Compounds > clonidine
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clonidine

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Description

Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. It was synthesized in 1963 and is primarily used to treat hypertension, ADHD, and opiate withdrawal. Its effects include lowering blood pressure by reducing sympathetic nervous system activity, decreasing anxiety, and producing sedation. Clonidine works by binding to alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem, which leads to a decrease in norepinephrine release. This decrease in norepinephrine results in decreased sympathetic outflow and a reduction in blood pressure. Clonidine is also studied for its potential use in treating other conditions, such as Tourette syndrome, migraine headaches, and restless legs syndrome. Due to its ability to modulate neurotransmitter release, it is a valuable tool for research into the mechanisms of various neurological disorders. Its mechanism of action and effectiveness in treating various conditions make it a subject of ongoing research and a significant therapeutic agent.'

Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2803
CHEMBL ID134
CHEBI ID3757
CHEBI ID46632
CHEBI ID46631
SCHEMBL ID5982
MeSH IDM0004605

Synonyms (214)

Synonym
BIDD:GT0547
STL355995
AB00514634-08
BRD-K98530306-003-05-0
BRD-K98530306-001-02-1
gtpl516
kapvay®
2-imidazoline, 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-
KBIO1_000774
DIVK1C_000774
CLD ,
2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline
2-imidazoline, 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-
catapres-tts-3
klofenil
catapres-tts-2
catapres-tts-1
clonidina [inn-spanish]
clonidinum [inn-latin]
clofenil
catapres
catapres- tts
einecs 224-119-4
SPECTRUM_001341
BSPBIO_000036
clorpres
combipres
BIO1_001448
NCGC00015268-01
tocris-0690
BIO2_000788
NCGC00024734-01
BIO2_000308
NCGC00015268-02
BIO1_000470
BIO1_000959
lopac-c-7897
NCGC00179680-01
BSPBIO_002055
PRESTWICK3_000248
IDI1_000774
BSPBIO_001588
BPBIO1_000040
PRESTWICK2_000248
IDI1_034058
LOPAC0_000268
2,6-dichloro-n-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamide
2-(2,6-dichlorophenylimino)imidazolidine
1h-imidazol-2-amine, n-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-
catarpres
1h-imidazol-2-amine, n-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro- (9ci)
chlornidinum
2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-1,3-diazacyclopentene-(2)
hsdb 3040
ccris 7787
catapres-tts
m 5041t
2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino)imidazolidine
m-5041t
skf 34427
clonidine
2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline
2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]-2-imidazoline
clonidin
st 155bs
4205-90-7
catarpresan
st-155-bs
2-imidazoline, 2-(2,6-dichloroanilino)- (7ci,8ci)
adesipress
734571a
catapressan
benzenamine, 2,6-dichloro-n-2-imidazolidinylidene-
AB00514634
2,6-dichloro-n-imidazolidin-2-ylideneaniline
2,6-dichloro-n-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamine
clonidine (imino form)
CHEBI:3757 ,
2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]imidazoline
CHEBI:46632 ,
n-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-amine
clonidine (amino form)
DB00575
chlofazoline
clonidine (jan/usp/inn)
catarpres-tts (tn)
D00281 ,
NCGC00024734-03
NCGC00024734-04
KBIOSS_000308
KBIO3_000615
KBIO2_001821
KBIO3_001275
KBIOGR_001572
KBIO2_006957
KBIO2_002876
KBIOSS_001821
KBIO2_005444
KBIO2_004389
KBIO3_000616
KBIO2_000308
KBIOGR_000308
SPECTRUM2_001187
SPBIO_002255
SPECTRUM4_000956
NINDS_000774
PRESTWICK0_000248
SPECTRUM3_000358
PRESTWICK1_000248
SPBIO_001233
SPECTRUM5_000759
NCGC00024734-02
NCGC00024734-05
HMS1989P10
HMS2089G11
NCGC00015268-08
CHEMBL134
clonidine extended release
catarpres-tts
st-155bs
L000193
HMS1791P10
HMS1361P10
bdbm50016897
NCGC00015268-05
AKOS001595470
NCGC00179680-03
NCGC00179680-02
(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene-amine
cas-4205-90-7
tox21_110118
dtxcid402846
dtxsid6022846 ,
CCG-204363
AKOS015960367
NCGC00015268-04
NCGC00015268-07
NCGC00015268-06
NCGC00015268-03
clonidinum
unii-mn3l5rmn02
clonidina
clonidine [usan:usp:inn:ban]
nexiclon xr
mn3l5rmn02 ,
clonidinhydrochlorid
clonidine [orange book]
clonidine [mart.]
clonidine [mi]
clonidine [usp-rs]
clonidine [jan]
clonidine [hsdb]
clonidine [who-dd]
clonidine [inn]
clonidine [usp monograph]
2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]imidazolidine
clonidine [usan]
clonidine [vandf]
BBL025137
[3h]clonidine
bdbm14062
n-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imidazolidin-2-imine
SCHEMBL5982
tox21_110118_1
NCGC00179680-05
AB00514634-07
2-(2',6'-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene amine
2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)imino]-imidazolidine
2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl-imino)-imidazolidine
2-(2,6-dichlorophenylimino)-imidazolidine
smr001550184
MLS006011925
clonidine, clonidine hydrochloride
n-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-amine #
HMS3402P10
AB00053441_03
AB00514634_09
SR-01000759380-4
3h-clonidine
MRF-0000018
SBI-0050256.P004
clonidine(200 mg)
FT-0741246
BCP07223
Q412221
HY-12721
bdbm50225285
BRD-K98530306-003-07-6
SDCCGSBI-0050256.P005
NCGC00015268-12
nexiclon
CS-0012297
4205-90-7 (free base)
clonidine(200mg)
STARBLD0009556
SY267931
mfcd00055059
F74813
EN300-8686697
n02cx02
clonidine transdermal system usp, 0.1 mg/day
chebi:46631
clonidine (usan:usp:inn:ban)
clonidine transdermal system
clonidina (inn-spanish)
clonidine transdermal system usp, 0.2 mg/day
s01ea04
clonidinum (inn-latin)
clonidine (usp-rs)
clonidine (mart.)
c02ac01
clonidine (usp monograph)
clonidine transdermal system usp, 0.3 mg/day

Research Excerpts

Overview

Clonidine is an anti-hypertensive drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic terminals. Clonidine demonstrated to be a well-tolerated sedation option in pediatric patients submitted to mechanical ventilation.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist and is frequently combined with opioids (ie, morphine hydrochloride (HCl)) for the management of chronic pain. "( Evaluation of 30-days stability of morphine hydrochloride and clonidine at high and low concentrations in polypropylene syringes.
Bihin, B; Catry, E; Closset, M; Colsoul, ML; Galanti, L; Hecq, JD; Hubert, J; Jamart, J; Nyssen, C; Soumoy, L, 2023)		2.59
"Clonidine is a first-generation central antihypertensive that reduces sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). "( Quantitative assessment of the central versus peripheral effect of intravenous clonidine using baroreflex equilibrium diagrams.
Hayama, Y; Kawada, T; Li, M; Miyamoto, T; Nishikawa, T; Saku, K; Sugimachi, M; Uemura, K; Zheng, C, 2021)		2.29
"Clonidine is a sedative-sparing agent and this can help reduce complications associated with prolonged use of opioids and benzodiazepines."( Use of continuous infusion of clonidine for sedation in critically ill infants and children.
Bourdon, O; Dauger, S; Deho, A; Prot-Labarthe, S; Sadozai, L, 2022)		1.73
"Clonidine is an anti-hypertensive drug that inhibits the release of norepinephrine from pre-synaptic terminals binding to pre-synaptic α"( Clonidine and Brain Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism: Pharmacodynamic Insights Beyond Receptorial Effects.
Ferrari, F; Gorini, A; Villa, RF, 2022)		3.61
"Clonidine is a presynaptic alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist that has been used for many years to treat hypertension and other conditions, including chronic pain. "( Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain in adults.
Dobrogowski, J; Garlicki, J; Jakowicka-Wordliczek, J; Serednicki, WT; Wordliczek, J; Woron, J; Wrzosek, A; Zajaczkowska, R, 2022)		2.6
"Clonidine demonstrated to be a well-tolerated sedation option in pediatric patients submitted to mechanical ventilation, without relevant influence in hemodynamic variables."( Continuous clonidine infusion: an alternative for children on mechanical ventilation.
Fiamenghi, VI; Fontela, PS; Neves, CC; Piva, JP, 2022)		2.55
"Clonidine is a frequently prescribed long-term antihypertensive medication in hemodialysis (HD) patients in the USA, but its safety and efficacy has not been clearly established in the HD population."( The Safety and Efficacy of Clonidine in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
An, R; Ashrafi, SA; Barton, A; Derk, G; Fang, HY; Wilund, K, 2022)		2.46
"Clonidine is an effective adjunctive agent for the prevention of emergence agitation in children, but evidence in the smallest age groups is sparse We aim to investigate the efficacy and safety of an intraoperative bolus of intravenous clonidine for preventing emergence agitation in children 3-12 months of age."( Clonidine for preventing emergence agitation in infants (PREVENT AGITATION II): Protocol and statistical analysis plan.
Afshari, A; Falcon, L; Garioud, ALB; Mondrup, F; Nielsen, BN, 2023)		3.07
"Clonidine is an α2-agonist that is commonly used for sedation in the intensive care unit. "( In vivo Elimination of Clonidine by Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration in Critically Ill Patients.
Arbouw, M; Bles, C; de Meijer, AR; Kruisdijk-Gerritsen, A; Nassikovker, P; van den Oever, HLA; van Steveninck, FAL; Zeeman, M, 2020)		2.31
"Clonidine is a centrally-acting α-2 agonist used in the treatment of hypertension and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, among other off-label uses. "( Clonidine Compounding Error: Bradycardia and Sedation in a Pediatric Patient.
Barbuto, AF; Burns, MM, 2020)		3.44
"Clonidine is a central alpha-2 agonist well known to produce a syndrome of bradycardia and hypotension in overdose. "( "Road Rash" and Dizziness: A Case of Hemodynamically Significant Topical Clonidine Toxicity.
Cumpston, KL; Downs, JW, 2021)		2.3
"Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 selective adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypertension and to control or prevent withdrawal in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders. "( Case Report: Concurrent Clonidine Abuse and Opioid Use Disorder.
Lee, J; Mitchell, BG, )		1.88
"Apraclonidine hydrochloride is a topical ophthalmic solution with selective alpha-2 and weak alpha-1 receptor agonist activity that has the ability to elevate the eye lid."( Apraclonidine in the treatment of ptosis.
Jankovic, J; Vijayakumar, D; Wijemanne, S, 2017)		1.49
"Clonidine is an effective and safe adjuvant to local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. "( Intrathecal clonidine as an adjuvant for neuraxial anaesthesia during caesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
Crespo, S; Dangelser, G; Haller, G, 2017)		2.28
"Clonidine is an imidazoline sympatholytic, acting on both α"( A case report of clonidine induced syncope: a review of central actions of an old cardiovascular drug.
Morrison, CM; Rozich, J; Sandweiss, AJ; Spichler, A, 2018)		2.26
"Clonidine is an anti-hypertensive medication which acts as an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist. "( Clonidine modulates the activity of the subthalamic-supplementary motor loop: evidence from a pharmacological study combining deep brain stimulation and electroencephalography recordings in Parkinsonian patients.
Albares, M; Ballanger, B; Boulinguez, P; Broussolle, E; Lau, B; Lio, G; Spay, C; Thobois, S, 2018)		3.37
"Clonidine is an antihypertensive drug used for analgosedation in the PICU. "( Hemodynamic Tolerance to IV Clonidine Infusion in the PICU.
de Wildt, SN; Kleiber, N; Tibboel, D; van Rosmalen, J, 2018)		2.22
"Clonidine is an α"( Effects of clonidine on MMN and P3a amplitude in schizophrenia patients on stable medication.
Glenthøj, BY; Kruiper, C; Oranje, B, 2019)		1.63
"Clonidine is an imidazoline derivative antihypertensive medication that is also used as adjunctive therapy for neuropathic pain disorders via topical administration. "( Dermal exposure to a compounded pain cream resulting in severely elevated clonidine concentration.
Fantz, CR; Gooden, CE; Morgan, BW; Pomerleau, AC, 2014)		2.08
"Clonidine is a nonnarcotic analgesic historically used as a nasal decongestant and more recently established as an antihypertensive agent in adults. "( Oral clonidine in the management of acquired opioid dependency.
Beaulieu, MJ, )		2.09
"Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist which has sedative, anxiolytic and analgesic properties."( Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children.
Cyna, AM; Knight, N; Lambert, P; Middleton, P, 2014)		2.57
"Clonidine is a useful analgesic-sedative agent; however, few data exist regarding its use in infants after congenital heart disease surgery. "( Enteral absorption and haemodynamic response of clonidine in infants post-cardiac surgery.
Arenas-Lopez, S; Durward, A; Manna, S; Mulla, H; Murdoch, IA; Tibby, SM, 2014)		2.1
"Clonidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist which, at low doses, inhibits noradrenergic signaling by decreasing norepinephrine release from presynaptic noradrenergic neurons."( The α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, clonidine, reduces alcohol drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) rats.
Alexander, L; Federoff, D; Froehlich, JC; Malone, J; Rasmussen, DD, 2014)		1.4
"Clonidine is an alternative to midazolam. "( Prospective multicentre randomised, double-blind, equivalence study comparing clonidine and midazolam as intravenous sedative agents in critically ill children: the SLEEPS (Safety profiLe, Efficacy and Equivalence in Paediatric intensive care Sedation) st
Boland, A; Gamble, C; Granville, H; McKay, A; Petrou, S; Spowart, C; Sutherland, A; Wolf, A, 2014)		2.07
"Clonidine is a presynaptic alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonist used for many years to treat hypertension and other conditions, including chronic pain. "( Topical clonidine for neuropathic pain.
Dobrogowski, J; Jakowicka-Wordliczek, J; Wordliczek, J; Woron, J; Wrzosek, A, 2015)		2.29
"As clonidine is a well-known effector of the autonomous system, stimulating vagal tone and decreasing sympathetic activity, we compared the autonomous reactions of children with constitutional growth delay (CGD), growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and former small for gestational age (SGA)."( Modified Clonidine Testing for Growth Hormone Stimulation Reveals α2-Adrenoreceptor Sub Sensitivity in Children with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency.
Buchhorn, R; Meint, S; Rager, K; Willaschek, C, 2015)		1.35
"Clonidine is a central alpha(2)-agonist antihypertensive used widely for opioid/alcohol withdrawal, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic pain management. "( Intrathecal Clonidine Pump Failure Causing Acute Withdrawal Syndrome With 'Stress-Induced' Cardiomyopathy.
Graudins, A; Lee, HM; Ruggoo, V, 2016)		2.26
"Clonidine is an alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist that may have a role in optimizing current sedation practices in the pediatric and adult critically ill populations by potentially minimizing exposure to other sedative agents."( Clonidine for sedation in the critically ill: a systematic review and meta-analysis (protocol).
Alhazzani, W; Belley-Coté, E; Burry, L; D'Aragon, F; Duffett, M; Jing Wang, G; Karachi, T; Perri, D; Rochwerg, B; Wunsch, H, 2015)		2.58
"Clonidine is an antihypertensive agent used for induced hypotension."( Effects of oral clonidine premedication on hemodynamic status in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.
Khakbaz, O; Marashi, M; Mohammadi, F; Tavakoli, I, 2016)		1.5
"Clonidine is a safe and effective drug to reduce bleeding in trans-sphenoidal microscopic pituitary adenoma surgeries."( Preoperative clonidine use in trans-sphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgeries - a randomized controlled trial.
Bajaj, J; Mittal, RS; Sharma, A, 2017)		2.27
"Clonidine is an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, which has analgesic properties. "( Clonidine Does Not Reduce Pain or Opioid Consumption After Noncardiac Surgery.
Ali Sakr Esa, W; Babazade, R; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Honar, H; Hutcherson, MT; Kurz, A; Naylor, AJ; Parlow, J; Salmasi, V; Sessler, DI; Turan, A; Zimmerman, NM, 2016)		3.32
"Apraclonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, which causes contraction of superior tarsal (Müller) muscle which may improve blepharospasm-related eyelid closure."( Treatment of blepharospasm with apraclonidine.
Jankovic, J; Vijayakumar, D; Wijemanne, S, 2017)		1.21
"Apraclonidine is a potentially useful medication for short term management of blepharospasm symptoms while awaiting botulinum toxin injection."( Treatment of blepharospasm with apraclonidine.
Jankovic, J; Vijayakumar, D; Wijemanne, S, 2017)		1.29
"Clonidine is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist with analgetic properties. "( [Clonidine in the treatment of cancer pain].
Nielsen, JB; Sjøgren, P, 2008)		2.7
"Clonidine is an alpha(2) adrenoreceptor and imidazoline receptor agonist, which has analgesic, sedative, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration-sparing effects. "( The analgesic effect of epidural clonidine after spinal surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Farmery, AD; Wilson-MacDonald, J, 2009)		2.08
"Clonidine is a centrally acting, alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used for the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. "( CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance.
Claessens, AJ; Easterling, TR; Eyal, S; Hebert, MF; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2010)		2.08
"Clonidine is an α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist which, by coupling with G-protein, has been proposed as an alternative treatment for refractory ascites of patients with cirrhosis for several years. "( Association of the G-protein and α2-adrenergic receptor gene and plasma norepinephrine level with clonidine improvement of the effects of diuretics in patients with cirrhosis with refractory ascites: a randomised clinical trial.
Chu, CJ; Hou, MC; Jap, JS; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lee, WP; Lin, HC; Lin, MW; Yang, YY, 2010)		2.02
"  Clonidine is a potent sympatholytic drug with central neural effects. "( The effects of clonidine on arterial baroreflex sensitivity and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
Iwasaka, T; Kawamura, A; Murakawa, K; Sugiura, T; Yokoe, H; Yoshida, S; Yuasa, F, 2011)		1.44
"Apraclonidine seems to be a good alternative to cocaine to confirm Horner's syndrome."( [Acquired Horner's syndrome].
Alstadhaug, KB, 2011)		0.85
"Clonidine is an agonist at the alpha2-adrenergic receptor that has been in clinical use for over 40 years."( Clonidine: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management.
Neil, MJ, 2011)		2.53
"  Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist with a nearly 100% bioavailability after oral or rectal administration. "( Severe hypertension following accidental clonidine overdose during the refilling of an implanted intrathecal drug delivery system.
Bovy, M; Buchser, E; Durrer, A; Mustaki, JP; Perruchoud, C; Rosato, M; Rutschmann, B, )		1.12
"Clonidine is a relative alpha2 agonist that's used as a premedicative drug in anesthesia in recent years. "( Effects of clonidine as premedication on plasma renin activity, serum and urine electrolytes and body fluids in general anesthesia. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial.
Kazemi, AH; Vahabi, S, 2011)		2.2
"Clonidine is an α(2)-adrenergic agonist, historically known to treat high blood pressure. "( Clonidine-induced growth hormone and growth-hormone-releasing hormone release is mediated by tachykinin NK2 receptors in sheep.
Guillaume, V; Lemamy, GJ; Mouecoucou, J; Ndéboko, B; Oliver, C; Renard, M, 2012)		3.26
"Clonidine hydrochloride is an alpha 2-agonist."( [A case of effective treatment with clonidine ointment for herpetic neuralgia after bone marrow transplantation in a child].
Arita, H; Hagihara, R; Hanaoka, K; Meno, A, 2002)		1.31
"Clonidine is a medication long used to treat hypertension, and it is still used in the treatment of refractory hypertension. "( Clonidine-induced hypertension in a patient with a spinal lesion.
Backo, AL; Clause, SL; Gibbs, KA; Triller, DM, 2002)		3.2
"Clonidine is an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist with analgesic properties. "( Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia.
Hall, JE; Jeffs, SA; Morris, S, 2002)		2.01
"Clonidine hydrochloride is an alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist commonly prescribed as an antihypertensive agent. "( Intentional clonidine patch ingestion by 3 adults in a detoxification unit.
Rapko, DA; Rastegar, DA, 2003)		2.14
"Clonidine is an effective spinal analgesic, but it is dose-limited by cardiovascular side effects. "( Continuous intrathecal clonidine and tizanidine in conscious dogs: analgesic and hemodynamic effects.
Ivankovich, AD; Kroin, JS; Lubenow, TJ; McCarthy, RJ; Penn, RD, 2003)		2.07
"Clonidine is a well established antihypertensive agent that is also used effectively to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. "( Differential expression of alpha2-adrenoceptor vs. imidazoline binding sites in postmortem orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala of depressed subjects.
Duncan, BJ; Halaris, AE; Klimek, V; May, W; Ordway, GA; Piletz, JE; Rajkowska, G; Swilley, S; Zhu, H, )		1.57
"Clonidine is an NE alpha-2-receptor agonist, which has been considered to act mainly on the autoreceptors of presynaptic noradrenergic neurons to reduce their release of NE."( Clonidine effects on all-night human sleep: opposite action of low- and medium-dose clonidine on human NREM-REM sleep proportion.
Miyazaki, S; Mukai, J; Nishihara, K; Uchida, S, 2004)		2.49
"Clonidine is a useful premedicant for pediatric anesthesia. "( Oral clonidine does not change ventilatory response to carbon dioxide in sevoflurane-anesthetized children.
Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Uesugi, T, 2004)		2.28
"Apraclonidine is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, which causes Muller muscles to contract quickly elevating the upper eyelid 1-3 mm."( The use of apraclonidine eyedrops to treat ptosis after the administration of botulinum toxin to the upper face.
Scheinfeld, N, 2005)		1.16
"Clonidine is an alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist exerting central sympatholytic effects."( [Clonidine in oral medicine. Literature review and our experience].
Grätz, KW; Mutzbauer, TS; Obwegeser, JA, 2005)		1.96
"Clonidine is a classical sympatholytic drug that is widely used for the treatment of hypertension. "( Clonidine lowers blood pressure by reducing vascular resistance and cardiac output in young, healthy males.
Bührmann, S; Mitchell, A; Nürnberger, J; Opazo Saez, A; Philipp, T; Rushentsova, U; Schäfers, RF, 2005)		3.21
"Apraclonidine eye drop is an alpha adrenergic agonist derived topical clonidine, used for the treatment of intraocular pressure elevation. "( More than just an ocular solution.
Karakus, G; Pekdemir, M; Yanturali, S, 2005)		0.89
"clonidine 1 microg/kg is an effective method to prevent shivering in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for orthopedic surgery."( Intrathecal clonidine does not reduce post-spinal shivering.
Bahk, JH; Do, SH; Jeon, YS; Jeon, YT; Kim, YC; Lim, YJ, 2005)		1.43
"Clonidine is a mixed alpha (2)-/alpha (1)- adrenoceptor agonist. "( [Efficacy of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia].
Huber, D; Kretz, FJ, 2005)		2.14
"Apraclonidine is a safe and readily available alternative to cocaine for the diagnosis of Horner syndrome."( Effect of 0.5% apraclonidine on ptosis in Horner syndrome.
Garibaldi, DC; Grant, MP; Hindman, HB; Iliff, NT; Merbs, SL, )		0.94
"Clonidine (CL) is a alpha2-adrenergic agonist that produces analgesia in animals and humans by a non-opiate alpha2-adrenergic action in the spinal cord dorsal horn. "( Clinical evaluation of clonidine added to lidocaine solution for subarachnoid analgesia in sheep.
Almeida, RG; DeRossi, R; Frazílio, FO; Medeiros, U; Righetto, FR, 2006)		2.09
"Clonidine is a good option for managing core behavioral symptoms, especially hyperactivity and impulsivity."( Advances in alternative pharmacotherapy of ADHD.
Pityaratstian, N, 2005)		1.05
"Clonidine is a preferential alpha-2 agonist drug that has been used for over 35 years to treat hypertension. "( Oral clonidine pretreatment prior to venous cannulation.
Hall, DL; Rezvan, E; Tatakis, DN; Walters, JD, 2006)		2.29
"Clonidine is a frequently administered alpha2-adrenergic agonist which can decrease heart rate and blood pressure. "( Cardiac arrest in a child with cerebral palsy undergoing sevoflurane induction of anesthesia after preoperative clonidine.
Goldfinger, MM; Tripi, PA, 2007)		1.99
"Clonidine is an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist that is frequently used to reduce withdrawal symptoms during opioid detoxification in humans. "( Clonidine attenuates morphine withdrawal and subsequent drug sensitization in rhesus monkeys.
Chen, SQ; Cui, YY; Le Foll, B; Lu, L; Shi, J; Zhai, HF, 2007)		3.23
"Clonidine test proved to be an excellent test for initial assessment of GHD and may be used as a screening test for short stature in third world countries."( Growth hormone deficiency short stature in a third world adult endocrine clinic: usefulness of clonidine test in its diagnosis.
Al-Ruhaily, AD; Malabu, UH, 2008)		2.01
"Clonidine is a potent agonist of both types and phentolamine behaves as a non-selective antagonist."( Postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the circulatory system of the pithed rat: selective stimulation of the alpha 2-type by B-HT 933.
Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1980)		0.98
"Clonidine is an alpha 2-receptor agonist which lowers both blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels in man. "( Dose-dependent suppression of norepinephrine appearance rate in plasma by clonidine in man.
Best, JD; Halter, JB; Veith, RC, 1984)		1.94
"Clonidine is a safe and useful drug to obtain a fall of high blood pressure often complicating AMI, without depressing left ventricular performance, as suggested by no significant changes of CI, WP and LVSWI."( [Hemodynamic effects of intravenous clonidine in patients with acute myocardial infarction].
Foresti, A; Lotto, A; Massari, FM; Moglia, F, 1982)		1.26
"Clonidine is an important new treatment option for selected opiate addicts and may be the treatment of choice when detoxification using methadone is inappropriate, unsuccessful, or unavailable."( Clonidine in opiate withdrawal: review and appraisal of clinical findings.
Resnick, RB; Washton, AM, )		2.3
"Clonidine is an effective and safe therapy when used as the sole medication in treating mild-to-moderate hypertension."( Hormonal and hemodynamic effects of short- and long-term clonidine therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Barrett, JD; Eggena, P; Golub, MS; Sambhi, MP; Thananopavarn, C, 1983)		1.23
"Clonidine is a symptomatic medication that makes flushing more tolerable and should reduce the number of patients who would otherwise be exposed to the risks of estrogens."( Clonidine (Dixarit) for menopausal flushing.
Chagnon, JP; Edington, RF; Steinberg, WM, 1980)		2.43
"Clonidine appears to be a reliable, sensitive, and safe out-patient stimulation test of growth hormone reserve in prepubertal children, whereas metoclopramide seems not to be a suitable growth hormone-releasing agent in this age group."( Oral clonidine-an effective growth hormone-releasing agent in prepubertal subjects.
Hurtado, E; Lanes, R, 1982)		1.5
"Clonidine is an effective emergency treatment for acute opiate withdrawal and in the detoxification of methadone, heroin, and other opiate addictions."( Clonidine: inpatient studies from 1978 to 1981.
Extein, I; Gold, MS; Pottash, AL, 1982)		2.43
"Clonidine is a safe and inexpensive means of achieving rapid opiate withdrawal."( The use of clonidine for management of opiate abstinence in a chronic pain patient.
Bakris, GL; Cross, PD; Hammarsten, JE, 1982)		1.38
"Clonidine is an antihypertensive agent with a primary action mediated by alpha adrenergic stimulation in the central nervous system, thus inhibiting sympathetic efferent activity. "( Clonidine attenuation of a cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex.
Hageman, GR; James, TN; Swatzell, RH; Urthaler, F, )		3.02
"Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug that also has marked renal effects. "( Effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on clonidine-induced diuresis in rats.
Barr, JG; Kauker, ML, 1981)		1.96
"Clonidine is a specific alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates growth hormone (GH) release in animals and humans. "( Inverse control of growth hormone and prolactin secretion in clonidine-stimulated dairy cattle.
Berrini, A; Borromeo, V; Möller, F; Secchi, C, 1995)		1.98
"Clonidine is an alpha-adrenergic agent that is used in the treatment of hypertension. "( Clonidine-induced bradycardia.
Blount, BW; Golusinski, LL, 1995)		3.18
"Clonidine is a poor inhibitor (K0.5 = 200 microM) while cimetidine had no effect on the antiporter up to concentration of 1 mM."( Amiloride and harmaline are potent inhibitors of NhaB, a Na+/H+ antiporter from Escherichia coli.
Padan, E; Pinner, E; Schuldiner, S, 1995)		1.01
"Clonidine is a useful drug to give preoperatively because it produces anxiolysis, sedation, and hemodynamic stability, and reduces intravenous and volatile anesthetic requirements. "( Clonidine decreases the dose of thiamylal required to induce anesthesia in children.
Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Takao, Y, 1994)		3.17
"Clonidine is a limited aid in cessation, and drug effects come primarily from women at high risk for treatment failure."( Smoking cessation, clonidine, and vulnerability to nicotine among dependent smokers.
Cooper, TB; Covey, LS; Dalack, GW; Fleiss, J; Glassman, AH; Rivelli, SK; Stetner, F, 1993)		1.34
"Clonidine seems to be a good alternative to neuroleptics when these are not tolerated."( [Indications for clonidine in child psychiatry].
Dollfus, S, )		1.19
"Clonidine is an effective preanesthetic medication in children, providing a preoperative sedative effect. "( Oral clonidine premedication reduces postoperative pain in children.
Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H, 1996)		2.25
"Clonidine is a rare, but important, atypical drug of abuse."( Atypical drug abuse: a case report involving clonidine.
Dy, EC; Yates, WR, 1996)		1.28
"Clonidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist increasingly used in combination with lignocaine for spinal or epidural anaesthesia because of a prolonged analgesic effect. "( Clonidine and or adrenaline decrease lignocaine plasma peak concentration after epidural injection.
Benhamou, D; Mazoit, JX; Samii, K; Veillette, Y, 1996)		3.18
"Oral clonidine is a useful component to postoperative balanced analgesia as it decreases PCA morphine requirements and decreases the incidence of nausea and vomiting."( Oral clonidine reduces postoperative PCA morphine requirements.
Beattie, S; Bhola, D; Chu, C; Forrest, J; Kolesar, R; Park, J, 1996)		1.32
"Clonidine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist which may alleviate emerging symptoms in Tourette syndrome, an observation that has fueled speculation regarding involvement of stress-sensitive central noradrenergic systems in this disorder. "( Predictors of clonidine response in Tourette syndrome: implications and inferences.
Jackson, LA; Lichter, DG, 1996)		2.1
"Apraclonidine is a alpha 2 adrenergic agonic which is a para-amino derivative of clonidine. "( [Effect and side effects of apraclonidine].
Stewart, WC, 1996)		1.14
"Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha 2-adrenergic agonist used in many psychiatric studies to assess adrenergic functioning. "( The stability of plasma growth hormone and MHPG responses to repeated clonidine challenge in normal males.
Coccaro, EF; Gabriel, SM; Knott, P; Lawrence, T; Siever, LJ; Trestman, RL, 1994)		1.97
"Clonidine is a centrally active alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist that raises concentrations of GH in serum in healthy people and those with pure autonomic failure (with peripheral lesions), but not in those with MSA (with a central autonomic deficit). "( Distinction of idiopathic Parkinson's disease from multiple-system atrophy by stimulation of growth-hormone release with clonidine.
Kimber, JR; Mathias, CJ; Watson, L, 1997)		1.95
"Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive and has been prescribed widely for more than 20 years. "( Clonidine does not potentiate the antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics in chronically ill patients.
Bigelow, LB; El-Mallakh, RS; Elkashef, A; Hedges, S; Issa, F; Wyatt, RJ, 1998)		3.19
"Clonidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist which has been used for over 20 years to treat hypertension. "( The role of clonidine in anaesthesia.
Eltringham, R; Sanderson, PM, 1998)		2.12
"Clonidine is a selective alpha 2 adrenergic receptors agonist with a wide spectrum of activity. "( [Use of clonidine for perioperative therapy].
Fidziańska-Długosz, E, 1998)		2.18
"Clonidine overdose is a potentially serious condition, often requiring intensive care management. "( Clonidine overdose in childhood: implications of increased prescribing.
Hanson, RM; Hutchins, P; Kappagoda, C; Schell, DN, 1998)		3.19
"Oral clonidine is an effective analgesic and sedative for children undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy."( The effectiveness of clonidine as an analgesic in paediatric adenotonsillectomy.
Dunn, GS; Merrick, PM; Montgomery, CJ; Reimer, EJ; Sanderson, PM; Scheepers, LD, 1998)		1.13
"Clonidine HCl is an antihypertensive that is also sometimes used to alleviate symptoms of withdrawal during narcotics detoxification. "( Evaluation of the intravenous reinforcing effects of clonidine in baboons.
Griffiths, RR; Weerts, EM, 1999)		2
"Clonidine also proved to be a better agent for the attenuation of pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation."( A comparative study of clonidine versus a combination of diazepam and atropine for premedication in orthopaedic patients.
Chaudhari, LS; Chaurasia, SK; Kane, DG, )		1.16
"Clonidine is a widely prescribed, centrally acting antihypertensive with proposed pharmacologic mechanisms of stimulation of central postsynaptic alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors and agonist activity at presynaptic alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, interfering with peripheral regulation of norepinephrine and acetylcholine release. "( The effect of chronic clonidine administration on salivary glands and caries in the rat.
Bowen, WH; Pearson, SK; Watson, GE, )		1.89
"Clonidine is a commonly used alpha-adrenergic agonist. "( Hypertensive crisis and myocardial infarction following massive clonidine overdose.
Frye, CB; Vance, MA, 2000)		1.99
"Clonidine is a central acting a2-agonist used primarily as an antihypertensive agent. "( Clonidine toxicity in an adolescent patient.
Cox, R; Gitter, MF, 2000)		3.19
"Clonidine is a partial agonist at brain alpha(2)-adrenoceptors (alpha(2)AR), but also has high affinity (K(D) = 51 nM) in homogenate binding assays for non-adrenergic imidazoline-binding sites (I-sites; imidazoline receptors). "( Autoradiographic comparison of [3H]-clonidine binding to non-adrenergic sites and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in human brain.
Duncan, BJ; Halaris, A; Ordway, GA; Piletz, JE; Zhu, H, 2000)		2.02
"Clonidine is an adrenergic agonist with high affinity for alpha2 adrenoceptors that also has affinity for imidazoline receptors. "( Selective imidazoline I2 ligands do not show antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test in mice.
Conway, MW; O'Neill, MF; Osborne, DJ; Woodhouse, SM, 2001)		1.75
"Clonidine usually serves as a tic-suppressing agent in patients with Tourette syndrome. "( Clonidine treatment increases tics in patients with Tourette syndrome: case report.
Kessler, AR, 2001)		3.2
"Clonidine is a potent antihypertensive drug that suppresses RAAS."( Clonidine provides opioid-sparing effect, stable hemodynamics, and renal integrity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Koivusalo, AM; Laisalmi, M; Lindgren, L; Tikkanen, I; Valta, P, 2001)		2.47
"Clonidine is a noradrenergic alpha2-receptor agonist which can decrease noradrenergic transmission by stimulating presynaptic alpha2-receptors."( Clonidine injections into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear-potentiated startle.
Fendt, M; Schnitzler, HU; Schulz, B, 2002)		2.48
"Clonidine is a valuable adjunct for conscious sedation and can be used safely for sympathicolysis, even in patients with aortic stenosis."( Difficult airway management in a patient with severe aortic stenosis, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.
Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Zenz, M, 2002)		1.04
"Clonidine is a hypotensive drug acting as an alpha-mimetic agent in the central nervous system and causing cardiovascular depression. "( Clonidine effect on insulin secretion and lipolysis in man.
Martinelli, G; Pozza, G; Saibene, V; Vasconi, F, )		3.02
"Clonidine hydrochloride is a new antihypertensive agent with a primary site of action in the central nervous system. "( Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent.
Kosman, ME, 1975)		2.06
"Clonidine is a clinically used antihypertensive which has been suggested to produce physiological changes in children after exposure in utero. "( Early postnatal clonidine treatment results in altered regional catecholamine utilisation in adult rat brain.
Boer, GJ; Feenstra, MG; van Galen, H, 1992)		2.07
"Apraclonidine hydrochloride is a derivative of clonidine hydrochloride, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist."( New developments in the drug treatment of glaucoma.
Crawford, K; Hurvitz, LM; Kaufman, PL; Robin, AL; Shaw, B; Weinreb, RN, 1991)		0.76
"Clonidine is felt to be a logical and appropriate drug for the treatment of autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus."( Management of autonomic dysfunction in severe tetanus: the use of magnesium sulphate and clonidine.
Nielsen, MS; Sutton, DN; Tremlett, MR; Woodcock, TE, 1990)		1.22
"Clonidine is an antihypertensive agent with central and peripheral alpha-2 adrenergic effects. "( Pediatric clonidine intoxications.
Bamshad, MJ; Wasserman, GS, 1990)		2.12
"Clonidine is a recommended antihypertensive for use during pregnancy, although little is known of its fetal effects. "( Effects of clonidine on breathing movements and electrocortical activity in the fetal lamb.
Bamford, OS; Blanco, CE; Hawkins, RL, 1990)		2.11
"Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha 2-agonist whose clinical use has often been limited by the dose dependent side effects of dry mouth and sedation, and the belief that it should be given three times per day."( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists as antihypertensive agents.
Anavekar, SN; Conway, EL; Drummer, OH; Howes, LG; Jarrott, B; Louis, WJ; McNeil, JJ; Workman, B, 1987)		0.99
"Clonidine, which is an alpha-2-agonist affected mostly the mucous cells, with formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles between the mucous droplets."( Salivary gland morphology after alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation. An ultrastructural study.
Lundquist, PG; Norberg, LE, 1988)		1
"Clonidine was found to be a partial agonists producing 55% of the inhibition obtained with lofexidine."( Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in bovine ciliary process and rabbit iris ciliary body to alpha 2-adrenergic agonists.
Elko, EE; Jin, Y; Tran, T; Yorio, T, 1989)		1
"Thus clonidine is a sensitive, easy to use and safe stimulator of STH secretion."( [The use of klofelin for studying somatotropin secretion in children].
Antoshkina, AN; Benikova, EA; Derevianko, DI; Epshteĭn, EV, )		0.59
"Clonidine is a potent antihypertensive agent with a relatively low therapeutic index."( In vitro/in vivo functionality of Catapres-TTS.
Enscore, DJ; Osborne, JL; Shaw, JE, 1989)		1
"Clonidine is an effective tool in the hospital preventive treatment of alcohol withdrawal."( [Use of clonidine in the prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome].
Ghiazza, GF; Mondavio, M, 1989)		1.43
"Clonidine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist. "( Fetal effects of maternally administered clonidine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
Boutroy, MJ, 1989)		1.99
"Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug that acts in vivo at both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor sites, whereas rilmenidine (S 3341) is more selective for alpha 2 adrenoceptors. "( Effects of continuous infusions (10 days) and cessation of infusions of clonidine and rilmenidine (S 3341) on cardiovascular and behavioral parameters of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Doyle, AE; Jarrott, B; Lewis, SJ; Louis, WJ, 1988)		1.95
"Clonidine may prove to be a useful therapeutic adjunct in the treatment of spasticity."( Effect of clonidine on motoneuron excitability in spinalized rats.
Bedard, PJ; Tremblay, LE, 1986)		1.39
"Clonidine is a central alpha adrenergic agonist which can be used to treat the opiate withdrawal syndrome. "( Clonidine and the treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome.
Gossop, M, 1988)		3.16
"Clonidine (CLON), is a widely used antihypertensive agent with a potential for expanded therapeutic application in combating drug withdrawal symptoms in opiate and alcohol addiction. "( Behavioral evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine.
Ali, SF; Holson, RR; Pizzi, WJ, 1988)		1.95
"Clonidine is a centrally active antihypertensive agent effective in the treatment of mild, moderate and severe hypertension, alone or in combination with other drugs. "( Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine.
Lowenthal, DT; MacGregor, TR; Matzek, KM, 1988)		2.01
"Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive agent used in the management of essential hypertension. "( Reversal of clonidine toxicity by naloxone.
Getzug, T; Murphy, W; Niemann, JT, 1986)		2.09
"Clonidine appears to be a safe and efficacious outpatient treatment for opiate withdrawal, although the results were less favorable than those obtained in open or inpatient studies."( Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance.
Charney, D; Gaspari, J; Hogan, I; Kleber, HD; Kosten, T; O'Connor, C; Riordan, CE; Rounsaville, B, 1985)		2.43
"Clonidine (Catapres) is a safe and effective agent for detoxification of selected opiate addicts. "( Opiate and cocaine dependencies. Techniques to help counter the rising tide.
Gold, MS; Pottash, AC; Washton, AM, 1985)		1.71

Effects

Clonidine has a significant peripheral action in enhancing duration of local anesthesia on superficial co-infiltration with lidocaine. Yet Clonidine also has a sedative effect due to alpha (2)-adrenoceptor stimulation in the locus coeruleus.

Clonidine has both analgesic and sedative actions. It has been used in a variety of settings as a sedative, or both. Apraclonidine 1.0% has been shown to reverse the potential intraocular pressure increase in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Clonidine has a narrow therapeutic index, and toxicity can occur with inadvertent double dosing."( Clonidine exposures in children under 6 (2004-2017): a retrospective study.
Brown, JA; Buckley, NA; Cairns, R, 2019)		2.68
"Yet Clonidine also has a sedative effect due to alpha (2)-adrenoceptor stimulation in the locus coeruleus and antinociceptive action caused through postjunctional noradrenergic pathways in the brainstem and spinal cord."( [Efficacy of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia].
Huber, D; Kretz, FJ, 2005)		1.18
"Clonidine has a significant peripheral action in enhancing duration of local anesthesia on superficial co-infiltration with lidocaine."( Co-injection of clonidine prolongs the anesthetic effect of lidocaine skin infiltration by a peripheral action.
Goroszeniuk, T; Pratap, JN; Shankar, RK, 2007)		2.13
"Clonidine has a poor intrinsic activity but antagonizes the action of epinephrine."( Adrenergic versus VIPergic control of cyclic AMP in human colonic crypts.
Boige, N; Laburthe, M; Munck, A, )		0.85
"Clonidine has a contractile effect in the isolated rabbit aorta which can be blocked by alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine. "( Possible involvement of endogenous histamine in the myotropic effect of clonidine on the isolated rabbit aorta.
Bökesoy, TA; Ercan, ZS; Ersoy, F; Türker, RK; Zengil, H, 1978)		1.93
"Clonidine has a dual action on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal symptoms in rats: a suppressive action on body shakes and body weight loss and a potentiating action on jumping and aggression. "( Effects of alpha 2-agonists on morphine withdrawal behaviour: potentiation of jumping mediated by alpha 2-receptors.
van der Laan, JW, 1985)		1.71
"Clonidine has similar pharmacological properties and can be administered both parenterally and orally."( Alpha-2-adrenergic receptor agonists for the prevention of delirium and cognitive decline after open heart surgery (ALPHA2PREVENT): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial.
Busund, R; Haaverstad, R; Helbostad, JL; Landsverk, SA; Martinaityte, I; Neerland, BE; Norum, HM; Ræder, J; Selbaek, G; Simpson, MR; Skaar, E; Skjærvold, NK; Skovlund, E; Slooter, AJ; Svendsen, ØS; Tønnessen, T; Wahba, A; Wyller, TB; Zetterberg, H, 2022)		1.44
"Clonidine has been clinically used to treat Tourette's syndrome for decades. "( Effects of 24 CYP2D6 variants found in Chinese population on the metabolism of clonidine in vitro.
Cai, JP; Hu, GX; Hu, XX; Li, XY; Yang, F; Yuan, LJ, 2019)		2.18
"Clonidine dosages that have been assessed for discontinuing dexmedetomidine vary from 0.1 to 0.3 mg orally or enterally every 6 to 8 hours; one study assessed use of transdermal clonidine (100 µg/24 h patch)."( Clonidine as a strategy for discontinuing dexmedetomidine sedation in critically ill patients: A narrative review.
Attridge, RL; Christina Gutierrez, G; Glaess, SS, 2020)		2.72
"Apraclonidine has been used as a diagnostic test in Horner's syndrome."( Apraclonidine in the treatment of ptosis.
Jankovic, J; Vijayakumar, D; Wijemanne, S, 2017)		1.49
"Clonidine has not been systematically assessed for use in neonatal sedation during ventilation."( Clonidine for sedation and analgesia for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation.
Bruschettini, M; Calevo, MG; Norman, E; Romantsik, O, 2017)		2.62
"Clonidine has been shown to reduce intraoperative haemodynamic instability."( Role of Oral Clonidine Premedication on Intra-operative Haemodynamics and PONV in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.
Banik, D; Haque, AK; Jahan, S; Masud, M; Saha, NC; Yeasmeen, S, 2017)		1.55
"As clonidine has been associated with cardiovascular adverse effects, it should be administered only in cases where blood pressure regulation is mandatory."( Non-Hormonal Replacement Therapy Regimens: Do they have an Effect on Cardiovascular Risk?
Ampatzi, C; Goulis, DG; Mareti, E; Paschou, SA; Voziki, E, 2019)		1.03
"Clonidine has become increasingly popular for management of paediatric behavioural disorders."( Clonidine exposures in children under 6 (2004-2017): a retrospective study.
Brown, JA; Buckley, NA; Cairns, R, 2019)		2.68
"Clonidine has antiemetic and analgesic properties and thus may be used as premedication to reduce postoperative vomiting and pain."( Safety and efficacy of clonidine on postoperative vomiting and pain in pediatric ophthalmic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bai, CH; Chen, C; Chu, KC; Hsu, CW; Hsu, YP; Huang, CJ, 2019)		1.55
"Clonidine has anesthetic-sparing properties and it may reduce the hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine. "( Clonidine for reduction of hemodynamic and psychological effects of S+ ketamine anesthesia for dressing changes in patients with major burns: an RCT.
Pretto, G; Silva, E; Westphal, GA, 2014)		3.29
"Clonidine has been advocated as a valid alternative for premedication in children but one of the few limitations is its association with reduced heart rate (HR), which thus raises the question of the safety of clonidine as premedication in children. "( Incidence of bradycardia at arrival to the operating room after oral or intravenous premedication with clonidine in children.
Eksborg, S; Larsson, PG; Lönnqvist, PA, 2015)		2.07
"Clonidine has been used as an alternative in pregnant or postpartum women with contraindications to captopril, with satisfactory effect."( Clonidine versus Captopril for Severe Postpartum Hypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Amorim, MM; Coutinho, IC; Katz, L; Maia, SS; Noronha Neto C, C; Souza, AR, 2017)		2.62
"Clonidine has been used in anesthesia for its sedative and analgesic properties, and to achieve greater hemodynamic stability with reduction in intra-ocular pressure. "( Preoperative intravenous clonidine in the surgical treatment of cataract: evaluation of the clinical benefits.
de Freitas, JC; Fortis, EA; Homrich, PH; Lemes, ET; Stolz, AP; Van Der Fritz, F, )		1.88
"Clonidine and ET have been reported to have cardiovascular interactions involving the sympathetic nervous system, but it is not known whether ETA receptor antagonist affects clonidine analgesia."( Involvement of imidazoline and opioid receptors in the enhancement of clonidine-induced analgesia by sulfisoxazole.
Andurkar, SV; Boxwalla, M; Gulati, A; Matwyshyn, G; Puppala, BL, 2010)		1.32
"Clonidine has proven to be effective in reducing the incidence of post-operative agitation at a higher dose (3 and 2 μg kg⁻¹)."( Efficacy of low-dose caudal clonidine in reduction of sevoflurane-induced agitation in children undergoing urogenital and lower limb surgery: a prospective randomised double-blind study.
Agarwala, RB; Ghosh, SM; Pandey, M; Vajifdar, H, 2011)		1.38
"Clonidine has the potential to significantly prolong the duration of caudal epidural anesthesia. "( Effect of epidural clonidine on minimum local anesthetic concentration (ED50) of levobupivacaine for caudal block in children.
Alberighi, OD; Disma, N; Frawley, G; Mameli, L; Montobbio, G; Pistorio, A; Tuo, P, 2011)		2.14
"Clonidine has many beneficial effects in the perioperative period."( Onset time for pharmacologic premedication with clonidine as a nasal aerosol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.
Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA, 2012)		1.36
"Clonidine has been shown to reduce perioperative circulatory instability. "( Oral clonidine premedication preserves heart rate variability for patients undergoing larparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Chan, KH; Hseu, SS; Teng, YH; Yien, HW; Yu, HP, 2003)		2.28
"Clonidine hydrochloride has been used for pre-anesthetic medication to provide a pre-operative sedation in pediatric surgery. "( Sedation and plasma concentration of clonidine hydrochloride for pre-anesthetic medication in pediatric surgery.
Baba, Y; Homma, M; Inomata, S; Kihara, S; Kohda, Y; Sumiya, K; Toyooka, H; Watanabe, M, 2003)		2.03
"Clonidine has analgesic properties. "( Transdermal clonidine: does it affect pain after abdominal hysterectomy?
Dimou, P; Fassoulaki, A; Papilas, K; Paraskeva, A, 2003)		2.14
"Clonidine has cardiac and systemic effects that can modify the potentially lethal cardiovascular effects of local anaesthetics. "( Effects of clonidine pre-treatment on bupivacaine and ropivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats.
Aydin, Y; Gulec, S; Senturk, Y; Uzuner, K; Yelken, B, 2004)		2.16
"Clonidine has been shown to prolong sensory analgesia when given as an adjunct to peripheral nerve blocks but has not been evaluated when given in conjunction with a femoral-sciatic nerve block. "( The addition of clonidine to bupivacaine in combined femoral-sciatic nerve block for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Couture, DJ; Cuniff, HM; Maye, JP; Pellegrini, J, 2004)		2.11
"Clonidine has shown considerable analgesic effect, with minimal adverse effects."( Non-narcotic adjuvants may improve the duration and quality of analgesia after knee arthroscopy: a brief review.
Brill, S; Plaza, M, 2004)		1.04
"Yet Clonidine also has a sedative effect due to alpha (2)-adrenoceptor stimulation in the locus coeruleus and antinociceptive action caused through postjunctional noradrenergic pathways in the brainstem and spinal cord."( [Efficacy of clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia].
Huber, D; Kretz, FJ, 2005)		1.18
"Clonidine has contrary to midazolam no effect on respiration."( Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication.
Bergendahl, H; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 2006)		2.5
"Clonidine has been used for many purposes, including reduction of blood pressure in hypertension, reduction in alcohol and drug withdrawal phenomena, reduction in nicotine withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation, analgesia, reduction in stress response, and now as an anti-ischemic agent to reduce the risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia and perioperative mortality."( Clonidine and modification of perioperative outcome.
Wallace, AW, 2006)		3.22
"Clonidine has recently been used as a pre-operative medication and sedative/anxiolytic drug. "( Oral clonidine pre-treatment and diazepam/meperidine sedation.
Hall, DL; Rezvan, E; Tatakis, DN; Walters, JD, 2006)		2.29
"As clonidine has immunomodulating properties via reducing sympathetic activity, this study involved the analysis of T-cell function in the early postoperative period in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery."( Clonidine attenuated early proinflammatory response in T-cell subsets after cardiac surgery.
Baehr, N; Braun, JP; Hein, OV; Konertz, W; Moshirzadeh, M; Sander, M; Spies, CD; von Dossow, V; von Heymann, C; Wernecke, KD, 2006)		2.29
"Clonidine has often been applied in combination with local anaesthetics for spinal or epidural anaesthesia. "( Clonidine reduces the excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurones.
Hempelmann, G; Heugel, P; Mühling, J; Olschewski, A; Scholz, A; Wolff, M, 2007)		3.23
"Clonidine has a significant peripheral action in enhancing duration of local anesthesia on superficial co-infiltration with lidocaine."( Co-injection of clonidine prolongs the anesthetic effect of lidocaine skin infiltration by a peripheral action.
Goroszeniuk, T; Pratap, JN; Shankar, RK, 2007)		2.13
"Apraclonidine eye drops have been suggested to diagnose Horner syndrome."( The pupil.
Wilhelm, H, 2008)		0.83
"Clonidine has a poor intrinsic activity but antagonizes the action of epinephrine."( Adrenergic versus VIPergic control of cyclic AMP in human colonic crypts.
Boige, N; Laburthe, M; Munck, A, )		0.85
"Clonidine has clearly been shown to be effective in the treatment of all grades of hypertension. "( Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension.
Garrett, BN; Kaplan, NM, 1980)		3.15
"clonidine has enjoyed an ever-growing popularity in psychoneuroendocrinology research as a central NE agonist."( The use and abuse of clonidine as a psychopharmacological tool.
Flemenbaum, A, 1981)		1.3
"Clonidine and NE have been reported to decrease or have no effect on chronotropic responses to cardiac nerve stimulation."( Controversial evidence regarding the functional importance of presynaptic alpha receptors.
Robie, NW, 1984)		0.99
"Clonidine has been reported to adversely affect glucose tolerance in experimental animals and normal man. "( Clonidine in patients with diabetes and mild hypertension.
Guthrie, GP; Koenig, SH; Kotchen, TA; Miller, RE, 1983)		3.15
"Clonidine has been used successfully in the treatment of opiate dependence. "( Influence of clonidine on the acute dependence response elicited in naive rats by naloxone.
Eisenberg, RM, 1983)		2.08
"Clonidine has been reported to produce its cardiovascular effects through an interaction with opioid and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors."( Opioidergic receptors in the arcuate nucleus are not involved in the cardiovascular effects of clonidine.
Barber, DA; Tackett, RL, 1994)		1.23
"Clonidine has been shown to be an effective postoperative analgesia when applied epidurally."( Prevention of phantom pain after major lower limb amputation by epidural infusion of diamorphine, clonidine and bupivacaine.
Bradley, JW; Dark, CH; Jahangiri, M; Jayatunga, AP, 1994)		1.23
"Clonidine has affinity for both I1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptors; guanabenz represents a useful pharmacological tool, since it activates only the alpha 2-adrenoceptor."( Mediation of the hypotensive action of systemic clonidine in the rat by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
Hieble, JP; Kolpak, DC, 1993)		1.26
"Clonidine has been demonstrated to attenuate many of these undesirable effects when used as a premedicant."( Oral clonidine premedication attenuates the haemodynamic effects associated with ketamine anaesthetic induction in humans.
Doak, GJ; Duke, PC, 1993)		1.52
"Clonidine's efficacy has been equivocal."( Cigarette smoking, nicotine addiction, and its pharmacologic treatment.
D'Alonzo, GE; Lee, EW, 1993)		1.01
"Clonidine has been suggested as an alternative pharmacotherapy for patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid tic disorders. "( Comparison of clonidine response in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders.
Biederman, J; Gonzalez, A; Spencer, T; Steingard, R; Wilens, T, 1993)		2.09
"Clonidine has been shown to reduce some opiate withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent animals."( [Changes in alpha 2-adrenoceptor binding nature in guinea-pig brain following the development of morphine dependence].
Asano, T; Dohi, S; Niwa, M; Nozaki, M; Ohta, S; Takeda, T, 1997)		1.02
"Clonidine has sedative and anxiolytic properties and reduces the requirement for inhalation agents."( Oral clonidine premedication reduces minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for tracheal intubation in children.
Maekawa, N; Mikawa, K; Nishina, K; Obara, H; Shiga, M, 1997)		1.53
"Clonidine has not been adequately examined but seems to have small or uncertain effects."( Antidepressants in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Popper, CW, 1997)		1.02
"Clonidine has some appliance during perioperative period."( [Use of clonidine for perioperative therapy].
Fidziańska-Długosz, E, 1998)		1.46
"Clonidine has both analgesic and sedative actions, and it has been used in a variety of settings as a sedative, or both. "( Oral clonidine for sedation and analgesia in a burn patient.
Asada, A; Kariya, N; Nishi, S; Shindoh, M; Yukioka, H, 1998)		2.26
"Clonidine has been shown to reduce perioperative circulatory instability."( Cardiac baroreflex during the postoperative period in patients with hypertension: effect of clonidine.
Annat, G; Bégou, G; Bonnet, F; Cottet-Emard, JM; Ghignone, M; Hughson, R; Levron, JC; Parlow, JL; Quintin, L; Sagnard, P; Viale, JP, 1999)		1.24
"Apraclonidine 1.0% has been shown to reverse the potential intraocular pressure (IOP) increase after pupil dilation IOP increases in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma. "( Reversal of intraocular pressure increases with 0.5% apraclonidine after dilated fundus examination in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma.
Chang, FW; Kolin, T; Nishimoto, JH; Tang, IH, 1999)		1.11
"Clonidine has been added to local anesthetic regimens for various peripheral nerve blocks, resulting in prolonged anesthesia and analgesia. "( Intravenous regional anesthesia using lidocaine and clonidine.
Klatt, JL; Klatt, ML; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 1999)		2
"Clonidine premedication has been reported to control blood pressure intra- and postoperatively, as well as to reduce the requirements for hypnotic agents."( Clonidine premedication decreases propofol consumption during bispectral index (BIS) monitored propofol-ketamine technique for office-based surgery.
Friedberg, BL; Sigl, JC, 2000)		2.47
"Clonidine has previously been shown to reduce immobility in the forced swim test (FST) in mice."( Selective imidazoline I2 ligands do not show antidepressant-like activity in the forced swim test in mice.
Conway, MW; O'Neill, MF; Osborne, DJ; Woodhouse, SM, 2001)		1.03
"The clonidine test has been proposed as diagnostic biochemical test for patients with clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma."( [Usefulness of the clonidine test for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma].
Fernández-Torres, C; Hidalgo Tenorio, C; Jiménez-Alonso, J; León-Ruiz, L; López de la Torre Casares, M; Mediavilla García, JD; Piédrola Maroto, G; Pinel Julián, P, 2001)		1.2
"Clonidine has been proposed to differentiate multiple system atrophy (MSA) from idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), as it does not increase growth hormone (GH) release in MSA. "( Stimulation of growth hormone release in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease and idiopathic cerebellar ataxia.
Barone, P; Colao, AM; De Michele, G; Faggiano, A; Filla, A; Pellecchia, MT; Pivonello, R; Salvatore, E, 2001)		1.75
"Both clonidine and ketamine have been found to prolong the action of local anesthetics through a peripheral mechanism. "( Clonidine versus ketamine to prevent tourniquet pain during intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine.
Alvanos, DN; Giala, MM; Gorgias, NK; Karakoulas, KA; Kyriakidis, AM; Maidatsi, PG, )		2.09
"Clonidine has a contractile effect in the isolated rabbit aorta which can be blocked by alpha-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine. "( Possible involvement of endogenous histamine in the myotropic effect of clonidine on the isolated rabbit aorta.
Bökesoy, TA; Ercan, ZS; Ersoy, F; Türker, RK; Zengil, H, 1978)		1.93
"Clonidine has no significant effect on the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by submaximal concentrations of isoproterenol in cerebellar slices."( Interaction of clonidine with pre- and post-synaptic adrenergic receptors of rat brain: effects on cyclic AMP-generating systems.
Daly, JW; Skolnick, P, 1976)		1.33
"Clonidine has been reported to possess the ability to block the depressant actions of purine compounds on the firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons. "( Is clonidine an adenosine antagonist?
Kirkpatrick, JR; Phillis, JW, 1979)		2.32
"Clonidine hydrochloride has been demonstrated to produce vasoconstriction in the anterior segment of the cat eye. "( Clonidine.
Cevario, SJ; Macri, FJ, 1978)		3.14
"Clonidine has been used to assist opiate detoxification in the past 10 years. "( Two cases of clonidine abuse/dependence in methadone-maintained patients.
Lauzon, P, 1992)		2.1
"Clonidine tablets have been used in the past for treatment of spasticity with some success. "( Clonidine transdermal system for treatment of spasticity in spinal cord injury.
Belen, JG; Weingarden, SI, 1992)		3.17
"Clonidine has been reported to be effective as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist. "( [Effect of chronic desipramine treatment on rat brain adrenergic alpha 2-receptor].
Kunimi, Y; Naitoh, H; Nomura, S; Sekiya, Y; Sugita, R, 1991)		1.72
"Clonidine has previously been shown to lower IOP significantly, but has the potential to produce marked lowering of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures."( New developments in the drug treatment of glaucoma.
Crawford, K; Hurvitz, LM; Kaufman, PL; Robin, AL; Shaw, B; Weinreb, RN, 1991)		1
"Clonidine has some central component for induction of postural hypotension in addition to the frequency-related peripheral component."( Evaluation of the central and peripheral components for induction of postural hypotension by guanethidine, clonidine, dopamine2 receptor agonists and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor agonists.
Cannon, JG; Long, JP; Park, KH, 1991)		1.22
"Clonidine has been proposed as a premedication before surgery because of its beneficial effects on hemodynamics, especially in patients with a high cardiovascular risk. "( Ventilatory effects of premedication with clonidine.
Benhamou, D; Ecoffey, C; Narchi, P; Veillette, Y, 1991)		1.99
"Clonidine has been reported to produce analgesia in man after epidural and intrathecal administration. "( Evaluation of the toxicity of subarachnoid clonidine, guanfacine, and a substance P-antagonist on rat spinal cord and nerve roots: light and electron microscopic observations after chronic intrathecal administration.
Gordh, T; Olsson, Y; Post, C, 1986)		1.98
"Clonidine hydrochloride has been reported to reduce tobacco withdrawal symptoms and facilitate smoking cessation. "( Randomized, controlled trial of clonidine for smoking cessation in a primary care setting.
Bell, B; Franks, P; Harp, J, 1989)		2
"Clonidine has been used in the management of hypertension in adults with few cases of cardiac dysrhythmia reported. "( Cardiac dysrhythmia with the use of clonidine in explosive disorder.
Dawson, PM; Tyma, TA; Vander Zanden, JA; Washington, RL; Werkman, SL, 1989)		1.99
"Clonidine has a dual action on naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal symptoms in rats: a suppressive action on body shakes and body weight loss and a potentiating action on jumping and aggression. "( Effects of alpha 2-agonists on morphine withdrawal behaviour: potentiation of jumping mediated by alpha 2-receptors.
van der Laan, JW, 1985)		1.71
"Clonidine has previously been shown to potentiate HIB in guinea pigs."( Effects of rilmenidine on bronchomotor responses in the guinea pig.
Clerici, C; Harf, A; Macquin-Mavier, I, 1988)		1
"Clonidine has been reported to produce analgesia in humans in different painful conditions. "( Epidural clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain after thoracotomy. A double-blind placebo-controlled study.
Gordh, T, 1988)		2.13
"Clonidine has been reported to exert anti-anxiety effects in animals and man similar to those of benzodiazepines. "( The effects of clonidine on the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE).
Feldon, J; Halevy, G; Weiner, I, 1986)		2.07
"Clonidine has been incorporated into a small, pliable adhesive cutaneous delivery device designed to provide therapeutically effective doses of drug at a constant rate for at least 7 days."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine.
Lowenthal, DT; MacGregor, TR; Matzek, KM, 1988)		1.29
"Clonidine has been suggested to be effective in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS), but no double-blind study has ever evaluated its effects using objective measures. "( Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods.
Carroll, VS; Como, PG; Goetz, CG; Shannon, KM; Tanner, CM; Wilson, RS, 1987)		3.16
"Clonidine has provided a nonaddicting solution to an ancient problem, opiate withdrawal without opiates. "( Clonidine.
Gold, MS; Roehrich, H, 1987)		3.16
"Clonidine has been reported to transiently impair glucose tolerance."( Nephrotic-range proteinuria and hyperglycemia associated with clonidine therapy.
Josselson, J; Sadler, JH, 1986)		1.23
"Clonidine has dual effects on human platelets, since it can imitate adrenaline and synergize with PAF-acether in some subjects, and can also block aggregation induced by adrenaline alone or in combination with PAF-acether."( Potentiation and inhibition by clonidine of PAF-acether-induced human platelet activation.
Fouque, F; Vargaftig, BB, 1987)		1.28

