm | 9.25 | 9.75 |
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 13.30 | 9.39 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 7.5 | 8.5 |
A neuropsychological measure of motor skill and visual-spatial working memory compared at 6 weeks from baseline. The Finger Windows subtest is a measure of nonverbal, rote sequential recall. scaled scores ranging from 1 to 19, with higher score indicating better attention or concentration. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: baseline and at 6 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 6 weeks | |
Atomoxetine Arm | 14.50 | 16.25 |
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 17.04 | 17.65 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 16.50 | 16.25 |
"Comparison of Go-Nogo at 6 weeks from baseline. Performance on a go-nogo task inside the scanner (fMRI). In the go/no-go task, participants respond to certain stimuli (go stimuli) and make no response for others (no-go stimuli)." (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 6 weeks
Intervention | percent correct inhibition (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 6 weeks | |
Atomoxetine Arm | 79.43 | 80.72 |
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 79.08 | 78.24 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 77.98 | 81.81 |
A neuropsychological assessment of attention compared at 6 weeks from baseline by looking at response time. The ANT is a task designed to test three attentional networks in children and adults: alerting, orienting, and executive control. The response time were summed. (NCT01678209)
Timeframe: baseline and at 6 weeks
Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | 6 weeks | |
Atomoxetine Arm | 856.60 | 826.14 |
Control Group fMRI Scans Only | 817.50 | 756.87 |
Methylphenidate Arm | 885.68 | 783.09 |
Patients were ranked on each outcome and ranks were summed. The mean summed-ranks were compared by treatment group by a global statistical test (GST). Higher scores indicate better performance. The total summed-ranks range from 7 - 210 (7 outcomes x N=30). (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: change from baseline and 10 weeks
Intervention | summed-ranks (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 99.5 |
Placebo | 117.5 |
"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Inhibition Time (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: Scaled
Intervention | Scaled ( age normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Inhibition/Switching (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: Scaled
Intervention | Scaled ( age normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Number/Letter Switching (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: Scaled
Intervention | Scaled ( age normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | range 1-16 Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
"Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Numbers & Letters A Efficiency (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: T-score
Intervention | T-score ( age & education normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range 19-70~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | range 19-70~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
"Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Numbers & Letters D Efficiency (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: T-score
Intervention | T-score ( age & education normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range 19-70~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | range 19-70~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
"Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test 3-second interstimulus interval (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: Z-score
Intervention | Z-score ( age & education normed) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | range -5 to +5 Higher scores mean a better outcom |
Placebo | range -5 to +5 Higher scores mean a better outcom |
"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, fourth edition Digit Span (NCT01738191)
Timeframe: Scaled
Intervention | Scaled ( age) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 1-16~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Placebo | 1-16~Higher scores mean a better outcome." |
Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. The CES-D is a 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms. Each of the 20 items can yield a score from 0 to 3 for a maximum total CES-D score of 60. Larger values represent more severe symptoms. It is a validated instrument with a score of 16 or more indicating clinically significant depression. The CES-D change score was computed as (total baseline CES-D score - total CES-D score at end of study). (NCT01802515)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of treatment
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine, Low Dose | -2.2 |
Atomoxetine, High Dose | -2.2 |
Placebo (Sugar Pill) | -3.3 |
The number of participants completing all 8 weeks of treatment phase. (NCT01802515)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of treatment
Intervention | participants (Number) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine, Low Dose | 2 |
Atomoxetine, High Dose | 5 |
Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 4 |
Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales-Self-Report: Short Version (CAARS-S:S, Conner et al, 1999): The CAARS-S:S is a 26-item questionnaire that assesses symptoms of ADHD in persons aged 18 years or older. T-scores above 65 indicate a likelihood of moderate to severe ADHD symptoms and impairment. The range for the CAARS-S:S is from 0 to 78. A score of 78 would resemble the worst symptoms of ADHD with a score 0 having no symptoms. (NCT02287038)
Timeframe: Visit 1, (Day1), Visit 4(Day 36), Visit 7 (Day 71)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Before the intervention | After the intervention | |
Arm 2: Placebo | 68.56 | 72.80 |
Arm1: Atomoxetine | 75.12 | 67.79 |
"The Adult ADHD Quality of Life-29 (AAQOL-29, Brod et al, 2006): AAQoL-29 is a 29-item questionnaire designed to assess quality of life and was a secondary efficacy measure in this trial. It is a participant-reported outcome measure used to examine disease specific functional impairments and quality of life for adults with ADHD. The AAQoL is scored as an overall total score, measuring Life Productivity, Psycholofical Health, Relationship, and Life Outlook. Each item is rated by patients on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from Not at all/Never (1) to Extremely/Very Often (5). To derive overall scores, item scores are transformed to a 0-100-point scale (1=0; 2=25; 3=50; 4=75; 5=100). Then, the item scores are summed up and divided by item count to generate overall scores. The score range from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates greater QoL and better functioning." (NCT02287038)
Timeframe: Visit 1 (Day1), 4(Day 36), 7 (Day 71)
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Before intervention | After Intervention | |
Arm 1: Atomoxetine | 33.61 | 43.51 |
Arm 2: Placebo | 36.51 | 37.23 |
(NCT02500732)
Timeframe: From baseline to within 1 hour post start of head up tilt
Intervention | L/min/m2 (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 1.34 |
Atomoxetine | 2.73 |
(NCT02500732)
Timeframe: From baseline to within 1 hour post start of head up tilt
Intervention | dynes*s/cm5*m2 (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 2183 |
Atomoxetine | 2034 |
(NCT02500732)
Timeframe: 1 hour post start of head up tilt
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Placebo | 19 |
Atomoxetine | 10 |
(NCT02500732)
Timeframe: 1 hour post start of head up tilt
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Placebo | 2 |
Atomoxetine | 13 |
(NCT02500732)
Timeframe: From baseline to within 1 hour post start of head up tilt
Intervention | mL/m2 (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 20 |
Atomoxetine | 27 |
HR is compared to baseline after 10 mins of standing. The difference increase in Heart rate from baseline, post drug at 4 weeks (NCT02784535)
Timeframe: Baseline and at 4 weeks
Intervention | Beats per minute (Mean) |
---|---|
Placebo | 79.12 |
Atomoxetine | 82.68 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (measured in mm of Hg) , is recorded after 10 mins of standing. The changes SBP and DBP are compared from baseline, post drug (4 weeks) (NCT02784535)
Timeframe: Baseline to 4 weeks
Intervention | mm of Hg (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
difference increase in SBP; post drug 4 weeks; standing for 10 mins | DBP;post drug; standing 10 mins at 4 weeks | |
Atomoxetine | -2.44 | -0.94 |
Placebo | 3.88 | -3.06 |
"The Orthostatic Hypotension Questionnaire (OHQ) , patient-reported assessment tool consisting of the OH Symptom Assessment (OHSA), OH Daily Activity Scale (OHDAS).~The composite score is composed of 10 individual items: 6 items measure specific symptoms , the Orthostatic Hypotension Symptom Assessment (OHSA), and 4 items measure the impact of those symptoms on a patient daily activities, the Orthostatic Hypotension Daily Activity Scale (OHDAS). This scales helps to measure the impact of orthostatic symptoms on daily.~Scale is between 0-10: where 0 is minimum Orthostatic symptoms and 10 is the maximum / worse possible severity of the symptoms.~All items are scored 0 through 10 (higher scores = more impact) and summed into the respective total scores.~The OHSA and OHDAS subscales averaged to compute the OHQ composite score." (NCT02784535)
Timeframe: week 0 to week 4
Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) | ||
---|---|---|---|
OHQ composite score at Baseline | OHQ composite score at 4weeks | Difference in OHQ composite score at 4 weeks | |
Atomoxetin | 4.17 | 3.5 | -0.5 |
Placebo | 4.61 | 3.35 | -0.58 |
Score after intervention minus baseline score, score at 1-month follow-up minus baseline score. The possible scores range from 0 to 66, with 66 indicating the best performance. (NCT02788357)
Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Post-intervention minus baseline | 1-month follow-up minus baseline | |
Atomoxetine With Motor Training | 9.3 | 11.9 |
Placebo With Motor Training | 2.2 | 5.8 |
Score at post-intervention minus baseline, score at 1-month follow-up minus baseline. The score is calculated by summing the scores for 19 individual tasks. The possible scores range from 0 to 57, with higher scores indicating better performance. (NCT02788357)
Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up
Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Post-intervention minus baseline | 1-month follow-up minus baseline | |
Atomoxetine With Motor Training | 7.7 | 10.1 |
Placebo With Motor Training | 5.3 | 6.5 |
Score at post-intervention minus baseline, score at 1-month follow-up minus baseline. Each task is scored as amount of time taken to complete a task, which may range from just over 0 to 120 seconds. If the subject is unable to complete the task within 120 seconds, a score of 121 seconds is given. The scores from the 15 individual tasks are averaged, then the log is taken, resulting in the overall score. Therefore, the larger the score, the longer required to perform the tasks. Negative changes in score indicate that a subject, on average, was able to complete the tasks faster at post-intervention or at 1-month follow-up than at baseline. (NCT02788357)
Timeframe: baseline, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up
Intervention | log(seconds) (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Post-intervention minus baseline | 1-month follow-up minus baseline | |
Atomoxetine With Motor Training | -0.1 | -0.11 |
Placebo With Motor Training | -0.19 | -0.2 |
For genioglossus muscle responsiveness, data will be expressed as change in electromyography of genioglossus (GG EMG) for cmH2O change in esophageal pressure. (NCT02908529)
Timeframe: 1 night
Intervention | %GG/cmH2O (Median) |
---|---|
Placebo | 2.2 |
Combination Product of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin | 6.3 |
Based on previous studies the investigators anticipate that Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin will reduce AHI more effectively in subjects with moderate sleep apnea, mildly obese (BMI<32), Vpassive > 50% of Veupnea (ventilation during eupneic ventilatory drive), low muscle compensation (Vactive - Vpassive <1 L/min) (NCT02908529)
Timeframe: 1 night
Intervention | events/hours of sleep (Median) |
---|---|
Placebo | 28.5 |
Combination Product of Atomoxetine and Oxybutynin | 7.5 |
Composite memory function (mean normative z-score) across verbal memory and visuospatial memory tasks: (1) Selective Reminding Test (SRT) assesses verbal learning of a 12-item word list over six trials (a. Total Learning; possible raw score range of 0-72), and recall after a delay (b: Delayed Recall; possible raw score range of 0-36); (2) Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMT-R; possible raw score range of 0-36) assesses learning of six geometric shapes in six locations over three trials (c. Total Learning), and recall after a delay (d. Delayed Recall; possible raw score range of 0-12). Results reported as composite memory at follow-up minus baseline. Higher scores indicate better outcomes. (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | z-score (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.32 |
Placebo | 0.24 |
CANTAB Paired Associate Learning (Total Errors Adjusted; possible raw score range of 0-70): a tablet-based memory task requiring subjects to study and recall the location of complex visual images not easily verbalized. Errors are tallied. Results reported as follow-up minus baseline. Higher scores indicate worse outcomes. (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -10.30 |
Placebo | -8.10 |
NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test (possible raw score range of 0-31): a tablet-based task requiring subjects to study the sequence of many activity scenes (e.g., flying a kite) presented visually and audibly. Correct sequences tallied. Results reported as follow-up minus baseline. Higher scores indicate better outcomes. (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 4.50 |
Placebo | 3.20 |
Perceived Deficits Questionnaire (PDQ): the PDQ asks subjects to rate twenty cognitive difficulties on a scale from never (0) to almost always (4). Total ranges from 0-80. Results reported as follow-up minus baseline. Higher scores indicate worse outcomes. If a change is detected, will proceed to identify which of the four subscales were affected: retrospective memory, prospective memory, attention, planning / organization. (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | -6.60 |
