Serine-protein kinase ATM

A serine-protein kinase ATM that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:CNA]

Synonyms

EC 2.7.11.1;
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated;
A-T mutated

Research

Bioassay Publications (22)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	6 (27.27)	29.6817
2010's	14 (63.64)	24.3611
2020's	2 (9.09)	2.80

Compounds (20)

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
pd 173074	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	17.6000	1	1
caffeine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	200.0000	1	1
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	70.0000	3	3
schizandrin b	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1,740.0000	1	1
thiourea	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2000	1	1
ku 55933	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1910	11	11
ku 55933	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0022	1	1
cgk 733	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2000	1	1
nu 7026	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	100.0000	4	4
nu 7441	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	55.0000	2	2
ku-0060648	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
dactolisib	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0070	1	1
ku 60019	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0704	5	5
cp 466722	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6748	7	7
(3R)-4-[2-(1H-indol-4-yl)-6-(1-methylsulfonylcyclopropyl)-4-pyrimidinyl]-3-methylmorpholine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	2	2
ve 821	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.0000	1	1
byl719	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
cc-115	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	1	1
vx-970	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0440	1	1
etp-46464	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0360	1	1

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
torin 2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0280	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 10 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
DNA binding	molecular function	Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
protein serine/threonine kinase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. [GOC:bf, MetaCyc:PROTEIN-KINASE-RXN, PMID:2956925]
DNA-dependent protein kinase activity	molecular function	DNA dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. [GOC:mah]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
ATP binding	molecular function	Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+. [EC:2.7.1.137, RHEA:12709]
histone H2AXS139 kinase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2AX-serine (position 139) + ATP = histone H2AX-phosphoserine (position 139) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 139 of histone variant H2AX. [GOC:yaf, PMID:11893489, PMID:16061642]
identical protein binding	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
protein-containing complex binding	molecular function	Binding to a macromolecular complex. [GOC:jl]
protein serine kinase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate. [RHEA:17989]

Located In

This protein is located in 10 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
nucleoplasm	cellular component	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
nucleolus	cellular component	A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
peroxisomal matrix	cellular component	The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]
centrosome	cellular component	A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
spindle	cellular component	The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart. [ISBN:0198547684]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
cytoplasmic vesicle	cellular component	A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. [GOC:ai, GOC:mah, GOC:vesicles]
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	cellular component	Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. [GOC:go_curators]

Active In

This protein is active in 4 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
peroxisomal matrix	cellular component	The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase. [GOC:curators, ISBN:0815316194]
site of double-strand break	cellular component	A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, GOC:vw, PMID:20096808, PMID:21035408]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

Part Of

This protein is part of 1 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
DNA repair complex	cellular component	A protein complex involved in DNA repair processes including direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [GOC:bhm, PMID:17217467, PMID:20551348, PMID:22749910, PMID:24192350]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 70 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
DNA damage checkpoint signaling	biological process	A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint. [GOC:mah]
pexophagy	biological process	The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy. [GOC:autophagy, PMID:12914914, PMID:16973210]
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	biological process	The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]
DNA double-strand break processing	biological process	The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. [PMID:10357855]
ovarian follicle development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/]
response to hypoxia	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. [GOC:hjd]
somitogenesis	biological process	The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. [ISBN:0721662544]
pre-B cell allelic exclusion	biological process	Expression of a single heavy chain allele during pre-B cell differentiation. [GOC:add, GOC:jal, ISBN:0781735149]
double-strand break repair	biological process	The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix. [GOC:elh]
double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	biological process	The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear. [GOC:rph, PMID:10827453, PMID:24837021]
chromatin remodeling	biological process	A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication. [GOC:jid, GOC:vw, PMID:12042764, PMID:12697820]
protein phosphorylation	biological process	The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. [GOC:hb]
DNA damage response	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	biological process	A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle. [GOC:go_curators]
mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling	biological process	A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:12360190]
mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	biological process	A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:16299494]
reciprocal meiotic recombination	biological process	The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity. [PMID:2087779]
male meiotic nuclear division	biological process	A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
female meiotic nuclear division	biological process	A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. [GOC:dph, GOC:ems, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
signal transduction	biological process	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
brain development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). [GOC:dph, GOC:jid, GOC:tb, UBERON:0000955]
heart development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. [GOC:jid, UBERON:0000948]
determination of adult lifespan	biological process	The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal. [PMID:25561524, PMID:273723695, PMID:3424805]
post-embryonic development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. [GOC:go_curators]
response to ionizing radiation	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [PMID:12509526]
regulation of autophagy	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	biological process	The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine. [RESID:AA0037]
positive regulation of cell migration	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of B cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation. [GOC:mah]
regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. [GOC:mah]
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. [GOC:mah]
V(D)J recombination	biological process	The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). [GOC:add, ISBN:0781700221, ISBN:0781735149]
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals. [GOC:mah]
multicellular organism growth	biological process	The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process	biological process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position. [GOC:al, GOC:vw]
lipoprotein catabolic process	biological process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids. [ISBN:0198506732]
signal transduction in response to DNA damage	biological process	A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell. [GOC:go_curators]
regulation of apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
positive regulation of apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. [GOC:jl, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	biological process	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage. [GOC:jl]
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
meiotic telomere clustering	biological process	The cell cycle process in which the dynamic reorganization of telomeres occurs in early meiotic prophase, during which meiotic chromosome ends are gathered in a bouquet arrangement at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body. This plays an important role in progression through meiosis and precedes synapsis. [GOC:vw, PMID:10690419]
positive regulation of cell adhesion	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
protein autophosphorylation	biological process	The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation). [ISBN:0198506732]
thymus development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. [GOC:add, ISBN:0781735149]
oocyte development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. [GOC:go_curators]
neuron apoptotic process	biological process	Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [CL:0000540, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
regulation of cell cycle	biological process	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. [GOC:ai, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
histone mRNA catabolic process	biological process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA). [GOC:dgf, GOC:krc, PMID:17179095, PMID:17855393]
cellular response to retinoic acid	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to gamma radiation	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to X-ray	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). [GOC:mah]
cellular response to nitrosative stress	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. [GOC:mah]
cellular senescence	biological process	A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest. [GOC:BHF, PMID:28682291]
replicative senescence	biological process	A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging. [GOC:BHF]
establishment of RNA localization to telomere	biological process	The directed movement of RNA to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:rph, PMID:26586433]
establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere	biological process	The directed movement of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:rph, PMID:26586433]
regulation of cellular response to heat	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat. [GOC:TermGenie, GOC:yaf]
regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator. [GOC:TermGenie]
positive regulation of DNA catabolic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:2001740]
regulation of microglial cell activation	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19100238]
negative regulation of TORC1 signaling	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:25366275]
negative regulation of telomere capping	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23959892]
positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23959892]
positive regulation of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase catalytic core complex assembly. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:rph, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:26586433]
regulation of autophagosome assembly	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly. [GOC:autophagy, GOC:BHF]
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	biological process	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
telomere maintenance	biological process	Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:elh, GOC:rl, PMID:11092831]