Actions

Clonidine did not cause allergic reaction in patients with proven allergy to apraclonidine. Clonidine displayed lower efficacy than S18616, was substantially less potent, and had marked affinity for imidazoline(1) sites and alpha(1)-ARs.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Clonidine resulted in lower mean (SD) area under the curve for systolic blood pressure (fentanyl 106.5 [11.0]; clonidine 95.7mmHg [7.9]) and heart rate (fentanyl 104.9 beats per minute [13.6]; clonidine 85.3 [11.5]; p<0.001)."( Comparison of lumbar epidural bupivacaine with fentanyl or clonidine for postoperative analgesia in children with cerebral palsy after single-event multilevel surgery.
Chalkiadis, GA; Dowden, SJ; Graham, HK; Low, J; Orsini, F; Penrose, S; Pirpiris, M; Sommerfield, D; Tay, M, 2016)		1.4
"Clonidine-induced increase in basal cortisol levels was blocked by the ADRA2A antagonist yohimbine."( Systematic analysis of G protein-coupled receptor gene expression in adrenocorticotropin-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia identifies novel targets for pharmacological control of adrenal Cushing's syndrome.
Assie, G; Bertherat, J; Chabre, O; Cherradi, N; Clauser, E; Feige, JJ; Groussin, L; Lefebvre, H; Louiset, E; René-Corail, F; Sturm, N; Thomas, M, 2010)		1.08
"Clonidine produced an increase in ET(A) receptor expression in the brain and abdominal aorta while ET(B) receptors were not affected."( Endothelin modulates the cardiovascular effects of clonidine in the rat.
Briyal, S; Gulati, A; Lavhale, MS; Parikh, N, 2010)		1.33
"Apraclonidine 0.5% did not produce a significant effect on pupil diameter."( Pupillometry study of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% and apraclonidine 0.5%.
Besada, E; Hardigan, P; Najman, P; Reed, K; Shechtman, D, 2011)		1.1
"The clonidine group had lower VPS at rest (2.3 vs 3.7, P<0.001 with 95% confidence interval [CI] of difference of 1.4 [1.1, 1.7]) on POD0."( A prospective survey of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and clonidine after total hip replacement: a pre- and postchange comparison with bupivacaine and hydromorphone in 1,000 patients.
Bae, JJ; Bieltz, M; Liu, SS; Ma, Y; Wukovits, B, 2011)		1.08
"Clonidine nasal drops produce a similar sedative effect as after oral administration but do not reduce the onset time."( Onset time for pharmacologic premedication with clonidine as a nasal aerosol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.
Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA, 2012)		1.36
"Clonidine reduced the increase in BUN and serum creatinine concentration in envenomed mice."( Effect of clonidine in mice injected with Tityus discrepans scorpion venom.
Bermúdez, V; García, F; Gutiérrez, L; Rodríguez, A; Ruiz, A; Silva, A; Villasmil, S; Zerpa, H, 2013)		1.51
"Clonidine and RU-1117 produce opposite effects on platelet aggregation induced by ADP in low concentrations."( Mechanisms underlying combined action of clonidine and local anesthetics.
Anisimova, VA; Dukhanin, AS; Galenko-Yaroshevskii, AP; Ponomarev, VP, 2003)		1.31
"Clonidine was able to produce an analgesic effect but failed to provide maximal analgesia in all horses; the limited analgesic effect persisted for about 60 minutes."( Clonidine in horses: identification, detection, and clinical pharmacology.
Dirikolu, L; ElkHoly, H; Ely, KJ; Lehner, AF; McFadden, ET; Thompson, K, 2006)		2.5
"Clonidine did not suppress the capacity of forskolin to augment glucose-induced insulin release."( Inhibitory effect of clonidine upon adenylate cyclase activity, cyclic AMP production, and insulin release in rat pancreatic islets.
Dufrane, SP; Garcia-Morales, P; Malaisse, WJ; Sener, A; Valverde, I, 1984)		1.31
"Clonidine did not cause any inotropic change in the euthyroid rat atrium."( Changes in the effects of clonidine on left atrium and hindlimb vasculature of rats in various thyroid states. A study of the responsiveness of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system.
Nakashima, M; Oguro, K; Ohguchi, S; Sotobata, I, 1984)		1.29
"Clonidine did not produce any significant effects on PGE1- augmented cAMP levels in jejunal mucosa in vivo."( Alpha-2 adrenergic inhibition of intestinal secretion induced by prostaglandin E1, vasoactive intestinal peptide and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in rat jejunum.
Kato, R; Nakadate, T; Nakaki, T; Yamamoto, S, 1982)		0.99
"Clonidine produced an increase in plasma cGMP in supine position, immediately prior to bicycling and after 5 min of exercise."( Plasma cyclic nucleotides and plasma catecholamines before and after prolonged treatment with clonidine in hypertensive patients.
Heding, L; Hökfelt, B; Malmquist, J; Manhem, P, 1981)		1.2
"Clonidine did not inhibit the pancreatic secretion induced by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves."( Clonidine inhibition of pancreatic secretion in rats: a possible central site of action.
Appia, F; Chariot, J; Pascaud, X; Rozé, C; Vaille, C, 1981)		2.43
"Clonidine appears to inhibit the Leu-ENK-induced heart rate increase by both a centrally mediated increase in vagal tone and a peripheral presynaptic alpha 2-agonist effect."( Interactions of leucine-enkephalin with alpha-adrenoceptors in the conscious dog.
Giles, TD; Sander, GE, 1983)		0.99
"Clonidine induced an increase of more than 10 ng/ml in the plasma hGH levels in 10 (4 males, 6 females) of the 13 obese subjects and in all of the healthy controls, with peak levels ranging from 14.3 to 31.0 ng/ml (m +/- SD 21.0 +/- 5.2 ng/ml); the ITT elicited a similar rise in only 6 of the 13 subjects and 3 of the healthy controls, with peak levels ranging from 9.8 to 20.0 ng/ml (m +/- SD 14.4 +/- 4.5 ng/ml)."( Plasma growth hormone response to oral clonidine as compared to insulin hypoglycemia in obese children and adolescents.
Bauman, B; Gil-Ad, I; Josefsberg, Z; Laron, Z; Topper, E, 1984)		1.26
"Clonidine did not lower plasma catecholamines in patients with a pheochromocytoma in the presence or in the absence of phenoxybenzamine."( Effect of phenoxybenzamine on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to clonidine.
Gross, M; Sisson, J; Zweifler, A, 1983)		1.21
"clonidine to suppress post-extradural shivering in parturients."( IV clonidine for post-extradural shivering in parturients: a preliminary study.
Capogna, G; Celleno, D, 1993)		1.63
"The clonidine-induced increase in the serum corticosterone level was considerably, but not totally, reduced by icv or ip pretreatment with yohimbine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist."( Central histaminergic mechanisms in the corticosterone response to clonidine.
Borycz, J; Bugajski, AJ; Bugajski, J; Gadek-Michalska, A, 1993)		1
"Thus clonidine can lower blood pressure by different receptor mechanisms, dependent on the route of administration."( Mediation of the hypotensive action of systemic clonidine in the rat by alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
Hieble, JP; Kolpak, DC, 1993)		1
"The clonidine group had lower SBP on arrival in the operating room, preinduction, and postintubation."( Clonidine premedication for craniotomy: effects on blood pressure and thiopentone dosage.
Gillies, R; Traill, R, 1993)		2.21
"Clonidine did not increase postoperative sedation or diminish overall consciousness."( The effect of prophylactic clonidine on postoperative shivering. A large prospective double-blind study.
Herijgers, P; Mattheussen, M; Van Aken, H; Vanacker, B; Vandermeersch, E; Vanderstappen, I, 1996)		1.31
"The clonidine induced increase in fractional fluid and Na(+)-excretion was inhibited by yohimbine and desmopressin only."( Effects of moxonidine and clonidine on renal function and blood pressure in anesthetized rats.
Greven, J; Hohage, H; Schlatter, E, 1997)		1.08
"clonidine at lower doses (2 and 5 micrograms) but not higher doses (10 and 20 micrograms) was observed."( Age-related decrease in centrally-mediated pressor response to clonidine in conscious rats.
Araki, H; Futagami, K; Gomita, Y; Kawasaki, H, 1998)		1.26
"I.v. clonidine did not cause significant changes in pial arteries, but it caused significant constriction of small veins."( The vascular effects of topical and intravenous alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine on canine pial microcirculation.
Dohi, S; Iida, H; Ishiyama, T, 1998)		0.98
"Clonidine can increase the duration of spinal anesthetics. "( Unusually prolonged duration of spinal anesthesia following 2% mepivacaine.
Bertini, L; Tagariello, V, )		1.57
"Clonidine did not cause allergic reaction in patients with proven allergy to apraclonidine, indicating that there is no cross-reactivity with apraclonidine. "( Clonidine provides an allergy-free alternative in glaucoma patients with proven allergy to apraclonidine.
Geyer, O; Lazar, M; Neudorfer, M; Pianka, P; Schmidt, KG, 2000)		3.19
"Clonidine displayed lower efficacy than S18616, was substantially less potent, and had marked affinity for imidazoline(1) sites and alpha(1)-ARs."( S18616, a highly potent, spiroimidazoline agonist at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors: I. Receptor profile, antinociceptive and hypothermic actions in comparison with dexmedetomidine and clonidine.
Audinot, V; Boutin, JA; Cordi, A; Cussac, D; Dekeyne, A; Duqueyroix, D; Girardon, S; Lacoste, JM; Millan, MJ; Milligan, G; Mullot, J; Newman-Tancredi, A; Nicolas, JP; Renouard-Try, A, 2000)		1.22
"6. Clonidine and congeners activate endothelial alpha(2D)-adrenoceptors coupled to the L-arginine pathway, suggesting that the antihypertensive action of clonidine involves an endothelial vasorelaxation mediated by NO release, in addition to presynaptic mechanisms."( Clonidine-induced nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by endothelial alpha(2)-adrenoceptor activation.
Adler-Graschinsky, E; Boric, MP; Figueroa, XF; Huidobro-Toro, JP; Mendizábal, VE; Poblete, MI, 2001)		2.27
"clonidine-induced increase in the mechanical threshold, but did not affect the increase in tail-flick latency induced by i.t."( Intrathecal alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine inhibits mechanical transmission in mouse spinal cord via activation of muscarinic M1 receptors.
Honda, K; Kamiya, HO; Koga, K; Koguchi, M; Moriyama, T; Takano, Y, 2002)		1.3
"Clonidine is able to increase the threshold for vocalisation during stimulation and the threshold for vocalisation after withdrawal of stimulus (vocalisation afterdischarge). "( Clonidine antinociceptive activity: effects of drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the rat.
Paalzow, G; Paalzow, L, 1976)		3.14
"Clonidine did not increase contractile force in guinea pig left atria."( H2-histaminergic activity of clonidine in the guinea pig heart.
McNeill, JH; Verma, SC, 1977)		1.27
"Clonidine inhibited the increase in plasma epinephrine at the end of hemorrhage without altering plasma norepinephrine, vasopressin, renin, or atrial natriuretic factor."( Intrathecal clonidine and the response to hemorrhage.
Eisenach, JC; Limauro, D; Tong, C, 1992)		1.38
"The clonidine-induced increase in submandibular calcium content could not be attributed to any adrenergic receptor activity since it was not blocked by either alpha- or beta-adrenergic antagonists."( Effects of clonidine on the calcium content and morphology of rat salivary glands.
Redman, RS; Yu, JH, 1992)		1.15
"Clonidine did not increase GH levels significantly over time compared with placebo."( Hormonal responses to clonidine and urinary MHPG in delusional and nondelusional melancholic patients: a placebo-controlled study.
Hatzimanolis, J; Lykouras, L; Malliaras, D; Markianos, M; Stefanis, C, 1991)		1.32
"The clonidine-induced increase in water absorption is not mediated by the sympathetic nerves innervating the intestine."( Regulation of rat ileal water absorption by central alpha 2 adrenergic receptors.
Dong, WH; Fogel, R; Kong, TH; Michelson, G; Pfeiffer, M, 1990)		0.76
"Clonidine did not produce excitation (in automated cages) when combined with the selective D1 agonist SKF38393."( Alpha 1 (but not alpha 2)-adrenoceptor agonists in combination with the dopamine D2 agonist quinpirole produce locomotor stimulation in dopamine-depleted mice.
Edis, LE; Eshel, G; Jackson, DM; Kelder, D; Ross, SB, 1990)		1
"Clonidine induced an increase in height velocity significantly different from that in control children only."( Effectiveness of growth-promoting therapies. Comparison among growth hormone, clonidine, and levodopa.
Bernasconi, S; Ghizzoni, L; Muto, G; Spaggiari, R; Virdis, R; Volta, C, 1991)		1.23
"Clonidine did produce potent sedative and hypotensive effects."( Effects of alprazolam and clonidine on carbon dioxide-induced increases in anxiety ratings in healthy human subjects.
Charney, DS; Heninger, GR; Krystal, JH; Woods, SW, 1989)		1.3
"Clonidine displays immobility-reducing effects in the mouse swimming model at doses (0.06-16 mg/kg IP) which decrease spontaneous motility. "( [Mechanism of action of clonidine in the forced-swimming test in mice].
Bourin, M; Colombel, MC; Malinge, M, )		1.88
"Clonidine may inhibit secretion by this same mechanism, and/or by interfering with some intracellular event in the secretory mechanism."( Inhibition of adrenomedullary catecholamine release by propranolol isomers and clonidine involving mechanisms unrelated to adrenoceptors.
Cantó, T; Ceña, V; García, AG; González-García, C; Orellana, C; Orts, A, 1987)		1.22
"Clonidine evoked an increase in plasma IR-ANF from 16.6 +/- 5.9 pg/ml to 229.5 +/- 60 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) after 24 hr water deprivation and from 13.6 +/- 7.4 pg/ml to 104.8 +/- 21 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM) after 48 hr water deprivation."( Clonidine stimulates atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) release in water-deprived rats.
Baranowska, B; Gutkowska, J; Tremblay, J, 1988)		2.44
"Clonidine was chosen because its effect on distal colon motility is similar to thioproperazine, an antipsychotic drug that, despite many adverse effects, possesses powerful anti-UC properties."( Treatment of ulcerative colitis with clonidine.
Arocha, L; Gómez, F; Insausti, CL; Lechin, AE; Lechin, F; Oramas, O; van der Dijs, B; Villa, S, 1985)		1.26
"Clonidine did not increase cGMP levels in vascular preparations with intact endothelia, in the presence or absence of LY83583."( Evidence that cGMP is the mediator of endothelium-dependent inhibition of contractile responses of rat arteries to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation.
Diamond, J; Harris, KH; MacLeod, KM; Ng, DD, 1987)		0.99
"The clonidine-induced increase in JNa could be completely blocked by the amiloride analogue, ethylisopropyl amiloride (EIPA, 10(-5) M)."( Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists stimulate Na+-H+ antiport activity in the rabbit renal proximal tubule.
Hafezi, A; Howard, MJ; Insel, PA; Moradeshagi, P; Nord, EP; Vaystub, S, 1987)		0.75
"Clonidine can produce symptomatic sinus bradycardia or atrioventricular (AV) block in some patients. "( Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of chronic oral therapy with the alpha 2-agonists clonidine and tiamenidine in hypertensive volunteers.
Nadeau, JH; Primm, RK; Roden, DM, 1988)		1.94
"Clonidine produced an increase of cGMP content and a decrease of the endogenous type II inhibitor of protein kinase in rat hypothalamic slices. "( Changed sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating a decrease in protein kinase inhibitor activity in the brain of vasopressin-hypertensive rats.
Starke, K; Szadowska, A; Szmigielska, H; Szmigielski, A, 1986)		1.71

Treatment

Clonidine treatment significantly enhanced the total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.001) and reduced the thibarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl content (PCO) Clonidinetreatment attenuated seizure activity, increased the latency to onset of seizure behaviour and reduced seizure-induced changes in heart rate.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Clonidine treatment was very well tolerated."( Clonidine augmentation in patients with schizophrenia: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Bakker, PR; Durston, S; Koster, M; Kruiper, C; Oranje, B; Sommer, IEC, 2023)		3.07
"Clonidine treatment provided significant protection against SEVO-induced apoptosis."( Clonidine Protects Against Neurotoxicity Induced by Sevoflurane Through NF-κB Signaling Inhibition and Proinflammatory Cytokine Release in Rats.
Chen, Y; Guo, L; Sun, J; Xin, N; Yu, M; Yu, Y, 2018)		2.64
"Clonidine treatment significantly increased fentanyl-vs.-food choice."( Conjugate vaccine produces long-lasting attenuation of fentanyl vs. food choice and blocks expression of opioid withdrawal-induced increases in fentanyl choice in rats.
Banks, ML; Blake, S; Bremer, PT; Faunce, KE; Hwang, CS; Janda, KD; Natori, Y; Townsend, EA; Zhou, B, 2019)		1.24
"Clonidine treatment significantly enhanced the total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.001) and reduced the thibarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P < 0.001) and protein carbonyl content (PCO) (P < 0.05)."( Effect of Clonidine (an antihypertensive drug) treatment on oxidative stress markers in the heart of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Govindasamy, C; Mustapha, Z; Nik Yusoff, NS; Sirajudeen, KN, 2013)		1.51
"Clonidine treatment attenuated seizure activity, increased the latency to onset of seizure behaviour and reduced seizure-induced changes in heart rate, QTc interval, and T wave amplitude."( Cardiac electrographic and morphological changes following status epilepticus: effect of clonidine.
Andreianova, AA; Goulton, CS; Harrison, JC; Kerr, DS; Read, MI; Sammut, IA, 2014)		1.35
"Clonidine treatment prevented the further decline in mean arterial pressure, substantially reduced heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity and restored pressor responsiveness to both phenylephrine and angiotensin II toward preseptic levels."( Clonidine Restores Pressor Responsiveness to Phenylephrine and Angiotensin II in Ovine Sepsis.
Bellomo, R; Booth, LC; Evans, RG; Kosaka, J; Lankadeva, YR; May, CN; Quintin, L, 2015)		2.58
"Clonidine treatment affected neither labellar nor tarsal sensitivity to sucrose."( Clonidine effects on protein and carbohydrate electrophysiological responses of labellar and tarsal sensilla in Phormia regina.
Crnjar, R; Liscia, A; Masala, C; Solari, P; Sollai, G, 2008)		2.51
"Clonidine treatment significantly reduced noradrenaline and adrenaline plasma levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats."( Effect of clonidine on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the adrenal medulla and brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Afonso, J; Moura, E; Serrão, MP; Vieira-Coelho, MA, 2009)		1.48
"Clonidine treatment also reduced arterial pressure and increased functional capillary density in the skin and skeletal muscle of WKY."( Microvascular effects of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Bousquet, P; Lessa, MA; Nascimento, AR; Sabino, B; Tibiriçá, E, 2010)		1.08
"Clonidine pre-treatment prior to H/S resulted in a significant reduction of LOOHs and O(2)(-·) production in all vital organs (P < 0.05-0.001), while additionally, clonidine reduced H/S-induced endotoxemia in portal (P < 0.05) and systemic circulation as well (P < 0.01)."( Clonidine pre-treatment prevents hemorrhagic shock-induced endotoxemia and oxidative stress in the gut, liver, and lungs of the rat.
Filos, KS; Fligou, F; Georgiou, C; Panteli, ES; Papamichail, C; Papapostolou, I; Spiliopoulou, I; Zervoudakis, G, 2012)		3.26
"Clonidine pre-treatment prevents endotoxemia and OS in the gut, liver, and lungs of rats subjected to severe H/S. "( Clonidine pre-treatment prevents hemorrhagic shock-induced endotoxemia and oxidative stress in the gut, liver, and lungs of the rat.
Filos, KS; Fligou, F; Georgiou, C; Panteli, ES; Papamichail, C; Papapostolou, I; Spiliopoulou, I; Zervoudakis, G, 2012)		3.26
"Clonidine treatment per se induced the expression of a single GMP, similar to a last reflexively evoked one, that was completely blocked by pre-treatment with prazosin (1 microg/animal) indicating that it was due to the alpha(1) properties of clonidine."( Yohimbine reverses the exhaustion of the coital reflex in spinal male rats.
Carro-Juáreza, M; Rodríguez-Manzo, G, 2003)		1.04
"Only clonidine treatment totally prevented the development of insulin resistance, and high-dose aspirin, known to prevent insulin resistance by inhibition of the activity of IkappaB kinase-beta, decreased the degree of insulin resistance by almost 70%."( Hypertension and insulin resistance are not directly related in obese dogs.
Gokee, A; Rocchini, AP; Yang, JQ, 2004)		0.78
"Clonidine-treated patients experienced a more pronounced decrease in mean arterial pressure as compared to patients treated without clonidine (25 +/- 10% vs 15 +/- 12%, P < 0.05)."( Intrathecal clonidine prolongs labour analgesia but worsens fetal outcome: a pilot study.
Missant, C; Teunkens, A; Van de Velde, M; Vandermeersch, E, )		1.23
"Clonidine treatment had no evident effects on caspase-3 mRNA level and DNA fragmentation in the cortex of an 8-day-old rat."( Clonidine increases caspase-3 mRNA level and DNA fragmentation in the developing rat brainstem.
Bannova, AV; Dygalo, NN; Kalinina, TS; Shishkina, GT, 2004)		2.49
"Clonidine pretreatment suppressed the release of both glutamate and aspartate during NCFI in normo- and hyperglycemic rodents when compared with NCFI-treated normo- and hyperglycemic rats without the drug."( The effect of clonidine on cell survival, glutamate, and aspartate release in normo- and hyperglycemic rats after near complete forebrain ischemia.
Jellish, WS; Kindel, G; Murdoch, J; White, FA; Zhang, X, 2005)		1.41
"Clonidine is used as a treatment for heroin addiction. "( Role of imidazoline receptors in the anti-aversive properties of clonidine during opiate withdrawal in rats.
Caillé, S; Georges, F; Le Moine, C; Stinus, L; Vouillac, C, 2005)		2.01
"In clonidine-pretreated group, insulin administration could reverse only 37% of the inhibition produced by clonidine and inhibition of SIT was significant compared with vehicle + insulin-treated group, i.e."( An inherent acceleratory effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and its pharmacological characterization in normal mice.
Dkhar, SA; Naveen, AT; Peddyreddy, MK; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG, 2006)		0.85
"Oral clonidine pretreatment not only helped control patient anxiety and pain but also provided cardiovascular stability."( Oral clonidine pretreatment prior to venous cannulation.
Hall, DL; Rezvan, E; Tatakis, DN; Walters, JD, 2006)		1.3
"Clonidine pre-treatment increased and prolonged sedation and amnesia and stabilized vital signs while significantly decreasing diazepam and post-operative analgesic usage."( Oral clonidine pre-treatment and diazepam/meperidine sedation.
Hall, DL; Rezvan, E; Tatakis, DN; Walters, JD, 2006)		1.57
"Clonidine pretreatment significantly alleviated these drug-induced deficits."( The effects of clonidine on discrete-trial delayed spatial alternation in two rat models of memory loss.
Bardgett, ME; Griffith, MS; Lamontagne, T; McDaniel, T; Points, M; Ramsey-Faulkner, C; Roflow, J; Topmiller, J, 2008)		1.42
"In Clonidine pretreated hypoxic group, the hypoxia-induced increased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bad and Bax was prevented in all the three fractions."( Effect of hypoxia on expression of apoptotic proteins in nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions of the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets: the role of nuclear Ca++ -influx.
Ashraf, QM; Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M; Mishra, OP, 2008)		0.86
"A clonidine treatment had been stopped 129 h earlier."( [Withdrawal syndrome during epidural administration of morphine after stopping treatment with clonidine].
Oksenhendler, G; Petit, J; Ropiquet, S; Winckler, C, 1984)		1.04
"Clonidine pretreatment (0.3 mg/kg) increased the onset latency to tremor from 5 to 20 min, increased the onset latency to death from 12 to 24 min and increased the percentage of survivors to 50%."( Mechanism of the clonidine-induced protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibitor toxicity.
Buccafusco, JJ, 1982)		1.33
"Clonidine treatment resulted also in a sedative response."( Differential clonidine effects on EEG following lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in rats.
Bidzinski, A; Dyr, W; Kostowski, W; Zacharski, B, 1983)		1.36
"Clonidine-treated eyes had a 2 mmHg decrease in intraocular pressure which was statistically significant."( Effect of clonidine on aqueous humor flow in normal human eyes.
Brubaker, RF; Lee, DA; Topper, JE, 1984)		1.39
"Clonidine treatment of NNAS remains strictly investigational at this time."( Clonidine treatment of neonatal narcotic abstinence syndrome.
Caruso, KA; Cohen, DJ; Ehrenkranz, RA; Hoder, EL; Kleber, HD; Leckman, JF; Poulsen, J, 1984)		2.43
"Clonidine-treated hypertension was associated with decreased (0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml) and renal insufficiency with increased (0.9 +/- 0.7 ng/ml) maternal plasma norepinephrine concentrations (control group, 0.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml)."( Amniotic fluid norepinephrine concentration as an indicator of fetal sympathetic nervous activity. Effect of pregnancy complications.
Kauppila, A; Puolakka, J; Vuori, J, 1984)		0.99
"clonidine-treated) groups."( Pharmacological suppression of REM sleep prior to weaning counteracts the effectiveness of subsequent environmental enrichment on cortical growth in rats.
Corner, MA; Mirmiran, M; Uylings, HB, 1983)		0.99
"Clonidine-treated patients had significantly fewer symptoms than a comparable group of opioid addicts abruptly withdrawn from methadone."( Clonidine suppresses the opioid abstinence syndrome without clonidine-withdrawal symptoms: a blind inpatient study.
Kleber, HD; Redmond, DE; Uhde, TW, 1980)		2.43
"Clonidine treatment resulted in fewer, shorter, and thinner hyaline casts."( The effect of clonidine on tubular obstruction in postischemic acute renal failure in the rabbit demonstrated by microradiography and microdissection.
Heptinstall, RH; Ideura, T; Solez, K, 1980)		1.34
"Clonidine treatment resulted in less outer medullary microvascular damage (demonstrated by colloidal carbon staining), higher outer medullary blood flow 1 to 2 hours after unclamping, fewer casts, and higher creatinine clearance and free water clearance/creatinine clearance 4 to 6 hours after unclamping compared with controls."( Clonidine after renal ischemia to lessen acute renal failure and microvascular damage.
Hamilton, B; Ideura, T; Saito, H; Silvia, CB; Solez, K, 1980)		2.43
"Clonidine pretreatment also caused a more moderate reduction (by 45%) in the number of Fos-positive cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract, but had no effect on Fos expression in the parabrachial nucleus."( Clonidine and rilmenidine suppress hypotension-induced Fos expression in the lower brainstem of the conscious rabbit.
Dampney, RA; Li, YW, 1995)		2.46
"Clonidine pretreatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the number of withdrawal-activated Fos-LIR cells in LC by 81%."( Effects of morphine and morphine withdrawal on adrenergic neurons of the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla.
Baraban, SC; Guyenet, PG; Stornetta, RL, 1995)		1.01
"Apraclonidine treatment resulted in significantly more patients attaining an additional 20% reduction or more in intraocular pressure from baseline and an intraocular pressure less than or equal to 20 mm Hg (P < .05)."( Short-term efficacy of apraclonidine hydrochloride added to maximum-tolerated medical therapy for glaucoma. Apraclonidine Maximum-Tolerated Medical Therapy Study Group.
Lehmann, RP; Mundorf, T; Ritch, R; Robin, AL; Shin, DH; Smythe, B, 1995)		1.07
"Clonidine-treated infants (0.05; 0.1; 0.2 mg/kg) also failed to apprehend and attach to the anaesthetized mother's nipple."( Effect of clonidine on the responsiveness of infant rats to maternal stimuli.
Hansen, S, 1993)		1.41
"Clonidine treatment, at all doses tested, resulted in hyperglycaemia and behavioural effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"( Evidence for a primary involvement of somatostatin in clonidine-induced growth hormone release in conscious rats.
Gurd, W; Lanzi, R; Lapointe, M; Tannenbaum, GS, 1994)		1.26
"Clonidine pretreatment reversed the soman-induced mAChR downregulation in cortex and hindbrain produced by acute soman administration."( Regulation of central muscarinic receptors after cholinesterase inhibition: effect of clonidine.
Buccafusco, JJ; Erwin, L; Li, W; Yang, XH, 1993)		1.23
"Clonidine treatment resulted in no significant improvement over placebo on any of the cognitive measures employed."( Korsakoff's syndrome, cognition and clonidine.
Ebmeier, KP; Goodwin, GM; Moffoot, A; Murray, C; O'Carroll, RE, 1993)		1.28
"Clonidine treatment significantly increased the percentage of patients who required pacing after CPB (P < 0.05)."( Clonidine improves perioperative myocardial ischemia, reduces anesthetic requirement, and alters hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery.
Dorman, BH; Gartman, DM; Slachman, FN; Verrier, ED; Zucker, JR, 1993)		2.45
"Clonidine treatment resulted in improvement in both the ADHD (39/54; 72%) and tic symptoms (18/24; 75%) groups. "( Comparison of clonidine response in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid tic disorders.
Biederman, J; Gonzalez, A; Spencer, T; Steingard, R; Wilens, T, 1993)		2.09
"Apraclonidine-treated eyes showed mydriasis and blanching of the conjunctiva."( Apraclonidine protection of the blood-aqueous barrier from traumatic break-down.
Bellucci, R; Bonomi, L; Pagliarusco, A; Stefani, L, 1995)		1.33
"Apraclonidine treatment resulted in significantly more patients achieving either an additional > or = 20% reduction in IOP from baseline (resulting in an IOP < or = 20 mm Hg) (P < 0.05)."( Topical apraclonidine hydrochloride in eyes with poorly controlled glaucoma. The Apraclonidine Maximum Tolerated Medical Therapy Study Group.
Lehmann, RP; Mundorf, T; Ritch, R; Robin, AL; Shin, D; Smythe, B, 1995)		1.15
"Clonidine pretreatment modified the local anaesthetic activity of bupivacaine dose-dependently."( Effects of clonidine pretreatment on the local anaesthetic activity of bupivacaine in mice.
Attolini, L; Bruguerolle, B; Gantenbein, M; Grignon, S, 1995)		1.4
"Clonidine-pretreated mice were tolerant to clonidine, but not cross-tolerant to morphine."( Alteration of spinal protein kinase C expression and kinetics in morphine, but not clonidine, tolerance.
Li, Y; Roerig, SC, 1999)		1.25
"Clonidine pretreatment similarly and significantly decreased NA levels in all women and, compared to the control test, marginally influenced the ACTH response to CRH + AVP."( alpha2-adrenoceptor regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in obesity.
Calzoni, F; Ceroni, L; Cortelli, P; Gambineri, A; Gnudi, U; Menozzi, R; Pasquali, R; Rio, GD; Sinisi, R; Vicennati, V, 2000)		1.03
"Clonidine pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg, 30 min prior to FG7142) partially reversed the FG7142-induced impairment while guanfacine pretreatment (0.11 mg/kg) completely blocked the FG7142-induced impairment."( Noradrenergic alpha-2 receptor agonists reverse working memory deficits induced by the anxiogenic drug, FG7142, in rats.
Arnsten, AF; Birnbaum, SG; Podell, DM, 2000)		1.03
"Four clonidine-treated patients required urapidil to achieve satisfactory hypotension as compared with 11 controls (P<0.05)."( Clonidine decreases intraoperative bleeding in middle ear microsurgery.
Delgado-Martinez, AD; Gómez-Luque, A; Marchal, JM; Martínez-López, MC; Martos-Crespo, F; Sánchez De La Cuesta, F, 2001)		2.21
"Clonidine 0.2 mg pretreatment decreased TNF-alpha concentrations both in plasma and CSF."( Clonidine suppresses plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TNF-alpha during the perioperative period.
Ignatowski, TA; Knight, PR; Kurek, CJ; Nader, ND; Spengler, RN, 2001)		2.47
"Clonidine treatment (continuous i.v."( Sympathetic nervous activation following subarachnoid hemorrhage: Influence of intravenous clonidine.
Edén, E; Friberg, P; Lambert, G; Naredi, S; Rydenhag, B, 2002)		1.26
"The clonidine treatment showed a significant difference from placebo treatment on three subscales of the Ritvo-Freeman Real Life Rating Scale (i.e., social relationship to people, affectual responses, and sensory responses). "( A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism.
Fankhauser, MP; German, ML; Karumanchi, SD; Karumanchi, VC; Yates, A, 1992)		1.07
"Clonidine treatment did not potentiate alfentanil-induced respiratory depression."( Ventilatory effects of clonidine alone and in the presence of alfentanil, in human volunteers.
Duncan, SR; Jarvis, DA; Maze, M; Segal, IS, 1992)		1.32
"Clonidine-treated rats, lesioned or not, had an acquisition profile indistinguishable from that of sham-operated saline-injected rats, in spite of their increased run time."( Clonidine reverses spatial learning deficits and reinstates theta frequencies in rats with partial fornix section.
Ammassari-Teule, M; Maho, C; Sara, SJ, 1991)		2.45
"Clonidine treatment also significantly attenuated lactate-panic symptoms, as reflected by time to panic and API comparison between trials."( Noradrenergic function in panic disorder. Effects of intravenous clonidine pretreatment on lactate induced panic.
Campeas, RB; Coplan, JD; Davies, SO; Dillon, DJ; Fyer, AJ; Gorman, JM; Klein, DF; Liebowitz, MR; Martinez, J, 1992)		1.24
"Clonidine treatment led to a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR), and plasma cortisol and aldosterone concentrations throughout the study, compared with placebo (P less than 0.05)."( Cardiovascular and endocrine effects of clonidine premedication in neurosurgical patients.
Fathi, M; Gaumann, DM; Reverdin, AF; Rivest, RW; Tassonyi, E, 1991)		1.27
"In clonidine treated eyes, the IOP fell from a mean of 11.9 +/- 3.4 to 9 +/- 3.3 mmHg 2 h postoperatively."( Prevention of the rise in intraocular pressure following neodymium-YAG posterior capsulotomy using topical clonidine.
Geyer, O; Lazar, M; Loewenstein, A; Varssano, D, 1991)		1.01
"Clonidine pretreatment (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) eliminated both the withdrawal symptoms and the DA decrease."( Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment.
Hoebel, BG; Mark, GP; Pothos, E; Rada, P, 1991)		1.21
"Clonidine treatment significantly increased the weight gain, but did not affect plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine in the diabetic animals."( Central adrenergic suppression augments the insulin and glucagon secretory, and the glycogenolytic responses in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.
Colemen, ER; Dunbar, JC; Marzouq, L; Shaffer, LR, 1991)		1
"Clonidine pretreatment at a dose that did not induce any tolerance slightly enhanced the antagonistic effects of yohimbine and naloxone against morphine."( Interaction between the inhibitory effects of morphine and clonidine on intestinal transit in mice.
Wong, CL, 1991)		1.25
"Clonidine-treated rats received fentanyl/N2O and 10 micrograms/kg of intravenous clonidine 10 min before ischemia, which was produced by right carotid ligation combined with hemorrhagic hypotension to 35 mm Hg for 30 min."( Clonidine decreases plasma catecholamines and improves outcome from incomplete ischemia in the rat.
Albrecht, RF; Baughman, VL; Cheng, MA; Hoffman, WE; Thomas, C, 1991)		2.45
"Clonidine-treated patients reported less diarrhea, dizziness, headache and fatigue, and the chlordiazepoxide-treated patients reported less nausea and vomiting."( Transdermal clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Baumgartner, GR; Rowen, RC, 1991)		1.38
"Clonidine treatment decreased binding in hindbrain while guanabenz treatment decreased binding in both fore- and hindbrain."( Desensitization and down-regulation of brain alpha 2-adrenoceptors by centrally acting antihypertensive drugs.
Hamilton, CA; Howie, CA; Jardine, E; Reid, JL; Yakubu, MA, 1990)		1
"Clonidine pretreatment did not significantly alter the effect of baclofen alone, but reversed the potentiation of the action of baclofen produced by both theophylline and isobutylmethylxanthine."( Clonidine reverses methylxanthine-induced potentiation of baclofen antinociception.
Sawynok, J; Steardo, L, 1985)		2.43
"Clonidine reduced pretreatment BP and CSF NE levels by 27% (p less than 0.05) and 39% (p less than 0.01), respectively."( Cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine levels in essential hypertension: effects of drug treatment and withdrawal.
Cubeddu, LX; Hoffman, IS, 1987)		0.99
"With clonidine treatment, the antihypertensive effect during exercise was smaller and was observed only at low and moderate workloads."( Comparative effects of transdermal clonidine and oral atenolol on acute exercise performance and response to aerobic conditioning in subjects with hypertension.
Davidman, M; Davies, SF; Graif, JL; Husebye, DG; Iber, C; Maddy, MM; McArthur, CD; O'Connell, MB; Path, MJ, 1989)		1.01
"Clonidine pretreatment resulted in a significant degree of protection from the lethal effects of soman in the rat."( Protection afforded by clonidine from the acute and chronic behavioral toxicity produced by the cholinesterase inhibitor soman.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Graham, JH; VanLingen, J, )		1.16
"Clonidine treatment produced a dosage related increase in amplitude of both components similar to that produced by chlordimeform (W.K."( An alpha 2-adrenergic mode of action of chlordimeform on rat visual function.
Boyes, WK; Moser, VC, 1988)		1
"Clonidine treatment evoked a significant dose-dependent increase in urine output."( Is clonidine-induced diuresis mediated by atrial natriuretic factor?
Gutkowska, J; Pan, L, 1988)		1.62
"Clonidine pretreatment "in vivo" (2 mg/kg), did not counteract the effect of DSP4 (25 mg/kg), suggesting that the enhanced release of NA induced by K+ does not play an important role in the depletion caused by DSP4."( [N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) increases the liberation of 3H-noradrenaline produced by depolarization of the nerve ending].
Jaim-Etcheverry, G; Landa, ME; Rubio, MC, 1988)		1
"Clonidine pretreatment blunted the maximal increase in plasma catecholamines by more than 60% of the control response (p less than 0.01), without significantly altering the rise of plasma cortisol or ACTH."( Clonidine and the hormonal responses to graded exercise in healthy subjects.
Baker, SG; Edelstein, D; Haitas, B; Joffe, BI; Lamprey, JM; Panz, V; Seftel, HC, 1986)		2.44
"Clonidine treatment for 10-14 days in the drinking water did not decrease the cyclic GMP response to clonidine indicating that no tolerance develops to the effect of clonidine on plasma cyclic GMP."( Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on plasma cyclic nucleotide levels in clonidine-naive and clonidine-treated mice.
Ishii, K; Kato, R; Muraki, T, 1986)		1.38
"Clonidine pretreatment resulted in a significant degree of protection from the lethal effects of soman in the mouse."( Role of central biogenic amines on the protection afforded by clonidine against the toxicity of soman, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Graham, JH, 1988)		1.24
"The clonidine-treated group evidenced larger decreases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures."( Transdermal clonidine in mild hypertension. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Daugirdas, JT; Hano, JE; Hockenberry, B; Ing, TS; Neubauer, JA; Popli, S, 1986)		1.13
"Clonidine treatment was associated with an increase in the levels of NPY-LI in the right atrium in a time- and dose-dependent manner."( Differential effects of clonidine and reserpine treatment on neuropeptide Y content in some sympathetically innervated tissues of the guinea-pig.
Franco-Cereceda, A; Lundberg, JM; Nagata, M; Svensson, TH, 1987)		1.3
"In clonidine-treated castrated male rats, however, l-adrenaline administration induced a decrease in blood pressure."( [Sexual dimorphism in the pressor response to l-adrenaline in rats].
Fujii, T; Tomori, M, 1986)		0.78
"Clonidine-naltrexone treatment should succeed with patients receiving methadone doses up to 50 mg/day, facilitate naltrexone maintenance, and apply to many clinical settings."( The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone.
Charney, DS; Heninger, GR; Kleber, HD, 1986)		1.32
"Clonidine treatment was carried out for 10 days by dissolving the drug into drinking water at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml."( Increase in insulin response to glucose in the rat chronically treated with clonidine.
Ishii, K; Kato, R; Yamamoto, S, 1985)		1.22
"Clonidine-treated animals showed significant weight loss and decrease in temperature, and those treated with high doses showed marked hypothermia and hind-limb flaccidity."( Intrathecal clonidine: analgesia and effect on opiate withdrawal in the rat.
Cervenko, FW; Jhamandas, K; Milne, B; Sutak, M, 1985)		1.37
"In clonidine-treated mice which were warmed to reverse drug-induced hypothermia, plasma and liver BSP levels were raised as compared to saline-treated mice."( Clonidine effects on sulfobromophthalein disposition in mice.
Ben-Zvi, Z; Hurwitz, A, 1985)		2.23
"Pretreatment with clonidine (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) significantly reversed the anticonvulsant effect of ACEA (2 mg/kg)."( The role of α₂-adrenoceptors in the anti-convulsant effects of cannabinoids on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice.
Bahremand, A; Dehpour, AR; Moezi, L; Shafaroodi, H, 2013)		0.71
"Treatment with clonidine significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats to values similar to normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats."( Effect of clonidine on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the adrenal medulla and brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Afonso, J; Moura, E; Serrão, MP; Vieira-Coelho, MA, 2009)		1.1
"Treatment with clonidine, but not levetiracetam, resulted in a small reduction in Total Tic Score, with an effect size of 0.57."( Double-blind, crossover study of clonidine and levetiracetam in Tourette syndrome.
Hedderick, EF; Morris, CM; Singer, HS, 2009)		0.97
"Pretreatment with clonidine or yohimbine failed to affect basal plasma corticosterone and ACTH concentrations, but abolished diazepam-induced inhibition of the HPA axis activity."( The involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms in the suppressive effects of diazepam on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in female rats.
Muck-Šeler, D; Pivac, N; Švob Štrac, D, 2012)		0.7
"Pretreatment with clonidine (0.001-0.1 mg/kg) inhibited the anticonvulsant effect of morphine, while potentiating its proconvulsant effect."( The role of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the modulatory effects of morphine on seizure susceptibility in mice.
Dehpour, AR; Homayoun, H; Khavandgar, S, 2002)		0.64
"Pre-treatment with clonidine (10 microg/animal) completely prevented the yohimbine-induced GMP, implying that its effect was exerted upon alpha(2)-adrenoceptors."( Yohimbine reverses the exhaustion of the coital reflex in spinal male rats.
Carro-Juáreza, M; Rodríguez-Manzo, G, 2003)		0.64
"Pretreatment with clonidine inhibited synaptic transmission and abolished PTD while yohimbine did not affect it."( Alpha-adrenergic modulation of synaptic transmission in rabbit pancreatic ganglia.
Love, JA; Yi, E, 2005)		0.65
"Treatment for clonidine-induced delirium involves cessation of the medication and patient observation."( Clonidine-induced delirium.
Delaney, J; Doddamani, S; Ostfeld, R; Spevack, D, 2006)		2.12
"Pretreatment with clonidine (50 micrograms/kg, IP) significantly decreased the incidence of 11 out of 16 withdrawal signs."( Clonidine suppresses methylxanthine induced quasi-morphine withdrawal syndrome.
Grant, SJ; Redmond, DE, 1982)		2.03
"Pretreatment with clonidine hydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride, both of which have been reported to have anxiolytic actions in man, attenuated only selective aspects of the response to beta-CCE."( A benzodiazepine receptor-mediated model of anxiety. Studies in nonhuman primates and clinical implications.
Aloi, J; Insel, TR; Jimerson, DC; Ninan, PT; Paul, SM; Skolnick, P, 1984)		0.59
"Pretreatment with clonidine increased the blood-brain barrier dysfunction in rats given 6-OHDA but not in those given baclofen, probably because the slower rise in pressure facilitates myogenic autoregulation."( Neurogenic modification of the vulnerability of the blood-brain barrier during acute hypertension in conscious rats.
Auer, LM; Johansson, BB, 1983)		0.59
"In treating PLH, clonidine may serve as an alternative approach to local or surgical treatment."( Clonidine treatment in paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis.
Bechar, M; Goldhammer, G; Hering, R; Kuritzky, A, 1984)		2.04
"Pretreatment with clonidine prevented this action of the prostaglandins, but if the animals were first given prostaglandin and allowed to go out of estrus, then clonidine did not restore lordosis."( Prostaglandins, clonidine and sexual receptivity in the guinea pig.
Davis, GA; Goy, RW; Haning, RV; Irving, SM, 1981)		0.93
"Pretreatment with clonidine, 0.1 mg/kg abolished the increase in MHPG in the striatum and significantly inhibited the rise in HVA."( Evidence that noradrenaline modulates the increase in striatal dopamine metabolism induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation.
Crowley, WR; Jacobowitz, DM; Kopin, IJ; Muth, EA; O'Donohue, TL; Weinstock, M; Zavadil, AP, 1980)		0.58
"Treatment with clonidine (1 mg/kg, b.i.d., 14 days), hydralazine (10 mg/kg, b.i.d., 14 days) or diuretics (chlorothiazide 100 mg/kg + spironolactone 10 mg/kg, q.d., 21 days) decreased blood pressure of SHRs but did not normalize their body temperatures and heat sensitivity."( Thermoregulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects of antihypertensive treatments.
O'Donnell, A; Volicer, L, 1981)		0.6
"Treatment with clonidine, as antihypertensive drug that blunts the kidney's response to vasopressin, resulted in significantly higher creatinine clearance and urine flow rate in the first 6 hours after unclamping."( The effect of clonidine on tubular obstruction in postischemic acute renal failure in the rabbit demonstrated by microradiography and microdissection.
Heptinstall, RH; Ideura, T; Solez, K, 1980)		0.96
"Pretreatment with clonidine (0.01, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.1 mg/kg) led to a dose-dependent decrease in the heart rate response but blood pressure was reduced similarly for all doses."( Blood pressure via telemetry during social confrontations in rats: effects of clonidine.
Meehan, WP; Miczek, KA; Tornatzky, W, 1995)		0.84
"Treatment with clonidine led to a decrease in both frequency and intensity of the flushing reactions."( Parmesan cheese and vegetable-induced histaminuria in a thermal flusher.
Spencer, DM; Wilkin, JK, 1994)		0.63
"Pretreatment with clonidine 1 microgram kg-1 i.v."( Comparison of clonidine with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity and their interaction in anaesthetized rabbits.
Chakrabarti, MK; Knowles, MG; Wang, C; Whitman, JG, 1994)		0.97
"Pretreatment with clonidine changed neither cumulative convulsant doses (Group 1: 41.8 +/- 2.2, Group 2: 43.8 +/- 2.6, Group 3: 42.3 +/- 2.0 mg.kg-1, respectively) nor plasma concentrations of lidocaine at the onset of convulsions (Group 1: 10.5 +/- 0.3, Group 2: 10.8 +/- 0.3, Group 3: 10.6 +/- 0.3 micrograms.ml-1, respectively)."( Clonidine does not affect lidocaine seizure threshold in rats.
Goto, H; Hirakawa, M; Yokoyama, M, 1993)		2.05
"Pretreatment with clonidine (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.), which activates alpha 1 receptors under the current experimental conditions, did not enhance the FR in control animals."( 6-Hydroxydopamine treatment of neonatal rats. II. Effects on the development of the hindlimb flexor reflex.
Jones, DJ; Simmons, KE, 1993)		0.61
"Treatment with clonidine markedly suppressed norepinephrine levels during exercise (matched peak exercise workload: control, 2137 +/- 187 versus clonidine, 1430 +/- 161 pg/mL), increased leg blood flow (control, 1.8 +/- 0.2 versus clonidine, 2.3 +/- 0.4 L/min), reduced systemic oxygen consumption (control, 1002 +/- 70 versus clonidine, 966 +/- 68 mL/min), reduced pulmonary artery lactate concentration (control, 3.2 +/- 0.3 versus clonidine, 2.6 +/- 0.2 mEq/L), and decreased minute ventilation (control, 39.7 +/- 2.1 versus clonidine, 34.9 +/- 2.4 L/min) (all P < .05)."( Effect of sympathoinhibition on exercise performance in patients with heart failure.
Chomsky, DB; Lang, CC; Rayos, GH; Wilson, JR; Wood, AJ, 1997)		0.64
"Pretreatment with clonidine failed to increase mobility when administered in combination with the 5-HT1B receptor agonist, RU 24969 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, ketanserin (8 mg/kg, i.p.)."( Clonidine potentiates the effects of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2A/2C antagonists and 8-OH-DPAT in the mouse forced swimming test.
Bourin, M; Redrobe, JP, 1998)		2.07
"Pretreatment with clonidine, prazosin or ondansetron did not modify the raised ICP-induced inhibition of gastric emptying."( Acute intracranial hypertension-induced inhibition of gastric emptying: evaluation in conscious rats.
Gupta, YK; Kacker, V; Mehta, VS, 1999)		0.63
"Pre-treatment with clonidine did not affect carbachol-evoked secretion but did reduce catecholamine secretion during electrical stimulation."( Adrenergic regulation of catecholamine secretion from trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) chromaffin cells.
Montpetit, CJ; Perry, SF, 2002)		0.63
"Pretreatment with clonidine (20 microgram/kg/day, orally) for 28 days reduced peripherally evoked salivation by 45%."( The effect of clonidine on centrally and peripherally evoked submaxillary salivation.
Green, GJ; Wilson, H; Yates, MS, 1979)		0.94
"Pre-treatment with clonidine (5-10 micrograms/kg i.v.) or oxymetazoline (5.6-11.2 micrograms/kg i.v.), a peripherally active alpha 2-agonist, inhibited the irregular spiking induced by castor oil and no diarrhoea occurred during the experimental period of 6 h."( Suppression of castor oil-induced diarrhoea by alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
Hellström, PM; Svensson, TH; Thollander, M, 1991)		0.6
"Pretreatment with clonidine (4 x 0.25 mg kg-1) caused a shift of the clonidine antisecretory dose-response curve to the right, demonstrating tolerance."( Studies to determine whether there is tolerance or cross-tolerance to the antisecretory effect of morphine and clonidine in the rat intestine.
Bentley, GA; Coupar, IM; Margaritis, J, 1991)		0.82
"Treatment with clonidine reduced both circadian variability of BP and HR and the awakening increase."( Modification of circadian blood pressure and heart rate variability by five different antihypertensive agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Janssen, BJ; Struyker-Boudier, HA; Tyssen, CM, 1991)		0.62
"Pretreatment with clonidine (200 micrograms/kg, i.p.) reduced these withdrawal symptoms and eliminated the ACh response."( Microdialysis evidence that acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens is involved in morphine withdrawal and its treatment with clonidine.
Hoebel, BG; Mark, GP; Pothos, E; Rada, P, 1991)		0.81
"Pretreatment with clonidine clearly changed the pattern of GH release during GRF infusion: the amount of GH secreted was significantly higher, the number of GH peaks significantly increased, and almost all the GH was secreted within them."( Clonidine pretreatment modifies the growth hormone secretory pattern induced by short-term continuous GRF infusion in normal man.
Arce, V; Devesa, J; Diaz, MJ; Lima, L; Tresguerres, JA, 1991)		2.05
"Pretreatment with clonidine did not augment the peak serum GH response to GHRH but the direction of response was more predictable than when GHRH was administered separately or repeatedly."( The interaction between clonidine and growth hormone releasing hormone in the stimulation of growth hormone secretion in man.
Brain, CE; Brook, CG; Hindmarsh, PC; Pringle, PJ; Suri, D, 1990)		0.91
"Treatment with clonidine significantly slowed the rate of recovery (Kruskal-Wallis H = 8.755, df = 3; 0.02 less than P less than 0.05)."( Clonidine impairs recovery of beam-walking after a sensorimotor cortex lesion in the rat.
Davis, JN; Goldstein, LB, 1990)		2.06
"Pretreatment with clonidine had only a slight effect on long-term blockade, but yohimbine was without effect."( Substance P-induced long-term blockade of spinal adrenergic analgesia: reversal by morphine and naloxone.
Nance, PW; Sawynok, J, 1987)		0.6
"Pretreatment with clonidine (0.05 mg/kg, iv) significantly attenuated the increases to 76 +/- 16% (Ri), and 114 +/- 22% (Re) (p less than 0.05)."( The effects of alpha 2-adrenergic agonism with clonidine on the pulmonary and collateral resistances in the canine lung challenged with histamine.
Chen, HI; Kao, SJ; Shen, CY; Wang, D, 1989)		0.86
"Treatment with clonidine markedly attenuated the inhibitory effect induced by (-)adrenaline on platelet adenylate cyclase activity."( Alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase activity in heroin addicts in abstinence.
García-Sevilla, JA; Gutierrez, M; Ugedo, L; Ulibarri, I, 1987)		0.61
"Treatment with clonidine led to significant decreases in receptor densities as well as in functional responses."( Platelet alpha 2-adrenoceptors in heroin addicts during withdrawal and after treatment with clonidine.
Garcia-Sevilla, JA; Gutierrez, M; Ugedo, L; Ulibarri, I, 1985)		0.83
"Treatment with clonidine resulted in a significant improvement in spatial delayed alteration for experimental as compared to control animals."( Learning impairments after 6-OHDA treatment: a comparison with the effects of thiamine deficiency.
Anderson, CD; Langlais, PJ; Mair, RG; McEntee, WJ, 1986)		0.61
"Pretreatment with clonidine resulted in a dose-related inhibition of soman-induced cardiovascular changes and enhanced the time of survival as well as the number of animals surviving 24 hr after soman injection."( Protection by clonidine from the cardiovascular changes and lethality following soman administration in the rat: role of brain acetylcholine.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Magrí, V, 1988)		0.96
"Treatment with clonidine (100 micrograms/kg s.c."( Changes in locomotor-activity patterns as a measure of spontaneous morphine withdrawal: no effect of clonidine.
de Groot, G; van der Laan, JW, 1988)		0.83
"Treatment with clonidine for 14 days normalized low beta-endorphin, high plasma noradrenaline and high blood pressure in essential hypertensives at rest, but had no effect in controls."( Reduced beta-endorphin secretion in young patients with mild essential hypertension at rest and during exercise.
Behrendt, M; Kolloch, R; Kraft, KS; Stumpe, KO, 1988)		0.61
"A pretreatment of clonidine (1 mg/kg) substantially potentiated the antinociceptive efficacy of the two latter doses, but failed to further augment the pain-suppressive action of guanabenz at 5 mg/kg."( Interactions between guanabenz and clonidine in their antinociceptive effects in the rat.
Chan, JY; Chan, SH, 1987)		0.87
"Treatment with clonidine reduced the area of wheal-and-flare reaction induced by allergen without significantly changing the blood pressure or the plasma cortisol level."( Inhibitory effects of clonidine on the allergen-induced wheal-and-flare reactions in patients with extrinsic asthma.
Andersson, RG; Brundin, A; Lindgren, BR, 1987)		0.93
"Rats treated with clonidine (300 micrograms/Kg, i.p.) or yohimbine (10 mg/Kg, i.p.) showed brain concentrations of total MHPG of 68 +/- 22 ng/g and 299 +/- 85 ng/g, respectively."( Quantitation of total MHPG in the rat brain using a non enzymatic hydrolysis procedure. Effects of drugs.
Adell, A; Artigas, F; Gelpí, E; Sarrias, MJ, 1986)		0.59
"Pretreatment with clonidine protected against several toxic manifestations of soman, but had little effect on echothiophate toxicity."( Clonidine protection from soman and echothiophate toxicity in mice.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Smith, MD, 1986)		2.04