Placebo | -5.90 |
Patients will endorse memory change over the past six weeks as: much improved (3), improved (2), slightly improved (1), unchanged (0), slightly worse (-1), worse (-2), much worse (-3). (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 0.70 |
Placebo | 0.90 |
Symbol Digit Modalities Test (Oral Version, total raw; possible range of 0-110): A test of processing speed requiring subjects to rapidly complete symbol-digit pairings based on a key. Incidental learning may contribute to performance. Total correct in 90 seconds is tallied. Results reported as follow-up minus baseline. Higher scores indicate better outcomes. (NCT03091400)
Timeframe: baseline and 14 weeks
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
---|---|
Atomoxetine | 7.20 |
Placebo | 5.50 |
DHPG has been proposed as a biomarker of the activity of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter (NET; SLC6A2), the target of atomoxetine action. DHPG is a degradation product of norepinephrine after it has been taken up by pre-synaptic neurons, and higher concentrations in plasma are considered to reflect higher NET activity (higher reuptake of norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons). To assess the potential value of DHPG as a biomarker of atomoxetine response in ADHD, pre-dose concentration of DHPG at the 6-week pharmacokinetic study visit will be compared between atomoxetine responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 0.395 | 0.345 |
DHPG has been proposed as a biomarker of the activity of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter (NET; SLC6A2), the target of atomoxetine action. DHPG is a degradation product of norepinephrine after it has been taken up by pre-synaptic neurons, and higher concentrations in plasma are considered to reflect higher NET activity (higher reuptake of norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons). To assess the potential value of DHPG as a biomarker of atomoxetine response in ADHD, pre-dose concentration of DHPG at the 18-week pharmacokinetic study visit will be compared between atomoxetine responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 18 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 0.323 | 0.283 |
Cmax is the highest concentration of atomoxetine measured over a 12-hour period following administration of the drug on pharmacokinetic study days occurring at baseline (first dose). Cmax is an estimate of atomoxetine systemic exposure and is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: Baseline (first dose)
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Responder at 6 weeks | Non-Responder at 6 weeks | Responder at 18 weeks | Non-Responder at 18 weeks | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 268.5 | 220.4 | 247.8 | 216.2 |
Cmax is the highest concentration of atomoxetine measured following administration of the drug on pharmacokinetic study days occurring at 6 weeks. Cmax is an estimate of atomoxetine systemic exposure and is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 554.2 | 501.7 |
Cmax is the highest concentration of atomoxetine measured following administration of the drug on pharmacokinetic study days occurring at 18 weeks. Cmax is an estimate of atomoxetine systemic exposure and is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 18 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 601.3 | 375.5 |
The change in DHPG will be compared between atomoxetine responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 0.031 | -0.066 |
The change in DHPG will be compared between atomoxetine responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 18 weeks
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | -0.059 | -0.081 |
For the steady-state pharmacokinetic studies at 6 weeks, plasma concentrations were measured at 15 timepoints between 0 and 24 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours) post-dose for CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers, and at 12 timepoints between 0 and 12 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours) and extrapolated to 24 hours for all other participants. AUC is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
Intervention | (ng*hours)/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 2802.5 | 2809.4 |
For the steady-state pharmacokinetic studies at 18 weeks, plasma concentrations were measured at 15 timepoints between 0 and 24 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours) post-dose for CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers, and at 12 timepoints between 0 and 12 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours) and extrapolated to 24 hours for all other participants. AUC is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: 18 weeks
Intervention | (ng*hours)/mL (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Responders | Non-Responders | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 3149.2 | 2880.0 |
AUC is the area under the plasma concentration-time curve following administration of atomoxetine. For the baseline pharmacokinetic study (first dose of atomoxetine) plasma concentrations were measured at 17 timepoints between 0 and 72 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 48, and 72 hours) post-dose for CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers, and 12 timepoints between 0 and 12 hours (0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours) after dose administration for all other participants. The AUC was generated using a mixed log-linear approach and extrapolated to infinity. AUC is compared between responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: Baseline (first dose)
Intervention | (ng*hours)/mL (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Responder at 6 weeks | Non-responder at 6 weeks | Responder at 18 weeks | Non-responder at 18 weeks | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 1515.3 | 1246.9 | 1495.7 | 1462.7 |
DHPG has been proposed as a biomarker of the activity of the norepinephrine reuptake transporter (NET; SLC6A2), the target of atomoxetine action. DHPG is a degradation product of norepinephrine after it has been taken up by pre-synaptic neurons, and higher concentrations in plasma are considered to reflect higher NET activity (higher reuptake of norepinephrine into pre-synaptic neurons). To assess the potential value of DHPG as a biomarker of atomoxetine response in ADHD, absolute baseline and pre-dose concentrations of DHPG will be compared between atomoxetine responders and non-responders. (NCT03154359)
Timeframe: Baseline
Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Responder at 6 weeks | Non-responder at 6 weeks | Responder at 18 weeks | Non-responder at 18 weeks | |
Atomoxetine HCl (Strattera) | 0.363 | 0.412 | 0.382 | 0.363 |
The investigator-administered CAARS-O:SV consists of 18 items based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). It includes a 9-item inattentive symptom subscale and a 9-item hyperactive and impulsive symptoms subscale. Each item is rated on a scale of 0 to 3 where 0=not at all, never; 1=just a little, once a while; 2=pretty much, often; and 3=very much, very frequently. The score for each subscale can range from 0 to 27. The total score is the sum of individual scores and can range from 0 to 54. Higher scores indicate worsening of symptoms. A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT03324581)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 56
Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
---|---|---|
Baseline | Change at Day 56 | |
Atomoxetine | 41.59 | -20.2 |
OPC-64005 | 40.71 | -19.4 |
Placebo | 40.51 | -10.3 |
Apnea-Hypopnea Index(Disease severity is often defined based on the number of apneas and hypopneas per hour during sleep), AD036 vs. placebo (NCT04445688)
Timeframe: 1 day
Intervention | events/hour (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
AD036 | 11.5 |
Atomoxetine | 11.5 |
Placebo | 18.8 |
Hypoxic burden (a way to measure oxygen desaturation) determined by measuring the respiratory event-associated area under the desaturation curve from pre-event baseline, AD036 vs. placebo. Hypoxic Burden was measured during polysomnography (type of sleep study), while the patient was asleep (NCT04445688)
Timeframe: 1 day
Intervention | %min/hour (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
AD036 | 24.3 |
Atomoxetine | 26.8 |
Placebo | 46.1 |
Oxygen Desaturation Index, measured by pulse-oximetry, AD036 vs. placebo (NCT04445688)
Timeframe: 1 day
Intervention | events/hour (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
AD036 | 12.8 |
Atomoxetine | 13.3 |
Placebo | 20.1 |
Change in Hypoxic Burden (HB) is calculated as the oxygen desaturation 'area under the curve' in association with individual apneas and hypopneas. Due to the known logarithmic distribution of HB, data are primarily expressed and analyzed as Log10HB 4%[% min/hour]. Events with 4% or greater desaturations were included in the calculation of HB. (NCT04580394)
Timeframe: 1 night (treatment duration) (0-8 hours collected continuously)
Intervention | Log10HB4%[%min/hour] (Least Squares Mean) |
---|---|
AD109 | -0.41 |
Atomoxetine | -0.36 |
R-oxybutynin | -0.04 |
Placebo | -0.06 |
Compares high dose atomoxetine (80/10) versus baseline (NCT05101122)
Timeframe: 28 days
Intervention | events/hour (Median) |
---|---|
Baseline | 28.6 |
AD313 80/10 | 26.6 |
Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia | |
adenine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
allantoin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary |
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor |
beta-alanine [no description available] | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid | agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter |
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
carnitine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
choline [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | cholines | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tricarboxylic acid | antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite |
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | halide anion; monoatomic chlorine | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite |
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite |
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 10.09 | 35 | 1 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
creatine [no description available] | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite |
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | sulfoxide; volatile organic compound | alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger |
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aldehyde; one-carbon compound | allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
glycine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical |
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alditol; triol | algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent |
histamine [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; imidazoles | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
hydroquinone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenediol; hydroquinones | antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent |
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge.. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | diatomic iodine | nutrient |
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound | amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite |
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclitol; hexol | |
melatonin [no description available] | 5.13 | 5 | 0 | acetamides; tryptamines | anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger |
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor |
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion | allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite |
phenol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenols | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids | allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin |
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines | antitubercular agent; prodrug |
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate | coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone | allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound | Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS). | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols | anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite |
catechin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyflavan | |
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound | |
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol | volatile oil component |
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine | drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic |
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; benzodioxoles | neurotoxin |
phenytoin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 2.77 | 3 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
albendazole [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline | adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | guanidines; one-carbon compound | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
theophylline [no description available] | 4.81 | 3 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
dan 2163 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone | environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic |
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 4.7 | 6 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene | anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
anastrozole [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | anthracenes | antipsoriatic |
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolone | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; piperidines | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
baclofen [no description available] | 4.11 | 4 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | drug allergen |
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | indazoles; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger |
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone | uricosuric drug |
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; substituted aniline | allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic |
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol | |
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | biphenyls; imidazoles | |
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-acylurea; organobromine compound | |
bronopol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitro compound | |
brotizolam brotizolam: structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
bumetanide [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound | |
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 5.29 | 4 | 1 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
busulfan [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | analgesic; sedative |
caffeine [no description available] | 2.97 | 4 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 3.3 | 6 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | muscle relaxant |
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbazoles; organochlorine compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent |
carvedilol [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
celecoxib [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines | anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
chloral hydrate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound | general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic |
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 2.75 | 3 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone | antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant |
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phenols | antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide |
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 3.7 | 3 | 0 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide | |
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound | muscle relaxant; sedative |
cifenline [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
ciclopirox [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone | antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic |
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; thiazolidinone | antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug |
cilostazol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | lactam; tetrazoles | anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent |
ciprofibrate [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | antilipemic drug |
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. | 10.5 | 25 | 9 | 2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | |
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent |
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound | antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator |
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; phenazines | dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
clomiphene [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | tertiary amine | estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 11.85 | 42 | 1 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
clotrimazole [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol | vasodilator agent |
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite |
dapsone [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug |
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | carboxamidine; isoquinolines | adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent |
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 8.99 | 18 | 1 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. | 13.08 | 53 | 4 | primary amine | |
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid | trypanocidal drug |
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide | bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant |
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
disulfiram [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 4.57 | 4 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. | 3.87 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.79 | 3 | 0 | ||
ebastine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | |
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | anaesthetic |
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker |
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide | antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
brl 42810 [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; acetate ester | antiviral drug; prodrug |
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent |
4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines | antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes | anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative |
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 8.01 | 25 | 1 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrazoles | antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent |
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration. | 3.76 | 10 | 0 | ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
gemfibrozil [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger |
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | sesquiterpene | |
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | 13.66 | 61 | 2 | acetamides | |
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent |
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
halothane [no description available] | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene | acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug |
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phosphocholines; phospholipid | anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor |
hexestrol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | |
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | |
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; thiazide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
hydroxyurea [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug |
idebenone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor |
ifosfamide [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 4.22 | 5 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide | radioopaque medium |
iproniazid [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide; pyridines | |
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol | protic solvent |
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 2.46 | 2 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
itraconazole [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | piperazines | |
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. | 3.88 | 3 | 0 | cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist |
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle | anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
lamotrigine [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic |
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers. | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzochromenone; orthoquinones | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite |
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
letrozole [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
lomustine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist |
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate | |
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | isopropyl ester | |
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 2.51 | 2 | 0 | anthracenes | |
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. | 3.19 | 1 | 0 | primary aliphatic amine | |
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | |
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
memantine [no description available] | 3.61 | 2 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical |
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide | drug allergen; local anaesthetic |
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 3.88 | 3 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. | 4.15 | 3 | 1 | benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; psoralens | antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic |
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates | flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite |
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 21.73 | 406 | 58 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist |
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles | |
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 2.97 | 4 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine. | 9.11 | 5 | 3 | amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol | alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound | |
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist |
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group. | 7.25 | 20 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide | |
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide | environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic |
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug |
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
nadolol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tetralins | |
nalidixic acid [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound | |
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines | |
nilutamide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group. | 3.1 | 5 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant |
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound | anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative |
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent |
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
nizatidine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist |
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. | 2.01 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | catechols; lignan; tetrol | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite |
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.41 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes | |
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. | 5.5 | 8 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite |
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | carbazoles | |
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic |
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound | |
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
oxethazaine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide | |
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease). | 3.14 | 5 | 0 | benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound | drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin |
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene | dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic |
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 8.15 | 14 | 6 | acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic |
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenols; pyrazolidines | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite |
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 3.84 | 3 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
pentoxifylline [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | oxopurine | |
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines | dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | acetamides; aromatic ether | cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenols | |
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. | 3.43 | 1 | 1 | primary amine | adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent |
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolidines | antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; pyrimidines | |
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
piperazine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | anthelminthic drug |
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent. | 4.71 | 3 | 2 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | chromones | |
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyridochromene | |
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 3.59 | 8 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine | antimalarial |
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dithioketal; polyphenol | anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug |
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; hydrazines | antineoplastic agent |
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist |
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 3.42 | 7 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
ranitidine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aralkylamine | |
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | secondary carboxamide | |
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles | |
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 6.65 | 14 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
rofecoxib [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 2.13 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenols; salicylamides | antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic |
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | ether; organofluorine compound | central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride | 3.53 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug |
imatinib [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
sulfamerazine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; drug allergen |
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent |
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic |
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor |
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
sulfanilamide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
sulfanitran [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor |
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolidines; sulfoxide | uricosuric drug |
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug |
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug |
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane | keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent |
tegafur [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; pyrimidines | |
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
temozolomide [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; resorcinols | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound | local anaesthetic |
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug |
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | phenothiazines; piperidines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aziridines | |
tiapride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist |
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarboxamide | |
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker |
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
tolnaftate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monothiocarbamic ester | antifungal drug |
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | |
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid | |
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group. | 2.79 | 3 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pteridines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
triclosan [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols | antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic |
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
tyramine [no description available] | 3.34 | 2 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | undecenoic acid | antifungal drug; plant metabolite |
urapidil [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | piperazines | |
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic |
vesnarinone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
vigabatrin [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor |
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE. | 4.78 | 4 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines | |
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative |
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity | astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid |
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 4.16 | 3 | 1 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide | anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker |
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt | protein denaturant |
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | |
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | mitomycin | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid | estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite |
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic |
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent |
piperonyl butoxide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | pesticide synergist |
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines | mutagen |
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration. | 14.28 | 66 | 5 | 1-phenylpropan-2-amine | adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent |
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; carbamate ester | cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester | agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide |
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid | anabolic agent; androgen |
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid | androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
nad [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | NAD | geroprotector |
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis. | 2.53 | 2 | 0 | organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | |
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloromethanes | hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant |
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. | 2.53 | 2 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | detergent; surfactant |
vincristine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 2.77 | 3 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound | antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone | anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent |
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
uridine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | uridines | drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite |
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 4.09 | 4 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 2.54 | 2 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease | 5.28 | 4 | 1 | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2. | 3.9 | 2 | 1 | benzenes; primary alcohol | Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound | |
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; naphthalenes | acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant |
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | lactose | |
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
Mebutamate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | oxo steroid | |
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
mannitol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
cytarabine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester | adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
mestranol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound | prodrug; xenoestrogen |
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | quinazolines | GABA agonist; sedative |
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
cordycepin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines | antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | chloroethenes | inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite |
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | pantothenic acid; vitamin B5 | antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite |
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid | gastrointestinal drug |
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones | antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin |
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene | |
synephrine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols | alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite |
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbonyl compound | |
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants. | 3.94 | 2 | 1 | pyridinium salt | |
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton. | 6.15 | 3 | 1 | cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol | solvent |
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product |
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 3.44 | 7 | 0 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | peptide ergot alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bromide salt | |
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | biguanides | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant |
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes | antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant |
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | trinitrotoluene | explosive |
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite |
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone | antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector |
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hexosamine; secondary amino compound | |
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina. | 5.63 | 6 | 1 | methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.44 | 2 | 0 | methoxybenzenes; phenols | metabolite |
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
dydrogesterone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid | progestin |
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines | |
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent. | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
thiazoles [no description available] | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
testosterone enanthate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | heptanoate ester; sterol ester | androgen |
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | mixture | bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug |
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine | |
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; sulfonamide | |
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
bucladesine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester | agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent |
procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antineoplastic agent |
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724) | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound | blood substitute; radioopaque medium |
cyproterone acetate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester | androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin |
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | immunomodulator; plant metabolite |
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline | antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | phthalazines | |
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid. | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid | plant metabolite |
noradrenalone noradrenalone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | ||
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | ||
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside | mutagen |
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | thiazoles | |
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover. | 5.32 | 4 | 3 | methoxybenzenes; phenols | |
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. | 6.73 | 9 | 2 | amphetamines; secondary amine | central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic |
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic chloride salt | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye |
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound | |
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isothiocyanate | insecticide |
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
lactulose [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glycosylfructose | gastrointestinal drug; laxative |
megestrol acetate [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 3.56 | 2 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
erythromycin stearate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside | |
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
vinblastine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
estradiol valerate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
trimethyltin chloride trimethyltin chloride: induces atrophy of thymus, spleen & lymph nodes but causes no change in bone marrow | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | ||
ethambutol hydrochloride ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antitubercular agent |
antimycin a [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols | antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide |
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic nitrile | |
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
cyclopropanecarboxylic acid cyclopropanecarboxylic acid: 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid | |
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 6.85 | 10 | 2 | tertiary amine | |
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 2.54 | 2 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry. | 2.8 | 3 | 0 | thioxanthenes | |
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antibacterial drug; antimalarial |
acadesine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
iproclozide iproclozide: structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
streptomycin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | carbon oxoanion | |
clonidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | |
cladribine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
carbenicillin disodium [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline | antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug |
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbonyl compound | |
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic |
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound | neurotransmitter agent |
tiadenol tiadenol: structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide | |
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | sulfonium compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
etidronate disodium etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | cobalt group element atom | |
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite |
phosphine phosphane : The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.. phosphine : Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | mononuclear parent hydride; phosphanes; phosphine | carcinogenic agent; fumigant insecticide |
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | anabolic agent; androgen |
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent |
mafenide acetate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid | |
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase; | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | anthraquinone | |
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | 3.6 | 2 | 0 | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor |
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole | antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator |
thiamphenicol [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone | antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent |
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bromide salt | cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptathiophene | histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope |
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester | antithyroid drug; prodrug |
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
oxyphenisatin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | chlorocarbon; chloroethenes | nephrotoxic agent |
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. | 4.33 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antiprotozoal drug |
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic |
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
talsupram talsupram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. | 2.97 | 4 | 0 | glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical |
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tryptamines | |
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound | |
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy. | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine | anticonvulsant; drug allergen |
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor |
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15) | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrroline | |
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin |
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
etoposide [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin |
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic |
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
bezafibrate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist |
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes | agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide |
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridone | antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | |
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; carboxylic ester | |
acarbose [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tetrasaccharide derivative | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound | inhalation anaesthetic |
lorcainide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 5.71 | 7 | 1 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
staurosporine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound | apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector |
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antiviral drug |
atracurium besylate atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxacephem | antibacterial drug |
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide | potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent |
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector |
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker |
talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzofurans | |
fenoldopam mesylate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | |
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya. | 1.98 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols | agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide |
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine | |
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
stepronin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group. | 3.16 | 5 | 0 | benzodioxine; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | pyrazoloquinoline | dopamine agonist |
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acylurea | antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | naphthoic acid | |
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | salicylamides | |
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer |
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid | dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
aromasil [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
sparfloxacin [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | |
zileuton [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
besipirdine besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
gemcitabine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; organofluorine compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent |
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders. | 5.09 | 7 | 0 | aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone | drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist |
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | |
atorvastatin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
lamivudine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration. | 3.9 | 11 | 0 | duloxetine hydrochloride | antidepressant |
duloxetine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | duloxetine | |
irinotecan [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone; tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug |
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 4.54 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.55 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
halofuginone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | quinazolines | |
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. | 6.39 | 4 | 1 | hydrochloride | |
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
cefprozil [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | geroprotector |
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | |
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor |
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | central nervous system stimulant |
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite |
bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride; racemate | adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic |
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | anhydro sugar | human metabolite |
betulinic acid [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid | anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite |
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant |
amprenavir [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl. | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid | antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite |
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | drug allergen |
ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine | |
epirubicin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | glutathione derivative; organic disulfide | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
bendamustine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles | |
erdosteine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
esreboxetine esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
mizolastine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles | |
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridoindole | |
pazufloxacin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
repaglinide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | fenfluramine | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid | angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite |
miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | |
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162) | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose | |
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 7.97 | 9 | 3 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfate; pyridines | |
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone | antimalarial; plant metabolite |
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; thienothiazine | antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
dienogest [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone | progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone | aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin |
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial |
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide | |
atipamezole [no description available] | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
uk 68798 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker |
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | razoxane | antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent |
loxapine succinate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | succinate salt | geroprotector |
guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | geroprotector |
maprotiline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | anthracenes | |
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | P450 inhibitor |
betamipron [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | benzofurans | |
uroxatral [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | |
aceclofenac [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy monocarboxylic acid | bile therapy drug |
thiocolchicoside [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | glycoside | |
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
isoflavone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | isoflavones | |
clevudine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines | |
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems | |
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; oxazolidinone | metabolite |
rivastigmine [no description available] | 3.21 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound | cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
rosiglitazone [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
tamiflu [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | phosphate salt | |
bexarotene [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid | antineoplastic agent |
s20098 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor |
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum. | 6.92 | 12 | 1 | 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine | anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic |
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position. | 5.32 | 4 | 3 | catechols; tetrol | metabolite; mouse metabolite |
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
lopinavir [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
droxidopa Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension | 4.16 | 1 | 0 | catechols; L-tyrosine derivative | antihypertensive agent; prodrug; vasoconstrictor agent |
moxifloxacin hydrochloride moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | antibacterial drug |
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist |
mizoribine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | anticoronaviral agent |
sr141716 [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist |
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
selenomethionine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine | plant metabolite |
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminodiol; primary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist |
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist |
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite |
tadalafil [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine: cyclic methadone metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
nitisinone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione | EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor |
plavix [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | azaheterocycle sulfate salt; organoammonium sulfate salt | anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide | antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor |
clofarabine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | adenosines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source | 3.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazoles; diamine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger |
valdecoxib [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide | antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
yohimbane yohimbane: from Gelsemium elegans; structure in first source | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; yohimban alkaloid | |
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid | |
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
mk 0663 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
gefitinib [no description available] | 2.74 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound | adenosine A3 receptor agonist |
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist |
methotrexate [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
vestra [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 6.8 | 10 | 1 | aromatic ether | |
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
sulbactam [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | penicillanic acids | |
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | biphenyls | |
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid | anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
abiraterone [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile | EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor |
nisoxetine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
lexapro Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
docetaxel [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent |
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite |
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. | 3.86 | 2 | 1 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug |
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. | 4.11 | 4 | 0 | ||
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | morpholines | |
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
telbivudine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor |
milnacipran hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
avasimibe [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking. | 4.39 | 3 | 0 | ||
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biotins; vitamin B7 | coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine | local anaesthetic |
pozanicline [no description available] | 7.19 | 3 | 2 | ||
osemozotan osemozotan: 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative | EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic |
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | indanes | |
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles | iron chelator |
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism. | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines | anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
tolvaptan [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
lenalidomide [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator |
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol | anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor |
benzatropine methanesulfonate [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | ||
vincaleukoblastine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite |
vincristine sulfate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sulfate salt | antineoplastic agent; geroprotector |
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans | |
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent |
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite |
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor |
wortmannin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent |
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist |
bortezomib [no description available] | 2.78 | 3 | 0 | amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor |
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
nexavar [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonate salt | |
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | D-glucosamine | Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite |
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 2.96 | 4 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | L-asparagine derivative; quinolines | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
perindopril erbumine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | addition compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
miglitol [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | organic tricyclic compound | geroprotector |
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative | enzyme inhibitor |
linezolid [no description available] | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone | antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor |
cyclopamine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor |
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug |
pemirolast potassium salt [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
tolterodine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant |
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | anthracycline | |
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester | |
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester | anti-inflammatory drug |
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester | adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug |
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | cyclodextrin | |
acarbose [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol; glycoside | |
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate | |
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | octadec-9-enoic acid | antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent |
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic) | |
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. | 8.91 | 20 | 2 | benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid | anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; phosphonic acids | antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor |
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; polyphenol | antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen |
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist |
decitabine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
teniposide [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
valrubicin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | anthracycline; trifluoroacetamide | |
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug |
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide | proteasome inhibitor |
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
posaconazole [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles | trypanocidal drug |
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin | antiinfective agent |
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | flavin; vitamin B2 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | NMR chemical shift reference compound |
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite |
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug |
ditiocarb sodium [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
carbenoxolone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole: structure in first source | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | imidazopyridine | |
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed) | 2.75 | 3 | 0 | isomethyleugenol | |
s18986-1 S18986-1: a positive AMPA receptor modulator | 2.1 | 1 | 0 | ||
discodermolide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diterpenoid | |
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols | antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite |
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain. | 4.99 | 2 | 1 | morphinane alkaloid | delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile | abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor |
cocaine hydrochloride cocaine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cocaine. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | hydrochloride | central nervous system stimulant; local anaesthetic |
leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate salt | antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist |
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | sulpiride | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | zopiclone | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | capsaicinoid | non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker |
terbinafine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | antifungal drug; food preservative |
D-fructopyranose [no description available] | 3.16 | 1 | 0 | cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose | sweetening agent |
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
streptozocin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
tamoxifen [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; thiocarboxamide | antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug |
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle | antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore |
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
hmr 3647 [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug | |
maraviroc [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tropane alkaloid | |
toremifene citrate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | anticoronaviral agent |
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
telaprevir [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines | antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic |
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug |
droloxifene [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | |
or 1259 [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | steroid | estrogen |
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid | |
quinine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | |
azilect [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN). | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
ly 368975 thionisoxetine: norepinephrine inhibitor; an analog of nisoxetine; (R)-enantionmer is significantly more potent than (S)-enantiomer | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | ||
silybin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant |
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | ||
4-(4,5-diphenyl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride 4-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzoyl chloride: used to derivatize methamphetamines; structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
flosequinan [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | organic cation; xanthene dye | fluorochrome |
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. | 2.76 | 3 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols | antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
quercetin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger |
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins E | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic |
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene | antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A |
alprostadil [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | prostaglandins E | anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone | geroprotector; human metabolite |
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | oxapenam | antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | anti-allergic agent |
dexchlorpheniramine maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carotenol; carotenone | animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite |
diosmin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant |
myricetin [no description available] | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | 7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite |
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid | plant metabolite |
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215 | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | |
l 660,711 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration. | 4.84 | 2 | 1 | ubiquinones | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite |
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist |
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent |
imipenem [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems | |
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cinnamic acids | |
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic) | antioxidant |
rosuvastatin calcium S 4522: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine; organic calcium salt | anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor |
terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor |
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
codeine [no description available] | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
natamycin [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic | antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug |
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
dothiepin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dothiepin | |
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092) | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 3.86 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor |
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid | antineoplastic agent; antioxidant |
geldanamycin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor |
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 2.98 | 4 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine 3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonist | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | pyrazinecarboxylic acid | |
atosiban [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent |
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol | platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug |
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. | 2.8 | 3 | 0 | ||
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
vinorelbine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
furazolidone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 6.32 | 6 | 1 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
molsidomine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion | antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | alkali metal atom | |
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough. | 3 | 4 | 0 | 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene | antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic |
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
cefixime [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385) | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | styrenes | |
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-) | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate | human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
bleomycin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | bleomycin | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug |
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone | apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor |
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor |
ceftriaxone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
chlornaltrexamine chlornaltrexamine: RN given refers to (5alpha,6beta)-isomer | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker |
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position. | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene | antihypertensive agent |
guanabenz acetate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene | geroprotector |
famotidine [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist. | 3.18 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
aztreonam [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | biguanides; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
cci 15641 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | |
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite |
epoprostenol sodium [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | prostanoid | |
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid. | 2.57 | 2 | 0 | maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant | anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist |
dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | brompheniramine maleate | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
rifaximin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative | antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug |
everolimus [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
ixabepilone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle | antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent |
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; prodrug |
fluphenazine [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nitrofuran antibiotic | |
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | roxithromycin | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
cefdinir [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; ketoxime | antibacterial drug |
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer |
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol | anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent |
lanreotide [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
etoposide phosphate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | furonaphthodioxole | |
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
temsirolimus [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | macrolide lactam | |
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
tekturna [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | antihypertensive agent |
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
vildagliptin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide | |
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
sgd 301-76 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt | antiinfective agent |
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes | |
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; sulfoxide | |
gemifloxacin mesylate gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | methanesulfonate salt | antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
fosinopril [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
osu 6162 OSU 6162: reduces levodopa-induced dyskinesias without inducing akinesia | 3.21 | 1 | 0 | ||
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