Toxicity

No adverse maternal or fetal effects were noted with serum clonidine concentrations less than 1. Lofexidine significantly reduced opiate withdrawal symptoms without the adverse sedative and hypotensive effects that limit the safety and usefulness ofClonidine.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, pharmacological agents that enhance central cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, like physostigmine and clonidine, might have serious adverse effects."( Combined administration of physostigmine and clonidine to patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pilot safety study.
Bierer, LM; Davidson, M; Davis, KL; Kaminsky, R; Ryan, TM, 1989)		0.74
" While clonidine pretreatment resulted in a similar degree of protection as atropine pretreatment against the acute phase of soman toxicity, only clonidine was effective in preventing the expression of chronic behavioral toxic manifestations to soman."( Protection afforded by clonidine from the acute and chronic behavioral toxicity produced by the cholinesterase inhibitor soman.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Graham, JH; VanLingen, J, )		0.9
" No serious drug-related adverse events or abnormal biochemistry or haematology were observed in either group."( A multicentre placebo-controlled study in general practice to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tizanidine in acute low-back pain.
Berry, H; Hutchinson, DR, )		0.13
" Experiments were designed to determine whether central catecholaminergic systems are implicated in the toxic and lethal manifestations of soman toxicity and whether the protection afforded by clonidine involves such pathways."( Role of central biogenic amines on the protection afforded by clonidine against the toxicity of soman, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Graham, JH, 1988)		0.71
" A single, mild side effect was associated with as much additional pain relief as multiple, severe side effects."( Association of pain relief with drug side effects in postherpetic neuralgia: a single-dose study of clonidine, codeine, ibuprofen, and placebo.
Culnane, M; Dubner, R; Gracely, RH; Max, MB; Schafer, SC, 1988)		0.49
" Terminations because of adverse effects were relatively low."( Comparison of guanfacine versus clonidine for efficacy, safety and occurrence of withdrawal syndrome in step-2 treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Bedsole, G; Fillingim, J; Hall, D; Haring, O; Jagger, P; Lewin, A; McMahon, FG; Roginsky, M; Stepansky, W; Wilson, MF, 1986)		0.55
"Mice pretreated with the centrally active alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine, were protected from several of the toxic manifestations of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor."( Clonidine protection from the toxicity of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the mouse.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ, 1986)		1.95
" Pretreatment with clonidine protected against several toxic manifestations of soman, but had little effect on echothiophate toxicity."( Clonidine protection from soman and echothiophate toxicity in mice.
Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Smith, MD, 1986)		2.04
" Clonidine hydrochloride, like methyldopa, appears to be a safe antihypertensive agent in pregnancy."( Clonidine hydrochloride--a safe and effective antihypertensive agent in pregnancy.
Child, A; Henderson-Smart, DJ; Horvath, JS; Korda, A; Phippard, A; Tiller, DJ, 1985)		2.62
" A discussion on the pharmacological basis of the side effects of the centrally acting antihypertensives has been limited to those adverse reactions that are somehow related to alpha-adrenergic receptors."( The hypotensive activity and side effects of methyldopa, clonidine, and guanfacine.
Thoolen, MJ; Timmermans, PB; van Zwieten, PA, )		0.38
" Other reported effects are toxic confusional states and psychotic reactions."( Psychiatric side effects of antihypertensive drugs other than reserpine.
Fleminger, R; Paykel, ES; Watson, JP, 1982)		0.26
" Lofexidine significantly reduced opiate withdrawal symptoms without the adverse sedative and hypotensive effects that limit the safety and usefulness of clonidine."( Opiate withdrawal using lofexidine, a clonidine analogue with fewer side effects.
Geyer, G; Resnick, RB; Washton, AM, 1983)		0.73
" Clonidine caused adverse effects more frequently than did lofexidine."( Comparative efficacy and safety of lofexidine and clonidine in mild to moderately severe systemic hypertension.
Lopez, LM; Mehta, JL, 1984)		1.43
" The results obtained from these experiments showed that there was no adverse effect and the diuretic and saluretic effects of hydrochlorothiazide were not impaired."( Animal experiments on the safety pharmacology of lofexidine.
Graf, E; Sieck, A; Wenzl, H; Winkelmann, J, 1982)		0.26
" The oral LD50 values for these species were similar."( Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity/Carcinogenicity of lofexidine.
Beitman, RE; Fontaine, R; Friehe, H; Gibson, JP; Larson, EJ; Tsai, TH, 1982)		0.26
" Observed on four drug-induced behavior categories, it was found that both clonidine and propranolol attenuated the toxic effects of relatively low dose levels of digitoxin, while at higher digitoxin dose levels only propranolol was able to reduce significantly the ED50 and the LD50."( Effect of age, clonidine or propranolol on behavioral toxicity induced with digitoxin in mice.
Felleman, VH; Palfai, T, 1982)		0.85
" In all patients studied, clonidine was a safe and effective nonopiate treatment of opiate withdrawal that suppressed the affect, signs, and symptoms of opiate withdrawal."( Opiate withdrawal using clonidine. A safe, effective, and rapid nonopiate treatment.
Gold, MS; Kleber, HD; Pottash, AC; Sweeney, DR, 1980)		0.87
" The most common adverse events during tizanidine treatment were somnolence, xerostomia, and fatigue."( Efficacy and safety of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. North American Tizanidine Study Group.
Bugaresti, J; Martinez-Arizala, A; Nance, PW; Shellenberger, K; Sheremata, W, 1994)		0.29
" The current study, using a rodent animal model, evaluated the influence of clonidine pretreatment on the systemic toxic effects of bupivacaine overdose induced by a constant intravenous infusion."( Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
De Kock, M; Henin, D; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Vandewalle, F, 1993)		1.96
" The time of occurrence of the bupivacaine-induced toxic events was recorded and the doses were calculated."( Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
De Kock, M; Henin, D; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Vandewalle, F, 1993)		1.73
"In this model, clonidine given prophylactically delays the toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension."( Clonidine pretreatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats.
De Kock, M; Henin, D; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Vandewalle, F, 1993)		2.08
" Apraclonidine is well tolerated systemically with no serious adverse event attributed previously to this medicine."( [Effect and side effects of apraclonidine].
Stewart, WC, 1996)		1.09
" In dealing with drug toxic states in which the differential diagnosis includes drugs available as transdermal delivery systems, the evaluation should include questions regarding possible dermal exposure and a thorough skin examination."( "Cloniderm" toxicity: another manifestation of clonidine overdose.
Killian, CA; Krenzelok, EP; Roberge, RJ; Stonage, CL, 1997)		0.55
"Concern based on the reported short-term adverse effects of antihypertensive agents on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles (PLPPs) has complicated the therapy for hypertension."( Diuretics and beta-blockers do not have adverse effects at 1 year on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in men with hypertension. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents.
Cushman, WC; Freis, ED; Lakshman, MR; Materson, BJ; Reda, DJ, 1999)		0.3
" Patients achieving positive DBP control using hydrochlorothiazide (responders) showed no adverse changes in PLPPs, whereas nonresponders exhibited increases in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels."( Diuretics and beta-blockers do not have adverse effects at 1 year on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in men with hypertension. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents.
Cushman, WC; Freis, ED; Lakshman, MR; Materson, BJ; Reda, DJ, 1999)		0.3
"None of these 6 antihypertensive drugs has any long-term adverse effects on PLPPs and, therefore, may be safely prescribed."( Diuretics and beta-blockers do not have adverse effects at 1 year on plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in men with hypertension. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents.
Cushman, WC; Freis, ED; Lakshman, MR; Materson, BJ; Reda, DJ, 1999)		0.3
" Young children are very sensitive to the toxic effects of clonidine."( Clonidine toxicity in an adolescent patient.
Cox, R; Gitter, MF, 2000)		1.99
" No serious adverse events were considered to be drug related."( Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke.
Dromerick, A; Gelber, DA; Good, DC; Richardson, M; Sergay, S, 2001)		0.31
"Overall, the data suggest that tizanidine is safe and efficacious in the treatment of stroke-related spasticity, preserving muscle strength while reducing muscle tone and painful spasms in affected patients."( Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke.
Dromerick, A; Gelber, DA; Good, DC; Richardson, M; Sergay, S, 2001)		0.31
"To analyze the trends, demographics, and toxic effects associated with pediatric clonidine hydrochloride exposures reported to poison centers."( Trends and toxic effects from pediatric clonidine exposures.
Klein-Schwartz, W, 2002)		0.81
"While most of the clonidine exposures resulted in minimal toxic effects, serious toxic effects and death can occur."( Trends and toxic effects from pediatric clonidine exposures.
Klein-Schwartz, W, 2002)		0.92
"25% drops in twice daily dosage and does not result in any significant ocular and systemic adverse effects."( A prospective, long-term, randomized study of the efficacy and safety of the drug combination pilocarpine 1% with clonidine 0.06% or clonidine 0.125% versus timolol 0.25%.
Agarwal, H; Rajashekhar, YL; Sihota, R; Venkatesh, P, 2002)		0.53
" A recent group of placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trials have consistently shown that certain stimulants, particularly methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine, are effective, well tolerated, and safe when administered to treat ADHD in children with tics."( Tourette's syndrome: are stimulants safe?
Kurlan, R, 2003)		0.32
" This review focuses on the tolerability, occurrence of adverse events, precautions required to prevent severe adverse events, and essential pharmacological interaction in the treatment of ADHD symptoms by non-stimulants."( The safety of non-stimulant agents for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Banaschewski, T; Heise, CA; Himpel, S; Rothenberger, A, 2005)		0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
"(3,4) We report adverse effects of topical apraclonidine when used in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in infants."( Adverse effects of apraclonidine used in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome in infants.
Lim, MK; Satterfield, D; Watts, P, 2007)		0.91
"In adolescents, clonidine 1 microg/kg prolonged the duration of sensory block achieved with bupivacaine by 30 min and postoperative analgesia by 120 min without severe adverse events."( Clonidine 1 microg/kg is a safe and effective adjuvant to plain bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in adolescents.
Abdelaziz, AB; Chattaoui, O; Kaabachi, O; Kokki, H; Ouezini, R; Zarghouni, A, 2007)		2.13
" Groups were compared regarding adverse events and changes from baseline to week 16 in electrocardiograms and vital signs."( Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis.
Bukstein, OG; Daviss, WB; Harris, P; McDERMOTT, MP; Palumbo, D; Patel, NC; Pelham, WE; Robb, AS; Sallee, FR, 2008)		1.79
" Moderate or severe adverse events were more common in subjects on clonidine (79."( Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis.
Bukstein, OG; Daviss, WB; Harris, P; McDERMOTT, MP; Palumbo, D; Patel, NC; Pelham, WE; Robb, AS; Sallee, FR, 2008)		2.02
"Clonidine, used alone or with methylphenidate, appears safe and well tolerated in childhood ADHD."( Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis.
Bukstein, OG; Daviss, WB; Harris, P; McDERMOTT, MP; Palumbo, D; Patel, NC; Pelham, WE; Robb, AS; Sallee, FR, 2008)		3.23
" The most common adverse events and pharmacodynamic effects are related to plasma concentrations."( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients.
Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)		0.35
" At the 1st and 2nd dosing level there were no reported adverse drug reactions."( A phase II clinical trial to assess the safety of clonidine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning.
Abeysinghe, C; Buckley, NA; Dawson, AH; Hettiarachchi, R; Jayamanna, SF; Karunatilake, H; Perera, PM, 2009)		0.61
" We compared spontaneous adverse event reports in the Acorda Therapeutics worldwide clinical adverse event database for children (< or = 16 years; n = 99) and adults (>16 years; n = 1153) who had received tizanidine and for whom at least one adverse event was reported, and performed a retrospective chart review of the safety of tizanidine in children (< or = 16 years; n = 76) at a large US pediatric neurology practice."( Pediatric safety of tizanidine: clinical adverse event database and retrospective chart assessment.
Chez, M; Henney, HR, 2009)		0.35
"The overall safety of tizanidine in the pediatric group appeared good; however, the adverse event profile differed from that in adults."( Pediatric safety of tizanidine: clinical adverse event database and retrospective chart assessment.
Chez, M; Henney, HR, 2009)		0.35
"There is considerable evidence that caudally administered clonidine in addition to local anesthetics provides extended duration of analgesia with a decreased incidence for analgesic rescue requirement and little adverse effects compared to caudal local anesthetics alone."( Efficacy and safety of clonidine as additive for caudal regional anesthesia: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Poepping, DM; Pogatzki-Zahn, EM; Schnabel, A; Zahn, PK, 2011)		0.92
" It is necessary to seek strategies that avoid the possible adverse effects after anaesthesia."( Clonidine abolishes the adverse effects on apoptosis and behaviour after neonatal ketamine exposure in mice.
Eriksson, P; Fredriksson, A; Gordh, T; Pontén, E; Viberg, H, 2012)		1.82
"The administration of clonidine eliminated the adverse effects of ketamine in this mouse model, suggesting a possible strategy for protection."( Clonidine abolishes the adverse effects on apoptosis and behaviour after neonatal ketamine exposure in mice.
Eriksson, P; Fredriksson, A; Gordh, T; Pontén, E; Viberg, H, 2012)		2.14
"Caudal block is a safe procedure commonly used for pediatric perioperative analgesia."( [Pediatric caudal anesthesia : importance and aspects of safety concerns].
Mauch, J; Weiss, M, 2012)		0.38
" In this patient, this rare side effect decisively impaired life quality, subjectively outweighing the considerable pain relief which could be achieved after formerly inefficacious treatment."( Erectile dysfunction as rare side effect in the simultaneous intrathecal application of morphine and clonidine.
Alfieri, A; Koman, G; Rachingter, J; Scheller, C; Strauss, C, )		0.35
"Caudal block is a safe procedure commonly used for pediatric perioperative analgesia."( [Pediatric caudal anesthesia: importance and aspects of safety concerns].
Mauch, J; Weiss, M, 2012)		0.38
" While medications for ADHD are generally well-tolerated, there are common, although less severe, as well as rare but severe adverse events AEs during treatment with ADHD drugs."( Practitioner review: current best practice in the management of adverse events during treatment with ADHD medications in children and adolescents.
Banaschewski, T; Buitelaar, J; Coghill, D; Cortese, S; Danckaerts, M; Dittmann, RW; Graham, J; Holtmann, M; Sergeant, J; Taylor, E, 2013)		0.39
" Tizanidine-induced adverse effects were examined in 100 patients treated with coadministration of tizanidine and 8 CYP1A2 inhibitors."( [Clinical survey of tizanidine-induced adverse effects--impact of concomitant drugs providing cytochrome P450 1A2 modification--].
Homma, M; Kohda, Y; Matsumoto, S; Momo, K; Sasaki, T, 2013)		0.39
" We aimed to quantify co-administration of MQAB with interacting drugs and associated adverse drug reactions."( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation.
Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)		0.43
" Electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring and associated adverse events were validated in medical records."( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation.
Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)		0.43
" Forty-four MQAB users had contraindicated co-administrations of simvastatin, atorvastatin, or tizanidine and three of those related adverse drug reactions."( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation.
Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)		0.43
" However, adverse drug reactions were rarely found, and costs vs."( Drug safety of macrolide and quinolone antibiotics in a tertiary care hospital: administration of interacting co-medication and QT prolongation.
Corti, N; Hoppe, L; Kovari, H; Maechler, S; Niedrig, D; Russmann, S, 2016)		0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Withdrawals due to all-cause, adverse effects and lack of efficacy were defined as primary outcomes evaluating the safety of such medications."( An Evaluation on the Efficacy and Safety of Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Comparison of Multiple Treatments.
Gao, J; He, S; Li, Y; Wang, Q; Zhang, Y, 2017)		0.46
" Clonidine, melatonin, L-theanine, eszopiclone and guanfacine were well tolerated with mild to moderate adverse events; zolpidem was associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects."( Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Drugs for Treating Behavioural Insomnia in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review with Methodological Quality Assessment.
Anand, S; Besag, FMC; Chan, EW; Cortese, S; Tong, H; Wong, ICK, 2017)		1.37
" This review demonstrates that neuraxial clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia in women having Caesarean section with neuraxial anaesthesia, but this has to be balanced against increased maternal adverse effects."( The impact of neuraxial clonidine on postoperative analgesia and perioperative adverse effects in women having elective Caesarean section-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Allen, TK; Habib, AS; Klinger, RY; Mishriky, BM, 2018)		1.05
"We aimed to determine if naloxone administration reversed the effects of clonidine or caused any adverse effects."( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose.
Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)		1.03
" There were no adverse events following the administration of any dose of naloxone."( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose.
Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)		0.8
" No adverse effects occurred in any patient including the 21 patients who received 10 mg naloxone."( Naloxone reversal of clonidine toxicity: dose, dose, dose.
Loden, JK; Seger, DL, 2018)		0.8
" Percentages of improved patients' spasticity scale, mild adverse effect and severe adverse effect were extracted as outcomes."( A mixed treatment comparison on efficacy and safety of treatments for spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Fu, X; Li, J; Li, M; Ma, Q; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Yang, W, 2018)		0.48
" Cannabinoids, tizanidine and diazepam had significantly more mild adverse effect reports than placebo."( A mixed treatment comparison on efficacy and safety of treatments for spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Fu, X; Li, J; Li, M; Ma, Q; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, H; Yang, W, 2018)		0.48
" Overall adverse event (AE) rates were similar across groups."( Safety and Efficacy of Lofexidine for Medically Managed Opioid Withdrawal: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Alam, D; Clinch, T; Fishman, M; Gorodetzky, CW; Gullo, K; Tirado, C, )		0.13
" Data suggest that lofexidine is a generally safe and effective nonopioid treatment for opioid withdrawal."( Safety and Efficacy of Lofexidine for Medically Managed Opioid Withdrawal: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
Alam, D; Clinch, T; Fishman, M; Gorodetzky, CW; Gullo, K; Tirado, C, )		0.13
" The use of clonidine premedication was not associated with adverse hemodynamic events."( Safety and efficacy of clonidine on postoperative vomiting and pain in pediatric ophthalmic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bai, CH; Chen, C; Chu, KC; Hsu, CW; Hsu, YP; Huang, CJ, 2019)		1.2
"We performed a systematic review focusing on adverse events."( Perioperative adverse events attributed to α2-adrenoceptor agonists in patients not at risk of cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Antunes, T; Demiri, M; Fletcher, D; Martinez, V, 2019)		0.51
"Pooled data for the incidence of adverse events associated with use of α2-adrenoceptor agonists in various perioperative contexts provide high-confidence evidence for a risk of hypotension and bradycardia, and protective effects against hypertension and tachycardia."( Perioperative adverse events attributed to α2-adrenoceptor agonists in patients not at risk of cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Antunes, T; Demiri, M; Fletcher, D; Martinez, V, 2019)		0.51
" The existing side effect prediction methods mainly focus on the chemical and biological properties of drugs."( Prediction of Side Effects Using Comprehensive Similarity Measures.
Kim, MH; Lee, T; Seo, S; Yoon, Y, 2020)		0.56
" We reviewed adverse effects of clonidine occurring in this indication."( Safety of clonidine used for long-term sedation in paediatric intensive care: A systematic review.
Ahne, G; Eberl, S; Neubert, A; Standing, J; Toni, I, 2021)		1.31
" However, concomitant use of tizanidine with ciprofloxacin, a strong inhibitor of the P450-CYP1A2 cytochrome metabolic pathway of tizanidine, can result in increased tizanidine plasma levels and associated adverse outcomes, particularly hypotension."( Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S.
Giannouchos, TV; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Malone, DC, 2022)		0.72
" The prevalence of co-administration of drugs with a documented interaction highlights the need for continuous education across providers to avoid the incidence of DDI related adverse events and further complications and to improve patient outcomes."( Risk of tizanidine-induced adverse events after concomitant exposure to ciprofloxacin: A cohort study in the U.S.
Giannouchos, TV; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Malone, DC, 2022)		0.72
" Cases were separated into two groups depending on whether or not they received clonidine, and subsequently analysed according to pre- and post-intervention opioid requirements, clonidine dose administered and adverse effects."( Use of clonidine in the treatment of Irukandji syndrome: A 4-year retrospective cohort study on safety, efficacy and clinical utility.
Isman, A; Little, M; Seymour, J, 2022)		1.4
" Clonidine was safe to administer and should be considered early when treating IS."( Use of clonidine in the treatment of Irukandji syndrome: A 4-year retrospective cohort study on safety, efficacy and clinical utility.
Isman, A; Little, M; Seymour, J, 2022)		2.09
"Tizanidine is primarily metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 and therefore medications that inhibit the enzyme will affect the clearance of tizanidine, leading to increased plasma concentrations of tizanidine and potentially serious adverse events."( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).
Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)		0.72
"Our aim was to study the occurrence of adverse events reported in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) involving the combination of tizanidine and drugs that inhibit the metabolic activity of CYP1A2."( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).
Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)		0.72
"A disproportionality analysis of FAERS reports from 2004 quarter 1 through 2020 quarter 3 was conducted to calculate the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of reports mentioning tizanidine in a suspect or interacting role or having any role, a CYP1A2 inhibitor, and the following adverse events: hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, shock, cardiorespiratory arrest, and fall or fracture."( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).
Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)		0.72
"A total of 89 reports were identified mentioning tizanidine, at least one CYP1A2 inhibitor, and one of the adverse events of interest."( A Disproportionality Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions of Tizanidine and CYP1A2 Inhibitors from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).
Boyce, RD; Gómez-Lumbreras, A; Horn, J; Malone, DC; Tan, MS; Villa-Zapata, L, 2022)		0.72
" Significant adverse effects reported included hypotension, light-headedness, drowsiness, dry mouth, rebound hypertension, and contact dermatitis from patch application."( The Safety and Efficacy of Clonidine in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
An, R; Ashrafi, SA; Barton, A; Derk, G; Fang, HY; Wilund, K, 2022)		1.02
"There is no evidence supporting the long-term use of clonidine in the HD population and a significant side-effect profile."( The Safety and Efficacy of Clonidine in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
An, R; Ashrafi, SA; Barton, A; Derk, G; Fang, HY; Wilund, K, 2022)		1.27
"Epidural clonidine improves analgesia but may induce adverse effects in labor."( Efficacy and safety of epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or patient-controlled analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chang, XY; Wang, LZ; Xia, F; Zhang, YF, 2023)		1.61
"A random effects model was used to pool the data on analgesia and adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or patient-controlled analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chang, XY; Wang, LZ; Xia, F; Zhang, YF, 2023)		1.19
"Epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or PCEA does not increase significant adverse effects and offers similar analgesia to opioids in labor."( Efficacy and safety of epidural clonidine by continuous infusion or patient-controlled analgesia in labor: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chang, XY; Wang, LZ; Xia, F; Zhang, YF, 2023)		1.61
"Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of opioid withdrawal are limited by abuse potential, adverse effects, and lack of availability of existing drugs."( Efficacy and safety of tramadol in the treatment of opioid withdrawal: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Maiti, R; Mishra, BR; Mohapatra, D; Padhan, M, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic properties of a transdermal clonidine, M-5041T (M) and its safety were compared with those of oral Clonidine. Study of the influence of ZJAHC on the pharmacokinetics behaviors ofClonidine seems essential.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic variables have been determined that allow: (1) derivation of the loading dose necessary to achieve rapid control of blood pressure with propranolol hydrochloride, guanethidine, minoxidil and clonidine hydrochloride; (2) reduced frequency of dosing with methyldopa, hydralazine hydrochloride, prazosin hydrochloride, propranolol and clonidine; and (3) alteration of propranolol and hydralazine dosage based on physiologic factors (e."( Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. V: Contributions to developing dosage regimens for antihypertensive drugs.
Schumacher, GE, 1979)		0.45
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of clonidine, rats were given clonidine intravenously at 125, 250, and 500 micrograms/kg and blood clonidine concentrations were followed for 6 hr."( Pharmacokinetics of clonidine in the rat and cat.
Edlund, PO; Paalzow, LK, 1979)		0.84
"28 ng/ml) and plasma half-life (10."( Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect relationships of clonidine in essential hypertension.
Davies, DS; Dollery, CT; Neill, EA; Reid, JL; Tippett, P; Wing, LM, 1977)		0.5
"52 ng/ml (SD) at 90 min and fell with a mean half-life of 12."( Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine.
Clare, RA; Dargie, HJ; Davies, DS; Dean, CR; Dollery, CT; Draffan, GH; Murray, S; Reid, JL, 1976)		0.51
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a slow-release formulation of clonidine (150 micrograms) were compared with those of a conventional formulation (75 micrograms) after acute and chronic (2 week) administration to 12 hypertensive subjects."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of a slow-release clonidine with a conventional formulation after acute and chronic administration in hypertensives.
Anavekar, SN; Conway, EL; Howes, LG; Louis, WJ, 1992)		0.78
" Plasma elimination half-life was 829 +/- 157 min and plasma clearance was 177 +/- 28 ml min-1."( Pharmacokinetics of clonidine after epidural administration in surgical patients. Lack of correlation between plasma concentration and analgesia and blood pressure changes.
Bovill, JG; Houben, JJ; Ploeger, EJ; van Essen, EJ, 1992)		0.61
" A combined pharmacokinetic (first order absorption - 1 compartment) - pharmacodynamic (linear) model, including a hypothetical effect compartment with and without tolerance, were fitted to the data."( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of clonidine on pain threshold, blood pressure, and salivary flow.
Dayer, P; Piletta, P; Porchet, HC, 1992)		0.53
" Peak plasma fentanyl concentrations (Fmax) and the time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were comparable in the two groups (0."( Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients.
Bonnet, F; Levron, JC; Pluskwa, F; Rostaing, S; Saada, M; Vodinh, J, 1991)		0.61
" However, recent studies have shown that it has substantial antihypertensive efficacy with minimal side effects at low doses, and that half-life is long enough to allow twice daily administration."( Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists as antihypertensive agents.
Anavekar, SN; Conway, EL; Drummer, OH; Howes, LG; Jarrott, B; Louis, WJ; McNeil, JJ; Workman, B, 1987)		0.27
"The efficiency and duration of action of a single oral dose (8 mg) of tizanidine in patients with spinal cord injuries were determined by studying its antispastic, cardiovascular and sedative effects along with its pharmacokinetic profile in five tetraplegic and five paraplegic patients."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the oral antispastic agent tizanidine in patients with spinal cord injury.
Baker, H; Desai, P; el Masri, W; Frankel, HL; Luckitt, J; Mathias, CJ, 1989)		0.28
"Using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay the pharmacokinetic disposition of clonidine was determined in hypertensive patients after a single dose and then after 5, 28 and 56 days of chronic dosing with 75 micrograms bd."( Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of low dose clonidine during chronic therapy.
Anavekar, SN; Conway, EL; Howes, LG; Jarrott, B; Louis, WJ; Syrjanen, M, 1989)		0.75
" Systemic absorption of epidurally administered clonidine occurred rapidly: Tmax in plasma was 34 +/- 6 min and plasma concentrations were similar to those following iv injection at all time points beyond 20 min."( Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of intravenous, intrathecal, and epidural clonidine in sheep.
Castro, MI; Eisenach, JC, 1989)		0.76
" The lack of dose dependency in half-life and renal clearance estimates emphasise that the transdermal absorption of clonidine is linear."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine.
Lowenthal, DT; MacGregor, TR; Matzek, KM, 1988)		0.78
" Repeated administration of [14C]tizanidine resulted in no apparent change in pharmacokinetic characteristics."( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tizanidine in healthy volunteers.
Bhuta, S; Jaffe, JM; Tse, FL, 1987)		0.27
" Statistical moment theory is also applied to the topical infusion data to determine ocular pharmacokinetic parameters for clonidine."( Ocular pharmacokinetic models of clonidine-3H hydrochloride.
Chiang, CH; Schoenwald, RD, 1986)		0.76
"We detail a series of pharmacokinetic investigations to determine the dose linearity, the effect of site of application, the duration of steady-state plasma concentrations, and the effect of chronic application when clonidine is administered transdermally."( Pharmacokinetics of transdermally delivered clonidine.
Keirns, JJ; MacGregor, TR; Matzek, KM; van den Ende, A; van Tol, RG; van Wayjen, RG, 1985)		0.72
" The assessment of TCA actions that may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic requires precise knowledge of pharmacodynamic potency and control of pharmacokinetic behavior."( Active metabolites of antidepressants: pharmacodynamics and relevant pharmacokinetics.
Lane, EA; Potter, WZ; Rudorfer, MV, 1984)		0.27
" The complete bioavailability of clonidine and its elimination half-life (20 to 25."( New aspects of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clonidine in man.
Arndts, D; Doevendans, J; Heintz, B; Kirsten, R, 1983)		0.79
" 2 After acute oral administration the following values were obtained; Cmax -- 166."( Alinidine pharmacokinetics following acute and chronic dosing.
Arndts, D; Harron, DW; Shanks, RG, 1982)		0.26
" Sampling over 48 h was necessary for accurate estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of oral clonidine in normotensive subjects.
Anavekar, SN; Jarrott, B; Louis, WJ; Toscano, M, 1982)		0.51
" From pharmacokinetic aspects therefore a fixed combination of two synergistic antihypertensive agents can be considered as useful."( [Pharmacokinetics of clonidine and chlorthalidone following subacute administration of a fixed combination compared with a sustained release formulation of clonidine alone (author's transl)].
Arendt, G; Arndts, D; Doevendans, J; Rippen, G, 1981)		0.58
" Independent of the route of administration and of the doses given, similar pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each group and each trial."( Proof of the linearity of the pharmacokinetics of alinidine in man.
Arndts, D; Justus, H; Rominger, KL; Warnkross, H, 1981)		0.26
" 5 The pharmacodynamic properties of the drug could explain the changes in pharmacokinetics with increased dose and during multiple doses."( Clonidine kinetics in man--evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy.
Edlund, PO; Frisk-Holmberg, M; Paalzow, L, 1981)		1.71
" Furthermore, the pharmacodynamic action of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, like many other sedative hypnotics (e."( Alpha-2 adrenergic modulation of sleep: time-of-day-dependent pharmacodynamic profiles of dexmedetomidine and clonidine in the rat.
Dement, WC; Edgar, DM; Maze, M; Seidel, WF, 1995)		0.5
" Values of clearance, volume of distribution and elimination half-life were 71."( A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic linking model for the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonism of idazoxan on clonidine-induced mydriasis in the rat.
Jane, F; Menargues, A; Obach, R; Pruñonosa, J; Valles, J, 1995)		0.51
" There were no significant changes in the half-life (8."( Hormonal and metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in growth hormone receptor deficiency/Laron syndrome.
Cohen, P; Diamond, FB; Fielder, PJ; Gargosky, S; Guevara-Aguirre, J; Rosenbloom, AL; Rosenfeld, RG; Vaccarello, MA; Wilson, K, 1993)		0.29
"88), time to maximum plasma concentration 51 min (29-70), terminal half-life 12."( Pharmacokinetics of clonidine after rectal administration in children.
Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 1994)		0.61
"To compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of orally versus sublingually administered clonidine."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral versus sublingual clonidine.
Baughman, VL; Cunningham, FE; Laurito, CE; Peters, J, )		0.59
"Both routes of administration resulted in similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles."( Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral versus sublingual clonidine.
Baughman, VL; Cunningham, FE; Laurito, CE; Peters, J, )		0.38
"The pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamic properties of a transdermal clonidine, M-5041T (M) and its safety were compared with those of oral clonidine, Catapres (Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Hyogo, Japan)."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of oral (Catapres) and transdermal (M-5041T) clonidine in healthy subjects.
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Kotegawa, T; Kumagai, Y; Nakashima, H; Ohashi, K; Shiga, T, 1994)		0.73
"The pharmacokinetic as well as the pharmacodynamic properties of a new transdermal clonidine, M-5041T (M), and its safety were evaluated after single and repeated applications."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new transdermal clonidine, M-5041T, in healthy subjects.
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Kotegawa, T; Kumagai, Y; Nakashima, H; Ohashi, K; Shiga, T, 1993)		0.75
"37) mg per day of clonidine the mean terminal half-life was 15."( The pharmacokinetics of clonidine in high dosage.
Fauler, J; Verner, L, 1993)		0.93
" Life adrenaline, it may decrease lignocaine peak concentration (Cmax), thus leading to decreased toxicity."( Clonidine and or adrenaline decrease lignocaine plasma peak concentration after epidural injection.
Benhamou, D; Mazoit, JX; Samii, K; Veillette, Y, 1996)		1.74
" All of the calculated steady-state pharmacokinetic parameter changes for baclofen, tizanidine, and its major metabolites were within the 30% criterion."( A controlled pharmacokinetic evaluation of tizanidine and baclofen at steady state.
Groves, L; Novack, GD; Shah, J; Shellenberger, MK, 1999)		0.3
" Whether clonidine prolongs local anesthetic block by a pharmacokinetic effect or a pharmacodynamic effect is unclear."( Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans.
Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 2001)		1.13
" The pharmacokinetic data suggest that the mechanism of prolongation is at least in part pharmacokinetic."( Effect of clonidine on lidocaine clearance in vivo: a microdialysis study in humans.
Bernards, CM; Kopacz, DJ, 2001)		0.71
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)		0.32
" Blood samples were collected to determine plasma tizanidine pharmacokinetic profiles, and computerized cognitive function tests were performed that yielded a validated composite score, Power of Attention, an index of sedation."( Effects of food on the single-dose pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of tizanidine capsules and tablets in healthy volunteers.
Henney, HR; Kovelesky, RA; Shah, J; Wesnes, KA, 2006)		0.33
" A pharmacokinetic mechanism for the cranberry juice-warfarin interaction seems unlikely."( Effects of daily ingestion of cranberry juice on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, tizanidine, and midazolam--probes of CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4.
Backman, JT; Lilja, JJ; Neuvonen, PJ, 2007)		0.34
"The evaluation of drug disposition properties of chemical entities in drug discovery research typically involves the conduct of pharmacokinetic studies in rodents that requires blood sampling over several time points, preferably without disrupting the physiological status of the animals."( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of tail-bleeding with cannula- or retro-orbital bleeding techniques in rats using six marketed drugs.
Bina, H; Chiang, A; Ebbert, L; Huang, NH; Hui, YH; Kern, T; Maples, C; Patel, N; Pritt, M, )		0.13
"Among nonsmokers, the peak concentration (C(max)) and area under concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] of tizanidine did not differ significantly between females and males."( Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine.
Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Schröder, MT, 2008)		0.35
" The most common adverse events and pharmacodynamic effects are related to plasma concentrations."( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients.
Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)		0.35
"The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical pharmacokinetic profile of lofexidine after oral delivery."( Pharmacokinetics of lofexidine hydrochloride in healthy volunteers.
Al-Ghananeem, AM, 2009)		0.35
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
"The objective of this investigation was to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of lofexidine."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lofexidine, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, in opiate addicts plasma using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
Akerele, E; Al-Ghananeem, AM; Elkashef, A; Fischman, MW; Herman, BH; Kleber, H; Ling, W; Miotto, K; O'Brien, CP; Yu, E, 2008)		0.35
"During the detoxification period of a phase 3 placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial, six subjects were entered in this preliminary pharmacokinetic study."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lofexidine, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, in opiate addicts plasma using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
Akerele, E; Al-Ghananeem, AM; Elkashef, A; Fischman, MW; Herman, BH; Kleber, H; Ling, W; Miotto, K; O'Brien, CP; Yu, E, 2008)		0.35
"The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of clonidine during pregnancy compared with previously published data in nonpregnant subjects."( Clonidine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy.
Buchanan, ML; Carr, DB; Easterling, TR; Hebert, MF; Mattison, DR; Nelson, WL; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2009)		2.02
"The average half-life obtained from all profiles was 12."( Urine and plasma pharmacokinetics of lofexidine after oral delivery in opiate-dependent patients.
Abbassi, M; Al Ghananeem, AM; Herman, BH; Ling, W; Miotto, K; Montgomery, A; O'Brien, CP; Walsh, R; Yu, E, 2009)		0.35
"5 ng x h/mL), and the half-life (1."( Effects of mexiletine, a CYP1A2 inhibitor, on tizanidine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Homma, M; Inomata, S; Kohda, Y; Momo, K; Osaka, Y; Tanaka, M, 2010)		0.36
"The population pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of oral clonidine was characterized in newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome, and significant covariates affecting its PK parameters were identified."( Clonidine clearance matures rapidly during the early postnatal period: a population pharmacokinetic analysis in newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome.
Agthe, AG; Cao, YJ; Gauda, EB; Hendrix, CW; Lee, H; Xie, HG, 2011)		2.06
" We sought to describe the pharmacodynamic effects of clonidine in pregnancy and the associated impact on fetal growth."( Pharmacodynamics of clonidine therapy in pregnancy: a heterogeneous maternal response impacts fetal growth.
Brateng, D; Carr, D; Easterling, TR; Hebert, M; Rothberger, S, 2010)		0.93
"Conducting pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in pregnant women is challenging."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women.
Isoherranen, N; Ke, AB; Nallani, SC; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Unadkat, JD; Zhao, P, 2013)		0.39
"Based on the pharmacokinetic and statistical results, it was concluded that; Tizanidine PIC® 4 mg tablets is bioequivalent to Sirdalud® 4 mg tablets of Novartis and smoking decreases Cmax and AUC of tizanidine."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of two 4 mg tablet formulations of tizanidine.
Al-Ghazawi, M; Alzoubi, M; Faidi, B, 2013)		0.39
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of tizanidine nasal spray and compare it to the profile of tizanidine oral tablets."( Pharmacokinetic characterization of tizanidine nasal spray, a novel intranasal delivery method for the treatment of skeletal muscle spasm.
Cardì, F; Drago, F; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Sinagra, T; Urso, V; Vitale, DC, 2013)		0.39
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of tizanidine in 9 healthy male Japanese subjects were compared with those of Caucasians in previous studies."( Lower metabolic clearance of tizanidine in Japanese subjects.
Homma, M; Kohda, Y; Momo, K, 2013)		0.39
" The population pharmacokinetic modeling was done with NONMEM."( Melatonin and clonidine premedication has similar impact on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol target controlled-infusions.
Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Józefowicz, M; Kokot, ZJ; Kusza, K; Matysiak, J; Pachutko, A; Przybyłowski, K; Wawrzyniak, K; Wiczling, P, 2015)		0.78
" Hence, study of the influence of ZJAHC on the pharmacokinetic behaviors of clonidine seems essential."( Development of an LC-MS/MS method for determining the pharmacokinetics of clonidine following oral administration of Zhenju antihypertensive compound.
Chen, J; Han, L; Li, Y; Qin, J; Shen, T; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wu, L, 2015)		0.88
" The mini-tablet combination released the two drugs over 24h in vivo with a steady plasma concentration, a markedly lower Cmax, extended Tmax and better bioavailability."( Mini-tablet combination for sustained release of clonidine hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide: Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Wang, Y; Xu, B; Zhu, H, 2016)		0.69
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted by nonlinear mixed effect modelling, which enables to establish the separate influences of determinants on drug blood level and to provide individualized dosing."( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous clonidine for sedation during paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous venovenous hemofiltration.
Ahsman, MJ; de Wildt, SN; Kleiber, N; Mathôt, RAA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2017)		0.72
" Combining epidemiological studies with pharmacokinetic modeling, we detected and evaluated high-dimensional DDIs among 30 frequent drugs."( Translational High-Dimensional Drug Interaction Discovery and Validation Using Health Record Databases and Pharmacokinetics Models.
Chiang, CW; Li, L; Ning, X; Quinney, SK; Shen, L; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, P; Zhang, S, 2018)		0.48
" Simulations of clonidine plasma concentrations based on known population pharmacokinetic parameters suggest a loading dose followed by higher than current practice maintenance dose infusion is required to achieve adequate steady-state concentrations early in treatment."( Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study.
Bardol, M; Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Standing, JF, 2019)		1.25
"Clonidine is used off-label in children but only limited pediatric pharmacokinetic data are available for intravenously administered clonidine."( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.
Afshari, A; Anderson, BJ; Falcon, L; Henneberg, SW; Lauritsen, T; Lomstein, E; Nielsen, BN; Ydemann, M, 2020)		2.26
"To determine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of clonidine in healthy children undergoing surgery and to investigate age-related differences."( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.
Afshari, A; Anderson, BJ; Falcon, L; Henneberg, SW; Lauritsen, T; Lomstein, E; Nielsen, BN; Ydemann, M, 2020)		1.06
"In a randomized placebo-controlled trial (The PREVENT AGITATION trial), blood samples for clonidine pharmacokinetic analysis were collected in a proportion of the enrolled patients."( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.
Afshari, A; Anderson, BJ; Falcon, L; Henneberg, SW; Lauritsen, T; Lomstein, E; Nielsen, BN; Ydemann, M, 2020)		1.03
" These results indicated that no dose reduction is needed in children aged 1 to <2 years compared with those 2-5 years, which was supported by pharmacodynamic observations."( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.
Afshari, A; Anderson, BJ; Falcon, L; Henneberg, SW; Lauritsen, T; Lomstein, E; Nielsen, BN; Ydemann, M, 2020)		0.81
" The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling platform Simcyp® was used to evaluate the impact of CYP1A2 modulation on tizanidine exposure through drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and host-dependent habits (cigarette smoking)."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of altered tizanidine systemic exposure by CYP1A2 modulation: Impact of drug-drug interactions and cigarette consumption.
Heimbach, T; Jogiraju, VK; Taft, DR; Toderika, Y, 2021)		0.62
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models were developed for tizanidine, incorporating the PerMCL model and the WSM, respectively, to simulate the interaction of tizanidine with a range of CYP1A2 inhibitors and inducers."( Understanding Interindividual Variability in the Drug Interaction of a Highly Extracted CYP1A2 Substrate Tizanidine: Application of a Permeability-Limited Multicompartment Liver Model in a Population Based Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Framework.
Bois, FY; Fisher, C; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, P; Pan, X; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively the effectiveness of hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 3 different adjuvants. Premedication with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is as good as with benzodiazepines in combination with TCI.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This study investigated antinociceptive effects of intrathecal morphine combined with intrathecal clonidine, noradrenaline, carbachol or midazolam in rats."( Antinociceptive and motor effects of intrathecal morphine combined with intrathecal clonidine, noradrenaline, carbachol or midazolam in rats.
Cmielewski, PL; Cousins, MJ; Gourlay, GK; Owen, H; Plummer, JL, 1992)		0.73
"Because only limited and controversial data exist concerning the respiratory effects of clonidine in humans, the authors evaluated the respiratory effects of clonidine alone and in combination with morphine, in 12 healthy adult males."( Respiratory effects of clonidine alone and combined with morphine, in humans.
Bailey, PL; East, KA; East, TD; Eldredge, SJ; Johnson, GK; Pace, NL; Sperry, RJ; Stanley, TH, 1991)		0.81
" Clonidine and the slightly alpha 1-selective agonist ST587, but not ST91, an alpha-agonist which does not readily cross the blood brain barrier, produced marked stimulation when combined with the selective D2 agonist quinpirole."( Alpha 1 (but not alpha 2)-adrenoceptor agonists in combination with the dopamine D2 agonist quinpirole produce locomotor stimulation in dopamine-depleted mice.
Edis, LE; Eshel, G; Jackson, DM; Kelder, D; Ross, SB, 1990)		1.19
" Clonidine, given alone, had no effect; however, when administered with morphine it blocked the analgesic effect of morphine."( Effects of clonidine and yohimbine, alone and in combination with morphine, on supraspinal analgesia.
Izenwasser, S; Kornetsky, C, 1990)		1.58
" The jumping elicited by TRH (20 mg/kg IP) in combination with apomorphine (0."( Jumping behavior induced by thyrotropin releasing hormone in combination with apomorphine in mice.
Furukawa, T; Noda, Y; Ushijima, I; Yamada, K, 1982)		0.26
" Intrathecal carbachol is synergistic when combined with intrathecal morphine or clonidine."( Characteristics of the analgesic effects and drug interactions of intrathecal carbachol in rats.
Abram, SE; O'Connor, TC, 1995)		0.52
"A double-blind study was conducted to assess the efficacy and the safety of epidural clonidine combined with bupivacaine for analgesia during labor."( Epidural clonidine combined with bupivacaine for analgesia in labor. Effects on mother and neonate.
Bonnet, F; Brohon, E; Cigarini, I; Damas, F; Dutz, F; Hans, P; Kaba, A, )		0.77
" The ability of intrathecally administered clonidine alone or in combination with morphine, DPDPE, or U50,488H to alter thresholds for the production of the visceromotor response was examined."( Visceral antinociceptive effects of spinal clonidine combined with morphine, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin, or U50,488H.
Collins, JG; Harada, Y; Kishikawa, K; Kitahata, LM; Nishioka, K, 1995)		0.82
"5 mg combined with adrenaline 25 micrograms and sufentanil 10 micrograms; group B received the same solution with clonidine 30 micrograms."( Clonidine combined with sufentanil and bupivacaine with adrenaline for obstetric analgesia.
De Kock, M; Le Polain, B; Scholtes, JL; Van Lierde, M, 1993)		1.94
"We have studied the use of clonidine combined with low doses of sufentanil and bupivacaine in 45 parturients requiring extradural analgesia for the first stage of labour, in a double-blind, randomized study."( Extradural clonidine combined with sufentanil and 0.0625% bupivacaine for analgesia in labour.
Boulétreau, P; Chassard, D; Dailler, F; Golfier, F; Mathon, L; Tournadre, JP, 1996)		0.98
" Epidural clonidine infused at 20 microg/h improves analgesia during coughing when combined with epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery but is associated with hemodynamic changes and increased vasopressor requirement."( Postoperative epidural infusion: a randomized, double-blind, dose-finding trial of clonidine in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl.
Evans, SF; Lim, W; Orlikowski, CE; Paech, MJ; Pavy, TJ, 1997)		0.92
" Because clonidine potentiates the analgesic effects of opioids without increasing their side effects, the authors wanted to determine the efficacy of low doses of intrathecal clonidine (15 and 30 microg) combined with sufentanil."( Intrathecal clonidine combined with sufentanil for labor analgesia.
De Kock, M; Fanard, L; Gautier, PE; Hody, JL; Van Steenberge, A, 1998)		1.1
"To determine whether a low dose of spinal clonidine either alone or combined with sufentanil would provide effective analgesia following abdominal surgery, as a supplement to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia."( Low-dose intrathecal clonidine combined with sufentanil as analgesic drugs in abdominal gynecological surgery.
Julião, MC; Lauretti, GR, 2000)		0.89
" Sixty adult patients underwent elective rotator cuff repair using interscalene brachial plexus block combined with general anesthesia and were randomly divided into one of the following three groups."( Clonidine combined with a long acting local anesthetic does not prolong postoperative analgesia after brachial plexus block but does induce hemodynamic changes.
Culebras, X; Gamulin, Z; Hoffmeyer, P; Van Gessel, E, 2001)		1.75
"The drug-drug interactions discussed in this article have either documented or suspected clinical relevance for patients with cardiovascular disease and the clinician involved in the care of these patients."( Cardiovascular drug-drug interactions.
Anderson, JR; Nawarskas, JJ, 2001)		0.31
"15 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously in the rat in combination with KET (50 mg/kg), in the presence or not of YOH (2 mg/kg)."( Corneal toxicity of xylazine and clonidine, in combination with ketamine, in the rat.
Bordi, F; Casini, ML; Corubolo, C; Fehér, J; Fumagalli, E; Guidolin, D; Leone, MG; Mattioli, F; Romanelli, L; Saso, L; Tita, B, )		0.41
"We previously found that spinal clonidine prolongs labor analgesia when combined with spinal bupivacaine and sufentanil."( Neostigmine combined with bupivacaine, clonidine, and sufentanil for spinal labor analgesia.
D'Angelo, R; Dean, LS; Meister, GC; Nelson, KE, 2001)		0.86
"This study evaluates the efficacy and side effects of a low dose of epidural morphine combined with clonidine for postoperative pain relief after lumbar disc surgery."( Epidural administration of low-dose morphine combined with clonidine for postoperative analgesia after lumbar disc surgery.
Bonhomme, V; Brichant, JF; Dewandre, PY; Doll, A; Ghassempour, K; Hans, P, 2002)		0.77
"Spinal anesthesia with supplemental epidural clonidine in combination with incision site subcutaneous bupivacaine was evaluated both intra- and postoperatively and compared with spinal anesthesia alone for lower lumbar spine procedures."( The effect of spinal bupivacaine in combination with either epidural clonidine and/or 0.5% bupivacaine administered at the incision site on postoperative outcome in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy.
Abodeely, A; Fluder, EM; Jellish, WS; Shea, J, 2003)		0.81
" We randomized 45 patients to 3 groups receiving intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 6 mg combined with saline (Group B), clonidine 15 micro g (Group BC15), or clonidine 30 micro g (Group BC30); all solutions were diluted with saline to 3 mL."( Clonidine combined with small-dose bupivacaine during spinal anesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy: a randomized double-blinded study.
Axelsson, K; Dobrydnjov, I; Gupta, A; Holmström, B; Klockhoff, H; Matthiesen, P; Thörn, SE, 2003)		1.97
" In this study we examined midazolam and clonidine for premedication in combination with target controlled infusion anaesthesia (TCI) in patients undergoing orthopaedic shoulder surgery and analysed the effects on the peri- and postoperative course."( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery].
Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)		0.86
"Premedication with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine is as good as with benzodiazepines in combination with TCI."( [Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery].
Dietrich, PJ; Grottke, O; Krause, TH; Müller, J; Wappler, F, 2003)		0.85
"The efficiency of bilateral paravertebral blockade combined with general anaesthesia (active) vs."( General anaesthesia combined with bilateral paravertebral blockade (T5-6) vs. general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial.
Lönnqvist, PA; Naja, MZ; Ziade, MF, 2004)		0.32
"We evaluated the efficacy of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine IV regional analgesia in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 in a dominant upper limb."( The antinociceptive effect of local or systemic parecoxib combined with lidocaine/clonidine intravenous regional analgesia for complex regional pain syndrome type I in the arm.
Frade, LP; Lauretti, GR; Lima, ICPR; Pereira, NL, 2005)		0.78
"Although caudal morphine may result in more sustained initial analgesia, caudal clonidine combined with nurse-controlled analgesia appears to provide comparable analgesia with fewer side effects."( A comparison of single-dose caudal clonidine, morphine, or hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing ureteral reimplantation.
Carvallo, D; Johnson, JL; Mazurek, MS; Presson, RG; Vetter, TR, 2007)		0.84
"To evaluate the quality of sedation and the effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine on the heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) of patients with suspected coronary artery disease."( Sedative and cardiovascular effects of midazolam and diazepam alone or combined with clonidine in patients undergoing hemodynamic studies for suspected coronary artery disease.
Carvalho, HG; Modolo, NS; Nascimento, Jdos S; Santos, KP; Silva, RC, 2007)		0.78
"To investigate the clinical effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine."( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine].
Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)		0.92
" 4 microg/ml combined with levobupivacaine 2 mg/ml was given for postoperative epidural patient-controlled analgesia."( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine].
Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)		0.66
"Epidural clonidine 2-4 microg/kg pretreatment improves the clinical effects of epidural PCA using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine."( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine].
Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)		1.08
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively, in women undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia, the effectiveness of hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 3 different adjuvants (fentanyl, clonidine, and dexmedtomidine) on quality of blockade and maternal and neonatal repercussions."( A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section.
Huang, AJ; Li, AZ; Li, KZ; Li, Z; Qi, J; Shi, CX; Tian, M; Xin, DQ; Zhang, CY, 2015)		0.81
"Polypharmacy increases the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."( Translational High-Dimensional Drug Interaction Discovery and Validation Using Health Record Databases and Pharmacokinetics Models.
Chiang, CW; Li, L; Ning, X; Quinney, SK; Shen, L; Wang, L; Wang, X; Zhang, P; Zhang, S, 2018)		0.48
"Potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) are described in various case reports, but few studies have evaluated the impact of specific combinations on a population level."( Analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions in Swiss Claims Data Using Tizanidine and Ciprofloxacin as a Prototypical Contraindicated Combination.
Curkovic, I; Egbring, M; Jödicke, AM; Kullak-Ublick, GA; Neuer, T; Roos, M; Tomka, IT; Zellweger, U, 2018)		0.48
"Lofexidine (LFX), an α2A adrenergic receptor agonist, known to alleviate opioid withdrawal symptoms, was assessed in combination with oral naltrexone (NTX) for effects on opioid use outcomes and NTX treatment compliance."( Lofexidine in Combination With Oral Naltrexone for Opioid Use Disorder Relapse Prevention: A Pilot Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
Fogelman, N; Hermes, G; Hyman, SM; Kosten, TR; Sinha, R, 2019)		0.51
"To compare extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with oral medication and an exercise program vs sham treatment with medication and exercise for the treatment of chronic low back pain (CLBP)."( Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Combined With Oral Medication and Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Khosrawi, S; Ramezani, M; Taheri, P, 2021)		0.62
"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with oral medication and exercise was safe and effective in the short-term treatment of chronic low back pain."( Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Combined With Oral Medication and Exercise for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Khosrawi, S; Ramezani, M; Taheri, P, 2021)		0.62
" The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling platform Simcyp® was used to evaluate the impact of CYP1A2 modulation on tizanidine exposure through drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and host-dependent habits (cigarette smoking)."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of altered tizanidine systemic exposure by CYP1A2 modulation: Impact of drug-drug interactions and cigarette consumption.
Heimbach, T; Jogiraju, VK; Taft, DR; Toderika, Y, 2021)		0.62
"Paroxysmal localized hyperhidrosis is a rare central autonomic nervous system disorder that can occur in combination with severe headache."( Paroxysmal localized Hyperhidrosis, a case-report: When excessive sweating occurs in combination with severe headaches.
Schoofs, MW; van Coevorden, MH; Venhovens, J, 2021)		0.62
" The aim of the current study was to compare the performance of a permeability-limited multicompartment liver (PerMCL) model, which operates as an approximation of the dispersion model, and the well stirred model (WSM) for predicting tizanidine drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."( Understanding Interindividual Variability in the Drug Interaction of a Highly Extracted CYP1A2 Substrate Tizanidine: Application of a Permeability-Limited Multicompartment Liver Model in a Population Based Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Framework.
Bois, FY; Fisher, C; Gardner, I; Jamei, M; Kilford, P; Pan, X; Zhang, M, 2022)		0.72
"Methadone and buprenorphine have pharmacologic properties that are concerning for a high risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."( Identifying Clinically Relevant Drug-Drug Interactions With Methadone and Buprenorphine: A Translational Approach to Signal Detection.
Acton, EK; Bilker, WB; Brensinger, CM; Dawwas, GK; Hennessy, S; Leonard, CE; Li, L; Miano, TA; Neuman, M; Nguyen, TPP; Soprano, SE; Wang, L; Woody, G; Yu, E, 2022)		0.72

Bioavailability

The bioavailability and effect on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, salivary flow, skin temperature, and subjective sedation were studied in nine healthy volunteers. Lofexidine is an orally bioavailable alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist analogue of clonidine that acts centrally to suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The bioavailability of oral clonidine in the tablets tested averaged 75."( Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine.
Davies, DS; Dollery, CT; Neill, DM; Reid, JL; Tippett, P; Wing, AM, 1977)		0.78
" Alpha-agonist effects are due: 1) to an activation of the post and/or presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord, 2) to a local vasoconstriction by stimulating vascular smooth muscle alpha-receptors which decrease the rate of absorption of local anaesthetics from the subarachnoid or extradural space, 3) to a co-activation of the spinal opioid and alpha-adrenergic receptors at the spinal cord level."( [Intrathecal and epidural administration of alpha adrenergic receptor agonists].
Racle, JP, 1990)		0.28
"The bioavailability and cardiac depressant activity of 3H-clonidine was studied following intravenous and nasal administration in rodents."( Comparison of intravenous and nasal bioavailability of clonidine in rodents.
Abdullah, ME; Babhair, SA; Tariq, M, 1990)		0.77
" Sirdalud was well absorbed and almost completely metabolized in the five species."( Biological fate of sirdalud in animals and man.
Hirst, DR; Koch, P; von Wartburg, BR, 1989)		0.28
" Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers have shown that the relative bioavailability of the modified release formulation is similar to that of conventional tablets and is unaffected by food."( Modified release tizanidine: a review.
Hutchinson, DR, )		0.13
" Dural transfer of epidurally administered clonidine was rapid and extensive: time to maximal concentration (Tmax) in CSF was 32 +/- 8 min, bioavailability in CSF was 14 +/- 4% of the administered dose, and maximal CSF concentrations following epidural administration (820 +/- 30 ng/ml) were three orders of magnitude greater than those following iv injection (0."( Pharmacokinetics and dynamics of intravenous, intrathecal, and epidural clonidine in sheep.
Castro, MI; Eisenach, JC, 1989)		0.77
" Similarly, clinical myotonolytic activity of eperisone would only be expected at high doses unless its functional bioavailability were to be much better in man than in either the mouse or rabbit."( Comparison of the myotonolytic activity of tizanidine, eperisone and afloqualone in mouse and rabbit.
Coward, DM; White, TG, )		0.13
" In addition, L-654,284 had better (5-6 times) oral bioavailability than RX 781094 or WY 26703."( L-654,284 a new potent and selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Baldwin, JJ; Clineschmidt, BV; Huff, JR; Lotti, VJ; Martin, GE; Pettibone, DJ; Randall, WC; Vacca, J, 1986)		0.27
" Compared to the oral route, losses in bioavailability due to first-pass liver metabolism are reduced."( Transdermal delivery of drugs.
Brown, L; Langer, R, 1988)		0.27
" Tizanidine was rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, although the estimated bioavailability was only 21% due to extensive first-pass metabolism."( Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tizanidine in healthy volunteers.
Bhuta, S; Jaffe, JM; Tse, FL, 1987)		0.27
" Evaluation in approximately 2000 patients with mild to moderate hypertension has shown that the bioavailability of transdermal clonidine is comparable to that of oral clonidine and that equivalent blood pressure reductions are achieved."( Efficacy of clonidine as transdermal therapeutic system: the international clinical trial experience.
Bies, C; Cristal, N; Fagan, T; Lowenthal, DT; Paran, E; Saris, S; Sharif, K, 1986)		0.86
" To understand the implications for retina-optic nerve vascular physiology and pathophysiology, studies of the exact location of the binding sites, the bioavailability of the adrenergic agonists, and the physiological responses to receptor stimulation in both normal and pathological states are required."( Adrenergic alpha 1 and alpha 2 binding sites are present in bovine retinal blood vessels.
Anderson, DR; Ferrari-Dileo, G; Forster, BA, 1987)		0.27
" Striatal concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid were rapidly reduced by N-0500 both after intraperitoneal and oral administration, indicating that this compound is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and passes the blood-brain barrier to activate DA autoreceptors."( Neuropharmacological profile of a new series of dopamine agonists: N-n-propyl-hexahydronaphthoxazines.
De Vries, JB; Dijkstra, D; Hazelhoff, B; Horn, AS; Mulder, TB; Timmermans, PB; Wynberg, H, 1986)		0.27
"Tablet cores of clonidine (Catapres) showing varying rates of in vitro dissolution were administered in a crossover study with intravenous clonidine to determine the rate of absorption into the systemic circulation in humans."( Pharmacokinetics of oral sustained release clonidine in humans.
Keirns, JJ; MacGregor, TR; Relihan, GL, 1985)		0.88
" In other experiments, the net absorption rate of the whole gut during steady state total gut perfusion was measured."( Studies of the antidiarrheal action of clonidine. Effects on motility and intestinal absorption.
Fordtran, JS; Morawski, SG; Santa Ana, CA; Schiller, LR, 1985)		0.54
" The utility of the assay was demonstrated in a bioavailability study of clonidine conducted with 24 healthy subjects."( Radioimmunoassay for clonidine in human plasma and urine using a solid phase second antibody separation.
Chow, CT; Esber, HJ; Farina, PR; Homon, CA; Keirns, JJ; Zavorskas, PA, 1985)		0.82
" The bioavailability following oral administration was nearly complete (0."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of alinidine in man.
Jähnchen, E; Kasper, W; Meinertz, T; Stützle, U; Wiegand, UW, )		0.13
" Calculated values of clearance and apparent volume of distribution were almost certainly overestimates as it seems probable that the orally-administered drug undergoes significant presystemic elimination (its bioavailability was not determined in the investigation here reported)."( Tizanidine--initial pharmacokinetic studies in patients with spasticity.
Eadie, MJ; Heazlewood, V; Maruff, P; Symoniw, P, 1983)		0.27
" The complete bioavailability of clonidine and its elimination half-life (20 to 25."( New aspects of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clonidine in man.
Arndts, D; Doevendans, J; Heintz, B; Kirsten, R, 1983)		0.79
"The bioavailability and effect on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, salivary flow, skin temperature, and subjective sedation of three brands of clonidine were studied in nine healthy volunteers after a single 300-micrograms oral dose."( Bioavailability and clinical effects of three brands of clonidine: the relationship between plasma level and effect.
Allonen, H; Hiltunen, R; Kanto, J; Mäntylä, R; Marvola, M, 1982)		0.71
" From the accumulated renally-excreted total radioactivities, the enteral absorption of the drug was calculated (91%); the bioavailability of orally administered alinidine was derived from the corresponding areas under the blood plasma concentration curves of the radioimmunologically-evaluated parent compound (72%)."( Development and quality control of a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for alinidine.
Arndts, D; Stähle, H, 1981)		0.26
" The bioavailability was 90%."( Clonidine kinetics in man--evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy.
Edlund, PO; Frisk-Holmberg, M; Paalzow, L, 1981)		1.71
" To estimate the bioavailability of clonidine the results from the current study were compared with data from a previous study in which the same dose of clonidine was given to a similar patient population by the intravenous route."( Pharmacokinetics of clonidine after rectal administration in children.
Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 1994)		0.89
"5), and bioavailability 95% (73-119) (medians [95% confidence interval])."( Pharmacokinetics of clonidine after rectal administration in children.
Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Lönnqvist, PA, 1994)		0.61
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
" The in vitro release rate of the clonidine from KBD-TTS significantly correlated with the in vivo absorption rate (p<0."( In vitro and in vivo characterization of a newly developed clonidine transdermal patch for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.
Guo, HY; Ke, GM; Lu, WL; Wang, L; Xue, HY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2005)		0.85
"The monoamine theory of depression proposes decreased bioavailability of monoamines, such as norepinephrine (NE), as the underlying cause of depression."( An antidepressant mechanism of desipramine is to decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha production culminating in increases in noradrenergic neurotransmission.
Ignatowski, TA; Reynolds, JL; Spengler, RN; Sud, R, 2005)		0.33
" The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies."( Quantification of tizanidine in human plasma by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
Kandikere, VN; Maurya, S; Mudigonda, K; Nirogi, RV; Shukla, M, 2006)		0.33
" Cannula-bleeding, especially coupled with automated blood-collection techniques, has become the most efficient way for pharmaceutical industry to perform rat bioavailability studies."( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of tail-bleeding with cannula- or retro-orbital bleeding techniques in rats using six marketed drugs.
Bina, H; Chiang, A; Ebbert, L; Huang, NH; Hui, YH; Kern, T; Maples, C; Patel, N; Pritt, M, )		0.13
" The relative bioavailability of epidural and rectal clonidine was unity (F = 1)."( Clonidine disposition in children; a population analysis.
Anderson, BJ; Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA; Potts, AL; Warman, G, 2007)		2.03
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)		0.34
" Lofexidine is an orally bioavailable alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist analogue of clonidine that acts centrally to suppress opiate withdrawal symptoms."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of lofexidine, the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, in opiate addicts plasma using a highly sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric analysis.
Akerele, E; Al-Ghananeem, AM; Elkashef, A; Fischman, MW; Herman, BH; Kleber, H; Ling, W; Miotto, K; O'Brien, CP; Yu, E, 2008)		0.57
" The bioavailability of clonidine given orally in adults is 75-100% but is unknown in children."( Oral bioavailability of clonidine in children.
Almenrader, N; Anderson, BJ; Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordlinder, A, 2011)		0.98
" The oral bioavailability was 55."( Oral bioavailability of clonidine in children.
Almenrader, N; Anderson, BJ; Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordlinder, A, 2011)		0.68
" The oral bioavailability was 55."( Oral bioavailability of clonidine in children.
Almenrader, N; Anderson, BJ; Bergendahl, HT; Eksborg, S; Larsson, P; Lönnqvist, PA; Nordlinder, A, 2011)		0.68
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
Akamatsu, M, 2011)		0.37
" The objective of the present investigation was to develop effervescent floating matrix tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride for prolongation of gastric residence time in order to overcome its low bioavailability (34-40 %) and short biological half life (4."( Formulation and evaluation of effervescent floating tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride.
Chithaluru, K; Kumar, KK; Ramarao, T; Someshwar, K, 2011)		0.37
"  Clonidine is an alpha-2 agonist with a nearly 100% bioavailability after oral or rectal administration."( Severe hypertension following accidental clonidine overdose during the refilling of an implanted intrathecal drug delivery system.
Bovy, M; Buchser, E; Durrer, A; Mustaki, JP; Perruchoud, C; Rosato, M; Rutschmann, B, )		1.12
" Addition of clonidine to the formulations decreased the systemic absorption rate of the anesthetics from the patch application site without impacting the coating performance or the rapid onset of anesthesia."( Adjuvants to prolong the local anesthetic effects of coated microneedle products.
Brown, K; Dohmeier, D; Hansen, K; Siebenaler, K; Zhang, Y, 2012)		0.75
" Therefore, the nasal route of administration, which bypasses portal circulation, may increase the bioavailability of tizanidine and, possibly, reduce the time to peak plasma concentration, thereby shorting the latency of therapeutic effect."( Pharmacokinetic characterization of tizanidine nasal spray, a novel intranasal delivery method for the treatment of skeletal muscle spasm.
Cardì, F; Drago, F; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Sinagra, T; Urso, V; Vitale, DC, 2013)		0.39
"The bioavailability of the tizanidine intranasal formulation was higher than that of tizanidine oral tablets."( Pharmacokinetic characterization of tizanidine nasal spray, a novel intranasal delivery method for the treatment of skeletal muscle spasm.
Cardì, F; Drago, F; Piazza, C; Salomone, S; Sinagra, T; Urso, V; Vitale, DC, 2013)		0.39
" ZJAHC could enhance the bioavailability without greatly increasing peak concentration of clonidine."( Development of an LC-MS/MS method for determining the pharmacokinetics of clonidine following oral administration of Zhenju antihypertensive compound.
Chen, J; Han, L; Li, Y; Qin, J; Shen, T; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wu, L, 2015)		0.87
"Provided age-appropriate strengths are available, intravenous formulations remain the most predictable in terms of bioavailability and flexible in terms of dose adjustment."( A mini-review of non-parenteral clonidine preparations for paediatric sedation.
Hanning, SM; Neubert, A; Orlu Gul, M; Toni, I; Tuleu, C, 2017)		0.74
" Compound 12g with MIC values of 5 μg/ml as a representative may possess better oral bioavailability and indicated high permeability by the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay of the blood-brain barrier (PAMPA-BBB)."( Discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents with pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based scaffold.
An, Q; Deng, Y; Liu, P; Luo, Y; Sang, Z; Tang, Y; Wang, T; Yang, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, T, 2018)		0.48
"A strong need exists for the development of transdermal patch having improved bioavailability at the site of action with fewer side effects at off-target organs."( Fabrication and characterization of matrix type transdermal patches loaded with tizanidine hydrochloride: potential sustained release delivery system.
Katas, H; Rahman, KU; Razzaq, Z; Shahid, N; Siddique, MI; Waqas, MK, 2018)		0.48
" It has low oral bioavailability and short halflife."( Optimization of Microemulgel for Tizanidine Hydrochloride.
Brahmane, S; Chabukswar, A; Jagdale, S, 2020)		0.56
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"The aim of the present investigation was to formulate self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) tablets to enhance the oral bioavailability of tizanidine hydrochloride."( Development of Solid Self-Microemulsifying System of Tizanidine Hydrochloride for Oral Bioavailability Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation.
Pramanik, S; Thakkar, H, 2020)		0.56
" The currently available oral dosage forms exhibit low oral bioavailability due to high first-pass metabolism."( Derma roller mediated transdermal delivery of tizanidine invasomes for the management of skeletal muscle spasms.
Brahmam, B; Chaudhari, P; Dsouza, L; Lewis, SA, 2021)		0.62
"The main limitations of the therapeutic effectiveness of tizanidine hydrochloride (TNZ) are its low bioavailability due to its tendency to undergo first-pass metabolism and short biological half-life."( Development of Biocompatible Nanoparticles of Tizanidine Hydrochloride in Orodispersible Films:
Dutt, R; Kaushik, D; Mittal, V; Pandey, P; Rahman, MH; Singh, S; Sinha, S; Thapa, S; Verma, R, 2022)		0.72
" TZN has low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and is used orally at a dose of 6-24 mg per day."( Chitosan-based buccal mucoadhesive patches to enhance the systemic bioavailability of tizanidine.
Arpa, MD; Cevher, E; Gök, MK; Okur, NÜ; Özgümüş, S, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

Clonidine showed subsensitivity of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors in protein-deprived rats, a phenomenon reversed by fluoxetine treatment. Yohimbine shifted the dose-response curve of the contractile response to the alpha 2-agonist, clonidine, in a dose-dependent manner, causing a 10 fold shift.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Dose-response curves for the pre- and postsynaptic effects of eight alpha-receptor agonists were determined on superfused strips of the artery in the presence of cocaine, corticosterone and propranolo."( Relative pre- and postsynaptic potencies of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in the rabbit pulmonary artery.
Endo, T; Starke, K; Taube, HD, 1975)		0.25
" Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist activity was assessed by studying the effects of increasing concentrations of the antagonists on cumulative clonidine dose-response curves on the stimulated vas deferens."( Selectivity of blocking agents for pre-and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.
Doxey, JC; Smith, CF; Walker, JM, 1977)		0.46
"The influence of the dosage or duration of treatment on the incidence and severity of clonidine withdrawal responses was examined in normotensive rats."( Withdrawal of clonidine: effects of varying dosage or duration of treatment on subsequent blood pressure and heart rate responses.
Monaghan, JC; Oates, HF; Stoker, LM; Stokes, GS, 1978)		0.84
" The dose-response curve for the chronotropic action of phenylephrine was parallel to that of isoprenaline, whilst the dose-response curve for the inotropic action of phenylephrine was less steep than that of isoprenaline."( Characterization of adrenoceptors mediating positive inotropic responses in the ventricular myocardium of the dog.
Endoh, M; Shimizu, T; Yanagisawa, T, 1978)		0.26
" 2 In the absence of morphine the inhibitory effects of the presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine and oxymetazoline were much reduced and the dose-response curve was flat."( The inhibitory effects of presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor agonists on contractions of guinea-pig ileum and mouse vas deferens in the morphine-dependent and withdrawn states produced in vitro.
Gillan, MG; Kosterlitz, HW; Robson, LE; Waterfield, AA, 1979)		0.48
"2 mg/kg) of apomorphine reduced locomotion in a dose-dependent manner, while the reduction after higher doses was less pronounced, indicating a biphasic dose-response relationship."( Catecholamine receptor agonists: effects on motor activity and rate of tyrosine hydroxylation in mouse brain.
Strömbom, U, 1976)		0.26
" The increase was blocked by phenoxybenzamine at a dosage level of 20 mg/kg which did not, of itself, reduce flexor reflex amplitude."( A system for measuring the noradrenaline receptor contribution to the flexor reflex.
Austin, JH; Fuxe, K; Nygren, LG, 1976)		0.26
" This sympathoinhibitory action was characterized by means of a pC30, calculated from dose-response curves."( Central and peripheral alpha-adrenergic effects of some imidazolidines.
Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1977)		0.26
"The central hypotensive action of clonidine and 26 structurally related derivatives was quantified by means of an ED30 obtained from dose-response curves following intravenous administration to anesthetized, normotensive rats."( Quantitative structure-activity relationships in centrally acting imidazolidines structurally related to clonidine.
Timmermans, PB; van Zwieten, PA, 1977)		0.75
" A dose-response curve of the lowering effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) has been made and compared with the dose-response cure obtained after intravenous administration."( The central ocular hypotensive effect of clonidine.
Innemee, HC; van Zwieten, PA, 1979)		0.53
"Pharmacokinetic methods that have been used to improve antihypertensive drug therapy, including antihypertensive dosage regimens, are reviewed."( Using pharmacokinetics in drug therapy. V: Contributions to developing dosage regimens for antihypertensive drugs.
Schumacher, GE, 1979)		0.26
" Analysis of the dose-response curves demonstrated that the effect of flutonidin was one-fifth to one-twelfth that of clonidine, depending on which variable was considered."( Hypotensive action and side-effects of flutonidin in normal subjects. A double-blind controlled trial.
Chierichetti, SM; Ferrari, P; Sala, P, 1979)		0.47
"Three dosage combinations of clonidine and cyclothiazide were tested in at least 20 patients each, under clinical (4 weeks) and oupatients (longterm) conditions, in order to find a suitable combination with fewer side effects than the single drugs with at least equal efficacy for the longterm treatment of hypertension."( [Clinical trial of a combination preparation of clonidine and cyclothiazide (author's transl)].
Wimmer, PP, 1977)		0.8
" The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dosage requirement was 25 microgram three times a day."( Low-dosage clonidine (Dixarit) in menopausal flushing.
Evans, J; Hailes, J, 1979)		0.65
" In part of the experiments the animals were pretreated with reserpine at a dosage of 2X0."( [Studies on the mechanism of action of clonidine after pretreatment with reserpine (author's transl)].
Dülme, HJ; Tauberger, G; Thoneick, HU, 1978)		0.53
" During chronic oral dosing there was no evidence of drug accumulation."( Pharmacokinetic and concentration-effect relationships of clonidine in essential hypertension.
Davies, DS; Dollery, CT; Neill, EA; Reid, JL; Tippett, P; Wing, LM, 1977)		0.5
" (5--20 microgram/kg) and the dose-response curves for hypotension and bradycardia were parallel, although the onset of effects was more rapid via the vertebral route."( Studies on the cardiovascular depressor actions of ST 91--an analogue of clonidine.
Bentley, GA; McLennan, PL, 1978)		0.49
" The dosage was kept unchanged or increased according to the antihypertensive response."( The use of clonidine and practolol in the treatment of hypertension.
Ala-Laurila, P; Pitkäjärvi, T; Ruosteenoja, R; Torsti, P, 1976)		0.65
" Excitatory behavioral effects of CL in low dosage may be connected with stimulation of central adrenergic receptors."( Influence of 6-hydroxydopamine on the behavioral effects induced by apomorphine or clonidine in rats.
Brus, R; Drybański, A; Herman, ZS; Slomińska-Zurek, J; Szkilnik, R, 1976)		0.48
" Since there appeared to be a correlation between the dose and the duration of adequate blood pressure control, administration of clonidine twice a day with a larger dose at bedtime and a smaller dose before noon could limit unwanted drowsiness and combine the convenience of less frequent dosing with superior blood pressure control."( Efficacy and acceptability of different dosage schedules of clonidine.
Jain, AK; McMahon, FG; Ryan, JR; Vargas, R, 1977)		0.7
" Both the hypotensive and bradycardic effects were quantified by means of equipotent doses, calculated from dose-response characteristics constructed for each derivative."( Hypotensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and related imidazolidines; structure-activity relationship.
Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1977)		0.52
" The antihypertensive and bradycardic activities of clonidine and a number of its derivatives were quantified by means of ED20 values calculated from dose-response curves following intravenous administration to conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats."( Central hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of imidazolidines, structurally related to clonidine.
Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1977)		0.73
" It is concluded that, for the linear part of the dose-response curves for these compounds, the brain concentration is a measure of the hypotensive effect."( Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of clonidine and some analogues in rat brain tissue. Brain concentrations and hypotensive activity.
Brands, A; Timmermans, PB; Van Zwieten, PA, 1977)		0.52
" The therapeutic cycles were standardized, for each drug, in the way of administration, dosage and total duration of the treatment."( [Therapeutic possibilities in idiopathic headaches. Analysis of about 1000 cases].
Agostoni, A; Brandi, G; Cottino, A; Gai, V; Gastaldi, L; Lisino, F; Nattero, G, 1976)		0.26
" Small initial dosage and cautious incrementation is needed to avoid patient resistance from side-effects, principally fatigue, dry mouth and constipation, but once satisfactory control is achieved maintenance therapy is relatively trouble free."( A clinical trial of clonidine (Catapres) in private practice.
Bostock, MI, 1975)		0.58
") shifted the dose-response curve of clonidine (i."( Site and mode of action of clonidine in the central nervous system.
Karppanen, H; Paakkari, I; Paakkari, P, 1976)		0.83
"In a doubl-blind study, patients receiving a rapidly falling dosage of clonidine recovered about 1 day faster from the symptoms of moderately severe alcohol withdrawal than patients receiving placebo."( Clonidine in alcohol withdrawal.
Björkqvist, SE, 1975)		1.93
" For the inhibition of the hypotensive action of clonidine by protriptyline a parallel shift of the dose-response curve was obtained, indicating the possibility of a competitive antagonism."( Interaction between centrally acting hypotensive drugs and tricyclic antidepressants.
van Zwieten, PA, 1975)		0.51
"05) without affecting exogenously applied acetylcholine dose-response curves."( Role of K+ channels in the modulation of cholinergic neural responses in guinea-pig and human airways.
Barnes, PJ; Belvisi, MG; Miura, M; Stretton, CD; Yacoub, MH, 1992)		0.28
" A beta 1-pattern was seen in both regions when lipolysis dose-response curves were arranged in order of potency."( Mechanisms for differences in lipolysis between human subcutaneous and omental fat cells.
Arner, P; Hellmér, J; Marcus, C; Sonnenfeld, T, 1992)		0.28
" The alpha 2-blocking agent yohimbine shifted the dose-response curve of the contractile response to the alpha 2-agonist, clonidine, in a dose-dependent manner, 10(-7) M causing a 10 fold shift."( The contribution of alpha-adrenoceptors to neurally-mediated contractions of the rabbit urethral smooth muscle.
Brading, AF; Chen, HI, 1992)		0.49
" Both depressor and bradycardia responses to intracisternal clonidine were attenuated after 1 day's dosing but only depressor responses were influenced after 6 days."( Do centrally-acting antihypertensive drugs act at non-adrenergic as well as alpha-2 adrenoceptor sites?
Hamilton, CA; Howie, CA; Reid, JL; Yakubu, MA, 1992)		0.53
"5 to 60 degrees C resulted in right shifts in the dose-response curves for all agents with the magnitude of shift being: 1) greatest on the blood pressure and least on the tail flick, and 2) greatest for ST-91 and CLON and least for DMET."( Suppression by spinal alpha-2 agonists of motor and autonomic responses evoked by low- and high-intensity thermal stimuli.
Saeki, S; Yaksh, TL, 1992)		0.28
" Included are the drugs' putative mechanisms of action, pharmacology, toxicology, indications for their use, short-term and long-term actions, adverse effects, specific dosing regimens, therapeutic monitoring techniques, alternative medications, and drug interactions."( Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Greenhill, LL, 1992)		0.28
" We therefore compared the dose-response curves of three alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists, clonidine, UK 14,304 and 2,6-DMC."( Opposite rank order of potency for alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists on water and solute excretion in the rat: two sites and/or receptors?
Blandford, DE; Li, P; Penner, SB; Smyth, DD, 1992)		0.51
" Dose-response curves show similar sensitivity, but decreased responsiveness in the lean animal."( Food intake of lean and obese Zucker rats following ventricular infusions of adrenergic agonists.
Bray, GA; Tsujii, S, 1992)		0.28
" CEC treatment had little effect on the pressor dose-response curve of either phenylephrine or BHT 920."( Effect of chlorethylclonidine on arterial blood pressure and heart rate in the conscious rat.
Piascik, MT; Pruitt, TA; Sparks, MS, 1992)		0.61
" On the other hand, in monkey lingual arteries, diltiazem failed to depress the NE-induced dose-response curve, and the response was attenuated only about 60% in Ca(2+)-free solution."( Pharmacological properties of alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictions in dog and monkey lingual arteries: evidence for subtypes of alpha 1-adrenoceptors.
Chiba, S; Skrbic, R, 1992)		0.28
" ALO 2145 1% was shown to be effective and well tolerated in the dosage regimen employed in this study."( [Efficacy and tolerability of apraclonidine (ALO 2145, 1%) in the prevention of early ocular hypertonia, after trabeculoretraction using argon laser and posterior capsulotomy using Nd:YAG laser].
Berrod, JP; Raspiller, A, 1992)		0.56
" The opioid antagonist naloxone and the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist idazoxan were given as intrathecal pretreatments at doses chosen to shift the dose-response curves of their corresponding agonist (given alone) 4- to 10-fold to the right; this always resulted in a smaller, but significant (2- to 4-fold) shift in the dose-response curve of the other agonist given alone."( Spinal interactions between opioid and noradrenergic agonists in mice: multiplicativity involves delta and alpha-2 receptors.
Hylden, JK; Kitto, K; Lei, S; Roerig, SC; Wilcox, GL, 1992)		0.28
" Oral administration of 50 mg carvedilol led to a rightward shift in the dose-response curves of angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and PGF2 alpha."( Constriction of human dorsal hand veins in vivo with several vasoconstrictors and the influence of oral administration of carvedilol.
Beermann, C; Belz, GG; Schloos, J, 1992)		0.28
" Treatment with captopril was found to attenuate pressor responses produced by the administration of either alpha 1- or alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists, resulting in the displacement to the right of the agonist dose-response curves and significantly increasing the calculated ED50 values."( The interrelationship between the effects of captopril and nifedipine on pressor responses elicited by selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in the pithed rat preparation.
Tabrizchi, R; Triggle, CR, 1992)		0.28
" Because no obvious differences between dose-response relations of plasma NOR (believed to be a presynaptic and peripheral effect), blood pressure (believed to be mainly a central presynaptic and postsynaptic effect), and subjective sedation (believed to be a central and probably postsynaptic effect) were observed, our results do not provide simple parameters to discern the multiple mechanisms of action of CLO."( Cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and sedative responses to four graded doses of clonidine in a placebo-controlled study.
Boomsma, F; Kruijk, MP; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Moleman, P; Tulen, JH; van de Wetering, BJ; van Steenis, HG; von Saher, RA, 1992)		0.51
" Whereas castration failed to shift either dose-response curve, ovariectomy mitigated the gender differences in pilocarpine and clonidine analgesia."( Roles of gender and gonadectomy in pilocarpine and clonidine analgesia in rats.
Bodnar, RJ; Kiefel, JM, 1992)		0.74
" Further studies are needed in a larger autistic population to determine the dose-response relationship of clonidine."( A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism.
Fankhauser, MP; German, ML; Karumanchi, SD; Karumanchi, VC; Yates, A, 1992)		0.73
" Forty-eight patients achieved diastolic blood pressures less than 90 mm Hg on concomitant therapy; 44 patients completed 8 weeks of maintenance dosing with a mean blood pressure of 134/85 mm Hg."( Transdermal clonidine as an adjunct to enalapril: an evaluation of efficacy and patient compliance.
Cook, E; Dillard, D; Lewin, A; Wallin, JD; Weidler, D, 1992)		0.66
" Addition of morphine caused a left shift in the dose-response curves of all the non-opioid drugs, indicating at least some degree of additive effects."( Antinociceptive and motor effects of intrathecal morphine combined with intrathecal clonidine, noradrenaline, carbachol or midazolam in rats.
Cmielewski, PL; Cousins, MJ; Gourlay, GK; Owen, H; Plummer, JL, 1992)		0.51
" Thirty minutes later, alinidine was administered as a bolus dosage of 1 mg/kg in five dogs; the other five dogs served as a control group."( Addition of alinidine, a specific bradycardic agent, to dobutamine in a canine model of endotoxic shock.
Moulart, D; Preiser, JC; Vincent, JL, 1992)		0.28
" Dose-response curves for intrathecally administered agonists with mu- and/or delta-opioid activity were shifted to the left for inflamed hindpaws when compared to contralateral non-inflamed paws."( Spinal opioid analgesic effects are enhanced in a model of unilateral inflammation/hyperalgesia: possible involvement of noradrenergic mechanisms.
Dubner, R; Hylden, JL; Iadarola, MJ; Nahin, RL; Thomas, DA, 1991)		0.28
" In control aortic rings the dose-response curves for either clonidine or naphazoline were biphasic, consisting of high- and low-affinity components."( Interaction of imidazolines with alkylation-sensitive and -resistant alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes.
Piascik, MT; Pruitt, TA; Sparks, MS, 1991)		0.52
"1-810 nmol) caused a rightward shift of dose-response curve and reduction of maximal effect of alpha-2 agonists used."( Relative efficacy of spinal alpha-2 agonists, dexmedetomidine, clonidine and ST-91, determined in vivo by using N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline, an irreversible antagonist.
Takano, Y; Yaksh, TL, 1991)		0.52
" Since the behavioural effects of B-HT 920 vary according to the dosage employed, discussion centres on what receptors might conceivably underly these effects and on their preclinical relevance."( Effects of B-HT 920 in the tail-suspension test.
Cassinadri, M; Ferrari, F; Tampieri, A; Tartoni, PL, 1991)		0.28
" A higher dosage of clonidine (0."( Effects of alpha-noradrenergic substances on the optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular responses in the rabbit: a study with systemic and intrafloccular injections.
Collewijn, H; Pompeiano, O; Tan, HS; van Neerven, J, 1991)		0.6
"25 mg kg-1) caused a shift of the clonidine antisecretory dose-response curve to the right, demonstrating tolerance."( Studies to determine whether there is tolerance or cross-tolerance to the antisecretory effect of morphine and clonidine in the rat intestine.
Bentley, GA; Coupar, IM; Margaritis, J, 1991)		0.77
" The ED50 value for the dose-response curves to B-HT 920 and St587 were found to be significantly increased after the administration of staurosporine."( Effects of staurosporine on the pressor responses to alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in pithed rats: a comparison with nifedipine.
Tabrizchi, R; Triggle, CR, 1991)		0.28
" Further studies are indicated to determine appropriate dosing regimens for oral labetalol in the acute treatment of severe hypertension."( Oral labetalol versus oral clonidine in the emergency treatment of severe hypertension.
Atkin, SH; Beaty, P; Cuffie, C; Jaker, MA; Quadrel, MA; Soto-Greene, ML, 1992)		0.58
" This preliminary study suggests that reduction of central noradrenergic activity by clonidine, at least at the dosage levels employed in the current study, only partially attenuates panic response to lactate."( Noradrenergic function in panic disorder. Effects of intravenous clonidine pretreatment on lactate induced panic.
Campeas, RB; Coplan, JD; Davies, SO; Dillon, DJ; Fyer, AJ; Gorman, JM; Klein, DF; Liebowitz, MR; Martinez, J, 1992)		0.75
" The norepinephrine and hemodynamic responses to graded clonidine dosing (1, 2, and 3 micrograms/kg body weight intravenously) indicated that the sympathetic outflow to the hepatomesenteric circulation was more sensitive to pharmacologic suppression with clonidine than was the sympathetic outflow to the systemic circulation."( Increased sympathetic nervous activity and the effects of its inhibition with clonidine in alcoholic cirrhosis.
Colman, J; Crotty, B; Debinski, H; Dudley, F; Esler, M; Jennings, G; Jones, P; Lambert, G; Willett, I, 1992)		0.76
" Dose-response curves were constructed for phenylephrine (an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist), ST-91 (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin (AVP)."( Does magnesium sulfate alter the maternal cardiovascular response to vasopressor agents in gravid ewes?
Chatterjee, P; Chestnut, DH; Sipes, SL; Thompson, CS; Vincent, RD; Weiner, CP, 1991)		0.28
" Alinidine (10(-6) M) shifted the dose-response curves of acetylcholine and carbachol to the right, but it did not affect those for isosorbide dinitrate, isoproterenol and adenosine."( Anti-muscarinic effect of alinidine on acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in isolated and perfused dog coronary arteries.
Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Nakane, T, 1991)		0.28
" Indeed, we observed a strong correlation between patient compliance and the administration of agents with longer dosing intervals and improved side effects profiles."( Improving compliance in an inner-city hypertensive patient population.
Batts, JM; Branche, GC; Dowdy, VM; Field, LS; Francis, CK, 1991)		0.28
" The principal disadvantages of this class of medications are an overlap between the therapeutic dosage and that producing sedation and dry mouth and the potential to cause the discontinuation syndrome and sexual dysfunction."( Use of centrally acting sympatholytic agents in the management of hypertension.
Epstein, M; Oster, JR, 1991)		0.28
" The plasma concentration of xylose after oral dosing was used as an indicator of groove activation."( The inhibition of the reticular groove reflex in sheep by clonidine.
Belkhiri, M; Nicholson, T, 1991)		0.53
" These variables were: age, gender, prior utilization of medical services, regimen complexity, and dosage formulation."( Utility of a transdermal delivery system for antihypertensive therapy. Part 1.
Chin, A; Gill, MA; Okamoto, MP; Sclar, DA; Skaer, TL, 1991)		0.28
" The enhanced attenuation of responses to noxious colorectal distension produced by the coadministration of these drugs is evidenced by significant leftward shifts in the dose-response curves as compared to those of each drug alone and by isobolographic analysis."( Intrathecal coadministration of clonidine with serotonin receptor agonists produces supra-additive visceral antinociception in the rat.
Danzebrink, RM; Gebhart, GF, 1991)		0.56
" Compliance with the oral twice-daily regimen was variable, with 83% of patients failing to take diltiazem SR at the prescribed dosing intervals 80% to 100% of the time."( Transdermal clonidine as an adjunct to sustained-release diltiazem in the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension.
Herron, J; Lueg, MC; Zellner, S, )		0.51
" Dose-response curves to bolus doses of norepinephrine were shifted markedly to the right by an alpha-1 selective concentration of prazosin (1 nM) and were shifted to the right with depression of maximum by infusions of clonidine (0."( Antagonism of norepinephrine by clonidine in the isolated rat mesenteric vascular bed.
Fleming, WW; Kong, JQ; Taylor, DA, 1991)		0.75
" Dose-response curves for IT morphine were obtained in the presence of fixed doses (0."( Interaction of intrathecal morphine and ST-91 on antinociception in the rat: dose-response analysis, antagonism and clearance.
Monasky, MS; Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL; Zinsmeister, AR, 1990)		0.28
"1-10 nM) shifted the dose-response curves for norepinephrine and phenylephrine to the right."( Agonist interaction with alkylation-sensitive and -resistant alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes.
Butler, BT; Kusiak, JW; Piascik, MT; Pruitt, TA, 1990)		0.28
"In an attempt to maintain stable levels of an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist throughout the perioperative period, two different oral-transdermal clonidine dosage regimens were administered according to a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients undergoing abdominal surgery."( Clinical efficacy of oral-transdermal clonidine combinations during the perioperative period.
Duncan, SR; Jarvis, DJ; Maze, M; Segal, IS; White, PF, 1991)		0.75
" The dose-response curve to inhibitory effect of clonidine (CLON) on firing rate of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons showed a clear shift to the right."( Time course effects of uncontrollable stress in locus coeruleus neuronal activity.
Pavcovich, LA; Ramirez, OA, 1991)		0.54
" Alinidine was administered at a dosage of 30 mg 3 times a day."( Alinidine in chronic stable angina: the effect on diastolic perfusion time.
Cinquegrana, G; Condorelli, M; Duilio, C; Ferro, G; Spadafora, M; Spinelli, L, 1990)		0.28
" A final study evaluated the dose-response relationship of clonidine-induced erectile dysfunction."( Clonidine suppresses copulatory behavior and erectile reflexes in male rats: lack of effect of naloxone pretreatment.
Clark, JT; Smith, ER, 1990)		1.97
" Continuous administration of a drug should result in better control of the disease with fewer side effects and a marked increase in patient compliance than when traditional dosage forms are used."( Clinical efficacy of current transdermal drug delivery systems: a retrospective evaluation.
Banakar, U; Berba, J, 1990)		0.28
" The slope of the dopamine dose-response curve was, however, similar to that of the dose-response curve of clonidine."( Inhibitory effects of clonidine and dopamine on adenylate cyclase of rabbit ciliary processes.
Cepelík, J; Hynie, S, 1990)		0.81
" Clonidine-related side effects are still evident, but the overall tolerance profile for this reduced dosage of the drug appears to be favorable."( Low-dose clonidine administration in the treatment of mild or moderate essential hypertension: results from a double-blind placebo-controlled study (Clobass). The Clobass Study Group.
, 1990)		1.61
" Clonidine was administered to 16 subjects at two dosage levels (0."( Lack of effect of clonidine and pentoxifylline in short-term therapy of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Chomiak, M; Cohen, KL; Lucibello, FE, 1990)		1.52
" Graded dose-response curves (DRC) were constructed from tail-flick latencies converted to % maximal possible effect (%MPE), and the ED50 calculated."( Spinal antinociceptive synergy between clonidine and morphine, U69593, and DPDPE: isobolographic analysis.
Green, J; Harris, S; Lloyd, P; Lozito, R; Messineo, E; Ossipov, MH, 1990)		0.55
" These findings were confirmed and extended here with dose-response curves."( Neonatal clonidine treatment results in long-lasting changes in noradrenaline sensitivity and kindling epileptogenesis.
Bos, NP; Gorter, JA; Huisman, E; Kamphuis, W; Mirmiran, M, 1990)		0.7
" Chloroethylclonidine (1-5 X 10(-5) M) shifted noradrenaline dose-response curve to the right approximately 5000-fold without depressing the maximum."( Chloroethylclonidine unmasks a non-alpha-adrenoceptor noradrenaline binding site in the rat aorta.
Bevan, JA; Oriowo, MA, 1990)		1.05
"The objective of the study was to determine dose-response relationships of growth hormone, vasopressin, blood pressure, heart rate, and behavioral responses to clonidine."( Dose-response profiles of plasma growth hormone and vasopressin after clonidine challenge in man.
Allen, D; Brown, GM; Cleghorn, JM; Mazurek, M; Szechtman, B, 1990)		0.71
" Dose-response curves to a variety of additional adrenoceptor stimulants were constructed with the potency rank order for all agonists being: (-)-epinephrine greater than B-HT 920 = (-)-norepinephrine = clonidine much greater than (-)-phenylephrine much greater than B-HT 933 greater than methoxamine."( Characterization of adrenoceptor subtypes in cat cutaneous vasculature.
Koss, MC, 1990)		0.47
"The purpose of this open, uncontrolled study in a group of confirmed heroin addicts of both sexes was to determine whether clonidine by itself suppresses opiate withdrawal reactions, its maximal effective dosage range, the time of maximal effect, duration of its effectiveness and the extent of cardiovascular side effects."( Evaluation of clonidine suppression of opiate withdrawal reactions: a multidisciplinary approach.
Beroniade, V; Cuthill, JD; Salvatori, VA; Viguié, F, 1990)		0.85
"A simple and sensitive method for the determination of clonidine in dosage forms is presented."( Spectrophotometric determination of clonidine in dosage forms using bromocresol green.
Agbaba, G; Panić, L; Zivanov-Stakić, D, 1990)		0.8
" In concentrations greater than 10(-5) M, ouabain caused a parallel shift to the left of the phenylephrine dose-response curve, indicating potentiation."( Effect of ouabain on the responses to vasoconstrictor agents in isolated perfused rat tail arteries.
Armsworth, SJ; Marwood, JF; Stokes, GS, )		0.13
"In pithed rats two recently-introduced beta-blockers, nipradilol and arotinolol, as well as labetalol shifted the pressor dose-response curve for phenylephrine to the right."( Alpha-blockade and vasodilatation induced by nipradilol, arotinolol and labetalol in pithed rats.
Chin, WP; Imai, S; Nakagawa, Y; Nakahara, H, 1985)		0.27
" From dose-response curves, near-maximal intracisternal (i."( Differential blood pressure responses to intracisternal clonidine, alpha-methyldopa, and 6-hydroxydopamine in conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
de Jong, W; Head, GA, )		0.38
" Detailed analysis revealed a correlation between the dosage and favorable dynamics of mapping parameters."( Intravenous clonidine treatment in acute myocardial infarction (with comparison to a nitroglycerin-treated and control group).
Lada, W; Zochowski, RJ, 1986)		0.65
" The dosage of clonidine was progressively increased until a normal blood pressure (mean blood pressure less than or equal to 105 mm Hg) was obtained."( Treatment of hypertensive emergencies: classic and newer approaches.
Bisi, G; Gallini, C; Masotti, G; Neri Serneri, GG; Poggesi, L; Scarti, L; Sciagrà, R, 1986)		0.62
" Bay K 8644 (10(-8) M) markedly potentiated B-HT-958-mediated vasoconstrictor responses with a leftward shift and an increase in the maximum response of the logarithmic dose-response curve."( Sensitivity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists to the calcium channel activator, Bay K 8644, in canine saphenous vein.
Eskinder, H; Gross, GJ, 1987)		0.27
"1 mg/kg) enhanced clonidine-induced hypothermia and hypoactivity, chronic dosing (twice daily for 14 days) with desipramine (10 mg/kg) or rolipram (5 mg/kg) antagonized these behavioural effects."( Effect of long-term rolipram administration on the sensitivity of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat brain.
Luscombe, DK; Mustafa, MR; Stolz, JF, 1988)		0.61
" It has been concluded that clonidine reduces sympathoadrenergic activity, but in a low dosage this effect is obviously restricted to a reduction of arteriolar tone."( Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of low-dose clonidine in mild to moderate hypertension.
Rüddel, H; Schmieder, R; Schulte, W; von Eiff, AW, 1987)		0.82
" Twenty-one patients with concentric LVH (thickness of interventricular septum, IVS, and left posterior wall, LPW, above 11 mm) were given a 2D and M-mode echocardiogram before (pre) and 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, after therapy was initiated (mean oral cl dosage 150 micrograms; nf, 30 mg/day)."( Effects of clonidine and nifedipine on left ventricular hypertrophy and muscle mass in hypertensive patients.
Brückner, S; Kleine, P; Meissner, E; von Bruchhausen, V, 1987)		0.66
" dose-response curves for the effect of the chronic drug given as a bolus."( Potency of infused spinal antinociceptive agents is inversely related to magnitude of tolerance after continuous infusion.
Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL, 1989)		0.28
" Antinociception was determined by observing the response to a clamp applied to the tail (Haffner test) in mice and by the tail-flick test in rats; log dose-response curves for antinociception were generated for morphine, clonidine, and each drug combination."( Antinociceptive interactions between alpha 2-adrenergic and opiate agonists at the spinal level in rodents.
Ossipov, MH; Spaulding, TC; Suarez, LJ, 1989)		0.46
") caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for the inhibitory action of the alpha 2-receptor agonist clonidine on LC neurons."( A metabolite of buspirone increases locus coeruleus activity via alpha 2-receptor blockade.
Engberg, G, 1989)		0.48
" Dose-response curves were generated for epinephrine, and were then repeated in the presence of either prazosin (alpha 1 antagonist), yohimbine (alpha 2 antagonist) or SK&F-86466 (alpha 2 antagonist)."( An in vivo evaluation of alpha adrenergic receptors in canine prostate.
Chernesky, CE; Chou, TC; Felsen, D; Marion, DN; Somers, WJ; Vaughan, ED, 1989)		0.28
" The drugs induced dose-dependent contractions in all subjects, and dose-response curves were constructed."( Comparative effects of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonists noradrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine in the human saphenous vein in vivo and in vitro.
Andersson, KE; Norgren, L; Sjöberg, T; Steen, S, 1989)		0.5
" The absence of a depression of the maximum of the dose-response curve of ST 587 and the very moderate attenuation of the maximal B-HT 920-induced increase in diastolic blood pressure (BP) confirms the lack of major calcium entry blocking properties of R 56865 for alpha-adrenoceptor-activated calcium channels in vitro."( Interaction between R 56865 and alpha-adrenoceptors in the pithed rat.
Fruh, C; Koch, P; Peters, T; Schneider, J; Wilffert, B; Wilhelm, D, )		0.13
" Clonidine also produced biphasic effects on blood pressure in conscious rats, with the dose-response function shifted upward and to the left of that observed in anesthetized rats."( Pharmacological characterization of alpha adrenoceptors involved in the antinociceptive and cardiovascular effects of intrathecally administered clonidine.
Brody, MJ; Gebhart, GF; Solomon, RE, 1989)		1.39
" Cumulative dose-response (i."( Evidence that different regional sympathetic outflows vary in their sensitivity to the sympathoinhibitory actions of putative 5-HT1A and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthetized cats.
Ramage, AG; Wilkinson, SJ, 1989)		0.28
" Their dose-response curves showed that they had similar IC50's but the maximum inhibition differed among these agonists."( Inhibition of adenylate cyclase in bovine ciliary process and rabbit iris ciliary body to alpha 2-adrenergic agonists.
Elko, EE; Jin, Y; Tran, T; Yorio, T, 1989)		0.28
" Plasma tizanidine levels rose within half an hour after dosing and peaked at one hour."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the oral antispastic agent tizanidine in patients with spinal cord injury.
Baker, H; Desai, P; el Masri, W; Frankel, HL; Luckitt, J; Mathias, CJ, 1989)		0.28
"00007 mg/kg, intravenously) as a component of multicomponent general anesthesia eliminated hemodynamic and endocrine reactions during major abdominal and thoracic surgery in cancer patients, reducing the dosage of calypsol and fentanyl."( [Klofelin as a component of general anesthesia and a means of postoperative analgesia in cancer surgery].
Dolgopolova, TV; Ignatov, IuD; Osipova, NA; Smolina, TA; Vetsheva, MS; Zaĭtsev, AA, )		0.13
" The dosage was optimized corresponding to the clinical symptoms."( [Comparative double-blind study of the effectiveness and tolerance of baclofen, tetrazepam and tizanidine in spastic movement disorders of the lower extremities].
Paulig, M; Pellkofer, M, 1989)		0.28
" Although some patients remained normotensive after discontinuation of step II drugs, a greater proportion returned to elevated BP than when step II dosage was unchanged."( Effects of reduction in drugs or dosage after long-term control of systemic hypertension.
Borreson, RE; Fisher, SG; Freis, ED; Hamburger, R; Mezey, KC; Mukherji, B; Neal, WW; Perry, HM; Taguchi, JT; Thomas, JR, 1989)		0.28
"Using a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay the pharmacokinetic disposition of clonidine was determined in hypertensive patients after a single dose and then after 5, 28 and 56 days of chronic dosing with 75 micrograms bd."( Pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effects of low dose clonidine during chronic therapy.
Anavekar, SN; Conway, EL; Howes, LG; Jarrott, B; Louis, WJ; Syrjanen, M, 1989)		0.75
" In particular, a 3-bromo-5-isoxazolecarbonyl derivative, selected for further in vivo investigation, was provided with as high antihypertensive action as prazosin in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) coupled to a shallow dose-response curve by oral route."( New isoxazole derivatives provided with antihypertensive activity.
Carenzi, A; Chiarino, D; Napoletano, M; Reggiani, A; Sala, A; Sala, R, 1989)		0.28
" Moreover, small noncontractile doses of STI in this in vitro preparation produced a fivefold leftward shift in the contraction dose-response curve of norepinephrine (P less than ."( Effects of a human-derived sodium transport inhibitor on in vitro vascular reactivity.
Gonick, HC; Prins, BA; Purdy, RE; Weber, MA; Weiler, E, 1989)		0.28
"This study examined the effects of the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist clonidine on free-running circadian activity rhythms in rats, using a dosing regimen similar to one previously shown to induce behavioral depression in the swim test."( Effects of chronic clonidine administration and withdrawal on free-running circadian activity rhythms.
Rosenwasser, AM, 1989)		0.84
" DI and VE shifted dose-response curves for phenylephrine and clonidine to the right with suppression of maximal responses."( Effects of calcium antagonists on alpha-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstrictions of the canine intermediate auricular artery.
Chiba, S; Ito, T, 1987)		0.51
" Dose-response curves to alpha-MSH were compared in the presence of different calcium concentrations, and Schild regression plots were constructed."( The role of calcium in MSH stimulated melanosome dispersion.
Lucas, AM; Shuster, S; Thody, AJ, )		0.13
" The inactivation of a small receptor fraction shifted the dose-response curves for isoprenaline and clonidine to the right but did not alter the maximum effect of the agonists (responsiveness)."( Adrenoceptor occupancy in isolated human fat cells and its relationship with lipolysis rate.
Arner, P; Engfeldt, P; Hellmér, J; Ostman, J; Wennlund, A, 1988)		0.49
" Clonidine treatment produced a dosage related increase in amplitude of both components similar to that produced by chlordimeform (W."( An alpha 2-adrenergic mode of action of chlordimeform on rat visual function.
Boyes, WK; Moser, VC, 1988)		1.19
" In both models biphasic dose-response curves were obtained; in a narrow low-dose range (6."( Biphasic effects of clonidine on conflict behavior: involvement of different alpha-adrenoceptors.
Engel, JA; Söderpalm, B, 1988)		0.6
" The dose-response relationship between renal alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation (clonidine) and water and electrolyte excretion was evaluated in anesthetized rats."( Dose selective dissociation of water and solute excretion after renal alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation.
Blandford, DE; Smyth, DD, 1988)		0.5
" The dose-response relationships of the alpha 2- and beta-selective agents clonidine and isoproterenol were not appreciably changed by caloric restriction."( Adrenergic regulation of lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes of obese subjects during caloric restriction: reversal of catecholamine action caused by relief of endogenous inhibition.
Fischer, B; Kather, H; Schlierf, G; Wieland, E; Wirth, A, 1985)		0.5
" Prior saline infusion reduced the hypertensive response to the two higher doses of clonidine by 65 and 70%, and displaced the slope of the dose-response curve downwards, but mannitol had no such effect."( Sodium chloride-induced partial inhibition in vivo of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist function.
Biollaz, B; Biollaz, J; Gavras, H; Gavras, I; Kohlmann, O, 1985)		0.49
" The loss of the righting reflex induced by clonidine in the chicken was prevented by (+/-) and (+) S9871, as shown by a shift of the dose-response curve to clonidine to the right by both agents; on the contrary, (-) S9871 potentiated the sedation induced by clonidine."( Antagonistic effects of S9871 or (imidazolinyl-2)-2-dihydro 2,3 benzofurane and its stereoisomers on some central and peripheral actions of alpha 2-agonists.
Joly, G; Mouillé, P; Schmitt, H, 1985)		0.53
" Phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (ibuprofen, indomethacin, and acetylsalicylic acid) caused a shift to the right of the epinephrine dose-response curve, indicating antagonism of the response to epinephrine."( Interaction of epinephrine with isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells.
Liedtke, CM, 1986)		0.27
" Dose-response studies indicated clonidine was 100 times more potent than norepinephrine or cirazoline at inhibiting N-acetyltransferase activity."( Regulation of chicken pineal arylalkylamine-N-acetyl transferase by postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors.
Collin, JP; Voisin, P, 1986)		0.55
"In the present study, the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal injections of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and guanfacine in rats was determined to establish their dose-response curves."( Antinociceptive effects and spinal cord tissue concentrations after intrathecal injection of guanfacine or clonidine into rats.
Archer, T; Freedman, J; Gordh, T; Minor, BG; Post, C, 1987)		0.7
" dose of morphine, show a dose-dependent rightward shift in hot-plate dose-response curves."( Spinal infusion of opiate and alpha-2 agonists in rats: tolerance and cross-tolerance studies.
Monasky, MS; Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL, 1988)		0.27
" The antagonism of both receptor types was reversible since washing of the tissues after incubation with DMPEA brought the agonist dose-response curve back to the control value."( Alpha-adrenoceptor occupancy by N,N-dimethyl-2-bromo-2-phenethylamine hydrobromide (DMPEA) in rat vas deferens.
Brasili, L; Cassinelli, A; Giardinà, D; Gulini, U; Melchiorre, C; Quaglia, W, 1988)		0.27
" IAP pretreatment also caused a marked upward shift in the dose-response curve of vasopressin (10(-10) to 10(-4) M)-induced cAMP accumulation."( Tonic inhibition of renal response to vasopressin by a pertussis toxin substrate.
Fallet, R; Gong, GD; Jeffries, WB; Pettinger, WA; Van Dreal, P, 1988)		0.27
" The three dose-response curves were compared by analysis of variance."( Comparative effects of rilmenidine and clonidine on bronchial responses to histamine in asthmatic subjects.
Advenier, C; Dinh Xuan, AT; Lockhart, A; Matran, R; Regnard, J; Vitou, P, 1988)		0.54
" Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed for 8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone and clonidine."( Evidence that the putative 5-HT1A receptor agonists, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, have a central hypotensive action that differs from that of clonidine in anaesthetised cats.
Fozard, JR; Ramage, AG, 1987)		0.7
" Methods also have been developed to determine the skin irritation potential of a drug substance during the preclinical stages of transdermal dosage form development."( Testing of controlled-release transdermal dosage forms. Product development and clinical trials.
Amkraut, AA; Prevo, ME; Shaw, JE, 1987)		0.27
" Further studies demonstrated a rightward shift in the dose-response curves for the inhibition by norepinephrine of cyclic AMP accumulation following pretreatment with increasing phenoxybenzamine concentration."( Alpha 2-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of adenylate cyclase in the intact human platelet. Evidence for a receptor reserve.
Ehrlich, YH; Ellis, J; Lenox, RH; Van Riper, D, 1985)		0.27
" Depletion of CNS monoamines by more than 95% with reserpine (5 mg/kg) and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (2 X 300 mg/kg) failed to alter the dose-response relation to clonidine."( Studies on the mechanism of clonidine-induced mydriasis in the rat.
Gherezghiher, T; Hey, JA; Koss, MC, 1985)		0.76
" Dose-response studies of the effect of epinephrine on adenosine-deaminase or isoproterenol-stimulated fat-cells demonstrate an inhibitory effect of epinephrine on lipolysis promoted by stimulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptors which occurs before the commonly described beta 1-adrenergic effect which promotes stimulation of lipolysis."( Fat cell adrenoceptors: inter- and intraspecific differences and hormone regulation.
Berlan, M; Carpene, C; Lafontan, M, 1985)		0.27
" Prazosin caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve to phenylephrine."( Pre- and postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors at sympathetic neuroeffector junction in bovine mesenteric lymphatics.
Azuma, T; Ohhashi, T, 1986)		0.27
" The differences observed in the dose-response curves of adenylate cyclase activity to isoproterenol or noradrenaline were prevented in the presence of clonidine (a alpha 2-agonist) or yohimbine (alpha 2-antagonist) respectively."( Occurrence of alpha 2-adrenergic effects on adenylate cyclase activity and (3H)-clonidine specific binding in brown adipose tissue from foetal rats.
Benito, M; Domínguez, MJ; Elliott, K; Fernández, M, 1986)		0.7
"1% respectively; the dose-response curve for NE inhibitory action is described."( Quantitative evaluation of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor modulation of [3H]choline release in guinea pig superior cervical ganglia.
Belluzzi, O; Bonifazzi, C; Perri, V; Travagli, RA, 1987)		0.27
" In the bronchus, functional evidence for such innervation was shown by the following results: a leftward shift in the noradrenaline inhibitory dose-response curve by the neuronal uptake blocker imipramine; the inhibition of uptake of 3H-L-noradrenaline by the neuronal uptake blockers imipramine, cocaine and phenoxybenzamine; and the induced release of noradrenaline and its metabolites by tyramine and electrical field stimulation using nerve-specific parameters; and selective inhibition of field-stimulated contractions by isoprenaline."( Sympathetic innervation of human tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle.
Davis, C; Kannan, MS, 1987)		0.27
"We performed a double-masked, cross-over, dose-response study of apraclonidine hydrochloride (formerly known as ALO 2145) in 20 patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP)."( Apraclonidine. A one-week dose-response study.
Jampel, HD; Pollack, IP; Quigley, HA; Robin, AL, 1988)		1.07
" The development of supersensitivity, defined as the leftward parallel shift of the dose-response curves for clonidine administered intrathecally, corresponded to the time course of NE depletion following 6-OHDA treatment on the days tested."( Effect of spinal norepinephrine depletion on descending inhibition of the tail flick reflex from the locus coeruleus and lateral reticular nucleus in the rat.
Gebhart, GF; Janss, AJ; Jones, SL, 1987)		0.49
"Using a dosing paradigm and an automated behavioral testing procedure designed to maximize potential drug efficacy, we evaluated the ability of clonidine to improve performance of aged monkeys on a trial-specific memory task."( Lack of efficacy of clonidine on memory in aged cebus monkeys.
Bartus, RT; Dean, RL, )		0.66
" We administered propranolol over a wide dosage range to a different group of animals and found that a high dose (20 mg/kg) increased separation-induced coos while decreasing the activity levels."( Effects of clonidine and propranolol on separation-induced distress in infant rhesus monkeys.
Kalin, NH; Shelton, SE, 1988)		0.66
" The dosage of tizanidine used ranged from 6 to 18 mg/day."( Modified release tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity.
Chantraine, A; Van Ouwenaller, C, )		0.13
"32 days, despite lower clonidine dosage and significantly lower diazepam dosage on the second day."( Opioid withdrawal and naltrexone induction in 48-72 hours with minimal drop-out, using a modification of the naltrexone-clonidine technique.
Bailey, C; Brewer, C; Rezae, H, 1988)		0.79
" Dosage was increased progressively, if tolerated, to a maximum of 24 mg tizanidine or 30 mg diazepam per day at the end of 2 weeks."( A multi-centre, double-blind trial of tizanidine, a new antispastic agent, in spasticity associated with hemiplegia.
Bes, A; Eyssette, M; Pierrot-Deseilligny, E; Rohmer, F; Warter, JM, 1988)		0.27
" Dosing schedule did not affect the objective ratings; scores from clonidine given twice a day were equivalent to those for three times a day."( Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods.
Carroll, VS; Como, PG; Goetz, CG; Shannon, KM; Tanner, CM; Wilson, RS, 1987)		1.95
" Its frequency is influenced by length of treatment, daily dosage and degree of hypertension."( [Hypertensive crisis after withdrawal of clonidine and nadolol. Case report and review of the literature].
Fried, M; Schwander, J, 1987)		0.54
"The study was undertaken to define a dose-response relationship for clonidine in prolonging canine tetracaine spinal anesthesia."( Dose-response relationship of clonidine in tetracaine spinal anesthesia.
Kehler, CH; Kozody, R; Mensink, FJ; Wade, JG, 1987)		0.8
" It seems probable that the optimal dose of alinidine was not used in this trial and that the dosage could have been higher."( ST 567 (alinidine) in stable angina: a comparison with metoprolol.
Balakumaran, K; Bokslag, M; Fels, PW; Hugenholtz, PG; Jovanovic, A; Lubsen, J; van Es, GA, 1987)		0.27
" Dosage was held at the minimum effect amount for those who responded."( Clonidine effect on spasticity: a clinical trial.
Carter, RE; Donovan, WH; Rossi, CD; Wilkerson, MA, 1988)		1.72
" Yohimbine, but not naloxone, antagonized the antinociceptive effects of clonidine, whereas both yohimbine and naloxone altered the dose-response function for the effects of clonidine on blood pressure."( Intrathecal morphine and clonidine: antinociceptive tolerance and cross-tolerance and effects on blood pressure.
Gebhart, GF; Solomon, RE, 1988)		0.81
" Neither the maximal clinical dosage of tizanidine (3 mg) nor twice that dosage (6 mg) induced any marked somatic or psychic symptoms compared with the placebo."( Effects of tizanidine in healthy volunteers: double-blind study compared with diazepam and a placebo.
Igarashi, S; Yamamura, H; Yanagita, T, 1988)		0.27
" The dose-response curves were compared by an analysis of variance."( Effects of clonidine on bronchial responses to histamine in normal and asthmatic subjects.
Advenier, C; Dinh Xuan, AT; Lockhart, A; Mantrand, P; Matran, R; Regnard, J, 1988)		0.66
") or repeated clonidine dosing (0."( Clonidine effects on disposition of xenobiotics in rats: inhibited elimination of flow-limited but not extraction-limited agents.
Ben-Zvi, Z; Hurwitz, A, 1988)		2.08
" Dose-response experiments indicate that norepinephrine is approximately 10,000 times more potent on a molar basis than carbachol in stimulating antral gastrin release."( Comparison of adrenergic and cholinergic receptor-mediated stimulation of gastrin release from rat antral fragments.
Harty, RF; Maico, DG; McGuigan, JE, )		0.13
"5 microM), however, the slope of the dose-response curve for EtOH stimulation of AC activity was biphasic."( Effects of ethanol on adenylate cyclase system in the human platelet.
Ishizawa, H; Ozawa, H; Saito, T; Tabakoff, B; Tsuchiya, F, 1987)		0.27
" We conclude that administration of alinidine in the dosage used does not lead to a significant deterioration even in patients with strongly impaired left ventricular function."( Acute haemodynamic effects of a specific bradycardic agent in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired left ventricular function.
Kreuzer, H; Wiegand, V, 1987)		0.27
"There is a debate whether the fall in plasma cortisol concentrations after the early morning dosing of clonidine represents drug effect or normal diurnal variation."( Effect of clonidine on plasma cortisol concentrations.
Ellis, NF; MacGillivray, MH; Voorhess, ML, 1986)		0.89
" The rate at which dose increases were found necessary to maintain adequate blood pressure control over extended periods reflects a low incidence of tolerance to this new once-a-week dosage form of clonidine, and there has been little evidence of rebound hypertension after discontinuation of TTS treatment."( Efficacy of clonidine as transdermal therapeutic system: the international clinical trial experience.
Bies, C; Cristal, N; Fagan, T; Lowenthal, DT; Paran, E; Saris, S; Sharif, K, 1986)		0.84
" When this preparation was incubated with morphine for 1 h tolerance developed to the inhibitory effect, since dose-response curves were shifted to the right."( Yohimbine reduces morphine tolerance in guinea-pig ileum.
Alamo, C; Alguacil, LF; Cuenca, E; Santos, C, 1987)		0.27
" After 12 generations of selective breeding, the high antinociceptive response line exhibited about 7 times steeper dose-response curve than did the low antinociceptive response line whereas only small differences were seen with saline alone."( Selective breeding for levorphanol-induced antinociception on the hot-plate assay: commonalities in mechanism of action with morphine, pentazocine, ethylketocyclazocine, U-50488H and clonidine in mice.
Belknap, JK; Danielson, PW; Laursen, SE; Noordewier, B, 1987)		0.46
" Chronic dosing with morphine or clonidine caused partial tolerance and cross-tolerance to the rise in hepatic BSP caused by an acute challenge with either agonist."( Tolerance to effects of clonidine and morphine on sulfobromophthalein disposition in mice.
Ben-Zvi, Z; Graham, CE; Hurwitz, A, 1987)		0.86
" These patients are best managed as outpatients with gradual dosage reduction over 4-12 weeks."( Management of benzodiazepine dependence.
Lader, M; Moodley, P, 1986)		0.27
" In cats, dose-response curves were constructed to noradrenaline and adrenaline given into the perfusion circuit (i."( The effect of clonidine on venous haemodynamics in cats and dogs.
Bentley, GA; Cullen, LK; Reynoldson, JA; Widdop, RE, 1986)		0.63
" Pretreatment of anaesthetized rabbits with intracisternal CDS (500 units) shifted to the right the dose-response curve obtained with clonidine alone injected the same way."( An endogenous, non-catecholamine clonidine antagonist increases mean arterial blood pressure.
Atlas, D; Bousquet, P; Feldman, J, 1986)		0.76
" Our data suggest that NIC in the dosage applied shows no clear and pronounced alpha-2-adrenolytic effects and no specific clinical benefits for chronic schizophrenics."( Clinical and biochemical effects of nicergoline in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Ackenheil, M; Albus, M; Botschev, C; Müller-Spahn, F; Münch, U; Naber, D, 1986)		0.27
" The slope of the dose-response curves was similar in both strains of rat, but the average response to the same concentrations of clonidine was less in the SHR."( Modification of clonidine-induced pressor responses in morphine-dependent and hypophysectomised rats.
Conway, EL, 1986)		0.82
" When dose-response curves to an alpha adrenergic agonist were obtained in the presence of a threshold concentration of the same or another alpha agonist, the curve was shifted to the left at threshold but converged with the control curve between ED10 and ED70."( Vasoconstrictor threshold synergism and potentiation in the rabbit isolated thoracic aorta.
Murray, DL; Purdy, RE; Stupecky, GL, 1986)		0.27
" After 2 control runs which had induced regional contractile dysfunction of comparable intensity, alinidine was infused intravenously at a dosage of 1 mg/kg per 5 min."( Effects of alinidine on exercise-induced regional contractile dysfunction in dogs.
Krumpl, G; Mayer, N; Raberger, G; Schneider, W, 1986)		0.27
" The dose-response curves for noradrenaline, acetylcholine and KCl was not affected by GTX II (2 X 10(-7) to 10(-6) M)."( Presynaptic inhibitory effect of geographutoxin II, a new peptide toxin from Conus geographus venom, in the guinea-pig vas deferens.
Kobayashi, J; Nakamura, H; Ohizumi, Y, 1986)		0.27
" The similar dose-response relationships for adrenal nerve tone or reflex response in CNS intact and spinalized animals suggest, although not conclusively, that at least some of clonidine's effect in CNS intact animals may be mediated at the spinal level."( The effect of clonidine on adrenal sympathetic nerve responses to mechanical, noxious and innocuous stimulation of the skin in rats.
Kurosawa, M; Minami, M; Saito, H; Togashi, H, 1985)		0.82
" alpha-Methyldopa and clonidine produced the same hypotensive response at 6 and 8 h after dosing with a similar fall in plasma noradrenaline levels at these times."( The plasma noradrenaline and growth hormone response to alpha-methyldopa and clonidine in hypertensive subjects.
Adams, EF; Brown, MJ; Dollery, CT; Struthers, AD, 1985)		0.81
" Incorporating combinations of sustained release and immediate release cores into a capsule (Perlonget) gave predictable absorption rates, permitting the formulation scientist to control the plasma levels obtained from oral dosing of clonidine."( Pharmacokinetics of oral sustained release clonidine in humans.
Keirns, JJ; MacGregor, TR; Relihan, GL, 1985)		0.72
" Independent groups of pups from dams given either 6% or 25% casein diets received one of five doses of clonidine at 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 days of age and dose-response relationships for motor activity were determined."( Altered development of responsiveness to clonidine in severely malnourished rats.
Goodlett, CR; Morgane, PJ; Resnick, O; Valentino, ML, 1985)		0.75
" In general, however, no consistent evidence for the development of tolerance or dependence to clonidine were observed under these dosing conditions."( The effects of acute and repeated clonidine administration on fixed-interval performance in rhesus monkeys.
Balster, RL; Wessinger, WD, 1985)		0.77
" This same dosage and treatment schedule also resulted in a reduction in locomotor activity, but only on the initial day of dosing."( Clonidine-induced alterations in feeding in deprived rats.
Wilson, MC, 1985)		1.71
" Dose-response curves were constructed correlating decreases in renal blood flow with doses of phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanabenz injected as boluses into renal arteries of anesthetized dogs."( Renal alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in dogs: comparison of phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanabenz.
Buckalew, VM; Strandhoy, JW; Wolff, DW, 1984)		0.69
" Where pA2 values (-log dose antagonist evoking a twofold shift for the agonist dose-response curve) could be calculated, no significantly different pA2 values against either agonist resulted."( Calcium influx-dependent and -independent alpha 1-adrenoceptor-mediated processes of vasoconstriction in vivo do not operate via different alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes.
de Jonge, A; Korstanje, C; Thoolen, MJ; Timmermans, PB; van Zwieten, PA; Wilffert, B, )		0.13
" The presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist activity of the drugs was quantitatively determined by studying the effect of increasing concentrations on the clonidine dose-response curve in the electrically stimulated vas deferens."( Effects of raubasine stereoisomers on pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the rat vas deferens.
Demichel, P; Roquebert, J, 1984)		0.46
" Then prazosin or yohimbine were administered intra-arterially and dose-response curves repeated."( Renal alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in dogs.
Buckalew, VM; Strandhoy, JW; Wolff, DW, 1984)		0.27
" Since the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs which, at the usual dosage level, antagonize the hypotensive action of clonidine are unknown in man, caution should be exercised for such an association clonidine-alpha-blocker."( [Interaction between clonidine and alpha-blockers (author's transl)].
Chelly, J; Huchet, AM; Schmitt, H, 1980)		0.79
" The first ionization energies of the pharmacologically active 20-(phenylimino)imidazolidines do not correlate with hypotensive activity based on dosage data after intravenous administration to rats."( Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of cyclic amidines. 2. Electronic structure of clonidine and some related 2-(phenylimino)imidazolidines with alpha-adrenergic activity.
de Jong, AP; van Dam, H, 1980)		0.48
"Sixty postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms were treated with either clonidine hydrochloride or piperazine estrone sulfate in two different dosage strengths."( Effect of estrogen on fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in postmenopausal women.
Varma, TR, )		0.36
" Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist activity was assessed by studying the effect of increasing concentrations of the antagonists on cumulative clonidine dose-response curves on the stimulated vas deferens."( [Comparative study of the pre and post-synaptic alpha blocking activity of thymoxamine and its metabolites in the rat vas deferens (author's transl)].
Canellas, J; Demichel, P; Malek, A; Roquebert, J, )		0.33
" Clonidine followed by prazosin was added to their regimen on an outpatient basis to establish the dose-response for BP and catecholamines."( Clonidine and prazosin effects in hypernoradrenergic vasodilator-treated and beta-blocker-treated patients.
Mitchell, HC; Pettinger, WA, 1981)		2.62
" 3 Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist activity was assessed by studying the effect of increasing antagonist concentrations on cumulative clonidine dose-response curves on the stimulated vas deferens."( Pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity of raubasine in the rat vas deferens.
Demichel, P; Gomond, P; Roquebert, J, 1981)		0.46
" The order of affinity (pA2) for presynaptic alpha-receptors, as assessed from parallel shift of the dose-response curve to clonidine, was: phentolamine greater than yohimbine greater than tolazoline greater than E-643 greater than or equal to prazosin."( Comparison of pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor blocking effects of E-643 in the isolated vas deferens of the rat.
Shoji, T, 1981)		0.47
" The dose-response curve to guanfacine for increase in blood pressure was shifted in a parallel fashion to the right by 1 mg/kg of yohimbine, an alpha 2-antagonist and by 1 mg/kg of phentolamine, a nonselective alpha 1- and alpha 2-antagonist."( [Effects of guanfacine on pre- and postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors studied in comparison with those of clonidine].
Chin, W; Imai, S; Nakagawa, Y, 1982)		0.48
"3 alpha-Adrenoceptors appear to be involved in the reaction, since noradrenaline showed stereospecificity, and the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine and piperoxan both shifted the dose-response curves of the alpha-adrenoceptor agonist drugs to the right, usually parallel to the control curves."( Studies on the antinociceptive action of alpha-agonist drugs and their interactions with opioid mechanisms.
Bentley, GA; Newton, SH; Starr, J, 1983)		0.27
"0 mg/kg) resulted in a 3-10-fold shift to the right in the clonidine dose-response curve."( Effects of clonidine on operant behavior and electric shock titration in the squirrel monkey: effects of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonism.
McKearney, JW, 1983)		0.9
" In contrast, the dose-response curves to tiamenidine and clonidine were flatter and bell-shaped with maxima of 30 and 60 min, respectively."( Sleeping times evoked by alpha adrenoceptor agonists in two-day-old chicks: an experimental model to evaluate full and partial agonists at central alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
Cavero, I; Doxey, JC; Roach, AG; Strachan, DA, 1983)		0.51
" These alpha 2-agonists also inhibited the uptake of 45Ca evoked by carbachol with similar dose-response curve to inhibition of catecholamine secretion."( Inhibition by alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists of the secretion of catecholamines from isolated adrenal medullary cells.
Izumi, F; Kobayashi, H; Sakurai, S; Wada, A; Yanagihara, N, 1983)		0.27
" The dose-response relationships for the effects of alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists on retinal TH activity were similar to those for the effects on brain noradrenergic neurons, where alpha 2-adrenoceptors have been shown to be involved in the autoregulation of neuronal activity."( Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors influence tyrosine hydroxylase activity in retinal dopamine neurons.
Iuvone, PM; Rauch, AL, 1983)		0.27
" Neuroleptic medications are still the mainstay of treatment, but recent studies suggest new approaches to dosage and to the treatment of acute psychosis."( The pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia: a progress report.
Baldessarini, RJ; Donaldson, SR; Gelenberg, AJ, 1983)		0.27
" In all these data indicate that in the dog: 1) CLON induces GH release via activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors; 2) these receptors are likely located on presynaptic sites [experiments with reserpine (1), DU-18288, mianserin, dose-response curve with CLON 2-32/micrograms/kg iv]; 3) the adrenergic receptors involved in GH release exhibit supersensitivity upon (YOH-induced) chronic pharmacologic denervation."( Presynaptic alpha 2 -adrenergic stimulation leads to growth hormone release in the dog.
Cella, SG; Mantegazza, P; Morgese, M; Müller, EE; Picotti, GB, 1984)		0.27
" Rauwolscine, RX 781094 and RS 21361 caused rightward parallel displacements of the log dose-response curve to the increase in diastolic pressure of methoxamine (alpha-1 agonist) and B-HT 920 (alpha-2 agonist) as well as to the B-HT 920-induced reduction in stimulation-evoked tachycardia."( A study of the selectivity and potency of rauwolscine, RX 781094 and RS 21361 as antagonists of alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors.
Qian, JQ; Ruffolo, RR; Timmermans, PB; van Zwieten, PA, 1984)		0.27
" Prazosin (10(-8) M-10(-6) M, alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist) produced a rightward shift of the phenylephrine and clonidine dose-response curve in both the trigone and urethra."( Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the smooth muscle of isolated rabbit urinary bladder and urethra.
Satake, N; Shibata, S; Ueda, S, 1984)		0.48
" The effects of CU 32-085 and bromocriptine on dose-response curves to sympathomimetic agents (adrenaline, noradrenaline, methoxamine and clonidine), intravenously administered, were also studied."( Hypotensive action and alpha-adrenolytic properties of a new dopaminergic agonist, CU 32-085, in the rat.
Esplugues, J; Morales-Olivas, FJ; Palop, V; Rubio, E, 1984)		0.47
" A dosage of 100mg twice daily will often be adequate to control mild hypertension and the use of even lower doses has been reported."( Combined alpha- and beta-receptor inhibition in the treatment of hypertension.
Prichard, BN, 1984)		0.27
" Clonidine also decreased the slope of the ACh dose-response curve and maximal response in denervated mouse diaphragms as well as the carbachol response in the chinck muscle."( Effect of clonidine on neuromuscular transmission and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
Chang, CC; Chiou, LC, 1984)		1.58
" During chronic oral dosing (3--21 days), tolerance developed and blood pressure returned to base-line pretreatment levels."( Changes in alpha-adrenoceptors during long-term treatment of rabbits with prazosin.
Hamilton, CA; Reid, JL, )		0.13
" Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rates were assessed for time course, magnitude of change, time-to-peak change, and duration of effect at each dosage level."( Hemodynamic effects of intravenous clonidine in the conscious, normotensive baboon.
Harris, AH; Lukas, SE; Turkkan, JS, )		0.41
"5 In rats with a sustained tachycardia (100 beats/min produced by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord) both mianserin and phentolamine, in contrast to desipramine, shifted the clonidine heart rate dose-response curve to the right."( Comparison of mianserin with desipramine, maprotiline and phentolamine on cardiac presynaptic and vascular postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors and noradrenaline reuptake in pithed normotensive rats.
Cavero, I; Gomeni, R; Lefèvre-Borg, F; Roach, AG, 1980)		0.45
" Hypotensive potency after intravenous administration to anesthetized, normotensive rats was determined as a measure of central alpha-adrenergic activity and expressed as pC25, obtained from log dose-response curves."( Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptor populations. Quantitative relationships between cardiovascular effects initiated at central and peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors.
de Jonge, A; Lam, E; Slothorst-Grisdijk, FP; Timmermans, PB; van Meel, JC; van Zwieten, PA, 1981)		0.26
" There was a shift to the left in pressor dose-response curves to the alpha 1-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine and the mixed alpha 1/alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist noradrenaline in 6-hydroxydopamine-pretreated animals."( The effects of intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine on peripheral alpha-adrenoreceptors.
Hamilton, CA; Reid, JL, 1982)		0.26
" A careful analysis of the dose-response curve showed, however, that the net effect recorded involved the sum of responses from at least two functional systems or receptor sites."( Separate noradrenergic receptors could mediate clonidine-induced antinociception.
Paalzow, GH; Paalzow, LK, 1982)		0.52
" In the presence of YOH, the ISO dose-response curve therefore completely disappears."( Lipolysis in rat adipose tissue in vitro and its alpha 2 adrenergic control.
Horný, I; Kadrabová, M; Mühlbachová, E; Zámostný, V, 1983)		0.27
" Higher concentrations of yohimbine (above 2 microM) and phentolamine (above 20 microM) failed to produce a further shift in the dose-response curves of these agonists."( Pharmacological evidence for high affinity and low affinity a2-adrenoceptor binding sites in rat vas deferens.
Mottram, DR, 1983)		0.27
" Furthermore, the dose-response curves for ACTH and forskolin were clearly shifted to the left in adipocytes from toxin-treated hamsters as compared to control adipocytes."( Effect of pertussis toxin on the hormonal regulation of cyclic AMP levels in hamster fat cells.
García-Sáinz, JA; Martínez-Olmedo, MA, 1983)		0.27
" Preincubation of rat aortic strips with both derivatives produced non-parallel rightward shifts in the dose-response curves of noradrenaline and significantly depressed the maximum response in a manner characteristic of irreversible receptor antagonists."( Study of two alkylating derivatives: the p-isothiocyanato- and the p-methylisothiocyanato-clonidine.
Decker, N; Leclerc, G; Quennedey, MC; Rouot, B; Schwartz, J, 1983)		0.49
" Prazosin caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve to phenylephrine, and not to clonidine in the vessels."( [Characteristics of alpha adrenoceptors of lymphatics and their physiological significance].
Azuma, T; Ohhashi, T, 1983)		0.48
" All three alpha antagonists employed produced in innervated glands parallel displacements of the dose-response curves to norepinephrine, prazosin being 30 and 100 times more potent than phentolamine and yohimbine, respectively."( Alpha-1 adrenoceptors mediate secretory responses to norepinephrine in innervated and denervated rat submaxillary glands.
Elverdin, JC; Luchelli-Fortis, MA; Perec, CJ; Stefano, FJ, 1984)		0.27
" ED50 values and dissociation constants for norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), isoproterenol (ISO), methoxamine (MET) and clonidine (CLO) were determined by analysis of dose-response data with and without partial inactivation of alpha receptors by phenoxybenzamine."( Characterization of the alpha adrenergic receptor properties of rabbit ear artery and thoracic aorta.
Purdy, RE; Stupecky, GL, 1984)		0.47
" In rat mesenteric artery, the pA2 value for yohimbine against clonidine was not statistically different from values obtained with the other agonists; however, in the presence of prazosin the dose-response curve to clonidine was biphasic, suggesting that the action of clonidine is mediated through two distinct sites to which prazosin has different affinities."( Pharmacological characterization of the postsynaptic alpha adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle from canine and rat mesenteric vascular beds.
Agrawal, DK; Daniel, EE; Triggle, CR, 1984)		0.51
") evoked dose-dependent shifts to the right of the dose-response curves to B-HT 933 whilst having minimal effects on the methoxamine dose-response curve."( An investigation into the selectivity of a novel series of benzoquinolizines for alpha 2-adrenoceptors in vivo.
Paciorek, PM; Pierce, V; Shepperson, NB; Waterfall, JF, 1984)		0.27
" Sedation occurred within one hour of dosage and was maximum in the second hour."( Clonidine lowers blood pressure independently of renin suppression in patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis.
Lewis, PS; Mathias, CJ; Peart, WS; Sever, PS; Snell, ME; Wilkinson, A, 1983)		1.71
" Full PH dose-response curves for standard antihypertensive drugs were explored and were compared to their hypotensive dose-response curves."( Antihypertensive drugs: their postural hypotensive effect and their blood pressure lowering activity in conscious normotensive rats.
Carver, LA; Lee, CH; Strosberg, AM, 1983)		0.27
" dosing schedules of clonidine on blood pressure, side-effects and plasma concentration of clonidine were studied in a randomized cross-over study."( Clonidine twice daily in hypertension. Effects of two dosage regimens on blood pressure, side-effects and plasma clonidine concentrations.
Huikuri, H; Jounela, AJ; Juustila, HJ; Lilja, M; Paalzow, G, 1983)		2.03
"We measured the first dosage effect and the long-term effect of lofexidine on blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, and their major metabolites in 16 patients with primary hypertension who were receiving 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide twice a day while they were recumbent and upright and during isometric handgrip contraction."( Hemodynamic effect of lofexidine with a diuretic in hypertension.
Alexander, N; Maronde, RF; Velasquez, M; Vlachakis, ND, 1983)		0.27
" Depot forms of clonidine appear to offer the advantages of once-daily dosing and fewer side effects than standard clonidine preparations."( Comparison of sustained-release and standard preparations of clonidine in essential hypertension.
Fyhrquist, F, 1983)		0.85
" The ratio of maximum to minimum plasma levels during a dosing interval was 2 for oral Catapres and approximately 1 for Catapres -TTS."( Pharmacokinetics of nitroglycerin and clonidine delivered by the transdermal route.
Shaw, JE, 1984)		0.54
" For both tissue regions fasting induced a right-ward shift in the dose-response curve for the inhibitory effect of the alpha 2 agonist, clonidine, on theophylline-induced lipolysis, corresponding to a 10-fold decrease in sensitivity."( Influence of fasting on lipolytic response to adrenergic agonists and on adrenergic receptors in subcutaneous adipocytes.
Arner, P; Engfeldt, P; Kimura, H; Ostman, J; Wahrenberg, H, 1984)		0.47
" Detailed analysis revealed undoubted correlation between the dosage and favourable dynamics of precordial mapping parameters."( Intravenous clonidine in acute myocardial infarction in men.
Lada, W; Zochowski, RJ, 1984)		0.65
" The beta 1,2 antagonist employed in the test decreased the contrast dosage by 13 per cent, causing the LD50."( Diazepam, alpha and beta neurotransmission modifying drugs and contrast media mortality in mice.
Johansson, G; Luostarinen, M; Virkkunen, P, 1984)		0.27
" Compound 9d, which lowered arterial blood pressure 37 mmHg in SHR when dosed at 100 mg/kg, was further evaluated in chronic hypertensive dogs because of apparent minimal CNS effects."( N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
Chan, PS; Emma, JE; Meyer, WE; Tomcufcik, AS, 1984)		0.27
" The dosage of clonidine was progressively increased until a normal BP (mean BP less than or equal to 105 mmHg) was obtained."( Changes in cardiac function after effective treatment of hypertensive emergencies with i.v. clonidine.
Bisi, G; Gallini, C; Masotti, G; Neri Serneri, GG; Poggesi, L; Scarti, L, 1984)		0.84
" The extent of the activation seems to depend on the dosage of clonidine."( [Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system by clonidine].
Hinkel, GK; Kühne, H; Lehmann, B; Scheuch, DW; Schlagehan, IM, 1984)		0.77
" No toxic side effects of clonidine were observed at the dosage level used."( Clonidine treatment of neonatal narcotic abstinence syndrome.
Caruso, KA; Cohen, DJ; Ehrenkranz, RA; Hoder, EL; Kleber, HD; Leckman, JF; Poulsen, J, 1984)		2.01
" Relief of spasticity, from the dosage used, was relatively slight and appeared greatest at the time of peak plasma levels of the drug."( Tizanidine--initial pharmacokinetic studies in patients with spasticity.
Eadie, MJ; Heazlewood, V; Maruff, P; Symoniw, P, 1983)		0.27
" These results suggest that similar to clonidine, a high dosage of tizanidine influences gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcers, although the activity is lower than that of clonidine."( [Influence of a muscle relaxant, tizanidine, on gastric acid secretion and gastric ulcer in rats].
Kanaoka, R; Maeda-Hagiwara, M; Watanabe, H; Watanabe, K, 1983)		0.54
" The slopes of the individual dose-response curves were not significantly different which suggested a common mechanism of action."( Central and peripheral anti-inflammatory actions by clonidine and a structurally related imidazoline analog.
Holsapple, MP; Lowy, MT; Malave, A; Yim, GK, 1984)		0.52
" When a steady state concentration in plasma was reached at each dose level, the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured during a dosage interval."( Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and steady-state kinetics of clonidine in hypertension. Demonstration of a therapeutic window in man.
Frisk-Holmberg, M; Paalzow, L; Wibell, L, 1984)		0.5
" Prior to study, 2 hours post dosing and coincident with immediate pre-exercise on treadmill, at graded increases of exercise and 2 hours post exercise (approximately 4 hours post dosing), blood was sampled for potassium, renin concentration, aldosterone and catecholamines."( Potassium disposition and neuroendocrine effects of propranolol, methyldopa and clonidine during dynamic exercise.
Affrime, MB; Falkner, B; Hakki, H; Lowenthal, DT; Rosenthal, L; Saris, S, 1982)		0.49
" We administered both drugs to rats using a dosage schedule which we had shown to produce hypertension and tachycardia when clonidine, but not guanfacine, was stopped after 3 weeks treatment."( Studies on clonidine and guanfacine withdrawal after short term treatment in the rat.
Barber, ND; Reid, JL, 1982)		0.86
" Long-acting propranolol in a once daily dosage of 160 mg proved to be effective over a 6-week period of treatment with no significant side-effects."( Comparison of sustained-release clonidine and long-acting propranolol in the treatment of hypertension.
Lawson, AA; Rodrigues, E, 1982)		0.55
" The vasodepressor effect of guanfacine was clearly dose-dependent, and was more marked when the initial level of the blood pressure was high, while that of clonidine was dose-dependent, only within a limited dosage range."( [Antihypertensive effect of guanfacine in rats].
Hamamura, M; Hashimoto, T; Imai, S; Kumada, M; Mitomi, A; Nakagawa, Y; Sakurai, H; Takeda, K, 1981)		0.46
" Dosage regimens of clonidine must be individualized according to symptoms and side effects and closely supervised because of varying sensitivity to clonidine's sedative, hypotensive, and withdrawal-suppressing effects."( Clonidine in opiate withdrawal: review and appraisal of clinical findings.
Resnick, RB; Washton, AM, )		1.9
"0 mg/kg) shifted the clonidine dose-response curves to the right, suggesting competitive antagonism."( An analysis of the effects of systemically administered clonidine on the food and water intake of rats.
Sanger, DJ, 1983)		0.83
"3 mg/kg) or prazosin in high dosage (0."( Bronchopulmonary effects of clonidine on the bronchomotor responses of the guinea-pig.
Advenier, C; Floch, A; Mallard, B, 1983)		0.56
" In toddlers poisoning is seen after ingestion of a single tablet of 150 micrograms clonidine, whilst in adults poisoning may occur already at a dosage just exceeding the therapeutic limit, which is subject to wide individual variation (1 to 3 tablets)."( [Poisoning with clonidin hydrochloride in children and adults].
Gössinger, H; Haubenstock, A; Hruby, K; Jung, M; Pfister, R, 1983)		0.49
" Dose-response alteration of VI responding by apomorphine, d-amphetamine, clonidine, and chlordiazepoxide was studied along and in the presence of a dose of acrylamide which, by itself, did not alter VI responding."( The effects of acrylamide on the behavioral suppression produced by psychoactive agents.
Squibb, RE; Tilson, HA, 1982)		0.5
" In terms of lofexidine, there was no evidence of any adverse interactions with hydrochlorothiazide either following a single, oral administration to rats and mice or following short-term and long-term repeated oral dosing of rats and dogs."( Toxicology of the combination lofexidine/hydrochlorothiazide.
Fontaine, R; Friehe, H; Gibson, JP; Larson, EJ; Sells, DM, 1982)		0.26
" A dose-response relationship could only be observed in vigilosomnograms, in the tests of self-estimation related to well-being and mood and in the decrease in plasma noradrenaline in the clonidine group."( Differences in psychic performance with guanfacine and clonidine in normotensive subjects.
Brecht, HM; Krauskopf, R; Kugler, J; Raschig, A; Seus, R, 1980)		0.7
" The daily dosage of propranolol and clonidine was 160 mg and 100 microgram, respectively."( Propranolol (Inderal) and clonidine (Catapressan) in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. A comparative trial.
Kåss, B; Nestvold, K, 1980)		0.83
" During the following time blood pressure and dosage remained almost unchanged."( [A new antihypertensive agent used in a clinical setting].
Kaiser, HJ; Raschig, A; Wetzels, E, 1980)		0.26
" The study consisted of 4 parts: I, double-blind cross-over trial at maximal dosage 10 mg/day in 13 patients; II, open trial at maximal dosage 32 mg/day in 10 patients; III, long-term medication at dosage 32 mg/day for 6-15 months in 4 patients; IV, single dose (12 mg) administration in 3 patients."( Antiparetic and antispastic effects induced by tizanidine in patients with spastic paresis.
Gransberg, L; Knutsson, E; Mårtensson, A, 1982)		0.26
" Before treatment and at the end of each treatment period the patients were hospitalized and their plasma clonidine concentrations (P-CLON) were determined repeatedly during one dosage interval."( Plasma clonidine in relation to blood pressure, catecholamines, and renin activity during long-term treatment of hypertension.
Hökfelt, B; Manhem, P; Paalzow, L, 1982)		0.93
"1-mg bid doses of C to six normal subjects at rest, 2 hr after dosing and immediately before dynamic physical activity (DPA) on a treadmill, and at peak activity and 2 hr after DPA."( Dynamic and biochemical responses to single and repeated doses of clonidine during dynamic physical activity.
Affrime, MB; Borruso, J; Falkner, B; Gould, AB; Lowenthal, DT; Rosenthal, L, 1982)		0.5
" Clonidine in the stated dosage had no significant effect on blood pressure and heart rate."( [Treatment of menopausal symptoms with low doses of clonidine (author's transl)].
Lauritzen, C, 1982)		1.43
"The dose-response effects of clonidine HCl (2."( Differential sensitivity of four central sympathetic pathways to depression by clonidine.
Franz, DN; Madsen, PW, 1982)		0.78
" Under controlled inpatient conditions established to assess dosage guidelines and to examine specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal, ten (91%) of 11 patients were able to withdraw completely from methadone therapy by the end of a six-day period."( Clonidine and naltrexone. A safe, effective, and rapid treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone therapy.
Braverman, P; Charney, DS; Heninger, GR; Kleber, HD; Murburg, M; Redmond, DE; Riordan, CE; Sternberg, DE, 1982)		1.71
"The effectiveness of clonidine in suppressing the occurrence of postmenopausal hot flashes was examined using a dose-response study design and objective recordings of hot flashes."( Effect of clonidine on hot flashes in postmenopausal women.
Erlik, Y; Judd, HL; Laufer, LR; Meldrum, DR, 1982)		0.99
" Clonidine, at a low dosage (100 micrograms/kg sc), potentiated the increase in urine flow induced by water overloading but remained ineffective in alcohol--loaded rats (fig."( [Effect of clonidine on polyuria induced by alcohol, water or the lack of vasopressin in the rat].
Guiol, C; Montastruc, JL, )		1.43
" The effects of the withdrawal of clonidine and 6-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-phenyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-5H-pyrrolo-(1,2-a)-imidazole hydrobromide (ICI 106270) on the blood pressure and heart rate of chronically dosed beagle dogs has been investigated."( The withdrawal of centrally acting antihypertensives in dogs.
Clough, DP; Keddie, J; Pettinger, SJ, 1981)		0.54
" The dose-response curve for the LC inhibitory effect of the alpha 2-receptor agonist clonidine was shifted in parallel to the right by pretreatment with SK&F 64139."( Effect of adrenaline synthesis inhibition on brain noradrenaline neurons in locus coeruleus.
Elam, M; Engberg, G; Svensson, TH, 1981)		0.49
" The dose-response relation between alinidine and frequency is not altered by atropine, and alinidine does not block the positive chronotropic action of isoprenaline."( Pacemaker selectivity: influence on rabbit atria of ionic environment and of alinidine, a possible anion antagonist.
Millar, JS; Williams, EM, 1981)		0.26
" The age, degree of renal impairment, plasma renin activity, and number and dosage of antihypertensive medicines did not account for these differences in NE."( Effect of antihypertensive therapy on plasma catecholamines in renal failure patients.
Anderson, S; Cronin, R; Henrich, WL; Mitchell, H; Pettinger, WA, 1981)		0.26
") shifted the dose-response curve for all of the compounds tested to the right."( Analysis of pupillary dilation produced by analogs of clonidine.
Koss, MC, 1981)		0.51
" Diluted plasma from normal and acromegalic dogs resulted in a dose-response curve parallel to the standard curve."( Radioimmunoassay of canine growth hormone.
Eigenmann, JE; Eigenmann, RY, 1981)		0.26
" Under controlled inpatient conditions established to assess dosage guidelines and to examine specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal, 20 of 25 (80%) patients were able to withdraw completely from methadone by the end of a two-week period."( The clinical use of clonidine in abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Effects on blood pressure and specific signs and symptoms.
Charney, DS; Heninger, GR; Kleber, HD; Redmond, DE; Sternberg, DE, 1981)		0.59
"9 micrograms kg-1) twice daily during a dosage interval after 6--12 months monotherapy with clonidine."( Clonidine kinetics in man--evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy.
Edlund, PO; Frisk-Holmberg, M; Paalzow, L, 1981)		1.93
" The blood pressure reduction in patients with essential hypertension was satisfactory on this regimen and the steady-state plasma concentrations were within the BP-lowering concentration range at the end of a dosage interval."( The effectiveness of clonidine as an antihypertensive in a two-dose regimen.
Frisk-Holmberg, M, 1980)		0.58
" With the dosage build-up the antidepressants themselves start to exert the hypotensive effect."( [Influence of antidepressants on the hypotensive effect of clofeline in rats].
Mashkovskiĭ, MD; Medvedev, BA, )		0.13
" Dose-response curves were generated for para-aminoclonidine in the presence of vehicle alone, yohimbine (alpha-2 antagonist), idazoxan (alpha-2/I1/I2 antagonist) and prazosin (alpha-1 antagonist)."( Identification, localization and functional analysis of imidazoline and alpha adrenergic receptors in canine prostate.
Breslin, DS; Ernsberger, P; Felsen, D; Marion, DN; May, M; Nejat, RJ; Nguyen, P; Sutaria, PM; Vaughan, ED, 1994)		0.54
" NPY decreased LCX flow and increased CVR dose dependently in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the dose-response relation between the two groups."( Influence of inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formation to effects of vasoconstrictor agents neuropeptide Y, clonidine, and ergonovine on coronary vascular resistance.
Ishizaka, H; Matsunaga, T; Okumura, K; Tsunoda, R; Yasue, H, 1994)		0.5
" Dose-response curves of the sedative effect of the alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine were established, a sedative effect being defined as a decrease in overall horizontal displacements, rearings and hole visits."( Novelty seeking behavior in the rat is dependent upon the integrity of the noradrenergic system.
Dyon-Laurent, C; Hervé, A; Sara, SJ, 1995)		0.51
" Neostigmine was injected either 20 or 60 minutes prior to beginning cumulative dosing with the alpha 2-adrenergic agonist."( Subarachnoid neostigmine potentiation of alpha 2-adrenergic agonist analgesia. Dexmedetomidine versus Clonidine.
Bouaziz, H; Eisenach, JC; Hewitt, C, )		0.35
" Dose-response curves for hot plate and tail immersion tests were established for IT neostigmine, physostigmine, and echothiophate in rats."( Intrathecal acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors produce analgesia that is synergistic with morphine and clonidine in rats.
Abram, SE; Winne, RP, 1995)		0.51
" Dose-response functions of sufentanil, clonidine and combinations of clonidine plus sufentanil were determined."( Interactions between the lipophilic opioid sufentanil and clonidine in rats after spinal application.
De Kock, M; Meert, TF, 1995)		0.8
" This effect was noncompetitive as the slopes for the antinociceptive dose-response curves diminished after SP pretreatment."( N-acetyl beta-endorphin-(1-31) and substance P regulate the supraspinal antinociception mediated by mu opioid and alpha-2 adrenoceptors but not by delta opioid receptors in the mouse.
Garzón, J; Sánchez-Blázquez, P, 1993)		0.29
"The randomized, double-blind, dose-response study was designed to evaluate the effects of the addition of clonidine to epidural morphine on postoperative analgesia and side effects in patients undergoing cesarean delivery."( Addition of clonidine to epidural morphine enhances postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery.
Capogna, G; Celleno, D; Costantino, P; Foresta, S; Zangrillo, A, )		0.72
" The dose-response relationship for norepinephrine-induced [Ca2+]i response showed an increase in maximum effect with no change in agonist potency, and the increase in maximum effect was disproportionate to the difference in receptor density."( Effect of receptor density on the receptor-effector coupling: use of cloned and stably expressed alpha 1B-adrenoceptors in CHO cells.
Horie, K; Tsujimoto, G, 1995)		0.29
" There were no significant differences between the dose-response curves of the diabetic group with normal urinary albumin excretion and the non-diabetic group."( Selective enhancement of alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.
Bodmer, CW; De Leeuw, PW; Janssen, M; Schaper, NC; Williams, G, 1995)		0.29
" However, vasoconstriction due to clonidine post-ENDT even at maximal dosage (10(-3) M), was greatly attenuated in all four branching orders as in group II."( Attenuation of arteriolar alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity during endotoxemia.
Baker, CH; Nessellroth, S; Ortiz-Tweed, M; Price, JM; Sutton, ET, 1994)		0.57
" The dose-response relationship shifted to the left following REMs deprivation (ED50 values in the group-housed, isolated, and REMs-deprived mice were 250, 200, and 27 micrograms/kg, respectively)."( Monoamine depletion attenuates the REM sleep deprivation-induced increase in clonidine response in the forced swimming test.
Asakura, W; Matsumoto, K; Ohta, H; Watanabe, H, 1994)		0.52
"This study was designed to evaluate the dose-response effects of different doses of clonidine on the stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation."( Dose-response effects of intravenous clonidine on stress response during induction of anesthesia in coronary artery bypass graft patients.
Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Zenz, M, 1995)		0.79
" Taken together, these results indicate a shift to the right in the dose-response function for clonidine in prenatal EtOH-exposed offspring relative to control mice."( Reduced sensitivity to the effects of clonidine on ethanol-stimulated locomotor activity in adult mouse offspring prenatally exposed to ethanol.
Becker, HC; Hale, RL; Weathersby, RT, )		0.62
" After recovery from catheter implantations (5-7 days), intrathecal dose-response curves were established for the antihyperesthesia effects of clonidine (3, 6, 10, and 20 micrograms) and MK-801 (1, 3, 10, and 20 micrograms) alone to obtain the ED50 for each agent."( Analysis of drug interaction between intrathecal clonidine and MK-801 in peripheral neuropathic pain rat model.
Lee, YW; Yaksh, TL, 1995)		0.75
" With the fixed-dose analysis, the log dose-response curves showed a left shift that considerably exceeds the theoretical curve made by a simple sum of the effects of clonidine alone and with MK-801 (1 microgram)."( Analysis of drug interaction between intrathecal clonidine and MK-801 in peripheral neuropathic pain rat model.
Lee, YW; Yaksh, TL, 1995)		0.74
"5% timolol maleate twice daily for at least 4 weeks and who had 8 AM IOPs of at least 22 mm Hg and no greater than 30 mm Hg 12 hours after dosing were eligible for the study."( The efficacy of apraclonidine as an adjunct to timolol therapy. Apraclonidine Adjunctive Therapy Study Group.
Lehmann, RP; Ritch, R; Shin, DH; Shrader, CE; Stewart, WC; van Buskirk, EM, 1995)		0.61
" The dose-response curves for the hypertensive responses to bradykinin in SD and WKY rats were essentially the same, whereas the hypertensive effect of bradykinin was significantly greater in SHR than in either SD or WKY rats."( Rostral ventrolateral medulla as a site for the central hypertensive action of kinins.
Privitera, PJ; Thibodeaux, H; Yates, P, 1994)		0.29
" Concentration- or dose-response curves for norepinephrine were obtained from aortic rings, superior mesenteric artery rings or the isolated perfused mesenteric vasculature from male Sprague-Dawley rats."( Functional distribution and role of alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes in the mesenteric vasculature of the rat.
Fleming, WW; Kong, JQ; Taylor, DA, 1994)		0.29
" The dose-response curves for clonidine and NA were shifted to the right by bunazosin (a selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist), but were not affected by midaglizole (a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist)."( Characteristics of the responses of isolated and perfused canine splenic arteries to vasoactive substances and to periarterially electrical stimulation.
Chiba, S; Nakane, T; Ren, LM, 1994)		0.58
" Liver injury measured by either method was essentially nonexistent for dosages < or = 50 mg/kg in male mice, and was only minimally evident in female mice at the highest dosage testable."( Methylphenidate-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and its potentiation by beta-adrenergic agonist drugs.
Harbison, RD; James, RC; Roberts, SM; Roth, L, 1994)		0.29
" In the first experiment, sensitivity to the sedative effects of the alpha 2 agonist clonidine was evaluated by determining a dose-response curve to clonidine in a hole board."( Noradrenergic hyperactivity in hippocampus after partial denervation: pharmacological, behavioral, and electrophysiological studies.
Dyon-Laurent, C; Hervé, A; Sara, SJ, 1994)		0.51
" After the dosage of clonidine was again increased, complete relief of the symptoms was achieved again."( High-dose clonidine in a case of restless legs syndrome.
Wagner, ML; Walters, AS; Zoe, A, )		0.85
"0123) linear dose-response relation between single doses and antispastic action of tizanidine."( Correlations between dose, plasma concentrations, and antispastic action of tizanidine (Sirdalud).
Emre, M; Leslie, GC; Muir, C; Part, NJ; Pokorny, R; Roberts, RC, 1994)		0.29
" All efficacy parameters were evaluated by the physician/assessor, and the physician/prescriber was responsible for all dosage adjustments."( Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. US Tizanidine Study Group.
Birnbaum, G; Carter, JL; Greenstein, J; Lublin, FD; Smith, C, 1994)		0.29
" Tizanidine was titrated to an optimized dosage in each patient to a maximum of 36 mg/d."( Efficacy and safety of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity in patients with spinal cord injury. North American Tizanidine Study Group.
Bugaresti, J; Martinez-Arizala, A; Nance, PW; Shellenberger, K; Sheremata, W, 1994)		0.29
" Plasma concentration of clonidine increased gradually after application of M and decreased gradually after removal, whereas this parameter increased rapidly during the absorption phase and decreased rapidly in the elimination phase after each dosage of Catapres."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of oral (Catapres) and transdermal (M-5041T) clonidine in healthy subjects.
Ebihara, A; Fujimura, A; Kotegawa, T; Kumagai, Y; Nakashima, H; Ohashi, K; Shiga, T, 1994)		0.8
" Transient sedation lasting 2 to 3 days occurred after initial administration or dosage increase; otherwise, clonidine was well tolerated."( Clonidine therapy for comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: preliminary findings in a children's inpatient unit.
Mandoki, MW; Schvehla, TJ; Sumner, GS, 1994)		1.94
"5 to 37 fold) to the right of the dose-response curve for clonidine without significant change of maximum inhibitory effect, in a manner compatible with competitive antagonism (ED50B = 29."( Modulation by central postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the jaw-opening reflex induced by orofacial stimulation in rats.
Barturen, F; García-Sevilla, JA; García-Vallejo, P, 1994)		0.53
"1 mg/kg and with an increase in infusion dosage to 2 micrograms/kg/min."( [Premedication with clonidine in the neurosurgical patient: sedation, anesthetic requirements and hemodynamic perfusion].
Carrera, A; García-Guiral, M; Horno, R; Lora-Tamayo, JI; Luengo, C; Pascual, E; Quintana, B, )		0.45
" The dose-response relation of NE-induced vasoconstriction was determined and compared for control (n = 5) and trained (n = 6) groups."( Physical conditioning decreases norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in rabbits. Possible roles of norepinephrine-evoked endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
Chen, CC; Chen, HI; Li, HT, 1994)		0.29
" This study was performed to evaluate the dose-response hemodynamic and analgesic profiles of intrathecal clonidine administered after a standard surgical intervention, without perioperative administration of additional analgesics, local anesthetics, or tranquilizers."( Hemodynamic and analgesic profile after intrathecal clonidine in humans. A dose-response study.
Filos, KS; Goudas, LC; Patroni, O; Polyzou, V, 1994)		0.75
" dose-response curves were obtained with dexmedetomidine, clonidine and ST-91 in groups of rats which had received a 7-day infusion of saline or the equianalgesic concentrations of dexmedetomidine (10 nmol/hr) or ST-91 (30 nmol/hr)."( Chronic spinal infusion of dexmedetomidine, ST-91 and clonidine: spinal alpha 2 adrenoceptor subtypes and intrinsic activity.
Takano, Y; Yaksh, TL, 1993)		0.78
" Similarly, following chronic dosing with the racemate, RS-15385-196 (3 mg kg-1,p."( Modulation of central noradrenergic function by RS-15385-197.
Brown, CM; Clague, RU; Kilpatrick, AT; MacKinnon, AC; Martin, AB; Redfern, WS; Spedding, M, 1993)		0.29
" The dose-response curve for the effect of clonidine on NE was shifted to the left in the latter group."( Presynaptic alterations associated with enhancement of evoked release and synthesis of norepinephrine in hippocampus of chronically cold-stressed rats.
Abercrombie, ED; Nisenbaum, LK, 1993)		0.55
" In the isolated tissue, pretreatment with CEC (10(-5) M, 10 and 30 min) time-dependently shifted to the right the dose-response curve for phenylephrine and decreased the maximal contraction of aortas induced by phenylephrine, but did not shift or decrease those of prostates."( Alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype in the rat prostate is preferentially the alpha 1A type.
Honda, K; Yazawa, H, 1993)		0.29
") produced a moderate--but significant--rightward displacement of the dose-response curves to all agonists."( [The alpha-antiadrenergic properties of spiroxatrine, a ligand of serotonergic 5-HT1A receptors].
Hong, E; Ibarra, M; Ransanz, V; Terrón, JA; Villalón, CM, )		0.13
" Microinjections of medetomidine into the cerebellum or the PAG produced an identical dose-response curve in the tail-flick test as that obtained following microinjection into the RVM."( The rostroventromedial medulla is not involved in alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated antinociception in the rat.
Hämäläinen, MM; Pertovaara, A, 1993)		0.29
" More controlled trials with less aggressive dosing regimens and placebo controls need to be performed to assess the most appropriate treatment for HUs with the fewest adverse effects."( Oral antihypertensives for hypertensive urgencies.
Gales, MA, 1994)		0.29
" If blood pressure was not adequately controlled (DBP < 90 or 10 mmHg decreased from baseline value) the dosage was increased on a 2 week basis assessment."( One year efficacy and tolerability of clonidine administered by the transdermal route in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension--a multicentre open label study. The Antihypertensive Patch Italian Study (APIS) Investigators.
, 1993)		0.56
" The relation between dosage and plasma concentration was linear."( The pharmacokinetics of clonidine in high dosage.
Fauler, J; Verner, L, 1993)		0.59
" The potentiating action of L-NNA on noradrenaline-induced contractions could also be observed in the presence of yohimbine or rauwolscine, although dose-response curves were shifted to the right."( Involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors in the endothelium-dependent depression of noradrenaline-induced contraction in rat aorta.
Kaneko, K; Sunano, S, 1993)		0.29
" The dose-response curve for phenylephrine-induced increases in mesenteric or hindlimb vascular resistance was shifted only 2- to 10-fold to the right by CEC."( The regulation of regional hemodynamics by alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtypes in the conscious rat.
Barron, KW; Piascik, MT; Smith, MS; Soltis, EE, 1993)		0.29
"A statistically significant dose-response effect was found for craving scores (dose-response gradient, -3."( A placebo-controlled study of three clonidine doses for smoking cessation.
Forbes, A; Gourlay, S; Kutin, J; Marriner, T; McNeil, J, 1994)		0.56
"This study showed a statistically significant dose-response effect of clonidine on tobacco withdrawal craving and a reduction in mean craving scores of 16% during 300 micrograms dosing."( A placebo-controlled study of three clonidine doses for smoking cessation.
Forbes, A; Gourlay, S; Kutin, J; Marriner, T; McNeil, J, 1994)		0.8
" The chlorhydrate arginine was administered by mouth at a daily dosage of 4 g (1 phial/2) for 6 months."( [Therapy with arginine chlorohydrate in children with short constitutional stature].
Becherucci, P; La Cauza, F; Pittari, AM; Seminara, S, )		0.13
" Weekly dosing of continuously released antihypertensive agents may result in better blood pressure control than conventional daily dosing."( Use of transdermal clonidine in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Johnson, KL; McConnell, J; Rosansky, SJ, 1993)		0.61
" When transdermal clonidine was substituted for twice daily dosage of oral clonidine, blood pressure decreases were fully maintained."( The use of transdermal clonidine in the hypertensive patient with chronic renal failure.
Cristal, N; Lowenthal, DT; Paran, E; Saris, SD, 1993)		0.93
" Pulse rate, blood pressure and dosage of the additional antihypertensive medication as signs of sympathetic disturbance were registered."( Beta-blockade in acute aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haass, A; Hamann, G; Schimrigk, K, 1993)		0.29
" Drug was most often given on a fixed dosing schedule with additional medication "as needed" (52% of the programs)."( Alcohol withdrawal: a nationwide survey of inpatient treatment practices.
Friedman, LS; Mayo-Smith, MF; Saitz, R, 1995)		0.29
" Cold exposure induced elevation of plasma norepinephrine and reduction of the lymphoproliferative response to the suboptimal dosage of PHA."( Central stimulation of hormone release and the proliferative response of lymphocytes in humans.
Jezová, D; Juránková, E; Vigas, M, )		0.13
" Coadministration of clonidine with LSD produced a leftward shift of the dose-response relationship of LSD without a significant change in the slope of the dose-response line."( Complex stimulus properties of LSD: a drug discrimination study with alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
Marona-Lewicka, D; Nichols, DE, 1995)		0.61
" The dose-response curve was of an inverted U shape since with 10 micrograms of oxymetazoline the plasma GH did not rise."( Hypothalamic alpha 2A-adrenoceptors stimulate growth hormone release in the rat.
Kiem, DT; Makara, GB; Vizi, ES, 1995)		0.29
"5% timolol 8 hours after dosing on days 1, 30, and 90; and a significant difference (P < ."( A 90-day study of the efficacy and side effects of 0.25% and 0.5% apraclonidine vs 0.5% timolol. Apraclonidine Primary Therapy Study Group.
Horwitz, B; Kottler, M; Laibovitz, R; Ritch, R; Stewart, RH; Stewart, WC, 1996)		0.53
" This article is a guide to its usage in children and includes discussion of its indications, contraindications, pre-treatment laboratory studies, dosing and drug interactions."( Clonidine: a practical guide for usage in children.
Oesterheld, J; Tervo, R, 1996)		1.74
" Higher dosage of yohimbine inhibited the baseline expression of bFGF."( Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists induce basic fibroblast growth factor expression in photoreceptors in vivo and ameliorate light damage.
Cao, W; Cheng, T; Li, Y; Steinberg, RH; Wen, R, 1996)		0.29
"We determined the relative potency of these drugs with respect to their effects on mean arterial pressure and heart rate by performing cumulative intravenous dose-response relationship studies in six conscious rabbits."( Relative importance of central imidazoline receptors for the antihypertensive effects of moxonidine and rilmenidine.
Chan, CK; Head, GA, 1996)		0.29
" Anesthetic requirements, circulatory variables, interventions, and isoproterenol dose-response curves (pre- and postoperatively) were determined."( Clonidine for major vascular surgery in hypertensive patients: a double-blind, controlled, randomized study.
Bayon, MC; Boucaud, C; Bouilloc, X; Brudon, JR; Butin, E; Danays, T; Frehring, B; Ghignone, M; Levron, JC; Petit, P; Quintin, L; Tassan, H; Tissot, S; Viale, JP, 1996)		1.74
" Following systemic (intraperitoneal) administration of apomorphine (a dopamine receptor D1/D2 mixed agonist), SKF 38393 (D1 > D3 > D2 agonist), LY 17155 or quinpirole (D3 > D2 and D1) agonist), haloperidol (a DA-D2 antagonist), and clonidine (noradrenaline receptor alpha 2 agonist), the ICSS response rates evoked from LH-MFB and VTA-SN were compared with vehicle or saline-treated animals on the basis of dose-response functions."( Dose-response functions of apomorphine, SKF 38393, LY 171555, haloperidol and clonidine on the self-stimulation evoked from lateral hypothalamus and ventral tegmentum.
Desiraju, T; Raju, TR; Singh, J, 1996)		0.71
" The parallelism of the dose-response curves indicates activation of a common receptor subtype."( alpha-Adrenoceptor and opioid receptor modulation of clonidine-induced antinociception.
Miranda, HF; Naquira, D; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 1996)		0.54
" Dose-response curves were obtained for each drug individually; for morphine:clonidine at 1:3, 1:1, and 1:0."( Interaction of morphine and clonidine on gastrointestinal transit in mice.
Pol, O; Puig, MM; Warner, W, 1996)		0.82
" Dose-response analyses showed that dexmedetomidine, epinephrine, norepinephrine had similar analgesic potencies, but clonidine was significantly less potent."( Spinal administration of adrenergic agents produces analgesia in amphibians.
Brenner, GM; Stevens, CW, 1996)		0.5
"Twenty eight opiate addicted inpatients who had been stabilised on methadone took part in a double-blind randomised trial of clonidine and lofexidine (14 on each treatment) for opiate detoxification: clonidine or lofexidine dosage was titrated according to symptoms."( Double-blind study of lofexidine and clonidine in the detoxification of opiate addicts in hospital.
Beckford, H; Kahn, A; Mumford, JP; Rogers, GA, 1997)		0.78
" Dose-response curves were plotted for suppression of paw withdrawal 30 minutes after intrathecal injection of various doses of tizanidine, clonidine, and octreotide."( Effects of intrathecal nonnarcotic analgesics on chronic tactile allodynia in rats: alpha 2-agonists versus somatostatin analog.
Kroin, JS; Ono, N; Paice, JA; Penn, RD, 1997)		0.5
" Wide interpatient variability in the effective plasma concentrations of tizanidine means that the optimal dosage must be titrated over 2 to 4 weeks for each patient (dosages of 2 to 36 mg/day have been used in clinical trials)."( Tizanidine. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the management of spasticity associated with cerebral and spinal disorders.
Bryson, HM; Wagstaff, AJ, 1997)		0.3
" Initial dose-response studies showed that agmatine administered in low doses (0."( Central cardiovascular actions of agmatine, a putative clonidine-displacing substance, in conscious rabbits.
Chan, CK; Godwin, SJ; Head, GA, 1997)		0.54
" boluses of ST to generate dose-response curves."( Spinal infusion of N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist MK801 induces hypersensitivity to the spinal alpha-2 agonist ST91 in the rat.
Dunbar, SA; Yaksh, TL, 1997)		0.3
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study of tizanidine hydrochloride (8 or 16 mg)."( Relationship of the antispasticity effect of tizanidine to plasma concentration in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Cohen, JA; Francis, GS; Hudson, S; Lindsey, JW; Lynch, SG; Mass, MK; Nance, PW; O'Connor, P; Schapiro, RT; Shellenberger, K; Sheremata, WA; Vollmer, T; Whitham, R, 1997)		0.3
" Dosage should be individualized, based on withdrawal severity measured by withdrawal scales, comorbid illness, and history of withdrawal seizures."( Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal.
Mayo-Smith, MF, 1997)		0.3
" Dose-response curve data were obtained with fentanyl, clonidine, xylazine, dexmedetomidine, and 40."( Alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and stress-induced analgesia in rats: influence of stressors and methods of analysis.
De Kock, M; Meert, TF, 1997)		0.54
") did not modify the basal activity of the locus coeruleus but shifted to the left the dose-response curve for the clonidine induced inhibition of firing rate and reduced the corresponding ED50 by 77%."( Activation of 5-HT1A receptors potentiates the clonidine inhibitory effect in the locus coeruleus.
Ruiz-Ortega, JA; Ugedo, L, 1997)		0.76
" Further benefit from lofexidine may be possible with revised dosing regimens."( Double-blind randomised controlled trial of lofexidine versus clonidine in the treatment of heroin withdrawal.
Hu, WH; Lin, SK; Strang, J; Su, LW; Tsai, CJ, 1997)		0.54
" Clonidine produced steep dose-response lines in all tests."( [Antinociceptive activity of intracisternal clonidine in the mouse].
Izumi, R; Maeda, S; Matsuda, M; Murakawa, K; Noma, K; Tashiro, C; Yoshimura, Y, 1997)		1.47
" The results obtained show that Adalat in dosage 60 mg daily during 7 days is most effective in cases with concomitant border-line hypertension."( [Premedication with different groups of hypotensive drugs in preparation of patients with concomitant arterial hypertension to planned surgical treatment].
Eliutin, DV; Mil'tsyn, AS; Sadchikov, DV, 1998)		0.3
" The effects of two different dosage regimens, once before surgery or once before and after surgery, were studied."( The effect of 1% apraclonidine on intraocular pressure after cataract surgery.
Renzenbrink-Bubberman, AC; Sterk, CC; van Best, JA, 1998)		0.62
"NRT can be delivered through a number of different nicotine-containing dosage forms (e."( Smoking cessation: Part 2--Pharmacologic approaches.
Jack, HM; Popovich, NG; Wongwiwatthananukit, S, )		0.13
" Pretreatment with yohimbine shifted the dose-response curve for dopamine to the right in femoral veins, but not in arteries."( Dopamine releases endothelium-derived relaxing factor via alpha 2-adrenoceptors in canine vessels: comparisons between femoral arteries and veins.
Fujiwara, H; Inoue, K; Ito, H; Minatoguchi, S; Segawa, T; Wada, H, 1998)		0.3
" Yohimbine pretreatment resulted in a rightward shift of the dose-response curves (DMET > CLON > UK)."( Pharmacological evidence for different alpha 2-adrenergic receptor sites mediating analgesia and sedation in the rat.
Buerkle, H; Yaksh, TL, 1998)		0.3
" Concentrations of tizanidine and baclofen were nearly identical during the single and concomitant dosing periods."( A controlled pharmacokinetic evaluation of tizanidine and baclofen at steady state.
Groves, L; Novack, GD; Shah, J; Shellenberger, MK, 1999)		0.3
" Our results indicated that acute exercise induced the following effects: (1) the dose-response curves of ACh and CLO shifted to the left; (2) the high-affinity M3 binding sites increased in number but not in affinity; (3) the alpha2 binding sites decreased in number but increased in affinity."( Acute exercise enhances receptor-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation by receptor upregulation.
Chen, H; Cheng, L; Hsu, L; Jen, CJ; Lin, MT; Yang, C, 1999)		0.3
" In the presence of the opioid receptor antagonists, naloxone or naltrindole, the resulting nefopam dose-response relationships were shifted to the right."( The involvement of opioidergic and noradrenergic mechanisms in nefopam antinociception.
Gray, AM; Nevinson, MJ; Sewell, RD, 1999)		0.3
" After the tail-flick latencies returned to baseline levels, dose-response curves were generated to Mor, Clon, and Mor-Clon combinations in tolerant and control mice."( Spinal antinociceptive synergism between morphine and clonidine persists in mice made acutely or chronically tolerant to morphine.
Fairbanks, CA; Wilcox, GL, 1999)		0.55
" Adequate stable anesthesia was achieved in reduced dosage of conventional anesthesiological agents."( [Use of nonopiate agents for anesthesia in ENT patients at high surgical-anesthesiological risk].
Akopian, RG; Daĭkhes, NA; Davudov, KhSh; Gur'ianov, VA; Kokliaeva, NV; Kuĭian, SM; Nazhmudinov, II; Pogosov, VS; Riazanov, VB; Tiukov, VL, 1998)		0.3
"Symptoms of the autonomic nervous system were more effectively prevented by GHB as evident in the lower dosage requirement of clonidine."( [Gamma-hydroxybutyrate for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in intensive care patients. A comparison between with two symptom-oriented therapeutic concepts].
Lenzenhuber, E; Müller, C; Rommelspacher, H; Spies, C, 1999)		0.51
"Our results show that high doses of epidural clonidine potentiate general anesthetics and provide more efficient postoperative analgesia than the two bupivacaine dosage regimens investigated."( Epidural clonidine or bupivacaine as the sole analgesic agent during and after abdominal surgery: a comparative study.
De Kock, M; Gautier, P; Jonniaux, M; Lavand'homme, P; Pavlopoulou, A, 1999)		0.98
" The least decrease of BP and minimal need of rescue ephedrine among all patients studied were recorded in the group receiving low dosage of lidocaine with intrathecal clonidine (L40-C100)."( Enhancement of intrathecal lidocaine by addition of local and systemic clonidine.
Dobrydnjov, I; Samarütel, J, 1999)		0.73
" Dose-response data show dexmedetomidine to be the most potent inhibitor."( Inhibition of water permeability in the rat collecting duct: effect of imidazoline and alpha-2 compounds.
Hébert, CA; Kudo, LH; Rouch, AJ, 1999)		0.3
" Both drugs, when applied in a once-daily dosage schedule, appear to control hypertension in most patients."( Central I1-imidazoline receptors as targets of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. Clinical pharmacology of moxonidine and rilmenidine.
Peters, SL; Van Zwieten, PA, 1999)		0.3
" The authors evaluated the dose-response potency of intrathecally administered clonidine by itself during first stage of labor with respect to analgesia and maternal and fetal side effects."( Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of intrathecal clonidine as the sole analgesic agent during first stage of labor: a dose-response study.
Chiari, A; Eisenach, JC; Germann, P; Kainz, C; Klimscha, W; Krenn, C; Lorber, C; Wildling, E; Zavrsky, A, 1999)		0.79
"5 mg kg-1) and the time point at which nociceptive responses were recorded (30 min after the administration of the drug) were chosen on the basis of dose-response (0."( Preweanling naltrindole administration differentially affects clonidine induced antinociception and plasma adrenaline levels in male and female neonatal rats.
Aguilar, A; Alberti, I; Alguacil, LF; Caamaño, M; Fernández, B; Romero, EM; Viveros, MP, 1999)		0.54
" The dose-response studies were performed in vitro analyzing the effect of these compounds on intracellular cAMP production in the presence of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN) at 1 pmol/intersegment."( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity studies of octopaminergic agonists responsible for the inhibition of sex-pheromone production in Helicoverpa [correction of Hercoverpa] armigera.
Gileadi, C; Hirashima, A; Kuwano, E; Rafaeli, A, 1999)		0.3
" Plasma levels of insulin and glucose were measured after a 75-g glucose load, and CC was given at a dosage of 50-250 mg/d for ovulation-induction."( Growth hormone response to clonidine in anovulatory infertile women resistant to clomiphene citrate stimulation.
Garrone, S; Minuto, F; Ragni, N; Rossato, P, 2000)		0.6
" A similar finding was made in the hot-plate test despite the fact that the dose-response characteristics of the agonists were different in this test."( Synergistic interactions between two alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists, dexmedetomidine and ST-91, in two substrains of Sprague-Dawley rats.
Graham, BA; Hammond, DL; Proudfit, HK, 2000)		0.31
" In the dosage used, urapidil seems to be unable to prevent postanesthetic shivering."( A comparison of urapidil, clonidine, meperidine and placebo in preventing postanesthetic shivering.
Boldt, J; Maleck, WH; Piper, SN; Reich, DG; Schmidt, CC; Suttner, SW, 2000)		0.61
" In the dosage used, we were unable to show a significant benefit of urapidil."( A comparison of urapidil, clonidine, meperidine and placebo in preventing postanesthetic shivering.
Boldt, J; Maleck, WH; Piper, SN; Reich, DG; Schmidt, CC; Suttner, SW, 2000)		0.61
" Dose-response curves for morphine and clonidine alone and combined at a 1:1 potency ratio were obtained, and doses producing a 50% and 60% inhibition were calculated (ED50, ED60)."( Intestinal inflammation and morphine tolerance alter the interaction between morphine and clonidine on gastrointestinal transit in mice.
Pol, O; Puig, MM; Warner, W, 2000)		0.8
"In naive and tolerant mice, the combination induced linear dose-response curves up to the ED60 and then reached a plateau."( Intestinal inflammation and morphine tolerance alter the interaction between morphine and clonidine on gastrointestinal transit in mice.
Pol, O; Puig, MM; Warner, W, 2000)		0.53
" dosing range and to assess its cardiovascular effects."( Intravenous clonidine infusion in critically ill children: dose-dependent sedative effects and cardiovascular stability.
Ambrose, C; Bevan, C; Howells, R; Jenkins, I; Murphy, P; Sale, S; Weir, P; Wolf, A, 2000)		0.69
" The lack of any dose-response relationship might be explained by a plateau effect."( The awakening concentration of sevoflurane in children.
Baba, Y; Inomata, S; Kihara, S; Kohda, Y; Toyooka, H; Yaguchi, Y, 2000)		0.31
" Furthermore, the combinations of moxonidine-morphine and clonidine-morphine resulted in substantial leftward shifts in the dose-response curves compared with those of each agonist administered separately."( Moxonidine, a selective imidazoline-alpha2 -adrenergic receptor agonist, produces spinal synergistic antihyperalgesia with morphine in nerve-injured mice.
Fairbanks, CA; Grocholski, BM; Nguyen, HO; Wilcox, GL, 2000)		0.55
"Clonidine, dobutamine, and dopexamine at high dosage suppress the gastric mucosal vasodilator response to acid back diffusion, which is an important defense mechanism."( Differential effects of clonidine, dopamine, dobutamine, and dopexamine on basal and acid-stimulated mucosal blood flow in the rat stomach.
Holzer, P; Painsipp, E, 2001)		2.06
" Dosing was titrated from 2 mg at bedtime to a median daily dose of 14 mg (mean, 13."( An open-label dose-titration study of the efficacy and tolerability of tizanidine hydrochloride tablets in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache.
Lake, AE; Saper, JR; Winner, PK, 2001)		0.31
" We investigated the dose-response relationship for epidural clonidine when added to a continuous postoperative epidural infusion of ropivacaine."( The dose-response relationship for clonidine added to a postoperative continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine in children.
De Negri, P; De Vivo, P; Ivani, G; Lonnqvist, PA; Visconti, C, 2001)		0.83
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the antinociceptive effect of diclofenac, phenylephrine, clonidine, desipramine, prazosin, and yohimbine administered both systemically and intrathecally, and ED(50)s were calculated."( An isobolographic analysis of the adrenergic modulation of diclofenac antinociception.
Miranda, HF; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 2001)		0.53
" Ten of 47 patients (21%) were able to reach the maximum daily dosage of 36 mg."( Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke.
Dromerick, A; Gelber, DA; Good, DC; Richardson, M; Sergay, S, 2001)		0.31
" The average dosage at 4 weeks was 25."( Prospective assessment of tizanidine for spasticity due to acquired brain injury.
Brunner, RM; Guin-Renfroe, S; Johnson, A; Meythaler, JM, 2001)		0.31
"This placebo-controlled, randomized study evaluated, on separate days, the dose-response relationship for 1 h infusions of clonidine 1, 2 and 4 microg kg(-1) h(-1), in eight healthy volunteers aged 22-30 yr."( Sedative, analgesic and cognitive effects of clonidine infusions in humans.
Ebert, TJ; Hall, JE; Uhrich, TD, 2001)		0.78
" Dose-response curves were obtained for systemic and intrathecal antinociceptive effects of ketoprofen, phenylephrine, clonidine, desipramine, and prazosin; and ED50 were calculated."( Interaction between the antinociceptive effect of ketoprofen and adrenergic modulatory systems.
Miranda, HF; Pinardi, G; Sierralta, F, 2001)		0.52
" In addition, dose-response curves for the inhibitory LC activity of clonidine showed a shift to the right in deprived animals indicating a subsensitivity of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors."( Increased neuronal activity in locus coeruleus from adult rats undernourished at perinatal age: its reversal by desipramine.
Cuadra, GR; Nasif, FJ; Orsingher, OA; Ramírez, OA, 2001)		0.55
" We assessed the dose-response relationship of clonidine added to lidocaine in peribulbar block."( A dose response study of clonidine with local anesthetic mixture for peribulbar block: a comparison of three doses.
Bharti, N; Kaul, HL; Khokhar, SK; Madan, R; Shende, D, 2001)		0.87
" We used the tail-flick test to construct dose-response curves before and 4 days after chronic morphine (75-mg pellets, subcutaneously (s."( Reduced development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine and clonidine in PKC gamma mutant mice.
Basbaum, AI; Gilbert, H; Malmberg, AB; Zeitz, KP, 2001)		0.54
" Various dosage forms of nicotine replacement therapy increase smoking quit rates relative to placebo, but they generally do not result in 1-year quit rates of over 20%."( Effect of nonnicotine pharmacotherapy on smoking behavior.
Golding, M; Hatsukami, DK; Jamerson, BD; Kotlyar, M, 2001)		0.31
"3-10 microg) and clonidine (1-30 microg) were administered to obtain the dose-response curves and the 50% effective dose (ED(50)) for each drug."( Intrathecal carbachol and clonidine produce a synergistic antiallodynic effect in rats with a nerve ligation injury.
Han, SM; Hwang, JH; Lee, EJ; Park, JY; Park, PH; Sim, JY, 2002)		0.95
" These effects are probably mediated via central mechanisms, since there was an approximate 8 fold rightward shift of the dose-response curve in the pithed SHR (indicating a weakened cardiovascular effect)."( Agmatine, an endogenous ligand at imidazoline binding sites, does not antagonize the clonidine-mediated blood pressure reaction.
Dominiak, P; Qadri, F; Raasch, W; Schäfer, U, 2002)		0.54
" After an acute, 1-day spinalization, there was no change in the antinociceptive dose-response function to clonidine, relative to intact rats."( Spinal transection increases the potency of clonidine on the tail-flick and hindlimb flexion reflexes.
Advokat, C, 2002)		0.79
" On the other hand, the bolus of intravenous clonidine 2 microg/kg (group C) was less effective in terms of pain relief but with similar side-effects to the 3 microg/kg dosage (group B)."( Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: a dose-finding study.
Ciccozzi, A; Di Pietro, A; Donatelli, F; Iovinelli, G; Marinangeli, F; Paladini, A; Rawal, N; Varrassi, G, 2002)		2.02
" injection of diltiazem (6-48 nmol) inhibited from 50 to 100% the effect of noradrenaline and clonidine in a dose-response manner."( Interaction between brain L-type calcium channels and alpha2-adrenoceptors in the inhibition of sodium appetite.
David, RB; De Luca, LA; Menani, JV; Pereira, DT; Sugawara, AM, 2002)		0.53
" In fetal, but not adult, MCA, UK-14304 induced a significant decrease in pD(2) for the phenylephrine dose-response relation."( Pre- and postjunctional alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in fetal and adult ovine cerebral arteries.
Bishai, JM; Buchholz, JN; Gheorghe, CP; Longo, LD; Meulenaar, R; Nijland, R; Penninga, L; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 2002)		0.31
" We conclude that separate dose-response relationships for oral clonidine are present regarding the hypnotic and analgesic effects in children undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia."( The hypnotic and analgesic effects of oral clonidine during sevoflurane anesthesia in children: a dose-response study.
Baba, Y; Inomata, S; Kihara, S; Kohda, Y; Miyabe, M; Sumiya, K; Toyooka, H, 2002)		0.82
"Separate dose-response relationships for oral clonidine were found regarding the hypnotic and analgesic effects in children undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia."( The hypnotic and analgesic effects of oral clonidine during sevoflurane anesthesia in children: a dose-response study.
Baba, Y; Inomata, S; Kihara, S; Kohda, Y; Miyabe, M; Sumiya, K; Toyooka, H, 2002)		0.84
" Drugs functionally or structurally related to clonidine, such as oxymetazoline, alpha-methylnorepinephrine and moxonidine, did not have their dose-response curves altered."( Contractile responses of the rat vas deferens after epithelium removal.
Garcez-do-Carmo, L; Jurkiewicz, A; Jurkiewicz, NH; Okpalaugo, EO, 2002)		0.57
" These include the currently available dosage forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, nasal spray, and inhaler) and bupropion."( Managing nicotine addiction.
Hatsukami, DK; Kotlyar, M, 2002)		0.31
" In combination with either low or high frequency TENS, the dose-response curve shifted to the left and was significantly different from clonidine alone."( Enhanced reduction in hyperalgesia by combined administration of clonidine and TENS.
Chandran, P; Sluka, KA, 2002)		0.76
" Using a mouse hot-plate test, dose-response relationships were first determined for all compounds individually and then for opioids co-administered with fixed doses of clonidine, ketamine or dextromethorphan."( Interactions of NMDA antagonists and an alpha 2 agonist with mu, delta and kappa opioids in an acute nociception assay.
Baker, AK; Hoffmann, VL; Meert, TF, 2002)		0.51
" This chapter updates current data on drug dose-response relationships for local anaesthetics and the increasing use of intrathecal adjuncts to improve the anaesthetic and recovery profile for ambulatory spinal anaesthesia."( Spinal anaesthesia: local anaesthetics and adjuncts in the ambulatory setting.
Liu, SS; Salinas, FV, 2002)		0.31
" Administration of both non-selective and selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in doses of 1-40 microg noradrenaline kg(-1) body weight (BW), 1-100 microg clonidine kg(-1) BW, or 100-800 mg methoxamine kg(-1) BW enhanced contractions of the proximal cauda epididymidis in a dose-response manner."( Mediation of contraction in rat cauda epididymidis by alpha-adrenoceptors.
Chaturapanich, G; Maythaarttaphong, S; Pholpramool, C; Verawatnapakul, V, 2002)		0.51
" The basal firing rate was not modified by either a single dose or repeated doses of MDMA, although the latter produced a shift to the right in the dose-response curve for clonidine-induced inhibition of the firing rate (ED(50) increased by 59%) and a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase activity (20%) in the hippocampus."( Short-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioximethamphetamine on noradrenergic activity in locus coeruleus and hippocampus of the rat.
Arrue, A; Giralt, MT; Ruiz-Ortega, JA; Ugedo, L, 2003)		0.51
"25% drops in twice daily dosage and does not result in any significant ocular and systemic adverse effects."( A prospective, long-term, randomized study of the efficacy and safety of the drug combination pilocarpine 1% with clonidine 0.06% or clonidine 0.125% versus timolol 0.25%.
Agarwal, H; Rajashekhar, YL; Sihota, R; Venkatesh, P, 2002)		0.53
" Dose-response curves for adrenaline were carried out as standard protocol."( Characteristics of histamine tachyphylaxis in rat uterine smooth muscle.
Gil Marqués, M; Martínez-Mir, I; Morales-Olivas, FJ; Rubio-Gomis, E, 2002)		0.31
" The dosage of the two comparatine groups is given according to Documentation, the method of abserving the treatment protocols and detoxification standard is according to current regulation."( [Clinial study of "qingjunyin" detoxification for the treatment of heroin addicts].
Lan, S; Lu, H; Wang, G; Yuan, D; Zhan, C, 1997)		0.3
"Morphine dosage [median (25th-75th percentiles)] was less in the first 24 h in the patients who were given intrathecal morphine + clonidine [7 (0-37) mg] than in other patients [40."( Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for coronary artery bypass grafting.
Arnulf, JJ; Balarac, N; Bonnet, F; Lena, P; Teboul, J, 2003)		0.83
"Evening dosing with guanabenz or clonidine lowered morning BP significantly."( Therapeutic effects of evening administration of guanabenz and clonidine on morning hypertension: evaluation using home-based blood pressure measurements.
Aoki, Y; Araki, T; Chonan, K; Hashimoto, J; Hozawa, A; Imai, Y; Kikuya, M; Matsubara, M; Michimata, M; Nishimura, T; Ohkubo, T; Ugajin, T; Yamaguchi, J, 2003)		0.84
" Morphine exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve in Lewis rats, these animals being more sensitive than F344 at 1 and 5 mg/kg but less sensitive at 10 mg/kg."( The contribution of alpha2-adrenoceptor and opioid receptor mechanisms to antinociception differs in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats.
Alguacil, LF; Herradón, G; Morales, L; Pérez-García, C, 2003)		0.32
" Similar responses were observed after oral dosing and in lean littermates."( The role of I(1)-imidazoline and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the modulation of glucose metabolism in the spontaneously hypertensive obese rat model of metabolic syndrome X.
Ernsberger, P; Velliquette, RA, 2003)		0.32
" Regarding the dose-response relationship of compounds 1a and 1c, it is evident that the activity of these compounds is in direct proportion to their dose and all compounds show activities comparable to clonidine."( The antinociceptive activities of 1-(4-aryl-2-thiazolyl)-3,5-disubstituted-2 pyrazolines in mouse writhing test.
Abdollahi, M; Bagheri, M; Shafiee, A; Shekarchi, M, )		0.32
" Methylphenidate and amphetamine-based stimulants are now available in longer-acting, once-daily and shorter-acting divided dosing schedules."( Pharmacological management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Reeves, G; Schweitzer, J, 2004)		0.32
" In this study, we investigated the dose-response characteristics of IT clonidine, and whether a subeffective dose of clonidine could enhance the effect of SCS in nerve-injured rats with tactile hypersensitivity (allodynia)."( Intrathecal clonidine potentiates suppression of tactile hypersensitivity by spinal cord stimulation in a model of neuropathy.
Linderoth, B; Meyerson, BA; Schechtmann, G; Wallin, J, 2004)		0.93
"We examined the dose-response relationship of intrathecal clonidine at small doses (( Small-dose intrathecal clonidine and isobaric bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery: a dose-response study.
Aeschbach, A; Gurzeler, JA; Kindler, CH; Schneider, MC; Strebel, S, 2004)		0.88
" The utility of the neuroendocrine response to serotonergic (ipsapirone) and noradrenergic (clonidine) probes as predictors of venlafaxine dosage required for effective treatment was also explored."( Efficacy of open-label venlafaxine in subjects with major depressive disorder: associations with neuroendocrine response to serotonergic and noradrenergic probes.
Goodman, M; Grossman, R; Mitropoulou, V; New, A; Reynolds, D; Schmeidler, J; Siever, LJ; Silverman, J, 2004)		0.54
" Dose-response curves for the inhibitory effect of clonidine showed subsensitivity of alpha2-adrenergic autoreceptors in protein-deprived rats, a phenomenon reversed by fluoxetine treatment."( Locus coeruleus activity in perinatally protein-deprived rats: effects of fluoxetine administration.
Cuadra, GR; Orsingher, OA; Ramírez, OA; Sodero, AO; Valdomero, A, 2004)		0.58
" This randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, pilot study compares two buprenorphine sublingual tablet dosing schedules to oral clonidine."( A double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, prospective pilot study of the partial mu opiate agonist, buprenorphine, for acute detoxification from heroin.
Ellis, ML; Knox, PC; Malte, CA; Oreskovich, MR; Reoux, JP; Saxon, AJ, 2005)		0.53
" Sigmoid dose-response curves for pupillary dilation were produced in pentobarbital anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of increasing doses of agonists (guanabenz for alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, clonidine for both alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and imidazoline I(1) receptors, and rilmenidine for imidazoline I(1) receptors)."( Rat clonidine mydriasis model: imidazoline receptors are not involved.
Koss, MC; Yu, Y, 2005)		1.07
" The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were applied to correlate the results of tizanidine and rofecoxib determination in dosage form by means of HPTLC and HPLC method."( Application of HPLC and HPTLC for the simultaneous determination of tizanidine and rofecoxib in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Agrawal, H; Dhaneshwar, SR; Kakad, A; Kaul, N; Patil, B, 2005)		0.33
" The skin layer may be only a minor rate-limiting barrier after the topical skin layer at the dosing site is saturated with penetrating clonidine in the initial phase (0 to 12 h)."( In vitro and in vivo characterization of a newly developed clonidine transdermal patch for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children.
Guo, HY; Ke, GM; Lu, WL; Wang, L; Xue, HY; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X, 2005)		0.77
"We performed a prospective case series to seek dosage or clinical parameters to better identify patients who need direct medical evaluation."( Toxic clonidine ingestion in children.
Anderson, DL; Colvin, JM; Johnson, PB; Klein-Schwartz, W; Spiller, HA; Villalobos, D, 2005)		0.81
" Research needs to be done to establish the utility and dosing of apraclonidine for botulinum toxin-induced ptosis."( The use of apraclonidine eyedrops to treat ptosis after the administration of botulinum toxin to the upper face.
Scheinfeld, N, 2005)		0.92
"1 mg kg(-1), displaced the dose-response curve approximately six-fold to the right."( Postjunctional alpha1-adrenoceptors in the vasculature of the pithed mouse are of the alpha1A-subtype.
Ibarra, M; López-Guerrero, JJ; Villalobos-Molina, R, 2005)		0.33
"Baseline (vehicle dosed animals) gastrointestinal transit was significantly greater in fasted versus fed rats."( Effects of fasting on evaluation of gastrointestinal transit with charcoal meal.
Hemenway, CL; Mittelstadt, SW; Spruell, RD, )		0.13
" Advantages, potential side effects, and dosing for multiple modes of delivery are discussed."( Long-term use of clonidine in a critically-ill infant.
Lowery, R; Polaner, DM; Zuk, J, 2005)		0.67
" Dose-response curves for the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine were generated in the absence and presence of fentanyl."( Fentanyl attenuates alpha1B-adrenoceptor-mediated pulmonary artery contraction.
Ding, X; McCune, DF; Murray, PA; Perez, DM; Sohn, JT, 2005)		0.33
" ITC was delivered locally via catheter to the T2-T4 spinal segments and was dosed to reduce heart rate (HR) by >20% to 25%."( Intrathecal clonidine reduces the incidence of ischemia-provoked ventricular arrhythmias in a canine postinfarction heart failure model.
Groh, WJ; Hildebrand, KR; Issa, ZF; Miller, JM; Rosenberger, J; Ujhelyi, MR; Zhou, X; Zipes, DP, 2005)		0.71
" This study was designed to determine whether data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) could be utilized to determine a dose-response relationship for pediatric clonidine exposure."( TESS-based dose-response using pediatric clonidine exposures.
Benson, BE; Spyker, DA; Troutman, WG; Watson, WA, 2006)		0.78
" Exposures reported as a "taste or lick" (n = 51) were included as a dose of 1/10 of the dosage form involved."( TESS-based dose-response using pediatric clonidine exposures.
Benson, BE; Spyker, DA; Troutman, WG; Watson, WA, 2006)		0.6
"TESS data can provide the basis for a statistically sound description of dose-response for pediatric clonidine poisoning exposures."( TESS-based dose-response using pediatric clonidine exposures.
Benson, BE; Spyker, DA; Troutman, WG; Watson, WA, 2006)		0.82
" Dose-response curves were determined for phenylephrine and for several imidazoline ligands, using endothelium denuded, isolated ring segments, of tail arteries from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats."( Centrally acting imidazolines stimulate vascular alpha 1A-adrenergic receptors in Rat-Tail Artery.
Crane, L; Edwards, LP; George, OK; Gonzalez, RR; Kennedy, WB, )		0.13
" The designed system is able to maintain plasma concentration without the need of frequent dosing and reduce side effects unlike in case of conventional dosage form."( In-vitro studies of tizanidine controlled-release microcapsular matrices.
Dashora, K; Saraf, S, 2006)		0.33
" Secondary objectives included determining correlations between dosage and age, injury type, location of spasticity, comorbid seizures, or concomitant antispasticity medications."( Oral baclofen and clonidine for treatment of spasticity in children.
Haase, M; Habersang, R; Lubsch, L; Luedtke, S, 2006)		0.67
" The mean dosage of meperidine used was 76."( The effect of tramadol or clonidine added to intraperitoneal bupivacaine on postoperative pain in total abdominal hysterectomy.
Karamanlioglu, B; Memis, D; Pamukçu, Z; Tükenmez, B; Turan, A, )		0.43