camostat 4-hydroxyatomoxetine: an atomoxetine metabolite; structure in first source | 6.65 | 10 | 2 | aromatic ether; phenols | |
etomoxir [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor |
gentamicin sulfate [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
piperacillin 5-(2-azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine: affects neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; structure in first source | 2.17 | 1 | 0 | ||
hki 272 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | nitrile; quinolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound | antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor |
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor |
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent |
cefotaxime sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
baci-im [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent |
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY. | 3.56 | 1 | 1 | ||
tesofensine Tesofensine: an appetite suppressant | 3.44 | 1 | 1 | ||
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. | 12.23 | 25 | 3 | ||
lorcaserin lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; organochlorine compound | anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant |
n-desmethylatomoxetine N-desmethylatomoxetine: an atomoxetine metabolite; structure in first source | 6.16 | 6 | 2 | ||
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 2.04 | 1 | 0 | ||
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas | antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor |
pf 03491390 [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
rabeprazole sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV. | 2.11 | 1 | 0 | ||
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
somatostatin [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | |
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose). | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | tannin | |
ly-146032 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics |
warfarin sodium warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
pravastatin sodium pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug |
alendronate sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. | 4.72 | 1 | 1 | ||
sl 80.0750 [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organosulfonic acid | |
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic) | |
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | potassium salt | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
piperacillin sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
monensin [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
oxacillin sodium [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound | radioopaque medium |
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
azlocillin sodium [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic sodium salt | |
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 2.43 | 2 | 0 | fumarate salt | |
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | ||
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE. | 2.49 | 2 | 0 | tartrate salt | |
ixazomib ixazomib: a proteasome inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; MLN2238 is the biologically active form of MLN9708; structure in first source. ixazomib : A glycine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-(2,5-dichlorobenzoyl)glycine with the amino group of [(1R)-1-amino-3-methylbutyl]boronic acid. The active metabolite of ixazomib citrate, it is used in combination therapy for treatment of multiple myeloma. | 2.15 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; boronic acids; dichlorobenzene; glycine derivative | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite; orphan drug; proteasome inhibitor |
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines. | 4.06 | 2 | 0 | ||
eliglustat tartrate agalsidase beta: recombinant protein for treatment of Fabry disease. eliglustat tartrate : A tartrate that is the hemitartrate salt of eliglustat. A ceramide glucosyltransferase inhibitor used (as its tartrate salt) for treatment of Gaucher's disease. | 2.02 | 1 | 0 | tartrate salt | EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent |
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | ||
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist |
piroxicam [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide | |
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor |
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycoumarin | anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor |
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
tigecycline [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | ||
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine | antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
ajmaline [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents. | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
inosine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside triphosphate analogue | |
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 5.45 | 5 | 1 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
ganciclovir [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
valtrex [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 11.44 | 8 | 2 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols | antiviral drug |
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | pyrazolopyrimidine | drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor |
raltitrexed [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 2.47 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
citrovorum factor [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | tetrahydrofolic acid | |
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | formyltetrahydrofolic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins | antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug |
alanosine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | ||
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide | antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer |
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | citrate salt | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles | antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist |
tegaserod maleate [no description available] | 2.08 | 1 | 0 | maleate salt | serotonergic agonist |
rifabutin [no description available] | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 5.85 | 8 | 1 |
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 5.85 | 8 | 1 |
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 4.26 | 3 | 1 |
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 4.26 | 3 | 1 |
Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 10.46 | 22 | 3 |
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 10.46 | 22 | 3 |
Genetic Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 6.24 | 50 | 0 |
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 5.99 | 15 | 0 |
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 5.99 | 15 | 0 |
ADDH [description not available] | 0 | 28.66 | 1,342 | 226 |
Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 6.49 | 5 | 2 |
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V) | 1 | 30.66 | 1,342 | 226 |
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 6.49 | 5 | 2 |
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available] | 0 | 3.77 | 3 | 0 |
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress. | 0 | 3.77 | 3 | 0 |
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 10.29 | 15 | 8 |
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 0 | 8.32 | 13 | 3 |
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75) | 0 | 10.29 | 15 | 8 |
Cognitive Decline [description not available] | 0 | 5.22 | 3 | 1 |
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 4.47 | 2 | 2 |
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 1 | 6.47 | 2 | 2 |
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. | 0 | 5.22 | 3 | 1 |
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY. | 0 | 9.01 | 12 | 3 |
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5) | 0 | 9.01 | 12 | 3 |
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 8.28 | 17 | 6 |
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY). | 0 | 7.12 | 6 | 2 |
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395) | 1 | 10.28 | 17 | 6 |
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 5.36 | 2 | 2 |
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. | 0 | 5.36 | 2 | 2 |
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 10.32 | 15 | 4 |
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY. | 0 | 10.32 | 15 | 4 |
Habit Chorea [description not available] | 0 | 5.04 | 9 | 0 |
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 9.78 | 15 | 2 |
Tics Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10) | 0 | 5.04 | 9 | 0 |
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 2.79 | 3 | 0 |
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available] | 0 | 7.84 | 11 | 11 |
Drop Attack [description not available] | 0 | 9.42 | 10 | 9 |
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9) | 0 | 9.42 | 10 | 9 |
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 6.69 | 22 | 0 |
Dementia Praecox [description not available] | 0 | 10.51 | 14 | 4 |
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. | 0 | 10.51 | 14 | 4 |
Abnormality, Heart [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. | 0 | 3.43 | 2 | 0 |
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Ache [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Recrudescence [description not available] | 0 | 6.33 | 10 | 4 |
Symptom Cluster [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex. | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 4 | 0 |
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 3.99 | 4 | 0 |
47,XX,+21 [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213) | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.06 | 4 | 0 |
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress. | 0 | 3.06 | 4 | 0 |
Disomy, Uniparental [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Nanism [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Stunted Growth [description not available] | 0 | 5.77 | 4 | 0 |
Auditory Processing Disorder, Central [description not available] | 0 | 4.21 | 3 | 1 |
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth. | 0 | 5.77 | 4 | 0 |
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways. | 0 | 2.53 | 2 | 0 |
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V) | 0 | 12.85 | 22 | 10 |
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. | 0 | 8.98 | 12 | 1 |
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 5.35 | 4 | 3 |
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines. | 1 | 7.35 | 4 | 3 |
Hypotension, Postural [description not available] | 0 | 10.48 | 10 | 6 |
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE. | 0 | 10.48 | 10 | 6 |
Autism [description not available] | 0 | 7.87 | 11 | 1 |
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V) | 0 | 7.87 | 11 | 1 |
Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Blood Pressure, High [description not available] | 0 | 9 | 8 | 4 |
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. | 0 | 9 | 8 | 4 |
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage. | 0 | 3.64 | 9 | 0 |
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright. | 0 | 5.37 | 4 | 1 |
Deficiency, Mental [description not available] | 0 | 5.46 | 6 | 0 |
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28) | 0 | 5.46 | 6 | 0 |
Appetite Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. | 0 | 3.38 | 2 | 0 |
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 7.57 | 12 | 2 |
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79) | 0 | 7.57 | 12 | 2 |
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES). | 0 | 2.66 | 2 | 0 |
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed) | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 4.36 | 2 | 0 |
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available] | 0 | 4.15 | 1 | 0 |
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK. | 0 | 4.36 | 2 | 0 |
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients. | 0 | 4.15 | 1 | 0 |
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available] | 0 | 3.11 | 4 | 0 |
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money. | 0 | 3.11 | 4 | 0 |
Bruxism, Nocturnal [description not available] | 0 | 2.57 | 2 | 0 |
Chemical Dependence [description not available] | 0 | 12.06 | 31 | 4 |
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse. | 0 | 12.06 | 31 | 4 |
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
Autonomic Failure, Pure [description not available] | 0 | 7.88 | 6 | 4 |
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92) | 0 | 2.58 | 2 | 0 |
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. | 0 | 10.33 | 12 | 5 |
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment. | 0 | 11.19 | 21 | 9 |
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 3.02 | 4 | 0 |
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available] | 0 | 2.78 | 3 | 0 |
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6) | 0 | 2.78 | 3 | 0 |
Anankastic Personality [description not available] | 0 | 4.86 | 7 | 0 |
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 9.79 | 15 | 4 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. | 0 | 4.86 | 7 | 0 |
Lassitude [description not available] | 0 | 4.17 | 3 | 1 |
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. | 0 | 4.17 | 3 | 1 |
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions. | 0 | 3.89 | 4 | 0 |
Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 6.85 | 6 | 1 |
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. | 0 | 6.85 | 6 | 1 |
Cocaine Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 7.93 | 10 | 3 |
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine. | 0 | 7.93 | 10 | 3 |
Aura [description not available] | 0 | 2.99 | 4 | 0 |
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) | 0 | 2.99 | 4 | 0 |
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION). | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed) | 0 | 6.89 | 9 | 3 |
Trichotillomania Compulsion to pull out one's hair. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Preterm Birth [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available] | 0 | 3.67 | 3 | 0 |
Placental Abruption [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION). | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 8.23 | 5 | 1 |