"Adjuvants are compounds which by themselves have undesirable side-effects or low potency but in combination with opioids allow a reduction of narcotic dosing for postoperative pain control."( Useful adjuvants for postoperative pain management.
Buvanendran, A; Kroin, JS, 2007)		0.34
" Careful dosing of tizanidine is warranted in small females, whereas male smokers can require higher than average doses."( Effects of gender and moderate smoking on the pharmacokinetics and effects of the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine.
Backman, JT; Neuvonen, PJ; Schröder, MT, 2008)		0.35
" Cisapride (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) caused non-significant increases in the indices of gastric emptying, with roughly bell-shaped dose-response curves."( Oral mitemcinal (GM-611), an erythromycin-derived prokinetic, accelerates normal and experimentally delayed gastric emptying in conscious dogs.
Akima, M; Itoh, Z; Kamei, K; Koga, H; Omura, S; Onoma, M; Ozaki, K; Takanashi, H; Yogo, K, 2008)		0.35
" At 10(-7) M of ST-91, the antagonism was characterized by a rightward shift of isoproterenol dose-response curve (A50=6."( alpha2B-adrenoceptor agonist ST-91 antagonizes beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in rat mesenteric artery rings.
Gyires, K; Kató, E; Lipták, L; Mátyus, P; Rónai, AZ; Shujaa, N, 2008)		0.35
"Tizanidine, an alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, is a short-acting drug with larger interpatient variability, and linear pharmacokinetics that is dosage form-dependent."( A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury.
Henney, HR; Kamen, L; Runyan, JD, 2008)		0.35
"Tizanidine, one of the few oral antispastic therapies approved for use in the USA, has a narrow therapeutic index that can often make optimal patient dosing difficult."( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients.
Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)		0.35
" Practical advice on tizanidine dosing and/or switching between formulations is provided."( A clinically relevant review of tizanidine hydrochloride dose relationships to pharmacokinetics, drug safety and effectiveness in healthy subjects and patients.
Henney, HR; Runyan, JD, 2008)		0.35
"Scheduled medical uses and dosing of tizanidine in our hospital are shown."( [Protocol for tizanidine use in infantile cerebral palsy].
Arroyo Riaño, O; Benavente Valdepeñas, A; Palazón García, R, 2008)		0.35
"Treatment with tizanidine was carried out with 1 mg/ day in 18 mo-7 yr old children, 2 mg/day in 7-12 yr old children as initial doses, and for those older than 12 yr similar dosing to that in adults."( [Protocol for tizanidine use in infantile cerebral palsy].
Arroyo Riaño, O; Benavente Valdepeñas, A; Palazón García, R, 2008)		0.35
" These results provide further evidence that alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor activation shortly after perinatal hypoxia-ischemia can promote neural recovery, but highlight the complex dose-response of exogenous therapy."( Partial neuroprotection with low-dose infusion of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine after severe hypoxia in preterm fetal sheep.
Bennet, L; Dean, JM; George, S; Gunn, AJ; Mallard, C; Naylor, AS, 2008)		0.57
" The dosage of PCA drug 0-4 h after operation of the C2 was significantly higher than that of the C4 group."( [Effects of epidural clonidine pretreatment in epidural patient-controlled analgesia using sufentanil combined with levobupivacaine].
Ruan, XC; She, SZ; Su, J; Xie, XQ; Xu, LX, 2008)		0.66
" When the animals were again tested 48 hours after dosing (no pretreatment), these two patterns of task enhancement were continued and enhanced."( Protracted cognitive effects produced by clonidine in Macaca nemestrina performing a delayed matching task.
Blessing, D; Buccafusco, JJ; Kille, N; Terry, AV; Webster, SJ, 2009)		0.62
" In the mouse formalin test, DBV injection produced a dramatic leftward shift in the dose-response curve for clonidine-induced analgesia."( Acupoint stimulation with diluted bee venom (apipuncture) potentiates the analgesic effect of intrathecal clonidine in the rodent formalin test and in a neuropathic pain model.
Beitz, AJ; Han, HJ; Kim, HW; Kwon, YB; Lee, HJ; Lee, JH; Roh, DH; Seo, HS; Yoon, SY, 2009)		0.78
" Serial blood and urine samples were collected in 17 women during mid to late pregnancy over one steady-state dosing interval to determine clonidine noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters (n = 17) and creatinine clearance."( Clonidine pharmacokinetics in pregnancy.
Buchanan, ML; Carr, DB; Easterling, TR; Hebert, MF; Mattison, DR; Nelson, WL; Risler, LJ; Shen, DD, 2009)		2
"The objective of this study was to investigate lofexidine urine and plasma pharmacokinetics using three different dosing regimens in opioid dependent subjects."( Urine and plasma pharmacokinetics of lofexidine after oral delivery in opiate-dependent patients.
Abbassi, M; Al Ghananeem, AM; Herman, BH; Ling, W; Miotto, K; Montgomery, A; O'Brien, CP; Walsh, R; Yu, E, 2009)		0.35
" The dosing regimens of lofexidine hydrochloride were ."( Urine and plasma pharmacokinetics of lofexidine after oral delivery in opiate-dependent patients.
Abbassi, M; Al Ghananeem, AM; Herman, BH; Ling, W; Miotto, K; Montgomery, A; O'Brien, CP; Walsh, R; Yu, E, 2009)		0.35
"8 mg TID dosing regimens did not seem to be different at steady state (day 15)."( Urine and plasma pharmacokinetics of lofexidine after oral delivery in opiate-dependent patients.
Abbassi, M; Al Ghananeem, AM; Herman, BH; Ling, W; Miotto, K; Montgomery, A; O'Brien, CP; Walsh, R; Yu, E, 2009)		0.35
" The amount dispensed was a 30-day supply but the bottle was empty on day 19, leading us to suspect a possible accelerated dosing error."( Toxicity from a clonidine suspension.
Benson, B; Farooqi, M; Johnson, M; Kunkel, S; Seifert, S, 2009)		0.7
"Compounding and liquid dosing errors are common in children and may result in massive overdoses."( Toxicity from a clonidine suspension.
Benson, B; Farooqi, M; Johnson, M; Kunkel, S; Seifert, S, 2009)		0.7
" The trial was stopped after completion of the 3rd dosing level."( A phase II clinical trial to assess the safety of clonidine in acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning.
Abeysinghe, C; Buckley, NA; Dawson, AH; Hettiarachchi, R; Jayamanna, SF; Karunatilake, H; Perera, PM, 2009)		0.61
" Diagnosis is based on a steady increase in intrathecal morphine dosage after a relatively prolonged period of stability, on the gradual development of neurologic signs and symptoms suggesting radicular or spinal cord compression, and on magnetic resonance images."( [Spinal granuloma in a patient receiving a spinal infusion of morphine and clonidine].
Abejón, D; del Pozo, C; del Saz, JM; Ley, L; Sánchez, MR, )		0.36
" Dexmethylphenidate XR is a stimulant treatment in a single isomer form, and has an efficacy and tolerability similar to two doses of immediate-release (IR) dexmethylphenidate when taken 4 hours apart, but is dosed at half of the usual d,l-methylphenidate dose."( Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recent advances in paediatric pharmacotherapy.
Kratochvil, CJ; May, DE, 2010)		0.36
"To review the pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines for lofexidine, an alpha(2)-agonist, for opioid detoxification."( Lofexidine, an {alpha}2-receptor agonist for opioid detoxification.
Gish, EC; Honey, BL; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL, 2010)		0.36
" Further large-scale controlled studies are needed to identify the safest, most effective dosage regimen required to achieve opioid detoxification."( Lofexidine, an {alpha}2-receptor agonist for opioid detoxification.
Gish, EC; Honey, BL; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL, 2010)		0.36
"The objective of this study was to formulate stable and controlled release microparticles for simultaneous delivery and UV spectrophotometric detection in combined dosage of an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) (nimesulide, NMS) and a spasmolytic agent (tizanidine, TZN) to maintain plasma concentration that may increase patients compliance, improved therapeutic efficacy, The aim was also to reduce severity of upper GI side effects of NMS because of alteration in delivery pattern via slow release of drug from microparticles and to increase the benefits of spasticity and disability for spastic patients by administering TZN in a modified release formulation as these two drugs are often prescribed in combination for the management of pain associated with muscles spasm."( Formulation of two-drug controlled release non-biodegradable microparticles for potential treatment of muscles pain and spasm and their simultaneous spectrophotometeric estimation.
Aamir, MN; Ahmad, M; Akhtar, N; Khan, SA; Kousar, R; Murtaza, G, )		0.13
" Undisturbed telemetry BP data were continuously collected for at least 24h following dosing and analyzed."( Evaluation of blood pressure measurement using a miniature blood pressure transmitter with jacketed external telemetry in cynomolgus monkeys.
Jenkins, AC; Klein, JL; McMahon, C; Mitchell, AZ; Sarazan, RD, )		0.13
" These findings may have implications for dosing of local anesthetics in diabetic patients undergoing regional analgesia with nerve blocks."( Local anesthetic sciatic nerve block and nerve fiber damage in diabetic rats.
Buvanendran, A; Kerns, JM; Kroin, JS; Moric, M; Tuman, KJ; Wagenaar, B; Williams, DK, )		0.13
" After confirmation of the established allodynia, gabapentin at 10, 30, 60 and 100μg or clonidine at 5, 15, 30 and 50μg was injected as a monotherapy in conscious rats through the intrathecal catheter to obtain the dose-response curve of %MPE (maximum possible effect) of the antiallodynic effect and its ED(50)."( Intrathecal gabapentin and clonidine synergistically inhibit allodynia in spinal nerve-ligated rats.
Asada, A; Funao, T; Mori, T; Nishikawa, K; Yamama, Y, 2010)		0.88
" We investigated the effect of the addition of clonidine to the MLAC of levobupivacaine in a randomized controlled dose-response trial."( Effect of epidural clonidine on minimum local anesthetic concentration (ED50) of levobupivacaine for caudal block in children.
Alberighi, OD; Disma, N; Frawley, G; Mameli, L; Montobbio, G; Pistorio, A; Tuo, P, 2011)		0.95
" To reduce muscle tension, 34 patients of the main group received tizanidine with the modified release of active substance (sirdalud MR) in dosage one capsule (6 mg) per day."( [The use of sirdalud MR in patients with multiple sclerosis].
Batysheva, TT; Boĭko, AN; Kamchatnov, PR; Petrov, SV; Popova, NF; Zaĭtsev, KA, 2010)		0.36
" A description of the pharmacological action of each adjuvant is given followed by a review of randomised control trials, dosage and notable papers on the subject."( Adjuvants to local anaesthesia in ophthalmic surgery.
Adams, L, 2011)		0.37
"Administering preoperative oral clonidine in a dosage of 5 μg/kg, 2 h before phacoemulsification, significantly decreases the prevalence and intensity of acute postoperative IOP rise in those undergoing general anesthesia."( Effect of oral clonidine on acute intraocular pressure rise after phacoemulsification: a prospective double-blind, randomized, clinical trial.
Boroojeny, SB; Fard, MM; Ghaffarpasand, F; Hourang, MH; Zakeri, H; Zeraatian, S, 2011)		1.01
" Single application of tritiated water and [(14) C]-clonidine HCl were dosed at the same time on dermatomed human skin samples collected from 12 donors in a flow through diffusion cell system."( Ability to estimate relative percutaneous penetration via a surrogate maker - trans epidermal water loss?
Chan, H; Elkeeb, R; Hui, X; Maibach, HI, 2012)		0.63
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)		0.37
" At each daily visit, signs and symptoms were assessed, and medications and dosing instructions were given for the following 24 hours."( A nonopioid procedure for outpatient opioid detoxification.
Baier, AR; Coons, EE; Fingesten, A; Ockert, DM; Volpicelli, JR, 2011)		0.37
"Many drugs are unavailable in suitable paediatric dosage forms."( Development and validation of a paediatric oral formulation of clonidine hydrochloride.
Boedhram, RR; de Goede, AL; Eckhardt, M; Hanff, LM; Koch, BC; Vermaat, CH; Vermes, A, 2012)		0.62
" Specifically, we assessed clonidine dosage in relation to a) plasma concentration levels, b) orthostatic cardiovascular responses, and c) possible adverse effects."( Clonidine in the treatment of adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study for the NorCAPITAL trial.
Andersen, AM; Fagermoen, E; Saul, JP; Sulheim, D; Thaulow, E; Vethe, NT; Winger, A; Wyller, VB, 2012)		2.12
" Therefore, we asked if a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model could be used to evaluate different dosing regimens for pregnant women."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict disposition of CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 metabolized drugs in pregnant women.
Isoherranen, N; Ke, AB; Nallani, SC; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Unadkat, JD; Zhao, P, 2013)		0.39
" Isobolographic analyses of dose-response curves determined whether interactions were synergistic or additive."( The delta-opioid receptor is sufficient, but not necessary, for spinal opioid-adrenergic analgesic synergy.
Chabot-Doré, AJ; Millecamps, M; Stone, LS, 2013)		0.39
" Despite heterogeneity between trials, clonidine premedication in an adequate dosage (4 µg/kg) was likely to have a beneficial effect on postoperative pain in children."( Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children.
Cyna, AM; Knight, N; Lambert, P; Middleton, P, 2014)		2.11
" Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and dosage of dobutamine and sodium nitroprusside were assessed four times: before intravenous administration of clonidine (2 μg/kg) or placebo (T0), 30 min after tested treatment and before cardiopulmonary bypass (T1), immediately after CPB (T2), 10 min after protamine injection (T3)."( Intravenous clonidine administration and its ability to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure in patients undergoing heart surgery.
Bueno, RM; de Oliveira-Júnior, IS; do Amaral, JL; Falcão, LF; Ferez, D; João, BB; Perez, MV, )		0.71
"Each of the single topical drugs produced significant dose-dependent antiallodynic effects compared with vehicle in CPIP rats (N = 30), and the antiallodynic dose-response curves of either PA or PDE inhibitors were shifted 5- to 10-fold to the left when combined with nonanalgesic doses of α2A receptor agonists or NO donors (N = 28)."( Topical combinations to treat microvascular dysfunction of chronic postischemia pain.
Abaji, R; Coderre, TJ; Laferrière, A; Ragavendran, JV; Tsai, CY, 2014)		0.4
" Dose-response curve for inhibitory action of WIN 55,212-2 was shifted to the right after 4-h incubation with clonidine (3 × 10(-10) m) comparing to the untreated tissues (pD2  = 5."( Pretreatment with clonidine caused desensitization to WIN 55,212-2 in guinea pig ileum.
Dehpour, AR; Ejtemaei Mehr, S; Mohaghegh Shalmani, L; Rahimian, R; Rezania, F, )		0.68
"Oral dosage forms and traditional transdermal patches are inadequate for complex clonidine therapy dosing schemes, because of the variable dose/flux requirement for the treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms."( Programmable transdermal clonidine delivery through voltage-gated carbon nanotube membranes.
Hammell, D; Hinds, BJ; Paudel, KS; Pinninti, RR; Stinchcomb, A; Strasinger, C; Wu, J, 2014)		0.93
"This study was conducted to assess the effects of various excipients in 10 different Tizanidine hydrochloride tablet dosage forms that were prepared by direct compression method (DC)."( Effects of various excipients on tizanidine hydrochloride tablets prepared by direct compression.
Anjum, F; Ghayas, S; Khan, LG; Razvi, N; Siddiqui, SA, 2014)		0.4
" The drug should be gradually reduced in dosage under observation by a psychiatrist."( [Tizanidine withdrawal symptoms in stress cardiomyopathy].
Bayer, D; Bengesser, SA; Kapfhammer, HP; Mörkl, S; Schöggl, H, 2015)		0.42
" Data extracted included information about study design, country of origin, number of participants and demographic details, type of surgery, type of anaesthesia, intervention and dosing regimen, preoperative anxiety outcome measures and postoperative anxiety outcome measures."( Melatonin for pre- and postoperative anxiety in adults.
Gögenur, I; Halladin, NL; Hansen, MV; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J, 2015)		0.42
" Following botulinum toxin A treatment, clinical improvement led to the gradual reduction of baclofen or tizanidine dosing to one-third of the former dose."( Comparison of Efficacy and Side Effects of Oral Baclofen Versus Tizanidine Therapy with Adjuvant Botulinum Toxin Type A in Children With Cerebral Palsy and Spastic Equinus Foot Deformity.
Aksoy, SN; Dai, AI; Demiryürek, AT, 2016)		0.43
" However, it will first be necessary to optimize the timing and dosing required to inhibit xenoantibodies in vivo."( Clonidine inhibits anti-non-Gal IgM xenoantibody elicited in multiple pig-to-primate models.
Cowan, PJ; d'Apice, AJ; Hawthorne, WJ; Kearns-Jonker, M; Nottle, MB; O'Connell, PJ; Salvaris, EJ; Stewart, JM; Tarantal, AF, )		1.57
" The concurrent administration of SB203580 reduces the dosage requirements for clonidine, thereby alleviating allodynia without producing undesirable motor or cardiovascular effects."( Clonidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist relieves mechanical allodynia in oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic mice; potentiation by spinal p38 MAPK inhibition without motor dysfunction and hypotension.
Beitz, AJ; Kim, SJ; Lee, JH; Oh, SB; Roh, DH; Yeo, JH; Yoon, SY, 2016)		2.1
"Treating animals repeatedly with intermittent and increasing morphine doses has been suggested to allow some withdrawal during each dosing interval, which causes repeated stress."( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences.
Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)		0.64
"Male and female rats and mice were administered with increasing doses of morphine twice daily at different dosing intervals."( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences.
Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)		0.64
"Male rats and male and female rats displayed manifestations of morphine withdrawal at the end of 14-h and 24-h dosing intervals, respectively."( Spontaneous withdrawal in intermittent morphine administration in rats and mice: effect of clonidine coadministration and sex-related differences.
Allahverdiyev, O; Enginar, N; Nurten, A; Sehirli, I; Türkmen, AZ, 2015)		0.64
"Mini-tablets are increasingly gaining attention in solid dosage form design as multiple-unit systems combining different active compounds and providing a single or combined pattern of modified release for polypharmacy or combined treatments."( Mini-tablet combination for sustained release of clonidine hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide: Preparation and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs.
Wang, Y; Xu, B; Zhu, H, 2016)		0.69
" The IR forms, while themselves not FDA approved for ADHD, may, with dosage adjustment, be reasonable alternatives (with considerable cost savings)."( Treating ADHD in Prison: Focus on Alpha-2 Agonists (Clonidine and Guanfacine).
Mattes, JA, 2016)		0.68
" Planned subgroup analyses include specific alpha-2 agonist agent, study design, clinical diagnosis, dosing regimen, and use of adjunctive agents."( Alpha-2 agonists for sedation in mechanically ventilated neurocritical care patients: a systematic review protocol.
Blinder, H; English, S; Hutton, B; Tran, A, 2016)		0.43
" Publications were grouped into different dosage forms and assessed for their potential application for sedation of children in intensive care."( A mini-review of non-parenteral clonidine preparations for paediatric sedation.
Hanning, SM; Neubert, A; Orlu Gul, M; Toni, I; Tuleu, C, 2017)		0.74
"These results demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of low-dose naltrexone, in conjunction with single-day buprenorphine dosing and adjunctive nonopioid medications, for initiating adults with opioid dependence to XR-naltrexone."( Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone Induction: A Randomized Trial of Outpatient Opioid Detoxification With Naltrexone Versus Buprenorphine.
Bisaga, A; Carpenter, KM; Choi, CJ; Dakwar, E; Levin, FR; Mariani, JJ; Mishlen, K; Nunes, EV; Pavlicova, M; Sullivan, M, 2017)		0.46
" The aim of this study is to describe clonidine PK in a particular ECMO system and propose dosing guidelines for children on this particular ECMO circuit."( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous clonidine for sedation during paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous venovenous hemofiltration.
Ahsman, MJ; de Wildt, SN; Kleiber, N; Mathôt, RAA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2017)		0.99
" The PK parameters on ECMO and the dosing guidelines proposed hold the potential to improve sedation practices on ECMO but need to be repeated with different ECMO systems."( Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous clonidine for sedation during paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous venovenous hemofiltration.
Ahsman, MJ; de Wildt, SN; Kleiber, N; Mathôt, RAA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2017)		0.72
" In summary, our findings suggest that clonidine above 1/32 of its clinical therapeutic dosage is cytotoxic to corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, and its pro-apoptotic effect on HCEP cells is triggered by a Fas/TNFR1 death receptors-mediated, mitochondria-dependent signaling pathway."( Clonidine Induces Apoptosis of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells through Death Receptors-Mediated, Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathway.
Fan, D; Fan, TJ, 2017)		2.17
"To evaluate the safety, efficacy and effective dosage of clonidine in the outpatient (OP) management of secondary dystonia."( Clonidine use in the outpatient management of severe secondary dystonia.
Kaminska, M; Lin, JP; Lumsden, DE; Sayer, C, 2017)		2.14
" This is especially important in the case of pediatric patients, and dose-response relationships require studies using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling."( A highly sensitive method for the simultaneous UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of clonidine, morphine, midazolam and their metabolites in blood plasma using HFIP as the eluent additive.
Aro, R; Herodes, K; Kipper, K; Lutsar, I; Metsvaht, T; Standing, JF; Veigure, R, 2017)		0.69
" As health care professionals, it is prudent to be familiar with their dosing regimens, common adverse effects, and the monitoring required to maximize patient benefits and minimize harms."( Oral Agents for the Management of Agitation and Agitated Delirium in Critically Ill Patients.
Hammond, DA; Smith, MN; Wiley, TL; Yeo, QM, )		0.13
" The proposed method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and was successfully applied to the analysis of these drugs in their tablet dosage forms with high accuracy."( Simultaneous Determination of Tizanidine, Nimesulide, Aceclofenac and Paracetamol in Tablets and Biological Fluids Using Micellar Liquid Chromatography.
Belal, F; Derayea, S; Hammad, MA; Omar, MA; Saleh, SF; Zayed, S, 2018)		0.48
" In further studies, different doses should be explored to determine what dosage of clonidine may offer hemodynamic protection as well as decrease sedative drugs needed."( Clonidine as a preoperative sedative.
Challman, SD; Henry, RG; Kouzoukas, DE; Raybould, TP; Romond, K, 2018)		2.15
" In one study, tics limited further dosage increases of methylphenidate."( Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders.
Osland, ST; Pringsheim, T; Steeves, TD, 2018)		0.48
" Because of the lack of land suitable for commercial management, pediatric specialties very often need to prepare extemporaneous formulations to improve the dosage and administration of drugs for children."( Physicochemical and microbiological stability of two news oral liquid formulations of clonidine hydrochloride for pediatric patients.
Cameán-Fernández, M; Cañete, C; Dávila-Pousa, MC; Delgado-Valverde, M; García-Palomo, M; López-Rojas, R; Merino-Bohórquez, V; Rodriguez-Marrodán, B; Villaronga, M, 2019)		0.74
" Secondarily, dosing of opioids and benzodiazepines was examined."( The Effectiveness of α2 Agonists As Sedatives in Pediatric Critical Care: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study.
Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Leacy, FP, 2019)		0.51
" A variety of dosage regimens have been utilized in clinical practice and in research studies."( Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study.
Bardol, M; Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Standing, JF, 2019)		0.9
"This study aims to propose a target plasma concentration and simulate clonidine pharmacokinetics (PK) in a cohort of mechanically ventilated children to evaluate the adequacy of clonidine dosage regimens used in clinical practice and research studies."( Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study.
Bardol, M; Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Standing, JF, 2019)		1.14
" Nine dosage regimens (four intravenous boluses, four intravenous infusions, and one nasogastric route boluses) were evaluated ranging from 1 µg/kg eight hourly intravenous boluses to a regimen up to 3 µg/kg/hr continuous intravenous infusion."( Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study.
Bardol, M; Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Standing, JF, 2019)		0.9
"The variety of dosage regimens in the previous studies of clonidine along with difficulties in the conduct of interventional studies may have contributed to the lack of efficacy data to support its use."( Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study.
Bardol, M; Breatnach, CV; Cousins, G; Dawkins, I; Doherty, DR; Gallagher, PJ; Hayden, JC; Healy, M; Standing, JF, 2019)		1.15
" The presently available oral dosage form has limitations such as high first pass metabolism resulting in low oral bioavailability."( Microneedle-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Tizanidine Hydrochloride.
Pandya, K; Patel, B; Thakkar, H, 2020)		0.56
"The aim of this study was to investigate the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of clonidine in intensive care unit (ICU) patients in order to develop a dosing regimen for sedation."( Optimising the dose of clonidine to achieve sedation in intensive care unit patients with population pharmacokinetics.
Arbouw, MEL; Bles, CMA; Cloesmeijer, ME; de Meijer, AR; Kruisdijk-Gerritsen, A; Mathôt, RAA; Nassikovker, P; van den Oever, HLA; van Steveninck, FL; Zeeman, M, 2020)		1.1
" A dosing regimen of 1200 μg/d provided a target sedation concentration of >1."( Optimising the dose of clonidine to achieve sedation in intensive care unit patients with population pharmacokinetics.
Arbouw, MEL; Bles, CMA; Cloesmeijer, ME; de Meijer, AR; Kruisdijk-Gerritsen, A; Mathôt, RAA; Nassikovker, P; van den Oever, HLA; van Steveninck, FL; Zeeman, M, 2020)		0.87
" Blood samples were drawn at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 minutes after dosing and additionally every hour until discharge from the PACU."( Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery.
Afshari, A; Anderson, BJ; Falcon, L; Henneberg, SW; Lauritsen, T; Lomstein, E; Nielsen, BN; Ydemann, M, 2020)		0.81
" Clonidine can be compounded as a liquid formula for patients who are unable to take pills, however, this can add to the risk of dosing errors."( Clonidine Compounding Error: Bradycardia and Sedation in a Pediatric Patient.
Barbuto, AF; Burns, MM, 2020)		2.91
"To allow for tailored dosing and overcome swallowing difficulties, compounded liquid medication is often required in pediatric patients."( Stability of Azathioprine, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Clopidogrel Bisulfate, Ethambutol Hydrochloride, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nitrofurantoin, and Thioguanine Oral Suspensions Compounded with SyrSpend SF pH4.
Anagnostou, K; Cunha, CN; da Silva, SL; Dijkers, E; Ferreira, AO; Polonini, H, )		0.43
" Data extracted included information about study design, country of origin, number of participants and demographic details, type of surgery, type of anaesthesia, intervention and dosing regimens, preoperative anxiety outcome measures, and postoperative anxiety outcome measures."( Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults.
Madsen, BK; Møller, AM; Rosenberg, J; Zetner, D, 2020)		0.56
" The currently available oral dosage forms exhibit low oral bioavailability due to high first-pass metabolism."( Derma roller mediated transdermal delivery of tizanidine invasomes for the management of skeletal muscle spasms.
Brahmam, B; Chaudhari, P; Dsouza, L; Lewis, SA, 2021)		0.62
" Our objectives were to describe clonidine dosing regimens used for sedation and analgesia in critically ill adults, the associated adverse effects (i."( High-versus low-dose clonidine for sedation and analgesia in critically ill adults: A retrospective cohort study.
Burry, L; Cheung, A; Coleman, B; Guenette, M; Purivatra, E, 2021)		1.22
"The fast-dissolving film of TNZ HCl was prepared by the solvent-casting method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, and XRD, and evaluated for critical quality attributes for this type of dosage form such as disintegration time, tensile strength, drug content, dissolution, and ex vivo permeability."( Development of Biocompatible Nanoparticles of Tizanidine Hydrochloride in Orodispersible Films:
Dutt, R; Kaushik, D; Mittal, V; Pandey, P; Rahman, MH; Singh, S; Sinha, S; Thapa, S; Verma, R, 2022)		0.72
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
clonidine
clonidine
imidazolineAn imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (59)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Ferritin light chainEquus caballus (horse)Potency5.01195.623417.292931.6228AID485281
Chain A, CruzipainTrypanosoma cruziPotency39.81070.002014.677939.8107AID1476
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.15490.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347398
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency33.49150.000221.22318,912.5098AID743042
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)Homo sapiens (human)Potency12.58930.00137.762544.6684AID914; AID915
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency2.98490.001022.650876.6163AID1224838
regulator of G-protein signaling 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.19230.531815.435837.6858AID504845
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency17.37680.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.04261.069113.955137.9330AID720538
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.25130.00207.533739.8107AID891
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.01190.00255.840031.6228AID899
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency7.94330.00636.904339.8107AID883
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53580.00106.000935.4813AID943; AID944
lamin isoform A-delta10Homo sapiens (human)Potency17.88160.891312.067628.1838AID1487
Histamine H2 receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Potency7.94330.00638.235039.8107AID883
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusPotency3.54810.009610.525035.4813AID1479145
Inositol monophosphatase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency31.62281.000010.475628.1838AID901
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Membrane primary amine oxidase Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki900.000010.000010.000010.0000AID202892
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)20.79000.21005.553710.0000AID1442001; AID386625
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.55000.55004.26507.4600AID681146
Solute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)79.30000.09003.72779.5000AID679482
Solute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)Ki373.00000.12000.12000.1200AID681584
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)Ki3.23590.00010.532610.0000AID682996
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.10100.00001.44217.3470AID35898; AID36188; AID625201
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.14370.00010.807410.0000AID1195979; AID1306485; AID35934; AID35946; AID35950; AID625201; AID671634
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.37570.00010.949010.0000AID35271; AID35412; AID35422; AID35430; AID35437; AID37303
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.03530.00001.23808.1590AID35898; AID36188; AID625202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.02450.00020.725710.0000AID1195979; AID625202; AID671635
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01150.00001.47257.8980AID35898; AID36188
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04660.00030.483410.0000AID1195979; AID36396; AID36404; AID36407; AID671636
DRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.00000.00010.610010.0000AID63016
D(3) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.00000.00010.25675.8000AID63016
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)5.36500.00031.38338.4000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki3.06600.00010.739610.0000AID625190
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.01730.00031.09147.7625AID219808
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.03160.00000.929610.0000AID35187; AID35192; AID36251; AID36373; AID36375; AID37082; AID37381; AID552774
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.10000.00192.379710.0000AID223241
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.01730.00031.09147.7625AID219808
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.01520.00000.970810.0000AID35187; AID35192; AID37082; AID37381; AID552774
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.01730.00031.06917.7625AID219808
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.11620.00000.937510.0000AID35187; AID35192; AID36094; AID36551; AID36555; AID37082; AID37381; AID552774
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.37570.00000.575110.0000AID35271; AID35412; AID35422; AID35430; AID35437; AID37303
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.21000.00020.75688.8970AID625200
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.40580.00000.360910.0000AID36104; AID36128; AID36251; AID625200
D(1B) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.00000.00020.24622.0000AID63016
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.10000.00061.777110.0000AID223241
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)5.36500.00051.48357.8000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki3.06600.00031.29679.2440AID625190
D(4) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.00000.00020.18872.0000AID63016
Delta-type opioid receptorMus musculus (house mouse)Ki0.01410.00000.53939.4000AID1195978
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.34280.00000.272610.0000AID36104; AID36128; AID36251
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.34280.00000.471310.0000AID36104; AID36128; AID36251
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.37570.00000.965010.0000AID35271; AID35412; AID35422; AID35430; AID35437; AID37303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)22.60002.03005.53139.9000AID386625
D(2) dopamine receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki4.00000.00000.437510.0000AID63016
Mu-type opioid receptorCavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.01410.00000.27869.0000AID1195978
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)0.00200.00200.49073.8430AID35898
NischarinRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.36620.36620.36620.3662AID371645; AID552772
NischarinRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.14060.00080.13881.2589AID1195978; AID1306516; AID671632
Solute carrier family 22 member 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki1.40000.13002.37856.9000AID681376
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)33.30000.01002.765610.0000AID721754
NischarinHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.03220.00420.21923.8019AID223225; AID223226; AID342861
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Kd51.45320.00000.53588.3176AID39946; AID39947
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)EC50 (µMol)0.08300.01000.34440.9430AID1342011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3ACavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)EC50 (µMol)0.00830.00830.00830.0083AID536933
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.02090.00080.37336.7100AID1297521; AID1306486; AID1342005; AID36512; AID536933; AID550035; AID636210
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.40490.00051.36446.7100AID1297521; AID36512; AID536937
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)EC50 (µMol)0.08900.00900.37401.1320AID1342009
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.03830.00050.55416.7100AID1297521; AID1342007; AID36512; AID536941
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.29000.00151.72275.6000AID36261
Adenosine receptor A2bRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00440.00190.19330.7200AID36512
Adenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)EC50 (µMol)0.00440.00000.11560.7200AID36512
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.29000.00010.50987.1000AID36261
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.29000.00011.30105.6000AID36261
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Kd0.25700.00020.51397.5858AID36159
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)Activity0.71000.71005.30179.7000AID681117
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC40 (µMol)0.00370.00370.04080.0780AID36357
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC40 (µMol)0.00370.00370.04080.0780AID36357
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorMus musculus (house mouse)IC40 (µMol)0.00370.00370.04080.0780AID36357
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (154)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradientSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric proximal tubule developmentSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
acyl carnitine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
histamine metabolic processSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monocarboxylic acid transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of appetiteSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
histamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
histamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of serotonin secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin metabolic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of hormone secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine productionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic processAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of wound healingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
biogenic amine metabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of signal transductionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to aluminum ionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to selenium ionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
phenylethylamine catabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
substantia nigra developmentAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic processAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
response to corticosteroneAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrineAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult heart developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hormoneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophyAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport into cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell developmentAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase C signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pilomotor reflexAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular signal transductionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic processNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
Rac protein signal transductionNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
outer dynein arm assemblyNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (51)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-receptor interaction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-1B adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2C adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thioesterase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
aliphatic amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
aliphatic amine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine oxidase activityAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide bindingAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activityAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
dynein heavy chain bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (38)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear outer membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseSolute carrier family 22 member 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1AHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
cytoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
caveolaAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorBos taurus (cattle)
cytoplasmAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial envelopeAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membraneAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAmine oxidase [flavin-containing] BHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneAdenosine receptor A2aRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
nucleusAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
microtubule cytoskeletonNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular bridgeNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmNischarinHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (522)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346058Human alpha2B-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998European journal of pharmacology, Aug-21, Volume: 355, Issue:2-3
Subtype-specific stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by recombinant alpha2-adrenoceptors.
AID1346049Human alpha2A-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998European journal of pharmacology, Aug-21, Volume: 355, Issue:2-3
Subtype-specific stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by recombinant alpha2-adrenoceptors.
AID1346159Human alpha2C-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochemical pharmacology, Apr-01, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant alpha2 adrenergic receptors: agonist-mediated [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
AID1346502Mouse HCN1 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2007Circulation, Feb-20, Volume: 115, Issue:7
Direct inhibition of cardiac hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated pacemaker channels by clonidine.
AID1346159Human alpha2C-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochimica et biophysica acta, Nov-19, Volume: 1448, Issue:1
Modulation of agonist binding to recombinant human alpha2-adrenoceptors by sodium ions.
AID1346049Human alpha2A-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochemical pharmacology, Apr-01, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant alpha2 adrenergic receptors: agonist-mediated [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
AID1346159Human alpha2C-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998European journal of pharmacology, Aug-21, Volume: 355, Issue:2-3
Subtype-specific stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by recombinant alpha2-adrenoceptors.
AID1346049Human alpha2A-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochimica et biophysica acta, Nov-19, Volume: 1448, Issue:1
Modulation of agonist binding to recombinant human alpha2-adrenoceptors by sodium ions.
AID1345062Human Organic cation transporter 1 (Organic cation transporters (OCT))1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jul, Volume: 286, Issue:1
Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa).
AID1346511Mouse HCN4 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2007Circulation, Feb-20, Volume: 115, Issue:7
Direct inhibition of cardiac hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated pacemaker channels by clonidine.
AID1346533Mouse HCN2 (Cyclic nucleotide-regulated channels)2007Circulation, Feb-20, Volume: 115, Issue:7
Direct inhibition of cardiac hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated pacemaker channels by clonidine.
AID1346058Human alpha2B-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochimica et biophysica acta, Nov-19, Volume: 1448, Issue:1
Modulation of agonist binding to recombinant human alpha2-adrenoceptors by sodium ions.
AID1346058Human alpha2B-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1998Biochemical pharmacology, Apr-01, Volume: 55, Issue:7
Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant alpha2 adrenergic receptors: agonist-mediated [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
AID1345920Rat alpha1D-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1994Molecular pharmacology, Nov, Volume: 46, Issue:5
Selectivity of agonists for cloned alpha 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes.
AID174564Change in systolic blood pressure after 50 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 4 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID1297522Agonist activity at human recombinant Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay relative to noradrenaline2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115Transfer of SAR information from hypotensive indazole to indole derivatives acting at α-adrenergic receptors: In vitro and in vivo studies.
AID172281Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 24 hr after peroral administration of 1 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID234209Therapeutic ratio is oral dose producing sedation/reduction in blood pressure; Range is 0.8-1.71980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID552772Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat imidazoline I1 receptor2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
New imidazoline/α(2)-adrenoceptors affecting compounds-4(5)-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline (dihydrohistamine) derivatives. Synthesis and receptor affinity studies.
AID1390042Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Multifunctional 5,6-dimethoxybenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one-N-alkylbenzylamine derivatives with acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidases and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID349880Permeability across porcine brain lipid coated polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by PAMPA2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9
Tacripyrines, the first tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrids, as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1306516Displacement of [125I]PIC from Imidazoline-1 receptor in rat PC12 cell membrane incubated for 30 mins by gamma counting method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14
A combined ligand- and structure-based approach for the identification of rilmenidine-derived compounds which synergize the antitumor effects of doxorubicin.
AID468443Inhibition of human FAAH at 1 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 19, Issue:23
Mining biologically-active molecules for inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH): identification of phenmedipham and amperozide as FAAH inhibitors.
AID1379031Effective permeability of compound at 50 ug/mL after 16 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 139Novel cinnamamide-dibenzylamine hybrids: Potent neurogenic agents with antioxidant, cholinergic, and neuroprotective properties as innovative drugs for Alzheimer's disease.
AID182611Antisecretory activity determined after (sc) administration in rat using rat cholera toxin secretion assay1990Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 33, Issue:2
Potential antisecretory antidiarrheals. 2. Alpha 2-adrenergic 2-[(aryloxy)alkyl]imidazolines.
AID32094Inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase in rat striatal preparation1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID16331Delta logPoct-cyc1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists.
AID35430Binding affinity against alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat using [3H]prazosin as radioligand1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 1. Design and synthesis of novel alpha 2 selective adrenergic agents: electrostatic repulsion based conformational prototypes.
AID58630Oral dose required to cause 20% fall in sedation; Range is 0.25-0.501980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID288192Partition coefficient, log P of the compound2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID467613Volume of distribution at steady state in human2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID175554Effect of compound on reflux function in spinal transected rats at 50 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID1444094Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 130Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ferulic acid-O-alkylamine derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID35946Compound was tested in vitro for binding affinity against Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor from cloned human C-10 receptor transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID28235Unbound fraction (plasma)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID174075Antihypertensive activity was measured as decrease in systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats at 75 mg/kg, po 5 hours after dosing1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-18, Volume: 35, Issue:19
Flavones. 3. Synthesis, biological activities, and conformational analysis of isoflavone derivatives and related compounds.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID8002Observed volume of distribution2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID15976Antidiuretic activity was determined expressed as volume of urine excreted in mL was reported at a dose of 100 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1324013Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 16 hrs by PAMPA-BBB method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
Neuroprotective effects of benzyloxy substituted small molecule monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Parkinson's disease.
AID1330773Effective permeability of the compound by PAMPA2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Rational modification of donepezil as multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID496831Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID37303Binding affinity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptor in rat liver using [3H]prazosin.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 5. Resolution, absolute configuration, and pharmacological characterization of the enantiomers of 2-(5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline: a potent agonist at alpha-adrenoceptors.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID36551Binding affinity towards alpha-2D adrenergic receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID371646Displacement of [3H]2BFI from imidazoline I2 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat brain by liquid scintillation counting2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
New analogues of agmatine with higher affinity to imidazoline receptors.
AID28236Unbound fraction (tissues)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID172271Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 10 hr after peroral administration of 0.3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID513633Induction of autophagy in Atg deficient mouse MFF expressing EGFP-HDQ74 at 1 uM after 48 hrs2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID172283Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 24 hr after peroral administration of 3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID223358Intrinsic activity expressed as ratio of maximum responses to the compound to the maximum response to clonidine in guinea pig vas deferens.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1453097Effective permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml incubated for 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 06-15, Volume: 25, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoline-O-alkylamine derivatives as new multipotent cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID202892Inhibitory activity against porcine kidney amine oxidase2001Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-08, Volume: 11, Issue:19
Combinatorial synthesis of SSAO inhibitors using sonogashira coupling: SAR of aryl propargylic amines.
AID513626Induction of autophagy in rat stable inducible PC12 cells expressing A53T alpha-synuclein assessed as A53T alpha-synuclein clearance at 1 uM after 24 hrs by densitometric analysis2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID681584TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of MPP+ uptake in OCT3-expressing HRPE cells2000American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, Sep, Volume: 279, Issue:3
Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney.
AID681146TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake in OCT1-expressing HeLa cells1998The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jul, Volume: 286, Issue:1
Functional characterization of an organic cation transporter (hOCT1) in a transiently transfected human cell line (HeLa).
AID513631Induction of autophagy in human SK-N-MC cells assessed as increase in LC3-2 level at 1 uM after 24 hrs by immunoblotting analysis2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID1694879Permeability of compound after 16 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2020RSC medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 11, Issue:2
Chromone and donepezil hybrids as new multipotent cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1491367Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells assessed as decrease in cell viability after 72 hrs by CellTiter Glo luminescent assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 1372-Substituted-thio-N-(4-substituted-thiazol/1H-imidazol-2-yl)acetamides as BACE1 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies.
AID1195979Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from human alpha2 adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cell membranes after 60 mins2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 58, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-aryliminopyrrolidines as selective ligands for I1 imidazoline receptors: discovery of new sympatho-inhibitory hypotensive agents with potential beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome.
AID172286Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 2 hr after peroral administration of 1 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID1625123Permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 PBS at 200 uL after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Discovery of 4'-OH-flurbiprofen Mannich base derivatives as potential Alzheimer's disease treatment with multiple inhibitory activities.
AID1192731Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH buffer at 100 ug/ml by PAMPA2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
Multifunctional scutellarin-rivastigmine hybrids with cholinergic, antioxidant, biometal chelating and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID671636Displacement of [3H]RX821001 from human alpha2C adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells after 60 mins by gamma counter2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15
Methylation of imidazoline related compounds leads to loss of α₂-adrenoceptor affinity. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective I₁ imidazoline receptor ligands.
AID386625Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID1091955Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 7.32011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID7783Unbound fraction (plasma)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID386232Antagonist activity at mu opioid receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as blockade of secreted alkaline phosphatase activity at 1 uM after 6 hrs relative to control2007Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Dec-18, Volume: 104, Issue:51
Hemopressin is an inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
AID536934Agonist activity at human alpha2A adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry relative to (-)noradrenaline2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID23716Partition coefficient (logD7.4)1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptor populations. Quantitative relationships between cardiovascular effects initiated at central and peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors.
AID49601Hypotensive activity measured as the 20% decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized cat1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Two clonidine-like compounds with substituents at the 2-, 3-, and 6-position of the phenyl ring possessing pronounced hypotensive potencies.
AID592681Apparent permeability across human Caco2 cell membrane after 2 hrs by LC-MS/MS analysis2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 19, Issue:8
QSAR-based permeability model for drug-like compounds.
AID36159The compound was tested for alpha-adrenergic activity against Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor from rat aorta.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID1150956Octan-1-ol-aqueous buffer partition coefficient, log P of the compound at 10 to 20 mg at pH 7.4 by UV-spectroscopic analysis1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8
Clonidine and related analogues. Quantitative correlations.
AID671633Displacement of [3H]idazoxan from imidazoline I2 receptor in New Zealand rabbit renal cortex homogenate after 60 mins by gamma counter2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15
Methylation of imidazoline related compounds leads to loss of α₂-adrenoceptor affinity. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective I₁ imidazoline receptor ligands.
AID721754Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID26362Ionization constant (pKa)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5
Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID91481Binding constant against human serum albumin (HSA)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-06, Volume: 44, Issue:25
Cheminformatic models to predict binding affinities to human serum albumin.
AID496820Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID639368Permeability of the compound by PAMPA assay2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 46, Issue:6
N-acylaminophenothiazines: neuroprotective agents displaying multifunctional activities for a potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID193681Maximum rate of rise of the left ventricular isovolumetric pressure in anesthetized rats by i.v. administration1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 9, Issue:22
Further hypotensive metabolites from Verbesina caracasana.
AID536933Agonist activity at human alpha2A adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID172273Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 10 hr after peroral administration of 1 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID496824Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID681955TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of MPP+ uptake (MPP+: 0.85 uM, Clonidine: 5000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes1997Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6
Cloning and functional expression of a human liver organic cation transporter.
AID35898Concentration necessary to achieve half maximal inhibition of [3H]clonidine binding to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor at 1 uM1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3
2H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridines: synthesis and activity at central monoamine receptors.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID234208Therapeutic ratio is oral dose producing sedation/reduction in blood pressure1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID197293Changes in diastolic blood pressure following iv administration at (0.108 umol/kg)anesthetized rats2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 44, Issue:18
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 8. Synthesis and pharmacology of (3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-N(1)-agmatine and synthetic analogues.
AID243662Percent displacement of radioligand from human 5-hydroxytryptamine 1D receptor at 1000 nM2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 14, Issue:18
2-(Anilino)imidazolines and 2-(benzyl)imidazoline derivatives as h5-HT1D serotonin receptor ligands.
AID1322298Displacement of [3H]CGP-12177 from beta1 adrenergic receptor in rat brain cerebral cortex at 50 uM after 60 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID232721Selectivity ratio of alpha1/alpha2d2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID1444095Effective permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 130Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ferulic acid-O-alkylamine derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID168899Intrinsic activity expressed as ratio of maximum responses to the compound to the maximum response to norepinephrine.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID1534777Effective permeability of the compound at 100 mg/ml incubated for 16 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Synthesis and evaluation of isoprenylation-resveratrol dimer derivatives against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1491366Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 1372-Substituted-thio-N-(4-substituted-thiazol/1H-imidazol-2-yl)acetamides as BACE1 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies.
AID371647Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from alpha2 adrenoceptor in Sprague-Dawley rat kidney by liquid scintillation counting2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
New analogues of agmatine with higher affinity to imidazoline receptors.
AID197169Hypertensive activity (increase in arterial pressure to 60 mmHg)) after i.v. administration to pithed rats.1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AID1056992Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 21, Issue:23
Inhibition of cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B activity by Tacrine-Homoisoflavonoid hybrids.
AID1753998Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH buffer (7:3) incubated for 16 hrs by UV plate reader based PAMPA-BBB assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 219Synthesis and evaluation of multi-target-directed ligands with BACE-1 inhibitory and Nrf2 agonist activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID342861Displacement of [125I]PIC from human imidazoline receptor 1 in human platelets analyzed under norepinephrine mask of alpha 2AR2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
QSAR study of imidazoline antihypertensive drugs.
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID514306Protection of neurodegeneration in zebrafish Huntington's disease model expressing EGFP-tagged huntingtin exon with EGFP-HDQ71 in rod photoreceptor assessed as induction of rhodopsin expression at 3 uM2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID1167634Blood brain permeability of the compound at donor and acceptor by PAMPA assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 22, Issue:21
Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel tacrine-(β-carboline) hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1292330Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 24, Issue:10
Synthesis and evaluation of 4-hydroxyl aurone derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID427197Membrane permeability dissolved in PBS/EtOH (70:30) mixture by PAMPA-BBB assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-6-chlorotacrine hybrids as a novel family of acetylcholinesterase- and beta-amyloid-directed anti-Alzheimer compounds.
AID175551Effect of compound on reflux function in spinal transected rats at 3.1 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID1713987Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by UV plate reader based PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
Multitarget-directed oxoisoaporphine derivatives: Anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-β-amyloid aggregation and enhanced autophagy activity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1336731Permeability of compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-01, Volume: 25, Issue:3
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4'-aminochalcone-rivastigmine hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID395328Lipophilicity, log P of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID1378333Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 mg/ml after 16 hrs by PAMPA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Design, synthesis and evaluation of coumarin-pargyline hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of monoamine oxidases and amyloid-β aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1511119Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 180A novel class of multitarget anti-Alzheimer benzohomoadamantane‒chlorotacrine hybrids modulating cholinesterases and glutamate NMDA receptors.
AID1437174Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1677627Hypotensive activtiy in mouse assessed as decrease in heart rate at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazoline derivatives as potential CNS and CVS agents.
AID327870Activation of human mu opioid receptor expressed in HEK293a cells coexpressing YFP-labelled alphai1 and CFP-labelled beta-1-gamma-2 Gi subunits assessed as decrease in fluorescence resonance energy transfer signal2007The Journal of biological chemistry, Sep-14, Volume: 282, Issue:37
Live cell monitoring of mu-opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation reveals strong biological activity of close morphine biosynthetic precursors.
AID1319976Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml at 7.4 pH after 18 hrs by PAMPA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-cyanoalkyl-, N-aminoalkyl-, and N-guanidinoalkyl-substituted 4-aminoquinoline derivatives as potent, selective, brain permeable antitrypanosomal agents.
AID1427528Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Multifunctional thioxanthone derivatives with acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidases and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID19424Partition coefficient (logD7.4)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 44, Issue:15
ElogD(oct): a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery. 2. Basic and neutral compounds.
AID19260Logarithm of partition coefficient of the neutral form of compound given for octanol/water solvent system1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists.
AID37381In vitro binding affinity was measured as the inhibition of [3H]clonidine binding to alpha-2 adrenergic receptor of rat cortical membranes1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
4-Amino-6-chloro-2-piperazinopyrimidines with selective affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AID620399Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 46, Issue:10
Hybrids of oxoisoaporphine-tacrine congeners: novel acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase-induced β-amyloid aggregation inhibitors.
AID1201746Permeability of the compound after 16 hrs by PAMPA2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95Multi-target tacrine-coumarin hybrids: cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B inhibition properties against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID1264249Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA assay2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID35772Compound was evaluated for hypotensive activity mediated by Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor; no data2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-08, Volume: 46, Issue:10
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzoxazine derivatives.
AID550036Agonist activity at human recombinant alpha2A adrenergic receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 60 mins by scintillation counting relative to noradrenaline2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
3-[(Imidazolidin-2-yl)imino]indazole ligands with selectivity for the α(2)-adrenoceptor compared to the imidazoline I(1) receptor.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1306486Agonist activity at recombinant human alpha2A adrenoreceptor expressed in CHOK1 cell membrane incubated for 30 mins by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14
A combined ligand- and structure-based approach for the identification of rilmenidine-derived compounds which synergize the antitumor effects of doxorubicin.
AID514302Protection of neurodegeneration in zebrafish Huntington's disease model expressing EGFP-tagged huntingtin exon with EGFP-HDQ71 in rod photoreceptor assessed as decrease in EGFP-HDQ74 aggregation at 10 uM2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID172285Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 2 hr after peroral administration of 0.3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID427196Membrane permeability by PAMPA-BBB assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-6-chlorotacrine hybrids as a novel family of acetylcholinesterase- and beta-amyloid-directed anti-Alzheimer compounds.
AID170825Tested for the change in systolic blood pressure administered at 0.108 ug/kg intravenously in anesthetized rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 36, Issue:20
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasanamide.
AID1636268Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 24, Issue:20
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of N-methyl-N-[(1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)alkyl]propargylamines as novel monoamine oxidase B inhibitors.
AID193688Percent change in heart rate expressed in beats / min in anesthetized rats by i.v. administration1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 9, Issue:22
Further hypotensive metabolites from Verbesina caracasana.
AID1167550Permeability of the compound in 70:30 PBS:EtOH by PAMPA-BBB assay2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87Discovery of indanone derivatives as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1677626Hypotensive activity in mouse assessed as decrease in delayed blood pressure at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazoline derivatives as potential CNS and CVS agents.
AID364880Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from alpha2 adrenoceptor in human prefrontal cortex neural membrane2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 16, Issue:17
Novel synthesis and pharmacological evaluation as alpha2-adrenoceptor ligands of O-phenylisouronium salts.
AID36512Compound was tested for concentration that produced 50% contractile relative response to maximum response to norepinephrine for Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID1091958Hydrophobicity, log P of the compound in octanol-water by shaking-flask method2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID1297521Agonist activity at human recombinant Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115Transfer of SAR information from hypotensive indazole to indole derivatives acting at α-adrenergic receptors: In vitro and in vivo studies.
AID1322296Displacement of [3H]prazosin from alpha1 adrenergic receptor in rat brain cerebral cortex at 50 uM after 30 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID173921Oral dose required to cause 20% fall in sedation1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID1352675Effective permeability at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new coumarin-dithiocarbamate hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID243661Percent displacement of radioligand from human 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B receptor at 1000 nM2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 14, Issue:18
2-(Anilino)imidazolines and 2-(benzyl)imidazoline derivatives as h5-HT1D serotonin receptor ligands.
AID36396Binding affinity for human Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent.
AID681678TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Carnitine uptake (Carnitine: 0.010? uM, Clonidine: 500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HEK293 cells1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 291, Issue:2
Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance.
AID33250Central hypotensive activity in anesthetized normotensive rats.1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptor populations. Quantitative relationships between cardiovascular effects initiated at central and peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID496819Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID219808Compound was tested for its ability to inhibit specific binding of [3H]-clonidine to alpha-2-adrenoceptor.1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 29, Issue:7
Two stereoisomeric imidazoline derivatives: synthesis and optical and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activities.
AID223225Displacement of [3H]-clonidine from bovine imidazoline receptor I-11996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent.
AID1056993Permeability of the compound at 100 mg/mL after 10 hrs by PAMPA2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 21, Issue:23
Inhibition of cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B activity by Tacrine-Homoisoflavonoid hybrids.
AID496830Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID37363Compound was tested for the inhibition of [3H]clonidine binding Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor of crude rat brain membrane1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
1-(alkylamino)isochromans: hypotensives with peripheral and central activities.
AID15983Antidiuretic activity was determined in SH rats expressed as K(+) (potassium) excreted in milli euivalents was reported for a duration of 5 hours after administration of a dose of 100 mg/Kg.1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID1365649Permeability of the compound at 100 mg/ml after 16 hrs by BBB-PAMPA method2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of salicyladimine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease.
AID171641Change in diastolic blood pressure after iv administration of 0.108 uM/kg in anesthetized rats1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 6. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasandiamide.
AID173527Maximum percent decrease in heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 6 hours after peroral administration of 3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID33252Peripheral hypertensive activity in pithed normotensive rats.1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 24, Issue:5
Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptor populations. Quantitative relationships between cardiovascular effects initiated at central and peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors.
AID1636356Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID36188Inhibition of [3H]p-aminoclonidine (PAC) binding to alpha-2 adrenergic receptor of purified human platelet plasma membranes1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 30, Issue:7
Radioiodinated p-iodoclonidine: a high-affinity probe for the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor.
AID588220Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset2008Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3
Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID1585851Effective permeability of the compound by PAMPA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:23-24
Discovery of novel 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalamide derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1465314Effective permeability of the compound by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 27, Issue:22
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-acetyl-5-O-(amino-alkyl)phenol derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1198140Permeability of the compound in PBS and EtOH by PAMPA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 93Multifunctional tacrine-trolox hybrids for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with cholinergic, antioxidant, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective properties.
AID1666036Effective permeability by PAMPA-BBB penetration assay2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-10, Volume: 63, Issue:17
Discovery and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Highly Potent Selective Butyrylcholinsterase Inhibitor.
AID1150959Peripheral adrenergic activity in iv dosed pithed rat assessed as change in mean blood pressure1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8
Clonidine and related analogues. Quantitative correlations.
AID180083Antihypertensive activity determined as heart rate in SH rats, was reported at a dose of 25 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID36375in vitro alpha-2B adrenergic receptor binding assay from rats, using RX 821002 as the displaceable ligand2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID550035Agonist activity at human recombinant alpha2A adrenergic receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 60 mins by scintillation counting2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
3-[(Imidazolidin-2-yl)imino]indazole ligands with selectivity for the α(2)-adrenoceptor compared to the imidazoline I(1) receptor.
AID1496041Effective permeability of the compound by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 28, Issue:11
Discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents with pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based scaffold.
AID15974Antidiuretic activity was determined expressed as Na+(sodium) excreted in milli euivalents was reported for a duration of 5 hours after administration of a dose of 100 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID175544Effect of compound on hyperreflexia in spinal transected rats at 3.1 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID172288Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 2 hr after peroral administration of 3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID35412In vitro binding affinity was measured as the inhibition of [3H]WB-4101 binding to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor of rat cortical membranes1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
4-Amino-6-chloro-2-piperazinopyrimidines with selective affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AID36935The compound was evaluated for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonistic activity in rat vas deferens vs clonidine1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists/antagonists: the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of indolin-2-yl and tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl imidazolines.
AID496828Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1491365Binding affinity to BACE1 (unknown origin) by SPR method2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 1372-Substituted-thio-N-(4-substituted-thiazol/1H-imidazol-2-yl)acetamides as BACE1 inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and docking studies.
AID1909448Permeability of the compound by PAMPA-BBB assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236Design, synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo characterization of new memantine analogs for Alzheimer's disease.
AID227718Binding energy by using the equation deltaG obsd = -RT ln KD1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
Functional group contributions to drug-receptor interactions.
AID1194507Displacement of [3H]clonidine from rat cerebral cortex alpha-2 adrenergic receptor by liquid scintillation counting analysis2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 23, Issue:9
α-Adrenoceptor antagonistic and hypotensive properties of novel arylpiperazine derivatives of pyrrolidin-2-one.
AID192741Maximum rate of rise of the left ventricular isovolumetric pressure was measured after iv administration of 0.108 uM/kg in anesthetized rats1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 6. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasandiamide.
AID1139646Permeability of the compound at 5 mg/mL after 18 hrs by PAMPA2014Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-22, Volume: 57, Issue:10
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of (e)-3,4-dihydroxystyryl aralkyl sulfones and sulfoxides as novel multifunctional neuroprotective agents.
AID536938Agonist activity at human alpha2B adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry relative to (-)noradrenaline2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID1150958Hypotensive activity in rat assessed as change in mean blood pressure relative to control1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8
Clonidine and related analogues. Quantitative correlations.
AID35568In vitro agonist activity against alpha-1 adrenoceptor in rat anococcygeus1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Heteroaromatic analogues of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine.
AID39947The compound was tested for beta-adrenergic activity against Beta-1 adrenergic receptor from guinea pig right atria1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID288185Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of stirred water layer2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID174893Oral hypotensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats by using tail-cuff method measured as change in systolic BP at the dose of 0.25 mg/kg po.1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 26, Issue:10
2,3-dihydro-3-(1-pyrryl)spiro[benzofuran-2,4'-piperidine]s and 2,3-dihydro-3-(1-pyrryl)spiro[benzofuran-2,3'-pyrrolidine]s: novel antihypertensive agents.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID36128Binding affinity for human brain Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent.
AID1192730Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4
Multifunctional scutellarin-rivastigmine hybrids with cholinergic, antioxidant, biometal chelating and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1442006Ratio of Kii for human OCT1-ASP+-inhibitor complex to Kis for human OCT1-inhibitor complex by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
Discovery of Competitive and Noncompetitive Ligands of the Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1).
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496827Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID671635Displacement of [3H]RX821001 from human alpha2B adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells after 60 mins by gamma counter2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15
Methylation of imidazoline related compounds leads to loss of α₂-adrenoceptor affinity. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective I₁ imidazoline receptor ligands.
AID342863Selectivity ratio of pKi for human imidazoline receptor 1 to pKi for human alpha2 adrenoceptors2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
QSAR study of imidazoline antihypertensive drugs.
AID503832Partial agonist activity at adrenergic alpha2A receptor expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing yellow fluorescent and cyan fluorescent protein assessed as effect on kinetics of receptor conformational change by FRET assay2005Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 1, Issue:1
Molecular basis of inverse agonism in a G protein-coupled receptor.
AID170661Tested for the change in diastolic blood pressure administered at 0.108 ug/kg intravenously in anesthetized rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 36, Issue:20
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasanamide.
AID1150957Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound in water-ethyl alcohol1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8
Clonidine and related analogues. Quantitative correlations.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1347981Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID681117TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake in OCT1-expressing HeLa cells2003Molecular pharmacology, Mar, Volume: 63, Issue:3
Influence of molecular structure on substrate binding to the human organic cation transporter, hOCT1.
AID636211Agonist activity at human adrenoceptor alpha2A expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as stimulation of agonist-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding by scintillation counting assay relative to noradrenaline2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological activities of 2-[(heteroaryl)methyl]imidazolines.
AID111995Antagonistic activity against Scopolamine induced behavioral deficits in mice; 0/61996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1517838Permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 PBS/EtOH at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183Development of chalcone-O-alkylamine derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID25092Ionization constant (pKa)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 34, Issue:7
Direct prediction of dissociation constants (pKa's) of clonidine-like imidazolines, 2-substituted imidazoles, and 1-methyl-2-substituted-imidazoles from 3D structures using a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) approach.
AID196038Inhibitory activity against norepinephrine (NE) uptake in rat whole brain synaptosome preparation1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1306485Displacement of [3H]RS-79948-197 from recombinant human alpha2A adrenoreceptor expressed in CHOK1 cell membrane by scintillation counting method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14
A combined ligand- and structure-based approach for the identification of rilmenidine-derived compounds which synergize the antitumor effects of doxorubicin.
AID681118TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells2003International journal of pharmaceutics, Sep-16, Volume: 263, Issue:1-2
Caco-2 permeability, P-glycoprotein transport ratios and brain penetration of heterocyclic drugs.
AID1568812Permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Design, synthesis, in-silico and biological evaluation of novel chalcone-O-carbamate derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID386623Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19
Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID1330750Effective permeability of the compound after 18 hrs by PAMPA2016European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 123Rational modification of donepezil as multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1390040Effective permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8
Multifunctional 5,6-dimethoxybenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one-N-alkylbenzylamine derivatives with acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidases and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID35192Binding affinity towards alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat using [3H]rauwolscine as radioligand1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 1. Design and synthesis of novel alpha 2 selective adrenergic agents: electrostatic repulsion based conformational prototypes.
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID671634Displacement of [3H]RX821001 from human alpha2A adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells after 60 mins by gamma counter2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15
Methylation of imidazoline related compounds leads to loss of α₂-adrenoceptor affinity. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective I₁ imidazoline receptor ligands.
AID1773264Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml incubated for 18 hrs by PAMPA2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 223Novel cannabidiol-carbamate hybrids as selective BuChE inhibitors: Docking-based fragment reassembly for the development of potential therapeutic agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID186204Hypotensive activity by intravenous administration to rats1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of cyclic amidines. 2. Electronic structure of clonidine and some related 2-(phenylimino)imidazolidines with alpha-adrenergic activity.
AID36261Compound was tested for concentration that produced 50% contractile relative response to maximum response to norepinephrine for Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID1209583Unbound drug partitioning coefficient, Kp of the compound assessed as ratio of unbound concentration in Sprague-Dawley rat brain to unbound concentration in plasma2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID36407Binding affinity towards alpha-2C adrenergic receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID174420Change in systolic blood pressure after 100 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 2 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID22293Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1713986Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/ethanol buffer (9:1) at 25 ug/ml after 10 hrs by UV plate reader based PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
Multitarget-directed oxoisoaporphine derivatives: Anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-β-amyloid aggregation and enhanced autophagy activity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1677629Modulation of cardiovascular activity in mouse assessed as inhibition of carotid occlusion-induced pressure response at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazoline derivatives as potential CNS and CVS agents.
AID171843Hypotensive activity in the rat as change in blood pressure (mmHg) at 24 hr after of 1 mg/kg oral dose of the compound1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9
Arylformamidines with antinociceptive properties.
AID467612Fraction unbound in human plasma2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID179133Compound is measured for oral antihypertensive activity in groups of 6-12 deoxy-corticosterone-sodium hypertensive (DOCA-Na) rats at 0.5 mg/kg1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID174562Change in systolic blood pressure after 50 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 24 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID35422Tested for Binding affinity towards alpha-1 adrenergic receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID223241Binding affinity for imidazoline receptor I-21995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 38, Issue:19
Alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors: from the gene to the clinic. 2. Structure-activity relationships and therapeutic applications.
AID536952Toxicity in CD1 mouse assessed as induction of hypotension by pentobarbital sodium induced sleep time assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID173516Maximum percent decrease in heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 10 hours after peroral administration of 3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID671632Displacement of [3H]paraiodoclonidine from imidazoline I1 receptor in rat PC12 cells after 30 mins by gamma counter2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 20, Issue:15
Methylation of imidazoline related compounds leads to loss of α₂-adrenoceptor affinity. Synthesis and biological evaluation of selective I₁ imidazoline receptor ligands.
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1557184Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml by PAMPA-BBB assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 29, Issue:19
The development of 2-acetylphenol-donepezil hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1324014Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22
Neuroprotective effects of benzyloxy substituted small molecule monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Parkinson's disease.
AID514304Protection of neurodegeneration in zebrafish Huntington's disease model expressing EGFP-tagged huntingtin exon with EGFP-HDQ71 in rod photoreceptor assessed as decrease in EGFP-HDQ74 aggregation at 3 uM2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID536949Reduction in morphine dependence expression in CD1 mouse assessed as decrease in expression of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome at 5 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose 15 mins before last morphine dosing on test day post morphine challenge by 2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID36094in vitro alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding assay from rats, using RX 821002 as the displaceable ligand2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID569431Antihypertensive activity in cat assessed as change in heart rate at 10 mg/kg measured within 5 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Substituted imidazole derivatives as novel cardiovascular agents.
AID175549Effect of compound on reflux function in spinal transected rats at 12.5 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID1264447Permeability of the compound by PAMPA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 105Multicomponent reaction-based synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic heterofused quinolines with multi-trypanosomatid activity.
AID1511118Permeability of the compound measured after compound dilution in PBS/EtOH buffer (70:30) by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 180A novel class of multitarget anti-Alzheimer benzohomoadamantane‒chlorotacrine hybrids modulating cholinesterases and glutamate NMDA receptors.
AID1209593Dissociation constant, pKa of the acidic compound by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID1392732Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA
AID1279155Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml at pH 7.4 after 18 hrs by PAMPA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel donepezil-coumarin hybrids as multi-target agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID636210Agonist activity at human adrenoceptor alpha2A expressed in CHOK1 cells assessed as stimulation of agonist-induced [35S]GTPgammaS binding by scintillation counting2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 20, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological activities of 2-[(heteroaryl)methyl]imidazolines.
AID1570001Permeability of compound at 100 ug/ml measured after dilution with PBS/EtOH (70:30) at pH 7.4 after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 180Design, synthesis, in-silico and biological evaluation of novel chalcone derivatives as multi-function agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1623120Effective permeability of the compound by BBB-PAMPA method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Synthesis and evaluation of clioquinol-rolipram/roflumilast hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1161578Permeability of the compound by PAMPA-BBB assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 22, Issue:19
Shogaol-huprine hybrids: dual antioxidant and anticholinesterase agents with β-amyloid and tau anti-aggregating properties.
AID1091956Apparent hydrophobicity, log D of the compound in Octanol-buffer2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID19258Logarithm of partition coefficient of the neutral form of compound given for chloroform/water solvent system1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3
Development of a new physicochemical model for brain penetration and its application to the design of centrally acting H2 receptor histamine antagonists.
AID514303Protection of neurodegeneration in zebrafish Huntington's disease model expressing EGFP-tagged huntingtin exon with EGFP-HDQ71 in rod photoreceptor assessed as loss of rhodopsin expression at 10 uM2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID141670Inhibition of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding from rat forebrain membranes in the presence of Zn; Not tested1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1150071Antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rat assessed as reduction in mean arterial blood pressure at 0.5 mg/kg, po administered as two dose at 24 hrs interval measured 4 hrs post second dose relative to control1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 20, Issue:11
4-Substituted semicarbazones of mono- and dichlorobenzaldehydes as antihypertensive agents.
AID114183Effective dose against administration in mice1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID427198Membrane permeability dissolved in PBS/EtOH (80:20) mixture by PAMPA-BBB assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-10, Volume: 52, Issue:17
Pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-6-chlorotacrine hybrids as a novel family of acetylcholinesterase- and beta-amyloid-directed anti-Alzheimer compounds.
AID1677625Hypotensive activity in mouse assessed as decrease in immediate blood pressure at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazoline derivatives as potential CNS and CVS agents.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID536950Reduction in morphine tolerance acquisition in CD1 mouse assessed as morphine analgesic effect incidence at 2 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose 15 mins before last morphine dosing on test day post morphine challenge by radiant heat tail flick test2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID536942Agonist activity at human Alpha-2C adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry relative to (-)noradrenaline2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID1485936Effective permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 25, Issue:14
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel chromone derivatives as balanced multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1442001Inhibition of human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as decrease in uptake of ASP+ after 2 mins by fluorescence assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
Discovery of Competitive and Noncompetitive Ligands of the Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1).
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1071344Permeability of the compound by BBB-PAMPA2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 731,2,3,4-Tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridines as a new family of potent peripheral-to-midgorge-site inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase: synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and mechanistic studies.
AID36357Inhibition of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5
Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 2. Effects of modification of the 1,4-benzodioxan ring system on alpha-adrenoreceptor activity.
AID29811Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID536941Agonist activity at human Alpha-2C adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID28233Fraction ionized (pH 7.4)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1463749Effect on electrical threshold for nociceptive flexion reflex in mouse assessed as A-delta current threshold at 0.1 mg/kg, sc measured every 15 min up to 1 hr (Rvb = 0.71 +/- 0.33 mA)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20
Discovery of non-zwitterionic aryl sulfonamides as Na
AID764760Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-01, Volume: 21, Issue:17
Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of (E)-3,4-dihydroxy styryl sulfonamides derivatives as multifunctional neuroprotective agents against oxidative and inflammatory injury.
AID1436079Permeability of compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Aurone Mannich base derivatives as promising multifunctional agents with acetylcholinesterase inhibition, anti-β-amyloid aggragation and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36251Binding affinity for rat Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID36373Compound was tested in vitro for binding affinity against Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor from cloned rat RNG receptor transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID371645Displacement of [3H]clonidine from imidazoline I1 receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat kidney by liquid scintillation counting2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 19, Issue:3
New analogues of agmatine with higher affinity to imidazoline receptors.
AID128510Analgesic activity was determined in mouse writhing test1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9
Arylformamidines with antinociceptive properties.
AID183611First ionization energy by intravenous administration to rats1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy of cyclic amidines. 2. Electronic structure of clonidine and some related 2-(phenylimino)imidazolidines with alpha-adrenergic activity.
AID192796Maximum rate of rise of the left ventricular isovolumetric pressure administered at 0.108 uM/kg iv in anesthetized rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 36, Issue:20
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasanamide.
AID496825Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID536937Agonist activity at human alpha2B adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as induction of extracellular acidification by microphysiometry2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID29423HPLC capacity factor (k')2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID37078Binding affinity against alpha-2 adrenergic receptor was determined by the displacement of [3H]clonidine from rat brain cortical membranes1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9
Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists/antagonists: the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a series of indolin-2-yl and tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl imidazolines.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID496826Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID496823Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID29337Ionisation constant (pKa)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1534778Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml incubated for 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Synthesis and evaluation of isoprenylation-resveratrol dimer derivatives against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1568822Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml incubated for 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 178Design, synthesis, in-silico and biological evaluation of novel chalcone-O-carbamate derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID139799Agonist potency of clonidine in the mouse electrically stimulated vas deferens1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 29, Issue:9
Effect of methoxy substitution on the adrenergic activity of three structurally related alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists.
AID467611Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11
Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1378334Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Design, synthesis and evaluation of coumarin-pargyline hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of monoamine oxidases and amyloid-β aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID35934Binding affinity for human Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Synthesis and pharmacologic evaluation of 2-endo-amino-3-exo-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane: a potent imidazoline1 receptor specific agent.
AID513655Induction of autophagy in human SK-N-SH cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74/m-calpain assessed as inhibition of EGFP-HDQ74 aggregation at 1 uM after 48 hrs2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID1183278Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2014European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-12, Volume: 84Tetrahydrobenzo[h][1,6]naphthyridine-6-chlorotacrine hybrids as a new family of anti-Alzheimer agents targeting β-amyloid, tau, and cholinesterase pathologies.
AID1295107Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml by PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ferulic acid-memoquin hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID35806Presynaptic Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity in isolated tissue of rat or mouse vas deferens1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6
alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 1. Synthesis of some 1,4-benzodioxans as selective presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists and potential antidepressants.
AID172280Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 24 hr after peroral administration of 0.3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID681376TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of MPP+ uptake in OCT1-expressing HEK293 cells
AID1625122Permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Discovery of 4'-OH-flurbiprofen Mannich base derivatives as potential Alzheimer's disease treatment with multiple inhibitory activities.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID180082Antihypertensive activity determined as heart rate in SH rats, was reported at a dose of 100 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID36161The compound was tested for alpha-adrenergic activity against Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor from rat aorta.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID35572In vitro antagonistic activity against alpha1 adrenoceptor in rat anococcygeus; Ag means compound was agonist.1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Heteroaromatic analogues of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID197167Hypotensive activity (25% decrease in arterial pressure) after i.v. administration to anesthetized normotensive rats.1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AID680959TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 20 uM, Clonidine: 5000 uM) in OCT3-expressing HRPE cells2000American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, Sep, Volume: 279, Issue:3
Structure, function, and regional distribution of the organic cation transporter OCT3 in the kidney.
AID29925Volume of distribution in man (IV dose)2002Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13
Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID36493Presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity in isolated mouse vas deferens1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5
Alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 2. Effects of modification of the 1,4-benzodioxan ring system on alpha-adrenoreceptor activity.
AID1311930Permeability of the compound at 50 ug/ml in 70:30 PBS:EtOH by PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of multi-target-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on the fusion of donepezil and melatonin.
AID496829Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID36104Compound was tested for binding affinity based on dissociation constant of Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID175542Effect of compound on hyperreflexia in spinal transected rats at 12.5 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID39946The compound was tested for beta-adrenergic activity against Beta-1 adrenergic receptor from guinea pig left atria1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID1209582Unbound volume of distribution in Sprague-Dawley rat brain slices at 100 nM after 5 hrs2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID193760Change in heart rate after iv administration of 0.108 uM/kg in anesthetized rats1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 6. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasandiamide.
AID536951Toxicity in CD1 mouse assessed as induction of sedation by pentobarbital sodium induced sleep time assay2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 53, Issue:21
Fruitful adrenergic α(2C)-agonism/α(2A)-antagonism combination to prevent and contrast morphine tolerance and dependence.
AID569432Antihypertensive activity in cat assessed as change in heart rate at 10 mg/kg measured after 5 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Substituted imidazole derivatives as novel cardiovascular agents.
AID297456Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from adrenergic alpha2 receptor in human brain frontal cortex2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Guanidine and 2-aminoimidazoline aromatic derivatives as alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists, 1: toward new antidepressants with heteroatomic linkers.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID1150955Retardation factor, deltaRm of the compound at pH 13 by TLC analysis1976Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 19, Issue:8
Clonidine and related analogues. Quantitative correlations.
AID1334754Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2
Multitarget drug design strategy against Alzheimer's disease: Homoisoflavonoid Mannich base derivatives serve as acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B dual inhibitors with multifunctional properties.
AID1392733Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 10 hrs by PAMPA
AID1485937Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH after 16 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 25, Issue:14
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel chromone derivatives as balanced multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID727731Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound at pH 3 to 12 by UV spectroscopy2013ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-10, Volume: 4, Issue:1
Rapid Determination of Ionization Constants (pK a) by UV Spectroscopy Using 96-Well Microtiter Plates.
AID569428Antihypertensive activity in cat assessed as change in blood pressure at 10 mg/kg measured after 5 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Substituted imidazole derivatives as novel cardiovascular agents.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID197287Change in systolic blood pressure following iv administration at (0.108 umol/kg)anesthetized rats2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 44, Issue:18
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 8. Synthesis and pharmacology of (3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-N(1)-agmatine and synthetic analogues.
AID569427Antihypertensive activity in cat assessed as change in blood pressure at 10 mg/kg measured within 5 mins2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 21, Issue:3
Substituted imidazole derivatives as novel cardiovascular agents.
AID193699Percent change in systolic blood pressure (mmHg)in anesthetized rats by i.v. administration1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 9, Issue:22
Further hypotensive metabolites from Verbesina caracasana.
AID35187Displacement of [3H]clonidine from Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor of rat brain membranes1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 25, Issue:12
alpha 2 adrenoceptors: classification, localization, mechanisms, and targets for drugs.
AID186692Assessment of antihypertensive activity at 100 mg/kg administered perorally by measuring mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in rats1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3
5-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amines as antihypertensive agents.
AID23238Partition coefficient (logP)1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Two clonidine-like compounds with substituents at the 2-, 3-, and 6-position of the phenyl ring possessing pronounced hypotensive potencies.
AID513627Induction of autophagy in rat stable inducible PC12 cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 assessed as soluble EGFP-HDQ74 clearance at 1 uM after 96 hrs by densitometric analysis2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID26304Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID172275Effect on heart rate of spontaneously hypertensive rats, 10 hr after peroral administration of 3 mg/kg of compound1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4
Antihypertensive activity of 6-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-amine derivatives.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID173906Hypotensive response (diastolic blood pressure) was determined at 30 minutes for a dose of 0.1 mg/kg administered and 1 mL of corn oil in rat1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 25, Issue:12
Preliminary studies of mesoionic 3-(substituted-aryl)-psi-oxatriazoles as potential antihypertensive agents.
AID513635Induction of autophagy in Atg positive human SK-N-MC cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 at 1 uM after 48 hrs2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID1091957Apparent permeability of the compound by PAMPA2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7
Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides.
AID513629Cytotoxicity against human SK-N-MC cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 at 1 uM after 48 hrs2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1636440Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1480849Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 130Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-arylethenyl-N-methylquinolinium derivatives as effective multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1209581Fraction unbound in Sprague-Dawley rat brain homogenates at 5 uM by equilibrium dialysis analysis2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 39, Issue:3
Measurement of unbound drug exposure in brain: modeling of pH partitioning explains diverging results between the brain slice and brain homogenate methods.
AID496832Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1374214Effective permeability of the compound in pH 7.4 buffer after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5
Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4'-OH-flurbiprofen-chalcone hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
AID180829Tested for change in heart rate administered at 0.108 uM/kg iv in anesthetized rats1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 36, Issue:20
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 2. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasanamide.
AID1480943Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 at 5 mg/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 130Enzymatic and solid-phase synthesis of new donepezil-based L- and d-glutamic acid derivatives and their pharmacological evaluation in models related to Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
AID1495958Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/ethanol buffer2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment.
AID1264455Permeability of the compound by high throughput PAMPA method2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 105Multicomponent reaction-based synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic heterofused quinolines with multi-trypanosomatid activity.
AID1480942Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 at 1 mg/ml after 4 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-21, Volume: 130Enzymatic and solid-phase synthesis of new donepezil-based L- and d-glutamic acid derivatives and their pharmacological evaluation in models related to Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
AID1496040Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 50 ug/mL after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 28, Issue:11
Discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents with pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based scaffold.
AID496818Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1427527Effective permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6
Multifunctional thioxanthone derivatives with acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidases and β-amyloid aggregation inhibitory activities as potential agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID311524Oral bioavailability in human2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24
Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID36555In vitro rat alpha-2D adrenergic receptor binding using p-aminoclonidine2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID1765292Permeability of compound by PAMPA-BBB assay2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 222Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of harmine derivatives as potent GSK-3β/DYRK1A dual inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID552774Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat alpha-2 adrenergic receptor2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
New imidazoline/α(2)-adrenoceptors affecting compounds-4(5)-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline (dihydrohistamine) derivatives. Synthesis and receptor affinity studies.
AID173920Oral dose required to cause 20% fall in blood pressure1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID26594pKa values were observed1993Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 36, Issue:20
QSAR's from similarity matrices. Technique validation and application in the comparison of different similarity evaluation methods.
AID1677628Modulation of cardiovascular activity in mouse assessed as inhibition of norepinephrine induced pressure response at 10 mg/kg2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23
Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazoline derivatives as potential CNS and CVS agents.
AID1317097Selectivity ratio of agonist activity at I1 receptor imidazoline binding site (unknown origin) to agonist activity at alpha2-AR (unknown origin)
AID223226Binding affinity for imidazoline receptor I-11995Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 38, Issue:19
Alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors: from the gene to the clinic. 2. Structure-activity relationships and therapeutic applications.
AID181262tested for antinociceptive activity at a screening dose of 30 mg/kg, po in the rat air-induced abdominal irritant test (RAIT) using acetylcholine as irritant2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID181769Compound is measured for oral antihypertensive activity in groups of 6-12 conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats at 0.5 mg/kg1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID497005Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID126323Oral dose required to cause 20% fall in sedation; Increase in foot shock rate1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID1195978Displacement of [125I] PIC from I1 imidazoline receptor in rat PC12 cells after 45 mins by gamma counting2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 58, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-aryliminopyrrolidines as selective ligands for I1 imidazoline receptors: discovery of new sympatho-inhibitory hypotensive agents with potential beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome.
AID1173449Effective permeability of the compound by PAMPA assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 24, Issue:23
Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of oligomethylene- and p-phenylene-bis(methylene)-linked bis(+)-huprines.
AID171847Hypotensive activity in the rat as change in blood pressure (mmHg) at 4 hr after a 50 mg/kg oral dose of the compound1988Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9
Arylformamidines with antinociceptive properties.
AID37082Binding affinity for alpha-2 adrenergic receptor in rat cortex using [3H]rauwolscine.1987Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 30, Issue:6
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 5. Resolution, absolute configuration, and pharmacological characterization of the enantiomers of 2-(5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline: a potent agonist at alpha-adrenoceptors.
AID225282ED50 value was measured using rat air-induced abdominal irritant test(RAIT)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID1347980Permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 12 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Discovery of novel propargylamine-modified 4-aminoalkyl imidazole substituted pyrimidinylthiourea derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID35210In vitro antagonistic activity against alpha-2 adrenoceptor in rat vas deferens; Ag means compound was agonist.1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Heteroaromatic analogues of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine.
AID552773Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat imidazoline I2 receptor2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 19, Issue:1
New imidazoline/α(2)-adrenoceptors affecting compounds-4(5)-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline (dihydrohistamine) derivatives. Synthesis and receptor affinity studies.
AID133238Tested for antinociceptive activity at a screening dose of 30 mg/kg, po in the mouse abdominal irritant test (MAIT) using acetylcholine as irritant.[95% confidence limit]2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID1319973Permeability of the compound by PAMPA assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 24, Issue:21
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-cyanoalkyl-, N-aminoalkyl-, and N-guanidinoalkyl-substituted 4-aminoquinoline derivatives as potent, selective, brain permeable antitrypanosomal agents.
AID174421Change in systolic blood pressure after 100 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 4 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID1866897Permeability for across blood brain barrier by PAMPA2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 234Development of 5-hydroxyl-1-azabenzanthrone derivatives as dual binding site and selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
AID24217Apparent partion coefficient of compound was evaluated in octanol/buffer at pH of 7.4 at 37 degree Centigrade1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AID1495957Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/ethanol buffer after 12 hrs by PAMPA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-23, Volume: 26, Issue:12
Design, synthesis and evaluation of vilazodone-tacrine hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands against depression with cognitive impairment.
AID625277FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI2011Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16
FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID368169Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from alpha2 adrenoceptor in human prefrontal cortex neural membrane after 30 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 52, Issue:3
Guanidine and 2-aminoimidazoline aromatic derivatives as alpha2-adrenoceptor ligands: searching for structure-activity relationships.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID513628Induction of autophagy in human SK-N-MC cells expressing EGFP-HDQ74 assessed as reduction in EGFP-HDQ74 aggregation at 1 uM after 48 hrs by densitometric analysis2008Nature chemical biology, May, Volume: 4, Issue:5
Novel targets for Huntington's disease in an mTOR-independent autophagy pathway.
AID288184Permeability coefficient through artificial membrane in presence of unstirred water layer by PAMPA2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 15, Issue:11
QSAR study on permeability of hydrophobic compounds with artificial membranes.
AID174563Change in systolic blood pressure after 50 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 2 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID35437in vitro alpha-1 adrenergic receptor binding assay from rats, using RX 821002 as the displaceable ligand2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID35271Compound was tested for the inhibition of [3H]prazosin binding Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor of crude rat brain membrane.1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 25, Issue:1
1-(alkylamino)isochromans: hypotensives with peripheral and central activities.
AID682996Displacement of [3H]8-OH-DPAT from human 5HT1A receptor expressed in HeLa cells after 30 mins2012ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-12, Volume: 3, Issue:7
Low Doses of Allyphenyline and Cyclomethyline, Effective against Morphine Dependence, Elicit an Antidepressant-like Effect.
AID1195980Selectivity ratio of Ki for I1 imidazoline receptor in rat PC12 cells to Ki for human alpha2 adrenoceptor expressed in CHO cell membranes2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 58, Issue:2
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-aryliminopyrrolidines as selective ligands for I1 imidazoline receptors: discovery of new sympatho-inhibitory hypotensive agents with potential beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome.
AID1693561Effective permeability of compound in PBS/EtOH buffer (7:3) at 25 ug/ml incubated for 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 30Discovery of potent glycogen synthase kinase 3/cholinesterase inhibitors with neuroprotection as potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
AID223928potential antinociceptive activity initially at a screening dose of 30 mg/kg po in the mouse abdominal irritant test(MAIT) using acetylcholine bromide as irritant2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-06, Volume: 43, Issue:7
Alpha(2) adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-thianaphthene as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID3678350% inhibition of specific [3H]clonidine binding (0.4 nM) to Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in rat isolated brain membranes1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AID1322294Displacement of [3H]clonidine from alpha2 adrenergic receptor in rat brain cerebral cortex after 25 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method
AID1705959Effective permeability of compound at 100 ug/ml incubated for 20 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 207Rational design and biological evaluation of a new class of thiazolopyridyl tetrahydroacridines as cholinesterase and GSK-3 dual inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID36715Binding affinity against alpha-1 adrenergic receptor is the ability to inhibit the specific [3H]prazosin binding (0.4 nM) to rat isolated brain membranes by 50% was reported.1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 27, Issue:4
Quantitative relationships between alpha-adrenergic activity and binding affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists.
AID229655Relative affinities for Alpha1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in rat1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Conformationally defined adrenergic agents. 1. Design and synthesis of novel alpha 2 selective adrenergic agents: electrostatic repulsion based conformational prototypes.
AID186358Antihypertensive activity in SH rats, and mean arterial blood pressure was reported at a dose of 25 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID58629Oral dose required to cause 20% fall in blood pressure1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 23, Issue:12
Antihypertensive (2-aminoethyl)thiourea derivatives. 1.
AID1365650Permeability of the compound at pH 7.4 by BBB-PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 25, Issue:21
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of salicyladimine derivatives as multitarget-directed ligands against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1437175Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1623078Effective permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 10 hrs by BBB-PAMPA method2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 163Synthesis and evaluation of clioquinol-rolipram/roflumilast hybrids as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID180235Assessment of antihypertensive activity at 100 mg/kg administered perorally by measuring the heart rate in rats1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3
5-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-amines as antihypertensive agents.
AID35207In vitro agonist activity against alpha-2 adrenoceptor in rat vas deferens1989Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7
Heteroaromatic analogues of the alpha 2-adrenoreceptor partial agonist clonidine.
AID197166Hypotensive activity measured as the 20% decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized normotensive rat1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 25, Issue:10
Two clonidine-like compounds with substituents at the 2-, 3-, and 6-position of the phenyl ring possessing pronounced hypotensive potencies.
AID193687Percent change in diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)in anesthetized rats by i.v. administration1999Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 9, Issue:22
Further hypotensive metabolites from Verbesina caracasana.
AID469403Permeability across PAMPA membrane 2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 52, Issue:22
Neuroprotective and cholinergic properties of multifunctional glutamic acid derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID36404Compound was tested in vitro for binding affinity against Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor from cloned human C-2 receptor transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-30, Volume: 39, Issue:18
Synthesis and evaluation of 2-[(5-methylbenz-1-ox-4-azin-6-yl)imino]imidazoline, a potent, peripherally acting alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist.
AID173907Hypotensive response (systolic blood pressure) was determined at 30 minutes for a dose of 0.1 mg/kg administered and 1 mL of corn oil in rat1982Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 25, Issue:12
Preliminary studies of mesoionic 3-(substituted-aryl)-psi-oxatriazoles as potential antihypertensive agents.
AID1557178Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml measured after compound dilution in PBS/EtOH buffer (70:30) by PAMPA-BBB assay2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-01, Volume: 29, Issue:19
The development of 2-acetylphenol-donepezil hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID311367Permeability coefficient in human skin2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22
Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID1352674Effective permeability at 25 ug/ml after 16 hrs by PAMPA2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 146Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new coumarin-dithiocarbamate hybrids as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID455986Permeability across human Caco-2 cells2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 17, Issue:19
Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain.
AID1292332Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 24, Issue:10
Synthesis and evaluation of 4-hydroxyl aurone derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1517867Permeability of compound by PAMPA-BBB assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183Development of chalcone-O-alkylamine derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1585850Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 26, Issue:23-24
Discovery of novel 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalamide derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID36178The compound was tested for alpha-adrenergic activity against alpha-2 adrenergic receptor from guinea pig vas deferens.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11
Synthesis and ocular antihypertensive activity of new imidazolidine derivatives containing a beta-blocking side chain.
AID342860Displacement of [125I]PIC from human alpha2 adrenoceptors expressed in CHO cells2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-01, Volume: 16, Issue:15
QSAR study of imidazoline antihypertensive drugs.
AID404330Displacement of [3H]RX821002 from alpha2 adrenergic receptor in human brain prefrontal cortex tissue by liquid scintillation spectrometry2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11
Guanidine and 2-aminoimidazoline aromatic derivatives as alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists. 2. Exploring alkyl linkers for new antidepressants.
AID1374215Effective permeability of the compound in PBS/EtOH at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA-BBB assay2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 26, Issue:5
Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4'-OH-flurbiprofen-chalcone hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID135326BBB penetration classification2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11
Predicting blood-brain barrier permeation from three-dimensional molecular structure.
AID680406TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 60 uM, Clonidine: 1000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 289, Issue:2
Novel membrane transporter OCTN1 mediates multispecific, bidirectional, and pH-dependent transport of organic cations.
AID141668Inhibition of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding from rat forebrain membranes in the absence of Zn; Not tested1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-19, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-propyl-N-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-indol-1-amine (besipirdine) and related analogs as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1306487Intrinsic activity at recombinant human alpha2A adrenoreceptor expressed in CHOK1 cell membrane incubated for 30 mins by [35S]GTPgammaS binding assay relative to adrenaline2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14
A combined ligand- and structure-based approach for the identification of rilmenidine-derived compounds which synergize the antitumor effects of doxorubicin.
AID63016In vitro binding affinity to Dopamine receptors of rat striatal membranes by [3H]spiroperidol displacement.1986Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 29, Issue:8
4-Amino-6-chloro-2-piperazinopyrimidines with selective affinity for alpha 2-adrenoceptors.
AID496817Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1279139Permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml at pH 7.4 after 16 hrs by PAMPA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 24, Issue:7
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel donepezil-coumarin hybrids as multi-target agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1636357Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16
Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID679482TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of MPP+ uptake (MPP+: 0.2 uM) in OCT3-expressing HEK293 cells2001Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 363, Issue:1
Apical uptake of organic cations by human intestinal Caco-2 cells: putative involvement of ASF transporters.
AID174419Change in systolic blood pressure after 100 ug/kg oral administration in spontaneous hypertensive rats after 24 hr1981Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 24, Issue:12
Antihypertensive pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolines and pyrrolo[1,2-c]quinazolinones.
AID1436078Permeability of compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126Aurone Mannich base derivatives as promising multifunctional agents with acetylcholinesterase inhibition, anti-β-amyloid aggragation and neuroprotective properties for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID496821Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6
Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1201747Permeability of the compound by PAMPA2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95Multi-target tacrine-coumarin hybrids: cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B inhibition properties against Alzheimer's disease.
AID476929Human intestinal absorption in po dosed human2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 45, Issue:3
Neural computational prediction of oral drug absorption based on CODES 2D descriptors.
AID648667Permeability of the compound in porcine brain lipid assessed as ratio of compound in acceptor plate to amount of compound in donor plate at 5 mg/ml after 10 hrs by PAMPA assay2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 22, Issue:6
Novel oxoisoaporphine-based inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase-induced beta-amyloid aggregation.
AID395325Lipophilicity, log P by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6
Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID186357Antihypertensive activity in SH rats, and mean arterial blood pressure was reported at a dose of 100 mg/Kg1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12
N2-(4-Substituted-2,6-dichlorophenyl)-N1,N1-dimethylformamidines as antihypertensive and diuretic agents.
AID1465293Effective permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml by PAMPA-BBB assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 27, Issue:22
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of phthalimide-alkylamine derivatives as balanced multifunctional cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID171674Change in systolic blood pressure after iv administration of 0.108 uM/kg in anesthetized rats1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16
Novel hypotensive agents from Verbesina caracasana. 6. Synthesis and pharmacology of caracasandiamide.
AID35950Binding affinity towards Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-09, Volume: 43, Issue:5
alpha(2) Adrenoceptor agonists as potential analgesic agents. 2. Discovery of 4-(4-Imidazo)-1,3-dimethyl-6,7-dihydrothianaphthene [corrected] as a high-affinity ligand for the alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor.
AID175547Effect of compound on hyperreflexia in spinal transected rats at 50 ug/Kg1994Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-07, Volume: 37, Issue:1
5-Aryl-3-(alkylthio)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles as selective antagonists of strychnine-induced convulsions and potential antispastic agents.
AID721753Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID681705TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of TEA uptake (TEA: 20 uM, Clonidine: 2500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HRPE cells1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Sep, Volume: 290, Issue:3
Functional characteristics and tissue distribution pattern of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), an organic cation/carnitine transporter.
AID1334753Permeability of the compound at 100 ug/ml after 18 hrs by PAMPA assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2
Multitarget drug design strategy against Alzheimer's disease: Homoisoflavonoid Mannich base derivatives serve as acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B dual inhibitors with multifunctional properties.
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (12,677)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905595 (44.14)18.7374
1990's3512 (27.70)18.2507
2000's2031 (16.02)29.6817
2010's1276 (10.07)24.3611
2020's263 (2.07)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 112.72

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index112.72 (24.57)
Research Supply Index9.66 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.31 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index215.56 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (112.72)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2,044 (14.93%)5.53%
Reviews955 (6.97%)6.00%
Case Studies847 (6.19%)4.05%
Observational24 (0.18%)0.25%
Other9,822 (71.74%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (241)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Randomized Clinical Study to Compare Different Doses of Clonidine to Fentanyl as an Adjuvant to Hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.5% for Spinal Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing LSCS [NCT01205204]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was registered with Clinical Trials.gov by mistake.)
Advantage of Clonidine With Morphine In Patient Controlled Analgesia Pump for the Treatment of Vaso-occlusive Crisis in Sickle Cell Disease Patients [NCT05848531]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-25Recruiting
Multicenter, Open Label Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of a Single Oral Dose of 1.0 mg/kg Macimorelin Acetate as Growth Hormone Stimulation Test (GHST) in Pediatric Patients With Suspected Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) [NCT04786873]Phase 3100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-16Recruiting
The Role of Stress Neuromodulators in Decision Making Under Risk [NCT05318248]82 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-01Completed
Effects and Safety of Clonidine Patch on Young and Middle-aged Smokers With Mild Hypertension: a Randomized Controlled Trial (ECLIPSE) [NCT05416840]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-08-31Not yet recruiting
Repurposing Low-Dose Clonidine for PTSD in Veterans [NCT04877093]Phase 332 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-01Recruiting
A Study to Evaluate the Relative Bioavailability of a Test Formulation of Lofexidine Granules for Reconstitution and the Effect of Food on the Bioavailability of the Test Formulation in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04188730]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-16Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of LUCEMYRA in the Treatment of Opioid Withdrawal During an Opioid Taper in Subjects With Chronic Non-Cancer Pain [NCT04070157]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-02Suspended(stopped due to COVID pandemic and enrollment issues necessitating an adjustment to the study design.)
Ilioinguinal/Iliohypogastric vs. Quadratus Lumborum Nerve Blockade for Elective Open Inguinal Herniorrhaphy [NCT03007966]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-01-30Completed
Paravertebral Block With Versus Without Clonidine for Patients Undergoing Ventral Hernia Repair: A Prospective Double-blinded Randomized Study [NCT02505204]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-08-01Suspended
Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Erector Spinae Plane Blocks (ESPB) for Perioperative Pain Management for Minimally Invasive (MIS) Lumbar Spine Surgery [NCT05029726]Phase 4125 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Recruiting
Prophylactic Mirtazapine or Clonidine for Post-spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Patients Undergoing Urological Surgeries: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03679052]Phase 4300 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-01Completed
A Phase 3, Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of STX-015 in the Treatment of Pain Associated With Lumbosacral Radiculopathy [NCT05614648]Phase 3340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-06-19Recruiting
Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists for the Prevention of Delirium and Cognitive Decline After Open Heart Surgery (ALPHA2PREVENT): Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT05029050]Phase 4900 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-17Recruiting
Role of Co-administered Dexmedetomidine Or Clonidine With Bupivacaine for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Elective Caesarean Section: A Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Trial [NCT03770013]150 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-01-01Completed
Sacrococcygeal Local Anesthesia With Different Doses of Clonidine for Pilonidal Sinus Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT02539693]60 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-31Recruiting
A Phase IV, Longitudinal, Observational Study Examining Real-World Outcomes of Non-Hormonal Pharmacotherapies Among Individuals Treated for Bothersome Vasomotor Symptoms [NCT06049797]1,000 participants (Anticipated)Observational2023-11-15Recruiting
The Norwegian Study of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adolescents: Pathophysiology and Intervention Trial [NCT01040429]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-02-28Completed
A Single-Center, Open-Label, Two-Period, Two-Treatment, Randomized Sequence Study to Determine the Mass Balance and Absolute Bioavailability of a Single Oral Dose of 14C-Labeled Lofexidine Compared to a Single Intravenous Dose of Lofexidine [NCT01310296]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
Clonidine and the Skeletal Myopathy of Heart Failure [NCT00858845]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Use of Intraoperative Clonidine for Prevention of Postoperative Agitation in Pedriatic Anesthesia With Sevoflurane. [NCT02181543]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
The Use of Propofol/Ketamine Anesthesia With Bispectral Monitoring (PKA-BIS) Versus Inhalational Anesthetics in Rhytidoplasty - A Prospective, Double-blinded, Randomized Comparison Study [NCT02410460]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Fentanyl and Clonidine for Analgesia During Hypothermia in Term Asphyxiated Infants - a Prospective Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic/Pharmacogenetic Observational Study. Cohort 1 in The SANNI Project. [NCT03177980]49 participants (Actual)Observational2017-04-24Completed
Treatment of Chronic Itch in Atopic Dermatitis With Oral Clonidine and Oral Naltrexone: Nerve Function [NCT02268448]Phase 18 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
The Comparison of Stress Response to Rapid Opioid Detoxification Applying Different Methods of Opioid Antagonism With Naltrexone and Sedation [NCT02362256]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Completed
Matão Controlling Hypertension (MatCH Study): Rationale and Design. Project to Reduce Incidence of Arterial Hypertension in City of Matão, Brazil. [NCT03147092]Early Phase 115,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-02-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Protracted Saphenous Nerve and Obturator Nerve Block Versus Saphenous Nerve Block Versus Local Infiltration Analgesia on Opioid Consumption, Pain, Block Duration of Action and Mobilization After Total Knee Arthroplasty. [NCT02067078]Phase 475 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-02-28Completed
An Extended-Release Form of Clonidine as an Anti-Manic Agent: An Add-On, Open-Label Study [NCT03065933]Phase 45 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-01-31Terminated
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Use of Caudal Nerve Blocks in Adult Penile Prosthesis Surgery [NCT02740127]Phase 352 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-06-30Completed
Transdermal Clonidine on Blood Pressure of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial [NCT02545530]45 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-05-31Recruiting
Intraoperative Clonidine for Postoperative Pain Management in Patients Undergoing Surgical Treatment for Endometriosis: a Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05560230]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-03Recruiting
Sensorial and Physiological Mechanism-based Assessments of Perioperative Pain [NCT03537612]Phase 315 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-06-22Terminated(stopped due to Do to our inability to meet recruitment targets - Sponsor stopped funding. Looking for new sponsor and protocol modifications)
Alpha 2 Agonists for Sedation to Produce Better Outcomes From Critical Illness (A2B Trial): A Randomised, Parallel-group, Allocation Concealed, Controlled, Open, Phase 3 Pragmatic Clinical and Cost- Effectiveness Trial With Internal Pilot [NCT03653832]Phase 31,437 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-10Active, not recruiting
"Study Protocol OFA: Opioid-Free Anesthesia." [NCT03124082]Phase 464 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-04Recruiting
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Analgesic Efficacy of Oral Clonidine and Gabapentin as Part of a Multi-modal Analgesic Regimen for Preventing Pain After Arthroscopic Shoulder or Knee Surgery [NCT01112878]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Several studies going on at the same time.)
Neonatal Spinal Anesthesia: Effects of the Addition of Clonidine [NCT01075490]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-11-30Recruiting
Pharmacological Interaction Between Clonidine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) [NCT01136278]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
4-drug Nerve Block Versus Plain Local Anesthetic for Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Analgesia in Veterans [NCT02891798]Phase 398 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-31Completed
Study of Clonidine Efficacy for the Treatment of Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Double Blind Randomized Trial [NCT03552068]Phase 238 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-15Completed
Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine Versus Clonidine to Control Delirium in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting [NCT03477994]147 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-12-01Completed
The Effects of Clonidine on Postoperative Analgesia After Single Shot Femoral Nerve Block Following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery in Children [NCT01293149]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Withdrawn
Labor Analgesia With Ropivacaine Added to Clonidine. A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT00626977]32 participants (Actual)Observational2000-05-31Completed
An Open-Label, Chronic Exposure Evaluation of the Safety of CLONICEL (Clonidine HCl Sustained Release) in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00723190]Phase 3303 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-01-31Completed
Pediatric Tonsillectomy Pain Reduction Study, a Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial Using Clonidine and Local Anesthetics [NCT00678379]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
[NCT02812368]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Failure to recruit)
Postoperative Pain and Systemic Inflammatory Stress Response (SIRS) After Preoperative Analgesia With Clonidine or Levobupivacaine [NCT00860899]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Completed
Pregabalin Plus Lofexidine for the Outpatient Treatment of Opioid Withdrawal [NCT05995535]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
The Effect of Local Anesthetic and Clonidine on the Cutaneous Silent Period During and After Spinal Anesthesia [NCT03121261]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-01Active, not recruiting
[NCT02404077]712 participants (Actual)Observational2015-04-30Completed
Analgesic Benefit of PECS Blocks for Biceps Tenodesis Shoulder Surgery [NCT02741713]Phase 340 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Completed
Prospective Analgesic Compound Efficacy (PACE) Study [NCT02403687]300 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2015-06-30Completed
Randomized Study of Spinal Anesthesia Compared With Traditional Epidural Anesthesia Concerning Peroperative and Postoperative Pain After Open Nephrectomy in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma [NCT02030717]Phase 2/Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Lemborexant vs Zopiclone vs Clonidine for Insomnia Treatment in Chronic Pain Patients [NCT05618002]150 participants (Anticipated)Observational2022-11-08Recruiting
Does Perineural Clonidine Prolong the Duration of an Adductor Canal Block When Controlling for a Systemic Effect? - A Randomised Paired Trial in Healthy Volunteers. [NCT02444559]Phase 221 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Propranolol Versus Propranolol and Clonidine in Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury [NCT04833218]Early Phase 190 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-01-31Active, not recruiting
A PROBE (Prospective, Randomised, Open-Label, Blinded Endpoint) Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Telmisartan 40-80mg Once Daily Compared With 10-20 mg Enalapril Once Daily Over a Period of 24 Weeks in Elderly Patients With Blood Hypertensio [NCT02177461]Phase 4374 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-04-30Completed
Clonidine for Analgesia to Preterm Infants During Neonatal Intensive Care - a Prospective Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic/Pharmacogenetic Observational Study. Cohort 2 in The SANNI Project [NCT04928651]40 participants (Actual)Observational2018-04-06Completed
Intraoperative Autonomic Neural Blockade (ANB) Comparison Between Different Local Anesthetic Combinations. A Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol [NCT06137924]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-02Not yet recruiting
Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Among US Veterans [NCT04467931]22,213 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-19Completed
Effect of Dexamethasone or Clonidine When Given as Adjuncts to Ropivacaine for Caudal Analgesia on Duration of Analgesia Compared to Placebo in Children [NCT02773602]Phase 4155 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-05-31Recruiting
Association of Different Doses of Clonidine in Caudal Epidural Anesthesia for Hypospadias Surgery [NCT02769390]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-07-31Completed
Sympathetic Regulation of Large Artery Stiffness in Humans With Age-Related Isolated Systolic Hypertension [NCT04423627]Early Phase 178 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-06-01Recruiting
Clonidine for Intra-oral Infra-orbital Nerve Block During Pediatric Cleft Lip Revision Surgeries: Randomized Controlled Double-blind Study [NCT05790044]86 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-01Not yet recruiting
The PREVENT AGITATION Trial II - Children ≤1 Year [NCT05091242]Phase 2/Phase 3336 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-25Recruiting
Clonidine is Better Than Zopiclone for Insomnia Treatment in Chronic Pain Patients [NCT05277038]150 participants (Actual)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-03-01Completed
A Placebo-Controlled Study of Clonidine for Fecal Incontinence. [NCT00884832]Phase 244 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-10-31Completed
Effects of a Systematic Addition of Clonidine in the Local Anaesthetic and Opiate Solution for Epidural Patient Controlled Analgesia in Labour (Levobupivacaine 0.568 mg.mLl-1 + Sufentanil 0.45 µg.mL-1) [NCT00983125]Phase 4124 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-08-31Completed
Treating Nightmares in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With the α-adrenergic Agents Clonidine and Doxazosin: A Randomized-Controlled Feasibility Study (ClonDoTrial) [NCT05360953]Phase 2189 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-06Recruiting
A Phase 2b/3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet to Placebo to Prevent Chemoradiotherapy-induced Severe Oral Mucositis in Patients With Oropharyngeal Ca [NCT04648020]Phase 2/Phase 3190 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-11Terminated(stopped due to Interim Analysis did not meet the pre-defined threshold for efficacy of a 15% absolute difference in SOM prevention between Validive and placebo.)
Treatment of Orthostatic Intolerance [NCT00262470]Phase 1/Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional1997-04-30Active, not recruiting
Influence of the Noradrenergic System on the Formation of Intrusive Memories: An Experimental Approach With a Trauma Film Paradigm [NCT02541071]118 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-11-30Completed
Effects of Clonidine and Midazolam Premedication on Bispectral Index and Recovery After Elective Surgery [NCT00638729]60 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the effectIveness of Pectoral Nerves Block (PECS) After Breast Surgery on Piritramide Consumption [NCT02655965]Phase 354 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
Comparison of Clonidine and Morphine Plus Bupivacaine in Caudal Peridural Anesthesia for Postoperative Analgesia After Pediatric Urogenital Surgery [NCT00672347]Phase 1/Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-07-31Completed
Monocentric, Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Assessing the Effect on the Lower Limb Spinal Motoneuron Excitability, the Efficacy in Term of Morphinic Sparing and Safety of of Early Clonidine Bolus Intravenous Administration During General [NCT02592915]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-10-31Recruiting
Pilot Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Feasibility of Administering Clonidine as a Pharmacological Challenge in Future Imaging Studies of Cerebrospinal Fluid Kinetics [NCT04030572]Early Phase 13 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-12-10Terminated(stopped due to Not logistically feasible during the COVID pandemic)
Pilot Study of Transforaminal Epidural Injection of Clonidine for the Treatment of Acute Lumbosacral Radiculopathy [NCT00588354]26 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Targeted enrollment was not reached.)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Topical Gel, 0.1% With Placebo in the Management of Pain Associated With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT00695565]Phase 2180 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Versus Continuous Epidural Infusion for Third Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy Analgesia : a Randomized Study. [NCT02563821]Phase 337 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-05Completed
The Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Hypotension [NCT00748059]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional1996-12-31Completed
The Effects of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Modulation on Rates of Carbon-11 Butanol Clearance From Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid [NCT04032691]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-27Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Topical Treatment- Comparative Study [NCT00661063]Phase 3200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-04-30Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness of Ultrasound Guided Adductor Canal Blockade With Levobupivacaine and Clonidine on Chronic Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis [NCT02695654]77 participants (Actual)Observational2015-11-30Completed
A Large, International, Placebo-controlled, Factorial Trial to Assess the Impact of Clonidine and Acetyl-salicylic Acid (ASA) in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Who Are at Risk of a Perioperative Cardiovascular Event [NCT01082874]Phase 310,010 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
Mitigating the Pro-inflammatory Phenotype of Obesity [NCT04934228]Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-07-01Recruiting
PeriOperative ISchemic Evaluation-2 (POISE-2) Trial: A Pilot [NCT00860925]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-05-31Completed
Effect of Clonidine on High Volume-Low Concentration Caudals [NCT04263064]Early Phase 1129 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-03-06Completed
New Approaches to Pediatric Sedation: Adjunctive Clonidine in the Sedation of Mechanically Ventilated Children (NAPS Pilot Trial) [NCT00959062]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
[NCT01425658]Phase 1/Phase 290 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Status of the Growth Hormone/ Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) Axis in Relation to Growth Failure, Body Weight and Neuroprotection in Children With Ataxia Telangiectasia [NCT01052623]Phase 424 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-01-31Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Oral Tizanidine Hydrochloride in Preventing Migraine Attacks in Adult Migraine Patients: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Study [NCT05484349]Phase 3189 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-08-31Not yet recruiting
Comparison Between Intravenous and Intrathecal Clonidine in Post-cesarean Analgesia [NCT02550444]64 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Randomised Single Dose 3 Way Crossover Single Blind Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetic Dose Proportionality, Compare the Bioavailability and Safety of Clonidine Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets (MBT) With Catapres in Normal Healthy Volunteers [NCT02548806]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Clonidine for the Treatment of Neurocognitive Sequelae Following Cancer Treatment in Children [NCT00166686]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to Study was never initiated)
Aggressive Behaviour in Children With Tourette's Syndrome (TS) and Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00152750]Phase 432 participants Interventional2006-09-30Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Cervical Sympathetic Block in Patients With Cerebral Vasospasm Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage - Pilot Study [NCT00930072]Phase 27 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Poor Enrollment)
A Phase III, Dose-Response Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of CLONICEL® (Clonidine HCl Sustained Release) vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [NCT00556959]Phase 3236 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Randomized Double-blind Trial Comparing the Post-operative Analgesic Efficacy of Local Wound Infiltration With Bupivacaine Alone to Bupivacaine With Clonidine in Posterior Spine Surgeries [NCT01902108]Phase 4225 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Versus Intrathecal Morphine for Caesarean Section - Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT01931215]Phase 4180 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-09-30Completed
Kratom Use Disorder Management Using Clonidine and/or Buprenorphine [NCT05883358]50 participants (Anticipated)Observational2018-07-02Recruiting
A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Sham-Control Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Micropellets for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Lumbosacral Radiculopathy in Adults [NCT03727100]Phase 3207 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-16Completed
Positron Emission Tomography Study of alpha2-adrenergic Receptors With [11C]Yohimbine [NCT03520543]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-05-21Completed
Assessing a Clinically-meaningful Opioid Withdrawal Phenotype [NCT05027919]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-02-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Clonidine and Propranolol Versus Placebo for the Control of Anxiety During Surgical Procedures in Dentistry [NCT01784250]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-08-31Recruiting
The Oslo Study of Clonidine in Elderly Patients With Delirium [NCT01956604]Phase 220 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-04-10Terminated(stopped due to The inclusion rate was too low, due to the exclusion criteria.)
Prospective Randomised Double-blind Study to Compare Ropivacaine 10mg/mL Alone Versus Ropivacaine 10mg/mL Associated With Clonidine 1µg/kg for Peribulbar Anesthesia in Posterior Eye Surgery [NCT01963299]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-16Completed
Preschool Supplement to Clonidine in ADHD (Kiddie-CAT) [NCT00414921]Phase 230 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Non-Opiate Treatment After Prenatal Opiate Exposure to Prevent Postnatal Injury to the Young Brain [NCT03396588]Phase 3120 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-12-07Active, not recruiting
Interest in Clonidine in Association With Levobupivacaine Performing a Pudendal Block in Proctological Surgery: Pilot Study, Prospective [NCT04530903]Phase 430 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-09-09Recruiting
Effect of CYP2B6 Genotype and Efavirenz on the Disposition and Pharmacodynamic of Methadone and Tizanidine in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05789173]Early Phase 160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-06Recruiting
Intravenous Clonidine Versus Granisetron for Prevention of Post Spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Cesarean Section [NCT06031090]Phase 2186 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-05Recruiting
Comparison of Clonidine Versus Phenobarbital as an Adjunct Therapy for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [NCT01175668]68 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Terminated(stopped due to Based on the planned interim analysis results at 50% recruitment, after IRB reviewed the results, further enrollment was stopped.)
Clonidine Versus Adenosine to Treat Neuropathic Pain [NCT00349921]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Clonidine-Remifentanil. Effect of the Combination on Acute Pain and Respiration in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00730054]Phase 1/Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Clonidine as Pain Relief During ROP Eye Examinations [NCT04902859]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-04-25Recruiting
Phase III Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of CLONICEL (Clonidine HCl Sustained Release) as Add-on to Psychostimulant Medication vs. Psychostimulant Medication Alone in Children and Adolescents With ADHD [NCT00641329]Phase 3198 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Comparison of Fentanyl-bupivacaine and Clonidine-bupivacaine for Breakthrough Pain in Advanced Labor in Patients With Continuous Epidural Analgesia [NCT00691795]Phase 40 participants (Actual)InterventionalWithdrawn(stopped due to Study was recently terminated due to poor enrollment - never enrolled.)
Analgesic Efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block After Lumbar Spine Surgery Through Anterior Approach (Anterior Lumbar or Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion): a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study [NCT02778178]Phase 440 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-02Completed
A Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Double-Blind and Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial With Naltrexone and Clonidine Combination (ATNC05) Compared With Placebo in the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain [NCT01415895]Phase 278 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
The EPIC (Evaluating Perioperative Ischemia Reduction by Clonidine) Study: A Randomized, Double-blinded Trial of Clonidine for Reducing Cardiac Morbidity and Mortality Following Non-cardiac Surgery. [NCT00335582]Phase 4165 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-06-30Active, not recruiting
An International Randomised Controlled Trial to Establish the Effects of Low-dose rtPA and the Effects of Early Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering in Patients With Acute Ischaemic Stroke [NCT01422616]Phase 34,587 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-31Completed
The Effect of Magnesium Sulfate in Comparison to Clonidine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine 0.25% in Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Pediatric Upper Limb Surgeries. Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study [NCT06180941]70 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-31Not yet recruiting
"The Efficacy of Exparel Versus a Multidrug Cocktail in Soft Tissue Tumors" [NCT05355597]Phase 2140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-27Recruiting
Clonidine to Prevent Implantable Cardiovertor Defibrillator Firing [NCT00585871]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Withdrawn(stopped due to could not recruit)
Comparative Randomized Controlled Trial Study of General Balanced Anesthesia Based on Opioid and Opioid Sparing Balanced Anesthesia for Cholecystectomy Surgery Via Laparoscopy: Intraoperative and Postoperative Outcomes [NCT02953210]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-11-30Enrolling by invitation
Efficacy of Clonidine in the Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Prospective, Double Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00510016]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-07-31Completed
[NCT01851486]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Labortory focus was changed and study was not opened at all)
Up Regulation of Alpha-1 Receptors Upon Septic Shock ? [NCT01856517]Phase 2/Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-08-31Terminated
Impact on Maternal and Fetal Wellbeing and on Labor Curve of Intrathecal Clonidine Addiction for Labor Analgesia. A Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT03018171]Phase 4268 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-01-31Recruiting
Clinical Outcome Following Arthroscopic Knee Surgery (COFAKS)-Addendum [NCT03704376]Phase 4125 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-01Completed
Intravenous Clonidine Does Not Reduce Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Patients Subjected to Cardiac [NCT01597427]Phase 229 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Anxiety-mediated Impairments in Large Elastic Artery Function and the Autonomic Nervous System [NCT03109795]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-04-10Terminated(stopped due to Funding ended)
A Phase 2, Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Ascending Dose Cohort, Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study of Oral Lofexidine in Neonates Experiencing Opioid Withdrawal Due to Intrauterine Exposure to Opioids [NCT06047834]Phase 224 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-02Recruiting
The Effects of Clonidine on the Diuretic Response in Cirrhotic Patients With Ascites and Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System: a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study. [NCT00356226]64 participants Interventional2000-10-31Completed
[NCT00279253]Phase 412 participants Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Comparison of Epidural Bupivacaine-Clonidine With Intravenous Morphine Versus Intravenous Morphine Alone for Post-Operative Pain Relief in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Lower Extremity or Pelvic Osteotomy. [NCT00287326]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2006-01-31Terminated(stopped due to terminated by PI)
Clonidine as Adjunct to Morphine in the Management of Term and Near Term Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [NCT03762317]Phase 410 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-04-30Terminated(stopped due to Study was initially suspended due to IND application and later terminated due to the difficulty of obtaining consent during COVID period)
Effect of Clonidine on Responses to Imagery Scripts [NCT00318760]Phase 192 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-14Completed
Prospective Assessment of Intraoperative Intra-articular Morphine and Clonidine Injection in Hip Arthroscopy on Postoperative Pain Management [NCT02530151]Phase 470 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Consequences of Co-Administration of Propofol With Clonidine and Ketamine Throughout Colon Cancer Surgery [NCT05536362]Phase 160 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-01Completed
Growth Hormone Trial for Children With 18q- and Abnormal Growth [NCT00134420]Phase 320 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-02-28Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial of Pregabalin for Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [NCT03017430]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Completed
Epidural Analgesia During Labour. Impact of Clonidine Addition to Levobupivacaine and Sufentanil [NCT00437996]Phase 385 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Determining the Role of Periarticular Multimodal Analgesia in Decreasing Perioperative Pain in Tibial Plateau Fractures [NCT05037812]Early Phase 1150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-25Active, not recruiting
Protocolized Initiation of Clonidine to Prevent Dexmedetomidine Withdrawal: A Prospective Cohort Study [NCT05575219]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-08Recruiting
Clonidine for Tourniquet-related Pain in Children: A Pilot Study [NCT04564430]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Recruiting
Premedication With Oral Clonidine Versus Intraoperative Intravenous Tranexamic Acid in Reduction of Blood Loss During Elective Cesarean Section in Abakaliki - a Randomized Control Trial [NCT05371574]Phase 1112 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-03Recruiting
Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes: Effects of an Intensive Multifactorial Intervention Trial on Cardio-renal Events. [NCT00535925]Phase 4850 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Doubleblind Pilot Study Comparing Analgosedation Concepts During Placement of Regional Anaesthesia With Either Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Clonidine, EMLA-Patch or Placebo in Regard of Pain Reduction. [NCT04026074]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-26Completed
Clonidine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment (CAT) [NCT00031395]Phase 3122 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-09-30Completed
The Addition of Clonidine to 0.2% Ropivacaine for Wound Instillation After Minor Lower Abdominal Surgery in Children [NCT00130091]Phase 2120 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Bilateral Superficial Cervical Plexus Block in Thyroidectomy - a Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01454609]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-01-31Completed
Effects of Clonidine Added to Lidocaine in Sub-Tenon's and Peribulbar Anesthesia: Assessments of Intraocular Pressure (IOP), Ocular Perfusion Pressure (OPP) and Ocular Pulse Amplitude (OPA) [NCT02733757]Phase 280 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-05-31Completed
Will Decreased Noradrenergic Activity Normalize Information Processing in Patients With Schizophrenia? [NCT00206986]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2005-05-31Completed
Treatment Targets for Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy [NCT00194974]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Supine Hypertension in Patients With Autonomic Failure [NCT00223717]Phase 1152 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-01-31Completed
A Randomised Trial to Establish the Effects of Early Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on Death and Disability in Patients With Stroke Due to Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage [NCT00226096]404 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-30Completed
Exploration électroencéphalographie et Pharmacologique Des Dysfonctionnements exécutifs Induits Par la Stimulation cérébrale Profonde du Noyau Sous-thalamique Dans la Maladie de Parkinson [NCT01796483]37 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-10-31Completed
Peri-articular Injections Containing a Corticosteroid During Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT00492973]101 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
Single-Dose, Phase 1b Study to Assess Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability, and Pharmacodynamics of Tizanidine at 4 Different Oral Dose Levels in Pediatric Subjects With Mild to Moderate Spasticity Due to Cerebral Palsy [NCT01405950]Phase 110 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Please see 'Further study details as provided by Acorda Therapeutics' for explanation of why study stopped.)
Premedication by Clonidine Intranasal in Pediatric Surgery [NCT03725930]Phase 390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-03-26Recruiting
The Use of Clonidine in Pain and Anxiety Associated With Acute Burn Injury in Children [NCT00580151]9 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Terminated(stopped due to Closed due to no response from PI to IRB)
A Comparison of Ropivacaine Alone Versus Ropivacaine With Dexamethasone or Clonidine Versus a Combination of Ropivacaine, Dexamethasone, and Clonidine for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Using Ultrasound:A Prospective, Observer-blinded, Randomized S [NCT02151487]97 participants (Actual)Observational2014-03-31Completed
Efficacy of Multimodal Perioperative Analgesia Protocol With Periarticular Drug Injection in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized, Double Blind Study [NCT01042093]160 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
Does Single Injection Adductor Canal Block Improve Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Receiving Periarticular Local Anesthesia Injections for Total Knee Arthroplasty? [NCT02276495]55 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-26Active, not recruiting
Black Education and Treatment of Hypertension (BEAT HTN) [NCT00661895]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-08-31Completed
Clonidine for Relapse Prevention in Buprenorphine-Maintenance Patients [NCT00295308]Phase 1208 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-11-08Completed
A Safe Ketamine-Based Therapy for Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT01179009]20 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-04-30Completed
A Study of Effect of Epidural Clonidine on Postoperative Pain Relief, Hyperalgesia and Chronic Pain in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery [NCT00417443]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-12-31Withdrawn
A Comparison of Compliance Between Clonidine Patch and Methyldopa for the Treatment of Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy [NCT00329511]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Feasibility of study. PI termination)
The Effect of Clonidine-enhanced Sedation on Delirium in Ventilated Critically Ill Patients CATAPRES (Confusion and Alpha-Two Agonist Prescription Randomised Efficacy Study) [NCT01876355]Phase 3115 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-31Not yet recruiting
Pilot Study for the NorCAPITAL Trial [NCT01507701]5 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-31Completed
The Effect of Clonidine in Glycemia During Coronary Artery Bypass Graft With Cardiopulmonary By-pass. [NCT01619436]Phase 446 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
The Effects of Different Clonidine Concentrations on Axillary Brachial Plexus Block With 1,5% Lidocaine for Upper Limb Surgery: a Prospective Randomized Study [NCT01620112]Phase 260 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
Intravenous Clonidine for Sedation in Infants and Children Who Are Mechanically Ventilated - Dosing Finding Study [NCT02249039]Phase 114 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-09-30Completed
Multicenter Study of Patients With Hypertension Resistant to Patient Identification and Standardization of Therapeutic [NCT01643434]Phase 42,000 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-08-31Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Electrocardiographic Effects of Lofexidine When Administered Orally to Methadone Maintained Adult Subjects [NCT01650649]Phase 127 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-07-31Completed
Efficacy of Intraoperative Injections on Postoperative Pain Control During Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Blinded, Randomized Controlled Study [NCT03119038]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator no longer actively pursuing this study.)
A Phase 3, Open-Label, Safety Study of Lofexidine [NCT02363998]Phase 3286 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Completed
Phase 3, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Efficacy, Safety, and Dose-Response Study of Lofexidine for Treatment of Opioid Withdrawal (Days 1-7) Followed by Open-Label, Variable Dose Lofexidine Treatment (Days 8-14) [NCT01863186]Phase 3603 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-06-30Completed
To Compare lidocaine2%/Clonidine in Combination With Bupivacaine 0.5 % Alone in Equal Volumes for Combined Sciatic-saphenous Nerve Block in Terms of Selectivity of Blockade [NCT01759524]Phase 430 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-10-31Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial for Effectiveness of Clonidine Versus Captopril for Treatment of Postpartum Very High Blood Pressure [NCT01761916]Phase 490 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-31Completed
Interest of a Bi-truncal Nerve Block (Femoral + Sciatic) Extended, Systematically Associated With General Anesthesia, in the Femoropopliteal Bypass: Study of Post-operative Analgesia and Peripheral Circulation Downstream. [NCT01785693]Phase 447 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-30Completed
Efficacy of Intrathecal Clonidine Versus Neostigmine as Adjuvants to Bupivacaine on Postoperative Maternal and Fetal Outcomes After Elective Cesarean Section: A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial [NCT05943613]Phase 1111 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-01Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, and Electrocardiographic Effects of Lofexidine When Administered Orally to Buprenorphine-Maintained Adult Subjects [NCT01820442]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A Phase II Randomized Study of Solifenacin Compared to Clonidine for Reducing Hot Flashes Among Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy [NCT01530373]Phase 26 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Active, not recruiting
DASH After TBI Study: Decreasing Adrenergic or Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial Using Propranolol and Clonidine [NCT01322048]Phase 248 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Pharmacological Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Opiate Versus Non-Opiate [NCT01734551]Phase 431 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-09-30Completed
Clonidine-induced Spinal Acetylcholine Release: Normal Volunteers vs. Neuropathic Pain [NCT00350532]Phase 243 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-09-30Completed
ROPIVACAINE WITH CLONIDINE FOR PEDIATRIC RECTUS SHEATH BLOCKS- THE MAGIC COMBINATION? - A Double Blinded Prospective Study [NCT02439281]50 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Terminated(stopped due to The patients were discharged on the day of the surgery.)
Reduction of Hip Arthroscopy Post-operative Pain Using Ultrasound-guided Fascia-iliaca Block [NCT02365961]Phase 484 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Completed
Novel Medications for Opiate Detoxification [NCT00000279]Phase 20 participants Interventional1994-09-30Completed
The Effect of Buccal Infiltration Administration of Clonidine on the Success Rate of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block on Mandibular Molars With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial [NCT04186299]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-08-31Withdrawn(stopped due to Study activities never commenced.)
A Phase II, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled 4-way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Relative Efficacy and Safety of OC Oral Solution (Oxybutynin and Clonidine) for Sialorrhoea in Patients With Parkinson's Disease [NCT01370811]Phase 224 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
Effectiveness of Clonidine, Dexmedetomidine, and Fentanyl Adjuncts for Labor Epidural Analgesia: A Randomized Controlled Quadruple Blinded Non-Inferiority Trial (CLASSIER Trial) [NCT05487196]Phase 288 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-09-28Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section [NCT01015807]90 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-11-30Completed
Italian Study on the Cardiovascular Effects of Systolic Blood Pressure Control - CARDIOSIS Study [NCT00421863]Phase 41,111 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-02-28Completed
Randomised Controlled Pilot Study: Does Intraoperative Clonidine Reduce the Incidence of Post-hospitalisation Negative Behaviour Changes in Children Who Are Distressed During the Induction of General Anaesthesia? [NCT02324413]Phase 345 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Completed
Medications Development for Drug Abuse Disorders [NCT01188421]Phase 1/Phase 2106 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-10-31Completed
Hemodynamic Effect of Intrathecal Clonidine in Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study to Assess Its Effectiveness in Hypertensive Subjects With Poor Blood Pressure Control (Phase II) [NCT01297335]Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-02-28Completed
A 40-Week, Phase 4, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, Randomized-Withdrawal Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of KAPVAY™ (Clonidine Hydrochloride) Extended-Release in Children and Adolescents With ADHD [NCT01439126]Phase 4135 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-08-31Completed
[NCT01813149]128 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Terminated(stopped due to Study halted prematurely and will not resume; participants are no longer being examined or receiving intervention. There is no data collected)
Effectiveness of Perineural Clonidine as an Adjuvant With Ropivacaine for Popliteal Nerve Block in Patients Undergoing Foot and Ankle Surgery [NCT01986751]Phase 1/Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-01-31Terminated(stopped due to failure to enroll)
Effect of Clonidine vs. Dexmedetomidine in Addition to Standard Treatment in Agitated Delirium in Intensive Care Patients: Pilot Study. [NCT04758936]Phase 450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-01Recruiting
Efficacy of Clonidine in Reducing Iatrogenic-induced Opioid Dependence in Infants: [NCT01360450]Phase 2/Phase 312 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Terminated(stopped due to The study was treminated because of low accural)
Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded Comparison of the Analgesic Efficacy of Epidural Clonidine Versus Corticosteroid for Low Back Pain [NCT02239627]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Terminated(stopped due to based on interim anaylsis)
Assessment of the Effect of Clonidine on Pain, Arterial and Intraocular Pressure and Arrhythmias for Cataract Surgery [NCT01677351]Phase 240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Recruiting
Vascular Dysfunction in Human Obesity Hypertension: Integrative Role of Sympathetic and Renin-Angiotensin Systems [NCT01983462]Phase 233 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Funding expired)
Great Auricular Nerve Block for Children Undergoing Tympanomastoid Surgery: Does the Addition of Clonidine Increase the Duration of Postoperative Analgesia? [NCT01638052]Phase 256 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-02-28Completed
Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome With Clonidine Versus Morphine as Primary Therapy [NCT03092011]Phase 490 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-02-21Recruiting
A Multicenter, Open-label, Single-arm Study to Evaluate the Long-term Use of Clonidine Hydrochloride Topical Gel, 0.1% in the Treatment of Pain Associated With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT02355158]Phase 2197 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-30Completed
Does Intraoperative Clonidine Reduce Post Operative Agitation in Children Anaesthetised With Sevoflurane? A RCT Including Pharmacokinetic Investigation. [NCT02361476]Phase 4379 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Completed
A Multicenter Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 2-Arm Parallel-Group Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Hydrochloride Topical Gel, 0.1% in the Treatment of Pain Associated With Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT02068027]Phase 2260 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
A Prospective Triple-masked Randomized Controlled Trial Measuring Analgesia Duration of Dexamethasone, Buprenorphine, or Clonidine With Ropivacaine for Interscalene Nerve Block [NCT03117140]Phase 4160 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
Clonidine Versus Phenobarbital as Adjunctive Therapy for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome [NCT03670160]Phase 225 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-01Completed
A Randomized Double Blinded Placebo Controlled Trial Of Transdermal Clonidine for Adjuvant Sedation in Ventilated Trauma Patients Experiencing Delirium [NCT01139996]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty in enrolling participants)
The CLONEMESI Study: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Study With Transdermal Clonidine in the Treatment of Severe Hyperemesis Gravidarum. [NCT01559012]Phase 313 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-02-29Completed
Addition of Clonidine to Ropivacaine in Adductor Canal Block for Postoperative Pain Relief in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT03057015]Phase 480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-05-22Recruiting
Combination of Dronabinol and Clonidine for Cannabis Dependence in Patients With Schizophrenia [NCT01598896]Phase 2/Phase 312 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-05-31Terminated(stopped due to low enrollment due to limited resources)
Two-arm, Double-blind Randomized Study Comparing Exparel and Exparel Plus an Adductor Canal Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT02365727]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Protocol not feasible as written)
Buprenorphine in the Emergency Department: Buprenorphine Versus Clonidine for Opioid Withdrawal [NCT03174067]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-03-31Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Parallel-Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Hydrochloride Topical Gel, 0.1%, to Clonidine Hydrochloride Gel Comparator in the Management of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy [NCT02643251]Phase 2138 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-12-31Completed
A Placebo Controlled Study of Colesevelam in Fecal Incontinence [NCT02628626]Phase 388 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
A Phase II, Multi-center, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Clonidine Lauriad® 50 μg and 100 μg Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet (MBT) Applied Once Daily to Those of Placebo in the Prevention and Treatment o [NCT01385748]Phase 2183 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-04-30Completed
An International Randomised Controlled Trial to Establish the Effects of Early Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering in Patients With Intracerebral Haemorrhage. [NCT00716079]2,839 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-30Completed
A Double-blind Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial of Lofexidine Versus Diazepam in the Management of the Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome During Inpatient Detoxification in Singapore [NCT01675648]Phase 4112 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
Improving Treatment Outcomes for Prescription Opioid Dependence [NCT02543944]Phase 2/Phase 3117 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Completed
An Investigator-Initiated, Double-Blind, Patient-Controlled, Randomized Control Trial Comparing the Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine to a Solution of Bupivacaine, Epinephrine Clonidine and Dexamethasone in Bilateral, Single Shot, Erector Spinae Plan [NCT04603911]Phase 275 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-12-04Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind Study Designed to Assess the Bioequivalence and Adhesion Properties of Transdermal Clonidine-VistanexTM Compared to Transdermal Clonidine-Oppanol® Following Transdermal Administration in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers [NCT02096744]Phase 156 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-03-31Completed
Utility of Olanzapine in the Treatment of Opioid Withdrawal in the Emergency Department [NCT02643355]70 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-11-30Completed
Assessment of the Effect of Naltrexone on Lofexidine Single Dose Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Subjects [NCT02446002]Phase 125 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
Phase I-II Clinical Trial to Determine the Safety of Clonidine in Infants With Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy During Therapeutic Hypothermia [NCT01862250]Phase 1/Phase 213 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-10-03Completed
Comparison of Keppra and Clonidine in the Treatment of Tics in Children With Tourette Syndrome [NCT00370838]Phase 412 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Completed
Do Intraoperative Periarticular Injections Improve Postoperative Pain Control in Patients Receiving Duramorph (Preservative Free) During Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02570503]Phase 464 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-31Terminated(stopped due to Study's primary aims are no longer clinically impactful, as intrathecal morphine has fallen out of favor and replaced with different agents so that outpatient/23 hr surgery is more predictably achievable.)
Dexmedetomidine Versus Clonidine Adjuvants to Levobupivacaine for Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Pediatric Laparoscopic Orcheopexy: Randomized Double-blind Study [NCT03155646]Phase 2/Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-06-10Completed
Clonidine to Prevent Postictal Delirium After ElectroConvulsive Therapy: a Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Triple-blind, Single-centre Trial. [NCT04828226]Phase 4130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-27Recruiting
Comparison of Fentanyl-bupivacaine and Clonidine-bupivacaine for Breakthrough Pain in Advanced Labor in Patients With Continuous Epidural Analgesia [NCT01846221]Phase 4101 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-15Completed
Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Effects of Escalating Doses of Clonidine in ICU Patients [NCT02466373]Phase 332 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-12-31Completed
A Double Blind, Randomised, Multicentre, Active Controlled, Parallel-group, Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Clonidine (Hydrochloride) Compared to Midazolam for Sedation in Children From Birth to Less Th [NCT02509273]Phase 328 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Terminated(stopped due to lack of recruitment)
Effects of a Triple Adjuvant Combination of Buprenorphine, Clonidine, and Dexamethasone on Duration of Brachial Plexus Blocks for Upper Extremity Surgery, a Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05824832]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-02-28Recruiting
A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial of Two Periarticular Multimodal Drug Injections in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty [NCT02543801]Phase 4239 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-25Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00349921 (1) [back to overview]Number Meeting Success Criterion
NCT00350532 (1) [back to overview]Acetylcholine Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC):
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS):
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Total Tic Score
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]DuPaul Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale:
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I):
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Child Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS):
NCT00370838 (7) [back to overview]Modified Pittsburgh Side Effect Scale
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Knee Society Scores
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Knee Range of Motion
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Complications, Such as Infections, Hospital Readmissions, Manipulations Under Anesthesia, Etc.
NCT00492973 (5) [back to overview]Amount of Pain Medication Taken Per Day
NCT00535925 (2) [back to overview]"Number of Participants Who Achieved of BP, HbA1c and Total, HDL and LDL Cholesterol Goals at the End of Intervention Phase"
NCT00535925 (2) [back to overview]"Number of Participants With Overall Fatal and Non-fatal, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs)"
NCT00580151 (2) [back to overview]Anxiety Reduction
NCT00580151 (2) [back to overview]Pain Reduction
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Disability Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODI)
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Intensity Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS)
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Intensity Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS)
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Disability Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Disability Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire
NCT00588354 (8) [back to overview]Pain Disability Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire
NCT00661895 (1) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Achieving Blood Pressure Goals
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Total Number of Post-operative Doses of Analgesics.
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Total Time Until Discharge From Hospital.
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate a Regular Diet
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only a Soft Diet
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only Liquids
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Mean Visual Analog Scale Pain Number.
NCT00678379 (7) [back to overview]Median Number of Pain Medication Doses
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form) Total Score
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Brief Pain Inventory Functional Interference Scale at Week 12; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Overall Quality of Sleep (Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory)
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Anxiety Score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) at Week 12
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Average Daily Pain NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale) Score; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Average Daily Pain NPRS Score for Each Week of Treatment; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Who Experience at Least 50% Reduction in Average Daily Pain From Baseline; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Percentage of Subjects Who Experience at Least 30% Reduction in Average Daily Pain From Baseline; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change in Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 12
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Depression Score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Severity Scale at Week 12; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00695565 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Worst Daily Pain NPRS Score; mLOCF Imputation
NCT00716079 (2) [back to overview]A Composite of Death or Dependency, With Dependency Being Defined by a Score of 3 to 5 on the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)
NCT00716079 (2) [back to overview]Death at 90 Days
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-fourth Edition (ADHDRS-IV Scale) (18 Items Scored, 0 [Never/Rarely] to 3 [Very Often]; Total Possible Score Range, 0-54) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Safety Assessment in Terms of Adverse Events (Treatment-emergent [TEAEs] and Serious [SAEs])
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Safety Assessment in Terms of Adverse Events (Treatment-emergent [TEAEs] and Serious [SAEs])
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram in Terms of Heart Rate at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Temperature at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram in Terms of QT, QTc Fridericia (QTcF), and QTc Bazett's (QTcB) at Week 4
NCT00723190 (12) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and Months 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12
NCT00858845 (3) [back to overview]Change in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity
NCT00858845 (3) [back to overview]Change in Proportion of Type 1 Fibers
NCT00858845 (3) [back to overview]Change in Citrate Synthase Activity as an Estimate of Mitochondrial Activity
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Bowel Movements With Semi-formed and Loose Stools Post-treatment Adjusted for Baseline
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Days With Fecal Incontinence (FI)
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Days With FI Post-treatment Adjusted for Baseline
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Satisfaction With Treatment
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Mean Percentage of Bowel Movements Which Were Incontinent
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Impact of Fecal Incontinence on Baseline Quality of Life
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Impact of Fecal Incontinence on Post-Treatment Quality of Life
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Mean Fecal Incontinence and Constipation Assessment (FICA) Score
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Mean Number of Days With Fecal Incontinence
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Mean Number of Fecal Incontinence Episodes
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Mean Severity of Fecal Incontinence
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Bowel Movements Preceded by Rectal Urgency
NCT00884832 (13) [back to overview]Percentage of Bowel Movements With Semi-formed and Loose Stools in Subjects With and Without Diarrhea
NCT01015807 (1) [back to overview]Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups
NCT01042093 (3) [back to overview]Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Pain Scores During Hospitalization.
NCT01042093 (3) [back to overview]Narcotic Consumption During Hospitalization
NCT01042093 (3) [back to overview]Knee Society Pain Scores at 6 Week Follow-up Appointment
NCT01082874 (1) [back to overview]Composite of All-cause Mortality and Nonfatal MI
NCT01175668 (2) [back to overview]Length of Treatment With Neonatal Morphine Sulfate
NCT01175668 (2) [back to overview]Total Dose of NMS Used
NCT01179009 (1) [back to overview]Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score
NCT01188421 (1) [back to overview]Mean Ratings on Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Measure of Withdrawal During Double-blind Taper (7-days) and Post-taper (7-days) Period.
NCT01297335 (3) [back to overview]Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.
NCT01297335 (3) [back to overview]Likert Scale Pain Rating
NCT01297335 (3) [back to overview]Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection
NCT01322048 (2) [back to overview]Ventilator-free Days
NCT01322048 (2) [back to overview]Plasma Norepinephrine Levels
NCT01360450 (1) [back to overview]Time to Complete Detoxification
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Saliva Secreted Rate
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Measurements of Subjective Judgment of Excessive Saliva Production
NCT01370811 (3) [back to overview]Evaluation of the Safety and Tolerability of Different Combinations of Oxybutynin and Clonidine (OC Oral Solution) in Patients Suffering From Parkinson's Disease With Excessive Salivation
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]At Least One Opioid Use (Class 3 Analgesic)
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Time to Onset of Severe Oral Mucositis
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Salivary Flow Assessment Using the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria (NCI-CTC) for Xerostomia: Time to First Grade 2 or Higher
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Overall Survival
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Opioid Use: Minimal Total Cumulative Dose Administered (Median, Range)
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Opioid Use: Minimal Total Cumulative Dose Administered (Mean, Standard Deviation)
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Cumulative Radiation Dose at Which Severe Oral Mucositis (World Health Organization [WHO] Score ≥ 3) Was First Observed
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]The Overall Incidence of Grade 3/4 Mucositis During the Active Phase.
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]The Maximum Severity of Oral Mucositis
NCT01385748 (10) [back to overview]Overall Treatment Compliance According to the Patient Diary
NCT01405950 (2) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Cmax (Maximum Observed Drug Concentration in Plasma) of a Single Dose of Tizanidine at 4 Different Dose Levels in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy and Mild to Moderate Spasticity.
NCT01405950 (2) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter AUC0-8 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 8 Hours) of a Single Dose of Tizanidine at 4 Different Dose Levels in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy and Mild to Moderate Spasticity.
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Maintenance of Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as Measured by the Percentage of Treatment Failures in the KAPVAY vs. Placebo Groups
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent (WFIRS-P)
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children (ESS-C)
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S)
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the ADHD-Rating Scale-4th Edition (ADHD-RS-IV)
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Safety of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD Based on the Assessment of Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), AEs Leading to Study Drug Discontinuation, Clinically Significant Changes or Abnormalities in Vital Signs
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]To Evaluate the Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as Measured by the Time to Treatment Failure From the Start of Randomized-withdrawal Period
NCT01439126 (8) [back to overview]Long-term Safety of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD Based on the Assessment of Changes in the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Newborn Outcome Measure: APGAR Score.
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]PUQE Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Morning Urine Ketonuria
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Pregnancy Outcome Measures: Birth Weight.
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Number of Days Off i.v. Therapy, the TD System (Clonidine/Placebo) Being Applied Only
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]VAS Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Number of Patients Choosing Active Treatment for Off-label, Compassionate Use.
NCT01559012 (10) [back to overview]Daily Doses of Standard Antiemetic Drugs Required in the Two Different Periods.
NCT01598896 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cannabis Use at 10 Weeks
NCT01598896 (4) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Cannabis Use at 14 Weeks
NCT01598896 (4) [back to overview]Change in Craving Symptoms From Baseline at 10 Weeks
NCT01598896 (4) [back to overview]Change in Craving Symptoms From Baseline at 14 Weeks
NCT01638052 (3) [back to overview]Average Observer-Rated Patient Pain Scores
NCT01638052 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants Requiring Use of Rescue Analgesic Medication in the Initial 24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT01638052 (3) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting
NCT01734551 (4) [back to overview]Duration of Treatment
NCT01734551 (4) [back to overview]Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition
NCT01734551 (4) [back to overview]Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System
NCT01734551 (4) [back to overview]Neurobehavioral Performance Summary Scores From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
NCT01813149 (1) [back to overview]Expression of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) in Dermal Nerve Bundles in the CRPS-affected Limb of Phenylephrine Responders and Non-responders
NCT01846221 (5) [back to overview]Neonatal Apgar Score
NCT01846221 (5) [back to overview]Number of Spontaneous Vaginal Deliveries
NCT01846221 (5) [back to overview]Number of Subjects With Success Rate at 15 Minutes Post-epidural Bolus Injection
NCT01846221 (5) [back to overview]Maternal Heart Rate
NCT01846221 (5) [back to overview]Maternal Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01862250 (4) [back to overview]Steady State Clonidine Blood Levels During Hypothermia
NCT01862250 (4) [back to overview]Presence of Shivering After Clonidine
NCT01862250 (4) [back to overview]Amount of Morphine Given
NCT01862250 (4) [back to overview]Time to Passive Rewarming
NCT01863186 (2) [back to overview]Completion Status
NCT01863186 (2) [back to overview]Difference Between the Overall Means From Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) Scores
NCT01983462 (2) [back to overview]Aortic Stiffness
NCT01983462 (2) [back to overview]24 Hour Average Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02068027 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Day 84 (Week 12) in Numeric Pain Rating Scale Score
NCT02068027 (2) [back to overview]Mean Daily Worst Pain Intensity Numeric Pain Rating Scale Scores
NCT02096744 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-inf(Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Clonidine in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to Infinity)
NCT02096744 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-168 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Clonidine in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 168 h)
NCT02096744 (4) [back to overview]Cavg (Average of Measured Concentrations of Clonidine in Plasma on Days 5, 6, and 7)
NCT02096744 (4) [back to overview]Cmax (Maximum Concentration of Clonidine in Plasma)
NCT02151487 (2) [back to overview]Postoperative Analgesia
NCT02151487 (2) [back to overview]Duration of the Sensorial Supraclavicular Block
NCT02355158 (1) [back to overview]Summary of Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI)
NCT02361476 (5) [back to overview]Fentanyl and Morphine Requirements
NCT02361476 (5) [back to overview]Adverse Events
NCT02361476 (5) [back to overview]Postoperative Agitation
NCT02361476 (5) [back to overview]First Administration of Fentanyl or Morphine
NCT02361476 (5) [back to overview]Pain Assessment
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Occurrence of Adverse Events (AEs) Not Related to Opioid Withdrawal
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Occurrence of Per Protocol Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESI)
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Overall Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) by Severity
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Safety Electrocardiograms (ECG) Evaluation Shift From Baseline to Post Dose and End of Study
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Overall Occurrence of Serious Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (Serious TEAEs)
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Overall Occurrence of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Chemistry
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Hematology
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Urinalysis
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Questionnaire (C-SSRS): Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Numbers
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs
NCT02363998 (31) [back to overview]Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign
NCT02365961 (5) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scale
NCT02365961 (5) [back to overview]Total Number of Episodes of Nausea and Vomiting
NCT02365961 (5) [back to overview]Time in PACU
NCT02365961 (5) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption
NCT02365961 (5) [back to overview]Hospital Readmission
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Complications Rate
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Change in Anxiety Scores
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus
NCT02439281 (7) [back to overview]Medication Consumption
NCT02530151 (3) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery (QoR-15) Scores for Patient Reported Recovery Following Surgery
NCT02530151 (3) [back to overview]Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores
NCT02530151 (3) [back to overview]Opioid Consumption in the Acute Postoperative Period
NCT02543801 (3) [back to overview]Narcotic Consumption
NCT02543801 (3) [back to overview]Length of Stay
NCT02543801 (3) [back to overview]Pain Score
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Detox Phase Completers
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Vivitrol Injection Receivers
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]NTX Transition Initiation
NCT02543944 (4) [back to overview]Detoxification Phase: Changes in Percent of Illicit Opioid-positive Urine Samples Over Time
NCT02570503 (1) [back to overview]Narcotic Use During Hospitalization
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements to be Semi-Formed Stools During Treatment
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Number of Participants to Report a 50% or Greater Reduction in Weekly Fecal Incontinence (FI) Episodes
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Number of Semi-Formed Stools Per Week
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements During Treatment
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Total Fecal Incontinence Episodes
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Daily Stool Frequency
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Delay of Bowel Movement
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Loperamide Tablets Per Week
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Stool Consistency
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Severity of Fecal Incontinence
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Severity of Bowel Symptoms
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements to be Semi-Formed Stools Pre-Treatment
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements Pre-treatment
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Volume of Fecal Incontinence
NCT02628626 (15) [back to overview]Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FI-QoL)
NCT02643251 (2) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Day 84 (Week 12) in Numeric Pain Rating Scale Score
NCT02643251 (2) [back to overview]Mean Daily Worst Pain Intensity Numeric Pain Rating Scale Scores
NCT02643355 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at the Time of Disposition
NCT02643355 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at 1 Hour Post Medication
NCT02643355 (4) [back to overview]Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at 2 Hours Post Medication
NCT02643355 (4) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Received Rescue Medication for Withdrawal Symptoms Within 1 Hour
NCT02733757 (1) [back to overview]Intraocular Pressure (IOP)
NCT02740127 (3) [back to overview]Post-operative Pain the First 24hrs
NCT02740127 (3) [back to overview]Post-Operative Pain Medication Usage in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
NCT02740127 (3) [back to overview]Length of Hospital Stay
NCT02741713 (5) [back to overview]Post-operative Axillary Pain
NCT02741713 (5) [back to overview]Time From Block Placement to Onset of Axillary Pain
NCT02741713 (5) [back to overview]Total Opioid Usage
NCT02741713 (5) [back to overview]Numerical Rating Scale Pain Scores (0-10) at Rest
NCT02741713 (5) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Episodes of Nausea or Vomiting
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Repeated Chair Stand Test.
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Self-Selected Gait Speed Test.
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Standing Balance Test.
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]SF-MPQ2 Continuous Pain Subscore Difference From Baseline
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale (QoR-15) Total Score
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (Version 2) Total Score Difference From Baseline
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]SF-MPQ2 Intermittent Pain Subscore Difference From Baseline
NCT02891798 (8) [back to overview]Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale (QoR-15) Total Score
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Itching
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Itching
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Total Opioid Consumption
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Time to First Oral Analgesic
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Movement
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Activity
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Vomiting
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Vomiting
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Nausea
NCT03007966 (12) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Nausea
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients Reporting Nausea at Home
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients Reporting Itching in the PACU
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients Reporting Itching at Home
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Motor Duration of Block
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patient With Blood Pressure Changes in the Second Stage Recovery Area
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients Reporting Nausea in the PACU
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients Vomiting in the PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit)
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Pain Score Reported by Patients at First Phone Call
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Patient Reporting Vomiting at Home
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Sensory Duration of Block
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Duration of Analgesia
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Surgical Length
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Surgical Position
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Blood Pressure (BP) Changes in the PACU
NCT03117140 (15) [back to overview]Block Set up Time
NCT03670160 (5) [back to overview]Readmission Rate
NCT03670160 (5) [back to overview]Number of Patients Requiring Triple Therapy
NCT03670160 (5) [back to overview]Time From Initiation of Adjunctive Therapy Until Hospital Discharge
NCT03670160 (5) [back to overview]Length of Stay
NCT03670160 (5) [back to overview]Length of Oral Morphine Sulfate Therapy
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Narcotics Use as Assessed by Morphine Equivalents Consumed
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (sEMG)
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (EMG)
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (EMG)
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test
NCT03704376 (17) [back to overview]Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Average Daily Dose of Oral Morphine Over Hospital Stay
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Hospital Stay
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Duration of Pharmacotherapy for NAS
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Maximum Dose of Morphine Used
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Total Number of Episodes of Blood Pressure (mm of Hg) Variability
NCT03762317 (6) [back to overview]Total Number of Episodes of Heart Rate Variability (Heart Beats/Min)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Time of Last Measurable Concentration (AUC0-t)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]Occurrence of Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]First-order Terminal Rate Constant (λz)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]First-order Terminal Half-life (T½)
NCT04188730 (7) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time Infinity (AUC0-∞)