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle. | 0 | 8.23 | 5 | 1 |
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42) | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism. | 0 | 8.1 | 11 | 3 |
Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 11.04 | 22 | 3 |
Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 8.47 | 13 | 4 |
Nicotine Addiction [description not available] | 0 | 4.17 | 3 | 0 |
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 11.04 | 22 | 3 |
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 0 | 8.47 | 13 | 4 |
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included. | 0 | 4.17 | 3 | 0 |
Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 4.16 | 3 | 1 |
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 4.16 | 3 | 1 |
Addiction, Opioid [description not available] | 0 | 3.56 | 1 | 1 |
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS. | 0 | 3.56 | 1 | 1 |
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77) | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME. | 0 | 3.7 | 3 | 0 |
As If Personality [description not available] | 0 | 3.47 | 2 | 0 |
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available] | 0 | 4.5 | 8 | 0 |
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Allodynia [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Nerve Pain [description not available] | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325) | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Canine Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.9 | 2 | 0 |
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used. | 0 | 3.9 | 2 | 0 |
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs. | 0 | 2.17 | 1 | 0 |
Delusional Parasitosis A delusional disorder of belief in infestation by insects or other parasites. This FORMICATION is typically accompanied by dermatological manifestation such as PRURITUS that may lead to self-mutilation in order to remove the perceived parasites. It can be either primary or secondary to a somatic or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 2.59 | 2 | 0 |
Facial Palsy [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 5.49 | 5 | 1 |
Psychoses [description not available] | 0 | 6.22 | 4 | 1 |
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 6.22 | 4 | 1 |
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 7.87 | 5 | 5 |
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available] | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications. | 0 | 2.21 | 1 | 0 |
Hoarding Disorder Disordered behavior associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning and persistent difficulty parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. (from DSM-V) The quantity of collected items sets the behavior apart from normal collecting behaviors. | 0 | 3.48 | 2 | 0 |
Child Mental Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5). | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
Sex Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female. | 0 | 3.45 | 2 | 0 |
Callous-Unemotional Traits [description not available] | 0 | 7.23 | 8 | 2 |
Conduct Disorder A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 7.23 | 8 | 2 |
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available] | 0 | 2.75 | 3 | 0 |
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.75 | 3 | 0 |
Pervasive Child Development Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 13.79 | 27 | 13 |
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements. | 0 | 13.79 | 27 | 13 |
Genetic Predisposition [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Weight Reduction [description not available] | 0 | 4.69 | 3 | 2 |
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT. | 0 | 4.69 | 3 | 2 |
Bedwetting [description not available] | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control. | 0 | 2.52 | 2 | 0 |
Frigidity [description not available] | 0 | 4.75 | 2 | 1 |
Male Genitourinary Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Female Genitourinary Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994) | 0 | 4.75 | 2 | 1 |
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 10.82 | 25 | 10 |
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight. | 0 | 3.47 | 1 | 1 |
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors. | 1 | 12.82 | 25 | 10 |
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.49 | 2 | 0 |
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Bruxism A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth. | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
Alexia [description not available] | 0 | 7.91 | 5 | 5 |
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available] | 0 | 9.35 | 16 | 3 |
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. | 0 | 9.35 | 16 | 3 |
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44) | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Cardiac Diseases [description not available] | 0 | 3.01 | 1 | 0 |
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available] | 0 | 4.68 | 4 | 0 |
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities. | 0 | 3.01 | 1 | 0 |
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005) | 0 | 4.68 | 4 | 0 |
Child Development Deviations [description not available] | 0 | 3.86 | 2 | 0 |
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed) | 0 | 3.86 | 2 | 0 |
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available] | 0 | 4.35 | 4 | 1 |
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. | 0 | 4.35 | 4 | 1 |
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments. | 0 | 3.42 | 2 | 0 |
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm. | 0 | 20.2 | 404 | 0 |
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available] | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS. | 0 | 2.48 | 2 | 0 |
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking. | 0 | 6.93 | 5 | 2 |
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available] | 0 | 5.49 | 5 | 1 |
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits. | 0 | 5.49 | 5 | 1 |
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Spinal Curvatures Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS). | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089) | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used. | 0 | 2.81 | 3 | 0 |
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. | 0 | 2.81 | 3 | 0 |
Aprosodia [description not available] | 0 | 3.87 | 2 | 1 |
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 7.83 | 6 | 4 |
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions. | 0 | 7.83 | 6 | 4 |
Cretinism [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA. | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Alcohol Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 3.42 | 2 | 0 |
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4) | 0 | 3.42 | 2 | 0 |
Glue Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 2.1 | 1 | 0 |
Encopresis Incontinence of feces not due to organic defect or illness. | 0 | 2.79 | 3 | 0 |
Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 5.5 | 5 | 1 |
Brachial Paresis [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 0 | 5.5 | 5 | 1 |
Impotence [description not available] | 0 | 5.32 | 2 | 2 |
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction. | 0 | 5.32 | 2 | 2 |
Alogia [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 4.15 | 3 | 0 |
Chronic Illness [description not available] | 0 | 3.44 | 2 | 0 |
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2). | 0 | 3.44 | 2 | 0 |
Astrocytosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns. | 0 | 4.14 | 3 | 1 |
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.46 | 2 | 0 |
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available] | 0 | 2.11 | 1 | 0 |
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7) | 0 | 7.46 | 2 | 0 |
Psychoses, Drug [description not available] | 0 | 4.6 | 3 | 0 |
Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Autoimmune Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Group A Strep Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS. | 0 | 2.15 | 1 | 0 |
Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 5.28 | 4 | 1 |
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act. | 0 | 2.75 | 3 | 0 |
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course. | 0 | 2.47 | 2 | 0 |
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence. | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available] | 0 | 4.45 | 1 | 1 |
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. | 0 | 4.45 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING. | 0 | 4.13 | 3 | 1 |
Hematospermia [description not available] | 0 | 2.04 | 1 | 0 |
Cholera Infantum [description not available] | 0 | 5.78 | 2 | 2 |
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available] | 0 | 4.35 | 1 | 1 |
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Colicky Pain [description not available] | 0 | 3.44 | 1 | 1 |
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA. | 0 | 3.44 | 1 | 1 |
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. | 0 | 5.7 | 5 | 4 |
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. | 0 | 3.44 | 1 | 1 |
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4) | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
Claustrophobia [description not available] | 0 | 4.35 | 1 | 1 |
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. | 0 | 4.35 | 1 | 1 |
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Pyrexia [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 5.25 | 4 | 1 |
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia. | 0 | 5.25 | 4 | 1 |
Hay Fever [description not available] | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS. | 0 | 2.96 | 1 | 0 |
Inadequate Sleep [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 2.76 | 3 | 0 |
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Akinetic Autism [description not available] | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status. | 0 | 2.05 | 1 | 0 |
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. | 0 | 2.42 | 2 | 0 |
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA. | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available] | 0 | 2.98 | 1 | 0 |
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol. | 0 | 4.37 | 1 | 1 |
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available] | 0 | 4.78 | 2 | 1 |
Bewilderment [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available] | 0 | 2.06 | 1 | 0 |
Injuries, Teeth [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Caries, Dental [description not available] | 0 | 4.28 | 2 | 0 |
Dental Enamel Hypoplasia An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. | 0 | 4.28 | 2 | 0 |
Drug Abuse, Intravenous [description not available] | 0 | 4.37 | 1 | 1 |
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Bacterial Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available] | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION. | 0 | 2.07 | 1 | 0 |
Bleeding [description not available] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 |
Abnormalities, Cardiovascular [description not available] | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Cardiovascular Abnormalities Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS. | 0 | 2.08 | 1 | 0 |
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age. | 0 | 2.92 | 1 | 0 |
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
Cot Death [description not available] | 0 | 2.01 | 1 | 0 |
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Cancer of Lung [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Abdominal Migraine [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Lentigines [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Lentigo Small circumscribed melanoses resembling, but differing histologically from, freckles. The concept includes senile lentigo ('liver spots') and nevoid lentigo (nevus spilus, lentigo simplex) and may also occur in association with multiple congenital defects or congenital syndromes (e.g., Peutz-Jeghers syndrome). | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Mucopolysaccharidosis I Systemic lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase (IDURONIDASE) and characterized by progressive physical deterioration with urinary excretion of DERMATAN SULFATE and HEPARAN SULFATE. There are three recognized phenotypes representing a spectrum of clinical severity from severe to mild: Hurler syndrome, Hurler-Scheie syndrome and Scheie syndrome (formerly mucopolysaccharidosis V). Symptoms may include DWARFISM; hepatosplenomegaly; thick, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge; corneal clouding; cardiac complications; and noisy breathing. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95) | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis). | 0 | 5.02 | 3 | 1 |
Asialia [description not available] | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow. | 0 | 3.41 | 1 | 1 |
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available] | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
Excessive Periodic Sleep-Related Leg Movements [description not available] | 0 | 2.02 | 1 | 0 |
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320) | 0 | 2.44 | 2 | 0 |
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure. | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
Adipocere [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Emesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Asperger Disease [description not available] | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
Asperger Syndrome A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5) | 0 | 2.94 | 1 | 0 |
Salivary Gland Calculi Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Submandibular Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING. | 0 | 4.34 | 1 | 1 |
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available] | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed) | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced. | 0 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 |
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available] | 0 | 2.95 | 1 | 0 |
Cannabis Abuse [description not available] | 0 | 4.34 | 1 | 1 |
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning. | 0 | 4.34 | 1 | 1 |
Nervous System Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.87 | 1 | 0 |
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. | 0 | 3.87 | 1 | 0 |
Alcohol Problem [description not available] | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol. | 0 | 3.43 | 1 | 1 |
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 2.39 | 2 | 0 |