Number Meeting Success Criterion

Verbal pain report 2 hours post injection compared to baseline verbal pain scores prior to injection (NCT00349921)
Timeframe: baseline and 2 hours

Interventionparticipants meeting success criterion (Number)
Clonidine10
Adenosine5
Placebo0

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Acetylcholine Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Acetylcholine levels in CSF after administration of intrathecal clonidine measured by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (NCT00350532)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Interventionpicograms per milliliter (pg/ml) (Mean)
Neuropathic Pain Subjects406
Healthy Subjects383

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Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC):

"The child's anxiety will be followed using the multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) (Stallings and March, 1995) and is now considered the preferred instrument for rating childhood anxiety. It is a 39-item questionnaire, ranking each item as Never, Rarely, Sometimes, or Often (0, 1, 2, 3). The sum of all responses yeilds a score (maximum MASC score is 117). A score of 0 represents no anxiety, and a score of 117 represents severe anxiety." (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine25.225
Levetiracetam32.927.5

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Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS):

The YGTSS is a semi-structured clinical interview designed to measure current tic severity [Leckman et al., 1989], and consists of separate rating of motor (0-25) and vocal (0-25) tics. Ratings are made along 5 discriminant dimensions, scaled 0-5 for each including number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference. Total of these scores (0-50) is a Total Tic Score (TTS). The YGTSS contains an impairment ranking, 0-50 points, based on the impact of the tic disorder on areas such as self esteem, family life, social acceptance, and school. 0=no tics present; 100=most severe tics. (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine48.743.1
Levetiracetam45.248.8

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Total Tic Score

The TTS is a portion of the YGTSS [Leckman et al., 1989], and consists of separate rating of motor (0-25) and vocal (0-25) tics. Ratings are made along 5 discriminant dimensions, scaled 0-5 for each including number, frequency, intensity, complexity, and interference. Total of these scores (0-50) is a Total Tic Score (TTS). A score of 0 represent no tics present, a score of 50 represents the most severe tics in each category listed. (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine25.221.8
Levetiracetam22.723.6

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DuPaul Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale:

The presence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are assessed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) version of the DuPaul ADHD rating scale, which incorporates the symptom items for ADHD from the DSM into a rating scale format that quantifies symptom severity. Each item is rated as not at all, just a little, pretty much, and very much (0, 1, 2, and 3). There are 18 items in total are summed, with a minimum score of 0 (meaning no inattention or hyperactivity) with a maximum score of 54 (severe inattention and hyperactivity). (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine12.611.9
Levetiracetam12.512.7

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Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I):

"Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I): The CGI-I is used to compare current severity to baseline. A score of 1 corresponds to very much improved; 2 equals much improved; 3 denotes minimal change; and 4 represents no change. Scores above 4 are used to indicate deterioration, i.e., 5 equals minimally worse; 6 is much worse; and 7 is very much worse." (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine4.14
Levetiracetam4.14.1

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Child Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS):

The severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is evaluated using the CY-BOCS [Scahill et al 1997]. Obsessions and compulsions are rated on 5 separate scales yielding three summary scores: Obsessions (0-20), Compulsions (0-20) and Total score (0-40). The CY-BOCS is the most widely used instrument to assess the severity of OCD symptoms in research studies. It includes checklist of specific obsessions and compulsions followed by examiner ratings of time spent, interference, distress, resistance and control over the obsessions and compulsions.0=no obsessions or compulsions; 40=most severe OC (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
BaselineFinal
Clonidine3.13.2
Levetiracetam4.72.2

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Modified Pittsburgh Side Effect Scale

"Side effects will be assessed by an expanded (modified) Pittsburgh Side Effect Scale modified to include side effects of levetiracetam and clonidine. Significant adverse events will be reported to the UCB, JCCI, and FDA within 24 hours. Positive responses are tallied as number of side effects for the responding period." (NCT00370838)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 8 or Day 64), Final (6 weeks later: Day 50 or Day 106)

InterventionNumber of Side Effects (Mean)
Levetiracetam2.1
Clonidine3.4

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Length of Hospital Stay

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: days after surgery

Interventiondays (Mean)
Control Group3.5
Corticosteroid2.6

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Knee Society Scores

The Knee Society Score is on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst possible score, and 100 being the best possible score. The Knee Society Score takes into account subjective patient reports of pain and functional ability as well as clinical measures of passive knee range of motion. (NCT00492973)
Timeframe: 3 months postoperative

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Control Group87.1
Corticosteroid83.3

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Knee Range of Motion

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventiondegrees (Mean)
Control Group112.5
Corticosteroid112.4

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Complications, Such as Infections, Hospital Readmissions, Manipulations Under Anesthesia, Etc.

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: any point during the first postoperative year

InterventionNumber of participants with complication (Number)
Control Group0
Corticosteroid3

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Amount of Pain Medication Taken Per Day

(NCT00492973)
Timeframe: Average of 3 days after surgery

Interventionmg/day morphine equivalant (Mean)
Control Group47.8
Corticosteroid46.0

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"Number of Participants Who Achieved of BP, HbA1c and Total, HDL and LDL Cholesterol Goals at the End of Intervention Phase"

Achievement of targets at end of intervention was performed applying generalized estimating equation (GEE) models, further adjusting for baseline values as covariate. (NCT00535925)
Timeframe: 13 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care (SoC) Therapy150
Multifactorial Intensified Therapy191

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"Number of Participants With Overall Fatal and Non-fatal, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs)"

number of MACEs in the two groups are reported. In addition, The primary endpoint was analyzed with event curves for the time-to-first event based on Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression model was used to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Due to the cluster randomized study design, a Cox shared-frailty model was fitted. multivariable model was adjusted for selected potential confounders: age, sex, systolic blood pressure (SBP), hemoglobin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albuminuria, HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglycerides (log-scaled) to reduce risk of bias. (NCT00535925)
Timeframe: 4 years (in the case the number of events needed by sample size is not reached at the expected 4-year time frame, primary end point will be assessed after the follow-up phase)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Conventional Therapy146
Intensified Therapy116

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Anxiety Reduction

"The Fear Thermometer measures how much fear subject is currently having. (0=None, 1= A little bit, 2= Some, 3= A lot, 4= Very, very much). The average of daily Value for 10 days." (NCT00580151)
Timeframe: Average of the 10 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Experimental Group.76

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Pain Reduction

"The scale name is FACES (Faces Pain Rating Scale). Subjects were asked rate your WORST PAIN today (0 = no pain at all, 1-4 = mild pain, 5-6 = moderate pain, 7-9 = severe pain, 10 = excruciating pain). The Faces Pain Rating Scale should be collected every day and then averaged." (NCT00580151)
Timeframe: Average of the 10 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Experimental Group.73

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Pain Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)

The MPI is a comprehensive instrument comprised of 12 scales divided into three parts for assessing a number of dimensions of the chronic pain experience including pain intensity, emotional distress, cognitive and functional adaptation, and social support. Reference: Kearns RO, Turk DC, Rudy TC. The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 1985; 23:345-356. Subscales were not used; the DOS WHYMPI computer program version 2.1 was used to score the instrument. Scores range from 0 (no pain) to 100 (highest pain). A score of 50 is the mean for patients with chronic pain. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)56.7
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)56.9

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Pain Disability Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODI)

This questionnaire measures a patient's permanent functional disability. The questionnaire consists of 10 sections with 6 statements each of increasing point value (from 0 to 5). The score is a percentage of the total, with higher score showing greater disability. Minimum detectable change is 10%, with a 90% CI. Change of less than this may be attributable to error in measurement. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidocaine and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)27.0
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)21.3

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Pain Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI)

The MPI is a comprehensive instrument comprised of 12 scales divided into three parts for assessing a number of dimensions of the chronic pain experience including pain intensity, emotional distress, cognitive and functional adaptation, and social support. Reference: Kearns RO, Turk DC, Rudy TC. The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain 1985; 23:345-356. Subscales were not used; the DOS WHYMPI computer program version 2.1 was used to score the instrument. Scores range from 0 (no pain) to 100 (highest pain). A score of 50 is the mean for patients with chronic pain. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)51.6
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)56.0

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Pain Intensity Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS)

11-point ordinal scale measuring patient pain, ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most severe/disabling pain). (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)4.1
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)2.7

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Pain Intensity Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS)

11-point ordinal scale measuring patient pain, ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (most severe/disabling pain). (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)4.1
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)4.0

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Pain Disability Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire

This scale measures functional disability due to back pain. The score of the scale is the total number of items checked, from a minimum of 0 (no disability) to a maximum of 24 (great disability). Roland MO, Morris RW. A study of the natural history of back Pain. Part 1: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low back pain. Spine 1983; 8:141-144. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)9.4
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)3.5

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Pain Disability Score at 4 Weeks as Measured by Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire

This questionnaire measures a patient's permanent functional disability. The questionnaire consists of 10 sections with 6 statements each of increasing point value (from 0 to 5). The score is a percentage of the total, with higher score showing greater disability. Minimum detectable change is 10%, with a 90% CI. Change of less than this may be attributable to error in measurement. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)23.9
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)17.0

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Pain Disability Score at 2 Weeks as Measured by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire

This scale measures functional disability due to back pain. The score of the scale is the total number of items checked, from a minimum of 0 (no disability) to a maximum of 24 (great disability). Roland MO, Morris RW. A study of the natural history of back Pain. Part 1: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low back pain. Spine 1983; 8:141-144. (NCT00588354)
Timeframe: 2 weeks

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
2% Lidociane and Clonidine (200 or 400 ug)9.6
2% Lidocaine and Triamcinolone (40 mg)5.7

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Percentage of Subjects Achieving Blood Pressure Goals

Percentage of subjects who achieved JNC-VII defined blood pressure goals. (NCT00661895)
Timeframe: 3 month intervals

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Intervention81
Control57

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Total Number of Post-operative Doses of Analgesics.

The total number of intravenous fentanyl doses given PACU which will be compared between the three randomized groups (arms) (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: Post-operative thru day 7

Interventionnumber of doses (Median)
Normal Saline12
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%12
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg14

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Total Time Until Discharge From Hospital.

(NCT00678379)
Timeframe: Day of Surgery

Interventionminutes (Median)
Normal Saline122
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%111
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg120

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Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate a Regular Diet

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has to a regular diet on post-operative days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
post-op day 1post-op day 3post op day 5post op day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%481826
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg1121422
Normal Saline7182124

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Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only a Soft Diet

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has only advanced to a soft diet on post-operative days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
post-op day 1post-op day 3post op day 5post op day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%22261710
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg26181814
Normal Saline26181313

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Number and Percent of Participants Able to Tolerate Only Liquids

The number and percent of patients whose post-operative diet has advanced to liquids only on post-op days 1, 3, 5 & 7 (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7.

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
post-op day 1post-op day 3post op day 5post op day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%33131011
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg30231910
Normal Saline168136

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Mean Visual Analog Scale Pain Number.

Visual analog pain scale range is 0-10 with 0=no pain and 10 = worst pain ever (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: in recovery room; post-operative days 1,3,5 & 7

,,
Interventionpain score (Mean)
In recovery roomday 1day 3day 5day 7
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%342.522
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg35332
Normal Saline33332.5

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Median Number of Pain Medication Doses

The median number of intravenous fentanyl doses administered in the PACU due to pain (NCT00678379)
Timeframe: in recovery room

Interventionnumber of doses (Median)
Normal Saline3.0
Lidocaine (1%) + Bupivacaine 0.5%3
Lidocaine 1% + Bupivacaine o.5% + Clondine 25mcg3

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the McGill Pain Questionnaire (Short Form) Total Score

The McGill Pain Questionnaire asks subjects to rate 15 different kinds of pain, each on a scale of 0 to 3 (0=None, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe). The total score is a sum of the individual ratings and has a range from 0 to 45, where higher numbers indicate more pain. The 15 types of pain assessed are throbbing, shooting, stabbing, sharp, cramping, gnawing, hot-burning, aching, heavy, tender, splitting, tiring-exhausting, sickening, fearful, and punishing-cruel. This scale was completed at the Baseline and Week 12 clinic visits. The change from Baseline is calculated as the Week 12 total score minus the Baseline total score, so greater negative numbers indicate more improvement (pain relief). (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-7.3
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-8.7

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Change From Baseline in the Brief Pain Inventory Functional Interference Scale at Week 12; mLOCF Imputation

"The Brief Pain Inventory was completed by the subject at clinic visits. The Functional Interference Scale (of 0 to 70) is a composite score that measures the degree to which pain interferes with mood, walking, work, relationships, sleep, general activity, and enjoyment of life. The composite score is a sum of the seven individual question scores. Each individual question is rated in reference to pain over the past 24 hours on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 indicates that pain does not interfere and 10 indicates that pain completely interferes with that function, so lower scores represent better outcomes on this scale.~The change in functional interference is represented as Week 12 minus Baseline, so greater negative numbers represent more improvement." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-15.1
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-17.3

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Overall Quality of Sleep (Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory)

Subjects rated overall quality of sleep over the past week using a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) where 100=Excellent and 0=Very Poor. This scale was completed during clinic visits. Change from Baseline is a positive value where quality of sleep improved. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel17.7
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)19.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Anxiety Score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

The HADS was completed at the Baseline and Week 12 clinic visits. The Anxiety Score component of the HADS includes 7 questions, each with 4 possible answer choices (rated 0 to 3). The composite score is created by adding the scores of the 7 individual questions. A score of 0 to 7 is Normal, 8-10 indicates Mild Anxiety, 11-14 indicates Moderate Anxiety, and 15-21 indicates Severe Anxiety. The change from Baseline is calculated as the Week 12 composite score minus the Baseline composite score. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-0.6
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-1.1

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Clinician Global Impression of Change (CGIC) at Week 12

At Week 12, the Investigator was asked to independently rate the subject's total improvement relative to Baseline, whether or not, in their judgement, it was due entirely to study drug treatment or not. Answer choices were: (+3) very much improved, (+2) much improved, (+1) minimally improved, (0) no change, (-1) minimally worse, (-2) much worse, (-3) very much worse. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Week 12

,
Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Very Much ImprovedMuch ImprovedMinimally ImprovedNo ChangeMinimally WorseVery Much Worse
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)16.530.624.727.11.20
Placebo Gel5.838.427.925.62.30

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Average Daily Pain NPRS (Numeric Pain Rating Scale) Score; mLOCF Imputation

"Pain in the feet was scored daily at bedtime by the subject on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) through Day 84. Subjects were asked to record average pain in the feet over the past 24 hours. A score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 was worst possible pain.~The change in pain is represented as Week 12 minus Baseline, so greater negative numbers represent more improvement (more pain relief)." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Days -7 to -1) and Week 12 (Average of Days 78 to 84)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
All subjectsCapsaicin response ≥ 2
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-2.4-2.7
Placebo Gel-1.9-1.5

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Change From Baseline in Average Daily Pain NPRS Score for Each Week of Treatment; mLOCF Imputation

"Pain in the feet was scored daily at bedtime by the subject on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Subjects were asked to record average pain in the feet over the past 24 hours. A score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 was worst possible pain. A weekly average was calculated from the daily scores for each week. The change in pain is represented as the average weekly score minus Baseline, so greater negative numbers represent more improvement (more pain relief)." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Days -7 to -1) and Weeks 1 through 12 (weekly averages)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Week 1Week 2Week 3Week 4Week 5Week 6Week 7Week 8Week 9Week 10Week 11Week 12
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-0.7-1.0-1.5-1.6-1.7-1.8-2.1-2.2-2.3-2.4-2.3-2.4
Placebo Gel-0.6-1.0-1.2-1.5-1.7-1.8-1.8-1.9-1.9-1.9-1.9-1.9

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Percentage of Subjects Who Experience at Least 50% Reduction in Average Daily Pain From Baseline; mLOCF Imputation

"Pain in the feet was scored daily at bedtime by the subject on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Subjects were asked to record average pain in the feet over the past 24 hours. A score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 was worst possible pain." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Days -7 to -1) and Week 12 (average of Days 78 to 84)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Placebo Gel32
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)37

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Percentage of Subjects Who Experience at Least 30% Reduction in Average Daily Pain From Baseline; mLOCF Imputation

"Pain in the feet was scored daily at bedtime by the subject on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Subjects were asked to record average pain in the feet over the past 24 hours. A score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 was worst possible pain." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Days -7 to -1) and Week 12 (average of Days 78 to 84)

Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Placebo Gel47
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)52

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Change in Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 12

Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure were measured at clinic visits. This outcome assesses the change in blood pressure from Baseline to Week 12 of treatment. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Change in Systolic BPChange in Diastolic BP
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)1.01.0
Placebo Gel-0.4-0.2

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Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) at Week 12

At Week 12 the subject was asked to rate their total improvement relative to Baseline, whether or not, in their judgement, it was due entirely to study drug treatment or not. Answer choices were: (+3) very much improved, (+2) much improved, (+1) minimally improved, (0) no change, (-1) minimally worse, (-2) much worse, (-3) very much worse. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Week 12

,
Interventionpercentage of subjects (Number)
Very Much ImprovedMuch ImprovedMinimally ImprovedNo ChangeMinimally WorseVery Much Worse
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)21.227.128.222.41.20
Placebo Gel11.832.931.821.21.21.2

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Depression Score of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

The HADS was completed at the Baseline and Week 12 clinic visits. The Depression Score component of the HADS includes 7 questions, each with 4 possible answer choices (rated 0 to 3). The composite score is created by adding the scores of the 7 individual questions. A score of 0 to 7 is Normal, 8-10 indicates Mild Depression, 11-14 indicates Moderate Depression, and 15-21 indicates Severe Depression. The change from Baseline is calculated as the Week 12 composite score minus the Baseline composite score. (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-0.4
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-0.9

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Change From Baseline in the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Severity Scale at Week 12; mLOCF Imputation

"The Brief Pain Inventory was completed by the subject at clinic visits. The Severity Scale (of 0 to 40) is a composite score, which is the sum of the individual ratings for worst pain, least pain, average pain, and current pain. Each individual question is rated on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 indicates No Pain and 10 indicates Pain as bad as you can imagine. The change in pain severity is represented as Week 12 minus Baseline, so greater negative numbers represent greater improvement (pain relief)." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-7.9
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-9.6

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Change From Baseline to Week 12 in the Worst Daily Pain NPRS Score; mLOCF Imputation

"Pain in the feet was scored daily at bedtime by the subject on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale. Subjects were asked to record the worst pain in their feet over the past 24 hours. A score of 0 indicated no pain and a score of 10 was worst possible pain. The change in pain is represented as Week 12 minus Baseline, so greater negative numbers represent greater improvement (greater pain relief)." (NCT00695565)
Timeframe: Baseline (average of Days -7 to -1) and Week 12 (average of Days 78 to 84)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Gel-2.1
Clonidine Topical Gel (ARC-4558)-2.5

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A Composite of Death or Dependency, With Dependency Being Defined by a Score of 3 to 5 on the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)

(NCT00716079)
Timeframe: 90 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering719
Guideline-Recommended Blood-Pressure Lowering785

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Death at 90 Days

(NCT00716079)
Timeframe: 90 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering166
Guideline-Recommended Blood-Pressure Lowering170

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Change From Baseline in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-fourth Edition (ADHDRS-IV Scale) (18 Items Scored, 0 [Never/Rarely] to 3 [Very Often]; Total Possible Score Range, 0-54) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

The ADHDRS-IV consists of 18 items designed to reflect symptoms of ADHD. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (Never or rarely) to 3 (Very Often). The subscales of the ADHDRS-IV included the Inattention and the hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscales (total possible score range, 0-54). The Inattention subscale consists of the sum of 9 items: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17. The Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale consists of the sum of 9 items: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline, months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
1-month (n = 229)2-month (n = 221)3-month (n = 203)4-month (n = 142)6-month (n = 184)9-month (n = 119)12-month (n = 98)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-13.7-14.4-14.8-16.3-14.6-18.1-14.6

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

"CGI-I scale:~1 = Very much improved; 2 = Much improved; 3 = Minimally improved; 4 = No change; 5 = Minimally worse; 6 = Much worse; 7 = Very much worse" (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline, months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
1-month (n = 229)2-month (n = 220)3-month (n = 202)4-month (n = 143)6-month (n = 185)9-month (n = 119)12-month (n = 97)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)2.52.52.52.32.42.12.4

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Change From Baseline in Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) at Months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

"CGI-S scale:~1 = Normal, not ill at all; 2 = Borderline ill; 3 = Mildly ill; 4 = Moderately ill; 5 = Markedly ill; 6 = Severely ill; 7 = Among the most extremely ill patients" (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline, months 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, and 12

InterventionUnits on a scale (Mean)
1-month (n = 229)2-month (n = 220)3-month (n = 202)4-month (n = 143)6-month (n = 185)9-month (n = 119)12-month (n = 97)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-1.2-1.3-1.3-1.5-1.4-1.7-1.4

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Safety Assessment in Terms of Adverse Events (Treatment-emergent [TEAEs] and Serious [SAEs])

Safety assessments were performed at each study visit according to the time and events schedule. All safety analyses were based on safety population (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Total Safety PopulationSubjects with ≥1 TEAEsSubjects with ≥1 related TEAEsSubjects with ≥1 SAEsSubjects with ≥1 TEAEs leading to discontinuation
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)301246178217

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Safety Assessment in Terms of Adverse Events (Treatment-emergent [TEAEs] and Serious [SAEs])

Safety assessments were performed at each study visit according to the time and events schedule. All safety analysis were based on safety population (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: 1 year

InterventionEvents (Number)
Total number of TEAEsTotal number of related TEAEsTotal number of SAEs
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)9544382

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Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram in Terms of Heart Rate at Week 4

(NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-10.6

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Change From Baseline in Body Temperature at Week 4

Temperature was measured with the subject in a sitting position and resting for at least 2 minutes prior to taking the measurement (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

InterventionFahrenheit (Mean)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-0.08

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Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 4

Blood pressure was measured with the subject in a sitting position and resting for at least 2 minutes prior to taking the measurement. The dominant arm was used for the measurement (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-4.2

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Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Week 4

Heart rate was measured with the subject in a sitting position and resting for at least 2 minutes prior to taking the measurement (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-7.0

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Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Week 4

Blood pressure was measured with the subject in a sitting position and resting for at least 2 minutes prior to taking the measurement. The dominant arm was used for the measurement (NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)-5.0

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Change From Baseline in 12-lead Electrocardiogram in Terms of QT, QTc Fridericia (QTcF), and QTc Bazett's (QTcB) at Week 4

(NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at Week 4

Interventionmilliseconds (Mean)
QTQTcFQTcB
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)17.91.4-8.0

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Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and Months 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12

(NCT00723190)
Timeframe: At baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and months 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12

InterventionKilograms (Mean)
week 1 (n = 283)week 2 (n = 283)week 3 (n = 278)week 4 (n = 269)month 2 (n = 246)month 3 (n = 232)month 4 (n = 212)month 5 (n = 47)month 6 (n = 204)month 9 (n = 123)month 12 (n = 123)
KAPVAY (CLONICEL)0.30.40.60.70.91.21.41.72.13.64.5

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Change in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity

Muscle sympathetic nerve activity was measured as bursts sympathetic nerve activity per minute. (NCT00858845)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months

Interventionbursts/min (Mean)
Clonidine Patch-4.3
Placebo4.4

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Change in Proportion of Type 1 Fibers

Fibers were typed as I or II according to presence of myosin heavy chain. (NCT00858845)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months

Interventionpercentage of fibers (Mean)
Clonidine Patch-4.6
Placebo-5.6

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Change in Citrate Synthase Activity as an Estimate of Mitochondrial Activity

(NCT00858845)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months

Interventionmicromole/min/wet weight (Mean)
Clonidine Patch-0.3
Placebo0.07

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Percentage of Bowel Movements With Semi-formed and Loose Stools Post-treatment Adjusted for Baseline

"The percentage of bowel movements with semi-formed and loose stools was defined as those with a score of 5-7 on the Bristol stool form scale. The adjustment for baseline was an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) where the covariate was the baseline version of the endpoint." (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of bowel movements (Mean)
Subjects with diarrheaSubjects without diarrhea
Oral Clonidine23.625.4
Oral Placebo38.722.8

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Percentage of Days With Fecal Incontinence (FI)

(NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
4 weeks baseline, subjects without diarrhea4 weeks baseline, subjects with diarrhea4 weeks treatment, subjects without diarrhea4 weeks treatment, subjects with diarrhea
Oral Clonidine28.735.423.224.3
Oral Placebo37.842.118.733.3

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Percentage of Days With FI Post-treatment Adjusted for Baseline

"The adjustment for baseline was an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) where the covariate was the baseline version of the endpoint." (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
Subjects without diarrheaSubjects with diarrhea
Oral Clonidine42.5427.79
Oral Placebo31.4239.51

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Satisfaction With Treatment

"This parameter was determined by a 100 mm visual analog scale, with possible scores ranging from 0 = Not satisfied at all (no relief of symptoms) to 100 = Completely satisfied (symptoms resolved). The parameter was computed from weekly diaries. Scores were averaged over the 4 week baseline period and the 4 week treatment periods." (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 week treatment

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine2247
Oral Placebo1838

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Mean Percentage of Bowel Movements Which Were Incontinent

Values were averaged over 4 week baseline and 4 week treatment periods. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of bowel movements (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine3124
Oral Placebo4027

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Impact of Fecal Incontinence on Baseline Quality of Life

"Scores were computed from a pre-treatment questionnaire, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. This scale is composed of a total of 29 items; these items form four scales: Lifestyle (10 items) Coping/Behavior (9 items), Depression/Self Perception (7 items), and Embarrassment (3 items).~Scales range from 1 to 4; with a 1 indicating a lower functional status of quality of life. Scales scores are the average (mean) response to all items in the scale (that is, add the responses to all questions in a scale together and then divide by the number of items in the scale, adjusting for missing values)." (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lifestyle scoreCoping scoreDepression scoreEmbarrassment score
Oral Clonidine2.81.83.22.2
Oral Placebo2.31.62.92.3

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Impact of Fecal Incontinence on Post-Treatment Quality of Life

"Scores were computed from a post-treatment questionnaire, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale. This scale is composed of a total of 29 items; these items form four scales: Lifestyle (10 items) Coping/Behavior (9 items), Depression/Self Perception (7 items), and Embarrassment (3 items).~Scales range from 1 to 4; with a 1 indicating a lower functional status of quality of life. Scales scores are the average (mean) response to all items in the scale (that is, add the responses to all questions in a scale together and then divide by the number of items in the scale, adjusting for missing values)." (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: after 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Lifestyle scoreCoping scoreDepression scoreEmbarrassment score
Oral Clonidine3.12.33.52.8
Oral Placebo2.72.13.22.5

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Mean Fecal Incontinence and Constipation Assessment (FICA) Score

The FICA severity scale has 4 items (frequency, type, amount of leakage, and presence of urgency) and is used to rate the severity of fecal incontinence. The parameter was computed from values in the weekly diaries. The FICA score can range from 1 to 13. Symptom severity scores of 1-6, 7-10, and 11-13 are categorized as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Scores were averaged over the 4 week baseline period and the 4 week treatment periods. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine8.16.5
Oral Placebo9.17.6

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Mean Number of Days With Fecal Incontinence

Values were averaged over 4 week baseline and 4 week treatment periods. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine138
Oral Placebo1611

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Mean Number of Fecal Incontinence Episodes

Values were averaged over 4 week baseline and 4 week treatment periods. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionnumber of episodes (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine2012
Oral Placebo3119

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Mean Severity of Fecal Incontinence

The Fecal Incontinence Severity Index was used to compute the severity of fecal incontinence (FI). It is a validated 4-item scale used to assess the frequency of 4 different types of FI (gas, mucus, liquid stool, solid stool). The subject responses are weighted and summed for the 4 types of FI. Scores could range from 0 (no symptoms) to 61 (very frequent FI). Values were computed from pre- and post- treatment questionnaires. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine36.229.3
Oral Placebo37.331.2

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Percentage of Bowel Movements Preceded by Rectal Urgency

Rectal urgency is defined as a sudden, irresistible need to have a bowel movement. Scores were averaged over the 4 week baseline period and the 4 week treatment periods. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of bowel movements (Mean)
4 weeks baseline4 weeks treatment
Oral Clonidine5546
Oral Placebo5946

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Percentage of Bowel Movements With Semi-formed and Loose Stools in Subjects With and Without Diarrhea

The percentage of bowel movements with semi-formed and loose stools was defined as those with a score of 5-7 on the Bristol stool form scale. (NCT00884832)
Timeframe: 4 weeks baseline, 4 weeks treatment

,
Interventionpercentage of bowel movements (Mean)
4 weeks baseline, subjects without diarrhea4 weeks baseline, subjects with diarrhea4 weeks treatment, subjects without diarrhea4 weeks treatment, subjects with diarrhea
Oral Clonidine19.447.51431.2
Oral Placebo25.551.61649

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Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Determine which of three different TAP formulations (Placebo, TAP, Clo-TAP) has the most beneficial effect on the postoperative area of hyperalgesia 48hrs after the start of the cesarean section. The smaller the area of WHA, assessed in cm2, the better the outcome. Area sizes may range from 0 to any size. (NCT01015807)
Timeframe: 48hrs after CS

Interventioncm^2 (Mean)
Placebo1.07
TAP (Bupi)1.27
Clo-TAP (Bupi + Clon)0.74

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Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Pain Scores During Hospitalization.

Patient pain was assessed during hospitalization using the VAS Pain Scale, a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (severe pain). A lower score represents a better outcome. Pain was assessed preoperatively, 1 hour postoperatively in the post anesthesia unit, and then every 8 hours on the Orthopedic inpatient unit, for a duration of 2 days. (NCT01042093)
Timeframe: 2 days after surgery

,,,
Interventionscores on a scale 0-10 (Mean)
Vas Pain Scale - 1 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 8 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 16 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 24 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 32 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 40 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale - 48 Hour Post OpVas Pain Scale Preoperatively
ROP/EPI1.602.822.412.963.132.802.112.13
ROP/EPI/CLO2.673.932.753.633.623.282.562.43
ROP/EPI/TOR1.901.522.222.562.662.351.972.47
ROP/EPI/TOR/CLO1.061.521.852.332.182.542.411.93

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Narcotic Consumption During Hospitalization

A variety of pain medications were used after surgery to keep patients comfortable. Narcotic use was recorded as morphine equivalents. We report the mean narcotic consumption for each group for the day of surgery as well as post operative day 1,2, and 3. (NCT01042093)
Timeframe: 4 days

,,,
Interventionmg (Mean)
Morphine Equivalent Day of SurgeryMorphine Equivalent Post Operative Day 1Morphine Equivalent Post Operative Day 2Morphine Equivalent Post Operative Day 3
ROP/EPI52.5051.0836.7615.54
ROP/EPI/CLO55.2064.6150.0721.97
ROP/EPI/TOR43.0947.9542.6918.72
ROP/EPI/TOR/CLO46.9246.5440.7120.45

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Knee Society Pain Scores at 6 Week Follow-up Appointment

Patients were assessed for pain at their 6 week follow-up appointment using the Knee Society Rating Scale. Using this scale patients are given a pain score ranging from 0 (severe pain) to 50 (No Pain). This is determined as follows: No pain/50 points, Mild or occasional pain/45 points, pain with stairs only/40 points, pain with walking and stairs/30 points, Moderate/occasional pain/ 20 points,continual pain/10 points, severe pain/0 points. We report the mean score for each group. A higher score represents a better outcome. (NCT01042093)
Timeframe: 6 weeks after surgery

InterventionScores on a scale 0-50 (Mean)
ROP/EPI/TOR/CLO45
REP/EPI/TOR43
REP/EPI/CLO45
REP/EPI45

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Composite of All-cause Mortality and Nonfatal MI

(NCT01082874)
Timeframe: 30 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Active Clonidine and Active ASA173
Active Clonidine and Placebo ASA194
Placebo Clonidine and Active ASA178
Placebo Clonidine and Placebo ASA161

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Length of Treatment With Neonatal Morphine Sulfate

(NCT01175668)
Timeframe: subjects were followed for the duration of treatment, up to 3 months

Interventiondays (Mean)
NMS/Clonidine18.2
NMS/Phenobarbital13.6

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Total Dose of NMS Used

(NCT01175668)
Timeframe: For the duration of treatment, upto 3 months

Interventionmg/kg (Mean)
NMS/Clonidine5.7
NMS/Phenobarbital4.6

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Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) Total Score

The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10-item scale that measures the severity of depression, with a higher score indicating a higher level of depression. The range of scores is 0 to 60. (NCT01179009)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Ketamine 100-hour Infusion-9.0
Ketamine 40-minute Infusion-6.4

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Mean Ratings on Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) Measure of Withdrawal During Double-blind Taper (7-days) and Post-taper (7-days) Period.

Outcomes represent mean peak withdrawal as rated on the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) total score. Withdrawal was collected 7 times daily and daily peak values were identified for each participant and averaged together as a function of group. Primary outcomes were mean peak results from the 7-day taper period and first 7 days post-taper. The COWS is an 11-item observer-rated measure of opioid withdrawal severity. Items are rated on individual Likert scales and the total score range is 0-47. Higher values indicate more severe withdrawal. (NCT01188421)
Timeframe: 14 days total

,,
Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Taper Day 1Taper Day 2Taper Day 3Taper Day 4Taper Day 5Taper Day 6Taper Day 7Post Taper Day 1Post Taper Day 2Post Taper Day 3Post Taper Day 4Post Taper Day 5Post Taper Day 6Post Taper Day 7
Buprenorphine7.796.164.764.214.314.063.514.825.626.235.495.874.914.91
Clonidine8.288.005.854.703.323.573.863.274.093.683.823.272.912.41
Tramadol ER8.416.103.774.253.253.393.693.364.483.283.132.752.572.30

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Change in Blood Pressure After Intrathecal Injection of Clonidine.

"Subjects baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), and blood pressures after clonidine injection was compared against baseline to assess efficacy of clonidine in refractory hypertensive subjects. Subject's blood pressure was monitored continuously after intrathecal injection of clonidine until subjects blood pressure nadir and return to pre clonidine injection level. The mean value reported below are the average changes in blood pressure from baseline (pre clonidine injection) in both SBP and DBP during post clonidine injection blood pressure monitoring for 4 hours.~Blood pressure measurements were collected every 10 minutes for first hour after injection, and every 15 minutes after the first hour, up to 4 hours were averaged to report the change from baseline." (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Baseline, Every 10 Minutes for first hour after clonidine injection, and every 15 minutes after first hour, until 4 hours after clonidine injection

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Change in mean SBP after clonidine injectionChange in DBP after clonidine injection
Intrathecal Clonidine7937

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Likert Scale Pain Rating

Likert scale is 11 point digital pain rating system that asks subjects to rate their pain from 0 to 10. Rating of 0 means no pain at all, and in increasing order, 10 would mean worst pain imaginable/ unbearable pain. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Pre-dose and 1 hour post injection.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Pre-injection average Likert scorePost-injection average Likert score
Intrathecal Clonidine6.53.6

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Changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Ratings of Sedation and Sensation of Dry Mouth Reported by the Subjects, Pre and 1 Hour Post Injection

Subjects were asked to rate severity of two of the most common side effects of clonidine, sedation and sensation of dry mouth, at pre and post (1 hour after) intrathecal administration of clonidine. The mean changes between pre and post injection VAS ratings of sedation and sensation of dry mouth are reported below. The VAS scale ranges from 1 to 10 cm, with higher values indicating higher level of sedation and higher level of dry mouth. (NCT01297335)
Timeframe: Before clonidine injection (Baseline), and at 1 hour after clonidine injection.

Interventioncm (Mean)
Change in level of sedationChange in sensation of dry mouth
Intrathecal Clonidine3.363.47

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Ventilator-free Days

(NCT01322048)
Timeframe: Baseline to day 28

Interventiondays (Median)
Adrenergic Blockade16.2
Placebo18.05

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Plasma Norepinephrine Levels

(NCT01322048)
Timeframe: Post-treatment (t=Day 8)

Interventionpg/mL (Median)
Adrenergic Blockade962
Placebo714

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Time to Complete Detoxification

Time to complete detoxification is defined as 48 hrs off all opioids/benzodiazepines and study drug with acceptable withdrawal scores of <9 (on average we expect the infant to be enrolled in the study for 2-4 weeks). The scale used to assess withdrawal was the Modified Finnegan Neonatal Withdrawal Scale, which ranges from 0-41, 0 represents no withdrawal and 41 represent maximum withdrawal. (NCT01360450)
Timeframe: up to 4 weeks

,
Interventiondays (Mean)
total days on narcoticsduration on study drug in days
Control37.214.2
Treatment89.521

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Saliva Secreted Rate

Change from baseline, negative mean reduce secret rate from baseline, positive mean not reduce secretion. (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-dose

Interventionpercentage of change from baseline (Mean)
OC Oral Solution Treatment B-6.508
OC Oral Solution Treatment C-34.512
OC Oral Solution Treatment D83.695
OC Oral Solution Treatment A7.414

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Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Measurements of Subjective Judgment of Excessive Saliva Production

"Evaluation of change from baseline the subjective assessment of saliva production after administration of a single dose of different combinations of oxybutynin and clonidine (OC Oral solution) in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease with excessive salivation. Compare with baseline the number of rate scale was more production with baseline or reduce from baseline.~The min and max of the score is 0 and 10, the total range is 0~10, and higher value is represented more worse outcome." (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: 8 hours post-dose

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
OC Oral Solution Treatment A-0.8
OC Oral Solution Treatment B-1.2
OC Oral Solution Treatment C-1.6
OC Oral Solution Treatment D-1.1

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Evaluation of the Safety and Tolerability of Different Combinations of Oxybutynin and Clonidine (OC Oral Solution) in Patients Suffering From Parkinson's Disease With Excessive Salivation

Evaluation of the safety and tolerability of different combinations of oxybutynin and clonidine (OC Oral solution) in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease with excessive salivation. Calculate the treatment Emergent Adverse Events number during the study treatment period and follow up period up to at least 23 days excluding the screening period. (NCT01370811)
Timeframe: during the study treatment period and follow up period at least 23 days excluding the screening period.

InterventionTreatment Emergent Adverse Events (Number)
OC Oral Solution Treatment A6
OC Oral Solution Treatment B6
OC Oral Solution Treatment C5
OC Oral Solution Treatment D4

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At Least One Opioid Use (Class 3 Analgesic)

Opioid use was recorded twice weekly during the active phase (radiotherapy) (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
MissingYesNo
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg13034
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg22331
Placebo Lauriad®03032

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Time to Onset of Severe Oral Mucositis

Time to onset is the duration until first Severe Oral Mucositis. Severe Oral Mucositis was defined as a Grade 3 or Grade 4 score on the World Health Organization (WHO) oral mucositis severity scale. Participants were assessed twice weekly during the active phase (radiotherapy) by a trained radiation oncologist or an ear nose and throat specialist who took into account the field of radiation treatment. WHO score 3 = ulcers, extensive erythema, and the inability of the participant to swallow a solid diet; WHO score 4 = mucositis to the extent that alimentation was not possible. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg6.4
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg6
Placebo Lauriad®5.1
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled6.4

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Salivary Flow Assessment Using the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria (NCI-CTC) for Xerostomia: Time to First Grade 2 or Higher

Salivary flow was assessed and scored by the investigator weekly using the NCI-CTC scale for xerostomia for up to 8 weeks during the active phase (radiotherapy). Time to appearance of Grade 2 or higher on the following 4-point scoring scale is reported: 0 = normal; 1 = symptomatic (dry or thick saliva) without significant dietary alteration (unstimulated saliva flow greater than 0.2 mL/minute); 2 = symptomatic and significant oral intake alterations (e.g. copious water, other lubricants, diet limited to purees and/or soft, moist foods) (unstimulated saliva 0.1 to 0.2 mL/minute); and 3 = symptoms leading to inability to adequately aliment orally, intravenous fluids, tube feedings, or total parenteral nutrition indicated (unstimulated saliva < 0.1 mL/minute). (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionweeks (Median)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg6
Clonidine Lauriad® 100µg7.4
Placebo Lauriad®5.1
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled7.1

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Overall Survival

After the end-of study visit, the investigator center collects OS follow-up data for each patient who has consented to participate in the follow-up data collection. the OS follow-up period was still ongoing at time of the primary analysis and ended in Nov 2016. The analysis was condicted on the ITT population. The overall survival was evaluate every 6 months after last subject completed in patients who has consented to participate . (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 2 years

Interventionmonths (Median)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg47
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg58.8
Placebo Lauriad®41.8
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled58.8

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Opioid Use: Minimal Total Cumulative Dose Administered (Median, Range)

Opioid use was recorded twice weekly for up to 8 weeks during the active phase (radiotherapy). The sum of non-missing total cumulative doses across all class 3 analgesics recorded for the considered participant is reported. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionmorphine dose equivalent (Median)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg183.6
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg174
Placebo Lauriad®215
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled178.65

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Opioid Use: Minimal Total Cumulative Dose Administered (Mean, Standard Deviation)

Opioid use was recorded twice weekly for up to 8 weeks during the active phase (radiotherapy). The sum of non-missing total cumulative doses across all class 3 analgesics recorded for the considered participant is reported. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionmorphine dose equivalent (Mean)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg469.31
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg415.49
Placebo Lauriad®624.94
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled439.95

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Cumulative Radiation Dose at Which Severe Oral Mucositis (World Health Organization [WHO] Score ≥ 3) Was First Observed

The primary endpoint planned in the protocol was the percentage of participants with an oral mucositis score greater than or equal to 3 using the WHO oral mucositis severity scale at a cumulative radiation dose of 50 Gy. This was modified by protocol amendment to the cumulative radiation dose at which a WHO score greater than or equal to 3 was first observed. This change was made to account for the fact that in real practice most patients receive a cumulative dose between 60 and 70 Gy. The presence of grade 3 or 4 oral mucositis was assessed twice weekly during the active phase (radiotherapy) by a trained radiation oncologist or an ear nose and throat specialist who took into account the field of radiation treatment. WHO score 3 = oral ulcers, liquid diet only; WHO score 4 = oral alimentation impossible. Each assessment was associated with the actual cumulative dose of radiotherapy. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

InterventionCumulative radiation dose (Gy) (Median)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg66
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg56
Placebo Lauriad®48
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled60

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The Overall Incidence of Grade 3/4 Mucositis During the Active Phase.

The presence of grade 3 or 4 oral mucositis on the World Health Organization (WHO) oral mucositis severity scale was assessed twice weekly during the active phase (radiotherapy) by a trained radiation oncologist or an ear nose and throat specialist who took into account the field of radiation treatment. WHO score 3 = ulcers, extensive erythema, and the inability of the participant to swallow a solid diet; WHO score 4 = mucositis to the extent that alimentation was not possible.The number of participants with at least one Grade 3 or Grade 4 mucositis score during the active phase is reported. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
MissingNoYes
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg23330
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg23123
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled46453
Placebo Lauriad®22436

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The Maximum Severity of Oral Mucositis

Participants were assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) oral mucositis severity scale twice weekly during the active phase (radiotherapy) by a trained radiation oncologist or an ear nose and throat specialist who took into account the field of radiation treatment. The WHO scores were as follows: 0 = None; 1 = oral soreness, erythema; 2 = oral erythema, ulcers, solid diet tolerated; 3 = oral ulcers, liquid diet only; 4 = oral alimentation impossible. The maximum severity was the maximum score reported during the active phase. (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

,,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Grade 0Grade 1Grade 2Grade 3Grade 4No value during the concerned period
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg672020102
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg79151762
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled13163537164
Placebo Lauriad®49113062

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Overall Treatment Compliance According to the Patient Diary

"All participants complete a daily questionnaire during the active phase (radiotherapy). Compliance = [ number of tablets / (end date of treatment - start date treatment + 1 ) ] * 100. The number of tablets is the number of days with a tablet applied and treatment start and end dates are the first and last dates of the patient diary with a tablet applied." (NCT01385748)
Timeframe: 8 weeks

Interventionpercentage of compliance (Mean)
Clonidine Lauriad® 50 µg94.28
Clonidine Lauriad® 100 µg93.12
Placebo Lauriad®96.12
Clonidine Lauriad® Muco-adhesive Buccal Tablets Pooled93.66

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Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter Cmax (Maximum Observed Drug Concentration in Plasma) of a Single Dose of Tizanidine at 4 Different Dose Levels in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy and Mild to Moderate Spasticity.

"Baseline: immediately before the standardized meal (i.e., before administration of tizanidine) on dosing day~0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration of tizanidine~PK parameters will be derived by using WinNonlin Pro (version 5.0.1 or later, Pharsight Corp)." (NCT01405950)
Timeframe: Baseline and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours

Interventionnanogram/mililiter (Mean)
Dose Level 11.87
Dose Level 25.29

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Pharmacokinetic (PK) Parameter AUC0-8 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 8 Hours) of a Single Dose of Tizanidine at 4 Different Dose Levels in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy and Mild to Moderate Spasticity.

"Baseline: immediately before the standardized meal (i.e., before administration of tizanidine) on dosing day~0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after administration of tizanidine~PK parameters will be derived by using WinNonlin Pro (version 5.0.1 or later, Pharsight Corp)." (NCT01405950)
Timeframe: Baseline and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours

Interventionhour*nanogram/mililiter (Mean)
Dose Level 15.60
Dose Level 26.11

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Long-term Maintenance of Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as Measured by the Percentage of Treatment Failures in the KAPVAY vs. Placebo Groups

"Treatment failure a ≥30 percentage increase (worsening)(ADHD-RS-IV, clinician version) total score and a ≥2 point increase (worsening) in Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S) at any two consecutive visits during the randomized-withdrawal period.~The ADHD-RS-IV of 2 subscales: inattention - 9 items and hyperactivity-impulsivity - 9 items. Each gives a score ranging from 0 (none, never or rarely) to 3 (severe, very often), for a total score ranging from 0 to 54 (higher score worse).~The CGI-S is a 7-point scale,1 (Normal, not at all ill) to 7 (extremely ill patients).The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) asks the clinician one question: Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill is the patient at this time? which is rated on the following seven-point scale: 1=normal, not at all ill; 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients." (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of the randomized-withdrawal period (26 weeks)

Intervention% of Participants (Number)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)31
Subjects on Placebo42

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Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Parent (WFIRS-P)

"The WFIRS-P is designed to assess the impact of child's behavior or emotional problems on 7 domains related to function: Family (10 items), School Learning (4 items), School Behavior (6 items), Life Skills (10 items), Child's Self-concept (3 items), Social Activities (7 items), and Risky Activities (10 items). Each item was scored on a scale ranging from 0 (never or not at all) to 3 (very often or very much). Each scale score was calculated as the average for that scale. The total score is the average of all non-missing items. Higher scores are associated with greater impact of disease on functioning." (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of the randomized-withdrawal period (26 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)0.0
Subjects on Placebo0.0

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Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Children (ESS-C)

"Change in the ESS-C scale from randomization to end of randomized-withdrawal period. The ESS-C is a simple eight-tem Likert scale designed to assess daytime sleepiness in children aged 2-18 years. The scale takes less than two minutes to be completed by patient or by parent rating. Sleepiness is a common symptom in both medicated and unmedicated children with ADHD given the predominance of impaired sleep quality. The total score achieved when the chance of dozing in each situation is added up serves as the outcome measure.~The ESS-C comprises 8 items describing various daytime activities. Item scores ranging from 0 (would never doze or sleep) to 3 (high chance of dozing or sleeping). A total score is derived as the sum of the items, with higher total scores indicative of a greater level of sleepiness (worse outcome). Total scores range from 0 to 24." (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of the randomized-withdrawal period (26 weeks)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)-0.6
Subjects on Placebo-0.6

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Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness Scale (CGI-S)

"The CGI-S is a clinician rated instrument designed to assess the subject's current illness state. The CGI-Severity (CGI-S) asks the clinician one question: Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill is the patient at this time? which is rated on the following seven-point scale: 1=normal, not at all ill; 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients.~This rating is based upon observed and reported symptoms, behavior, and function in the past seven days." (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of the randomized-withdrawal period (26 weeks)

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)0.4
Subjects on Placebo0.9

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Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD as Measured by the Change From Randomization to the End of the Randomized-withdrawal Period on the ADHD-Rating Scale-4th Edition (ADHD-RS-IV)

The ADHD-RS-IV (clinician version), has been widely used as a measure of efficacy in clinical trials of treatments in children and adolescents with ADHD. It is derived from the 18 inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive diagnostic criteria for ADHD from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). The clinician version of the ADHD-RS-IV has a large base of normative data and has demonstrated reliability and discriminant validity in children and adolescents. The ADHD-RS-IV of 2 subscales: inattention - 9 items and hyperactivity-impulsivity - 9 items. Each gives a score ranging from 0 (none, never or rarely) to 3 (severe, very often), for a total score ranging from 0 to 54 (higher score worse and a lower score more favourable). Two subscales are summed. (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From randomization to end of the randomized-withdrawal period (26 weeks)

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)3.0
Subjects on Placebo7.0

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Long-term Safety of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD Based on the Assessment of Adverse Events (AEs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs), AEs Leading to Study Drug Discontinuation, Clinically Significant Changes or Abnormalities in Vital Signs

(NCT01439126)
Timeframe: From study start to study end (40 weeks)

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
No. Subjects with At Least 1 Treatment-Emergent AEAny Severe Treatment-Emergent AE (TEAE)Any SAETreatment Emergent AE leading to discontinuationAny Treatment-Related AEVital Signs Abnormalities
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)34202183
Subjects on Placebo31020121

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To Evaluate the Long-term Efficacy of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as Measured by the Time to Treatment Failure From the Start of Randomized-withdrawal Period

Time to treatment failure was calculated as follows: Treatment failure (not premature termination) = visit date where the failure criteria was met - visit 9 date + 1; Treatment failure (premature termination) = termination date - visit 9 date + 1 (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: Time From randomization to treatment failure (up to 26 weeks)

Interventiondays (Median)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)212
Subjects on Placebo75

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Long-term Safety of KAPVAY in Children and Adolescents With ADHD Based on the Assessment of Changes in the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)

"The outcome reported is the number of subjects that responded Yes to the question Do you have a wish to be dead at Visit 20.~C-SSRS is a clinician-rated instrument designed to provide consistent and systematic assessment of both suicidal ideation and behavior within a study, as well as across studies. The scale is a feasible, low burden series of questions that appropriately assess and track all suicidal events, including ideation. Suicidal ideation is assessed according to yes/no responses to 5 questions of increasing severity (from a wish to die to an active thought of killing oneself with plan and intent) as follows:~Wish to be Dead~Non-Specific Active Suicidal Thoughts~Active Suicidal Ideation with Any Methods (Not Plan) without Intent to Act~Active Suicidal Ideation with Some Intent to Act, without Specific Plan~Active Suicidal Ideation with Specific Plan and Intent" (NCT01439126)
Timeframe: Visit 20 (Week 40)

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Subjects on KAPVAY (Clonidine Hydrochloride)0
Subjects on Placebo1

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Newborn Outcome Measure: APGAR Score.

"The APGAR score is the most common indicator of neonatal status immediately after delivery.~The test is done by a doctor, midwife, or nurse. The health care provider will examine the baby's:~Breathing effort Heart rate Muscle tone Reflexes Skin color Each category is scored with 0, 1, or 2, depending on the observed condition. The APGAR rating is based on a total score of 1 to 10. The higher the score, the better the baby is doing after birth." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at 1 minute and at 5 minutes after delivery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
APGAR Score at 1'9
APGAR Score at 5'9

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PUQE Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

"PUQE in an acronym for Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis, a validated clinical score for assessment of severity of emesis in pregnancy.~It is composed of three items; every item has a score from 1 (best) to 5 (worst).~The sum range varies from 3 (best) to 15 (worst). Participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) asking them to score their symptoms daily." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: Mean values of first period of five days are compared with mean values of second period of five days. Change is reported as baseline value - value at day 5 or at day 10.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine6.3
Placebo8.5

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Diastolic Blood Pressure

Diastolic BP was recorded every day during clonidine (5 days) and placebo (5 days) cycle (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: 10 days

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Clonidine58
Placebo61

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Morning Urine Ketonuria

Morning urine ketonuria is a simple direct marker of starving associated to nausea and vomiting (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

InterventionProportion of person-days (Mean)
Clonidine0.06
Placebo0.36

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Pregnancy Outcome Measures: Birth Weight.

Birth weight adjusted for gestational age at delivery is a measure of pregnancy outcome after treatment of HG. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at delivery

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Mean Birth Weight of 12 Patients3312

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Number of Days Off i.v. Therapy, the TD System (Clonidine/Placebo) Being Applied Only

if the symptoms improve the patient and her doctors may decide to stop parenteral drugs continuing the TD system therapy. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

InterventionProportion of person-days (Mean)
Clonidine0.40
Placebo0.20

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Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic BP was measured every day during the clonidine treatment (5 days) and placebo (5 days) (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: 10 days

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Clonidine91
Placebo97

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VAS Score for Assessment of Severity in Hyperemesis Gravidarum

VAS is a Visual Analogic Scale formulated in 5 items. Every item has a score from 0 (best) to 10 (worst). The sum range swings from 0 (best ) to 50 (worst). Participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) asking them to score their symptoms daily. (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: Mean values of first period of five days are compared with mean values of second period of five days. Change is reported as baseline value - value at day 5 or at day 10.

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine22
Placebo29

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Number of Patients Choosing Active Treatment for Off-label, Compassionate Use.

the patients were asked to choose between two transdermal systems (active drug versus placebo) as the most effective (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: at 10 days since start of treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Clonidine9
Placebo3

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Daily Doses of Standard Antiemetic Drugs Required in the Two Different Periods.

"The patients were randomly treated with and without TD clonidine (5mg patch) for 2 consecutive periods of 5 days , other antiemetic drugs (promethazine, prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, ondansetron) and anti reflux drugs (ranitidine, omeprazole) being administered on a scheduled or as-needed basis.~All patients received intravenous hydration and supplementation with thiamine, during both periods. The use of steroids was allowed as a rescue medication in case of further worsening of symptoms." (NCT01559012)
Timeframe: participants are followed for the whole duration of hospital stay (10 days) comparing the first period of 5 days with the second period of 5 days

Interventiondaily doses of antiemetics (Mean)
Clonidine1.5
Placebo2.3

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Change From Baseline in Cannabis Use at 10 Weeks

Subject self-report hits of marijuana per day at week 10 (NCT01598896)
Timeframe: At 10 weeks

Interventionhits/day (Mean)
Dronabinol + Clonidine16.91
Placebo22.35

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Change From Baseline in Cannabis Use at 14 Weeks

Self-report cannabis use at 14 weeks after initiating the study. (NCT01598896)
Timeframe: At 14 weeks

Interventionhits/day (Mean)
Dronabinol + Clonidine18.95
Placebo16.29

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Change in Craving Symptoms From Baseline at 10 Weeks

"Scores on the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ) (Heishman et al. 2009) - The 4 Factor Total Score.~Maximum Score = 84 Minimum Score = 12 The higher the score, the more severe marijuana craving symptoms endorsed by the subject." (NCT01598896)
Timeframe: At 10 weeks

Interventionscore on a MCQ 4 Factor Total scale (Mean)
Dronabinol + Clonidine51
Placebo52.33

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Change in Craving Symptoms From Baseline at 14 Weeks

"Scores on the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (Heishman et al. 2009) - The 4 Factor Total Score~Maximum Score = 84 Minimum Score = 12 The higher the score, the more severe marijuana craving symptoms endorsed by the subject." (NCT01598896)
Timeframe: At 14 weeks

Interventionscore on MCQ Total 4 Factor scale (Mean)
Dronabinol + Clonidine54.33
Placebo56

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Average Observer-Rated Patient Pain Scores

Patients will be observed with behaviors rated at regular time intervals using the CHIPPS (Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale) pain survey. The CHIPPS scale values range from a minimum of 0 (no pain, better outcome) to a maximum of 10 (worst pain, worse outcome). (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 60 minutes

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
0.25% Bupivacaine2
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine1.9

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Number of Participants Requiring Use of Rescue Analgesic Medication in the Initial 24 Hours Postoperatively

Count of participants who will require use of rescue analgesic medication in the initial 24 hours postoperatively as recorded in the hospital or by parents at home following discharge. (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Bupivacaine18
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine22

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Number of Participants With Nausea/Vomiting

Incidence of nausea/vomiting during 24 hour observation (NCT01638052)
Timeframe: 24 hours

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
0.25% Bupivacaine14
0.25% Bupivacaine + Clonidine10

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Duration of Treatment

Total number days of treatment (NCT01734551)
Timeframe: 120 days

Interventiondays (Median)
Morphine39
Clonidine27

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Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition

Scores obtained Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Third Edition in the developmental domains of motor, cognitive, and language. This tool for measures of motor, cognitive and language development is a series of standardized measurements and for each domain, the standardized scores have a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Scores below 1 standard deviation (= or less than 84) is considered below normal. Scores above 1 standard deviation (over 115) represent higher than normal functioning in each domain The score for each domain (motor, cognitive, and language functioning) represents the full-scale score (NCT01734551)
Timeframe: 1 year of life

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Bayley III motorCognitiveLanguage totalLanguage ReceptiveLanguage Expressive
Clonidine95.893.395.895.099.2
Morphine97.692.998.0101.1100.0

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Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System

Mean of total Finnegan Scores obtained every 3 hours on days 2, 7, and 14 following start of treatment; A score is a number representing the total score or sum from 21 items or symptoms or manifestations of opiate withdrawal in newborn infants. The total score ranges from 0 to 43. Reference: 1. Finnegan LP, Connaughton JF, Jr., Kron RE, et al. Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management. Addict Dis 1975;2(1-2):141-58. Although normal newborn may manifest mild symptoms that will give scores in the range of 0 to 7. A score of 8 consecutively obtained times 3 indicate that infant will benefit from treatment, in this study morphine or clonidine. A decrease in scores especially to less than 8 is suggestive of a good response to treatment. (NCT01734551)
Timeframe: 14 days

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Finnegan scores day 2 of treatmentFinnegan scores day 7 of treatmentFinnegan scores day 14 of treatment
Clonidine8.55.76.7
Morphine7.56.67.1

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Neurobehavioral Performance Summary Scores From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

The summary scores from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) give a measure of infant neurobehavior in the following areas (score range): habituation (1-9), regulation (2.20-7.50), attention (1.29 -8.4), Handling (0 - 1), quality of movement (1.20 - 6.20), Non-optimal reflexes (0-12), Asymmetric reflexes (0-7), arousal (2.43 - 6.67), hypertonicity (0- 8), hypotonicity (0 - 5.0), excitability (0-11), lethargy (0 - 11.0). and stress/abstinence (0. - 0.57). A higher score for each item means a higher level of the construct. For example, a higher score for hypertonicity means the infant is more hypertonic and higher score on hypotonicity means the infant is more hypotonic. No cut-off score published for normal or abnormal behavioral performance. Reference: Lester BM et al. Summary Statistics of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale Scores From the Maternal Lifestyle Study: A Quasinormative Sample, in Pediatrics 2004; 113,668. (NCT01734551)
Timeframe: 5-10 days after treatment starts

,
Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
AttentionHandlingQuality of movementRegulationNon-optimal reflexesAsymmetric reflexesStress/abstinenceArousalHypertonicityHypotonicityExcitabilityLethargy
Clonidine4.510.424.925.264.130.000.083.950.250.192.385.13
Morphine5.060.364.775.23.730.200.073.910.400.132.63.6

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Expression of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) in Dermal Nerve Bundles in the CRPS-affected Limb of Phenylephrine Responders and Non-responders

Expression of α1-AR was determined from the skin biopsies using immunohistochemistry. Nerve bundles in the reticular dermis were identified in the affected limb of 25 patients with CRPS [only 22 of these were classified as phenylephrine responders/non-responders], in the contralateral limb of 21 patients with CRPS, and in 12 controls. Samples were processed in batches containing sections from 10 controls and from the affected and contralateral limbs of 10 patients. The α1-AR immunoreactivity (a measure of the expression of receptors) scores were transformed into standard units with a mean of 0 and a SD of 1 (ie, Z-scores). Positive scores represent greater than average α1-AR immunoreactivity (i.e. higher expression of α1-AR) compared with other samples in the run, and negative scores represent less than average α1-AR immunoreactivity. Normalized scores were averaged across multiple runs for each patient or control to obtain a mean α1-AR score. (NCT01813149)
Timeframe: Day 2, after clonidine injection

,
Interventionz-score (Mean)
Nerve bundles identified in reticular dermisNerve bundle not identified in reticular dermis
Phenylephrine Non-responders0.142NA
Phenylephrine Responders1.146NA

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Neonatal Apgar Score

The Apgar score is based on a total score of 1 to 10. The higher the score, the better the baby is doing after birth. A score of 7, 8, or 9 is normal and is a sign that the newborn is in good health. (NCT01846221)
Timeframe: 1 minute and 5 minutes post delivery

,
InterventionApgar score (Mean)
1 Minute5 Minutes
Clonidine8.538.94
Fentanyl8.248.88

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Number of Spontaneous Vaginal Deliveries

Mode of delivery: spontaneous vaginal or instrumental vaginal versus cesarean. (NCT01846221)
Timeframe: Upon delivery (approximately up to 8 hours from baseline)

Interventionspontaneous vaginal deliveries (Number)
Clonidine38
Fentanyl40

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Number of Subjects With Success Rate at 15 Minutes Post-epidural Bolus Injection

Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was evaluated every 5 min for 15 min. 'Success' is defined as at least a 4-point reduction in VAS at 15 min. (0=no pain, 10= worst pain) (NCT01846221)
Timeframe: Baseline, 15 Minutes post epidural administration

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Clonidine31
Fentanyl38

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Maternal Heart Rate

Heart rate will be measured at different timepoints. (NCT01846221)
Timeframe: Baseline, 30 Minutes post epidural administration

,
Interventionbeats per minute (BPM) (Mean)
Baseline30 Minutes
Clonidine8784
Fentanyl8485

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Maternal Systolic Blood Pressure

Blood pressure will be measured at different timepoints. (NCT01846221)
Timeframe: Baseline, 30 Minutes post epidural administration

,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Baseline30 Minutes
Clonidine123116
Fentanyl121118

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Steady State Clonidine Blood Levels During Hypothermia

"Trough clonidine blood levels were measured after 4-7 doses of clonidine were given intravenously with a dosing interval of every 8 hrs. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of the number of doses given prior to levels being drawn was 5.3 (mean) and 0.37 (SD).~Time after last dose before measurement was 9hrs (mean) and 2.7hrs (SD)." (NCT01862250)
Timeframe: 3 days

Interventionng/ml (Median)
Clonidine Infants With HIE0.6

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Presence of Shivering After Clonidine

Babies were assessed after administration of clonidine for the presence or absence of shivering. (NCT01862250)
Timeframe: 48hrs

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Clonidine Infants With HIE0

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Amount of Morphine Given

Intravenous morphine (mg/kg) was given. The standard dose is 0.05 mg/kg per dose (NCT01862250)
Timeframe: Up to 2 days

Interventionmg/kg (Median)
Clonidine Infants With HIE0.02

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Time to Passive Rewarming

Following 2 hours of therapeutic hypothermia, the temperature of the thermo-blanket is adjusted up half degree per hour allowing passive rewarming until 36.5 degrees is reached (NCT01862250)
Timeframe: Beginning at 72 hours up to 12 hours

InterventionHours (Median)
Clonidine Infants With HIE8.7

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Completion Status

The percentage of subjects in each treatment arm who receive at least one dose of study medication on Day 7 and complete the 3.5 hour post-dose SOWS-Gossop assessment on Day 7. (NCT01863186)
Timeframe: Day 7

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Yes/CompleteNo/Did Not Complete
DB: Lofexidine HCl 2.4mg Dose95134
DB: Lofexidine HCl 3.2mg Dose88134
DB: Placebo42109

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Difference Between the Overall Means From Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale of Gossop (SOWS-Gossop) Scores

"The SOWS-Gossop was completed by the mITT population subject at baseline, once daily at 3.5 hours after the first dose of the study medication on Days 1 to 7. It consists of 10 items that are scored on a 4-point scale; 0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, and 3=severe. The overall score is the simple sum of the 10-item scores (minimum overall score of 0, maximum score of 30). Higher individual scores on the scale indicate greater symptom severity. However, as the outcome measure is a difference from placebo, a lower number indicates a better outcome.~mITT population: all randomized subjects who received at least 1 dose of study medication" (NCT01863186)
Timeframe: Days 1 through 7

,,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Day 1Day 2Day 3Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7
DB: Lofexidine HCl 2.4mg Dose7.810.27.65.74.73.62.7
DB: Lofexidine HCl 3.2mg Dose7.69.97.45.54.53.22.3
DB: Placebo9.413.910.99.26.44.42.7

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Aortic Stiffness

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) (NCT01983462)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,,
Interventionmeters/sec (Mean)
Baseline4 weeks
Clonidine7.97.3
Hydrochlorothiazide7.07.0
Placebo8.18.0

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24 Hour Average Systolic Blood Pressure

24 hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure (NCT01983462)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Baseline4 weeks
Clonidine133126
Hydrochlorothiazide135131
Placebo133134

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Change From Baseline to Day 84 (Week 12) in Numeric Pain Rating Scale Score

"The Numeric Pain Rating Scale is a single reading that measures the patients interpretation of their pain on a scale from 0, no pain to 10, worst pain imaginable. The change from baseline can range from -10 to 10. The change from Baseline (averaged over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (averaged over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days]) in the Numeric Pain Rating Scale score assessing the average pain in the past 24 hours in the painful areas of the feet averaged over Days 78 to 84 compared to the 7 days at the Baseline Phase (Days -14 to -8). For the primary efficacy endpoint, the mean change in pain intensity from Baseline to Week 12 was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline pain intensity score serving as a covariate. The statistical model also included treatment, site, site by treatment interaction, and strata. If the site by treatment interaction term was not significant at the 0.1 level, then it was excluded from the model." (NCT02068027)
Timeframe: The change from Baseline (averaged over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (averaged over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days])

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine Gel 0.1%-1.6
Placebo-1.6

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Mean Daily Worst Pain Intensity Numeric Pain Rating Scale Scores

"The Numeric Pain Rating Scale is a single reading that measures the patients interpretation of their pain on a scale from 0, no pain to 10, worst pain imaginable. The change from baseline can range from -10 to 10. The change from Baseline (worst score from Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (worst score during Days 78 to 84 [±3 days]) in the Numeric Pain Rating Scale score assessing the worst pain in the past 24 hours in the painful areas of the feet from Days 78 to 84 compared to the 7 days at the Baseline Phase (Days -14 to -8). For the endpoint, the change in worst pain intensity from Baseline to Week 12 was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline worst pain intensity score serving as a covariate. The statistical model also included treatment, site, site by treatment interaction, and strata. If the site by treatment interaction term was not significant at the 0.1 level, then it was excluded from the model." (NCT02068027)
Timeframe: The change from Baseline (worse over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (worse over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days])

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine Gel 0.1%-1.4
Placebo-1.4

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AUC0-inf(Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Clonidine in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to Infinity)

AUC 0-inf(area under the concentration-time curve of clonidine in plasma over the time interval from 0 to infinity) The values for geometric mean and gCV are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02096744)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before patch administration and 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h, 168h, 192h, 216h, 240h after patch administration

Interventionpg*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Oppanol®119127.55
Catapres-TTS-3 With Vistanex™115903.34

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AUC0-168 (Area Under the Concentration-time Curve of Clonidine in Plasma Over the Time Interval From 0 to 168 h)

AUC0-168 (area under the concentration-time curve of clonidine in plasma over the time interval from 0 to 168 h) The values for geometric mean and geometric coefficient of variation (gCV) are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02096744)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before patch administration and 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h, 168h after patch administration

Interventionpg*h/mL (Geometric Mean)
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Oppanol®82517.99
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Vistanex™80641.47

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Cavg (Average of Measured Concentrations of Clonidine in Plasma on Days 5, 6, and 7)

Cavg (average of measured concentrations of clonidine in plasma on Days 5, 6, and 7) The values for geometric mean and gCV are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02096744)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before patch administration and 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h, 168h, 192h, 216h, 240h after patch administration

Interventionpg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Oppanol®697.327
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Vistanex™668.893

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Cmax (Maximum Concentration of Clonidine in Plasma)

Cmax (maximum concentration of clonidine in plasma) The values for geometric mean and gCV are actually adjusted geometric means and adjusted intra-individual gCVs, respectively. (NCT02096744)
Timeframe: 1 hour (h) before patch administration and 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 96h, 120h, 144h, 168h, 192h, 216h, 240h after patch administration

Interventionpg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Oppanol®813.516
Catapres®-TTS-3 With Vistanex™781.896

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Postoperative Analgesia

Post-operative Visual Analog Pain (VAS) scores on the scale of 10 (0=no pain and 10=worse imaginary pain). (NCT02151487)
Timeframe: within 15 minutes at postanesthesia care unit (PACU) arrival

Interventionscore on a scale of 10 (Median)
Ropivacaine0
Ropivacaine and Dexamethasone0
Ropivacaine and Clonidine0
Ropivacaine, Dexamethasone and Clonidine0

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Duration of the Sensorial Supraclavicular Block

Duration of sensorial block defined as the time interval between subject admitted to the Post-Anesthesia Care Unit and the time the first pain medication taken at home (NCT02151487)
Timeframe: within 24-hr after surgery

Interventionhour (Mean)
Ropivacaine13.4
Ropivacaine and Dexamethasone14
Ropivacaine and Clonidine17.4
Ropivacaine, Dexamethasone and Clonidine18.8

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Summary of Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI)

The NPSI is a validated, self-administered questionnaire designed to evaluate the different symptoms of neuropathic pain. Each item is quantified on an 11-point (0-10) numeric scale. The NPSI includes 10 descriptors (plus 2 temporal items) that allow discrimination and quantification of 5 distinct clinically relevant dimensions of neuropathic pain syndromes. The Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI) is a self-questionnaire designed to evaluate the different symptoms of neuropathic pain, which contains a list of descriptors reflecting spontaneous ongoing or paroxysmal pain, evoked pain (i.e., mechanical and thermal allodynia/hyperalgesia) and dysesthesia/paresthesia. Each of these items is quantified on an 11-point (0-10) numerical scale. NPSI total score was calculated and summarized descriptively at month 12 or the subjects last visit. The total score was calculated and summarized. (NCT02355158)
Timeframe: Month 12 or last visit

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Active34.44

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Fentanyl and Morphine Requirements

Amount used (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: Recorded during the stay in the postoperative recovery room

Interventionmg morphine equivalents (Mean)
Intervention0.46
Placebo0.7

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Adverse Events

(NCT02361476)
Timeframe: from intervention to discharge from the recovery room

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
adverse eventsserious adverse eventsTreated for low blood pressure
Intervention020
Placebo520

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Postoperative Agitation

Measured by Watchae Scale (score 1-4), scores 1-2 = no agitation and scores 3-4 = agitated (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: 1 day

Interventionparticipants with agitation (Number)
Intervention46
Placebo86

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First Administration of Fentanyl or Morphine

Time to administration (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: recovery room

InterventionMEDIAN time (min) to administration (Median)
Intervention105
Placebo60

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Pain Assessment

"Pain score used:~FLACC score = Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Score ranges from 0 to 10 (severity increases with increasing score) Pain is FLACC score more than 3" (NCT02361476)
Timeframe: recovery room - hours

InterventionPain Score (Mean)
Intervention1.57
Placebo2.45

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM106.7-15.8108.6-14.1107.8-14.8109.7-13.2109.5-13.0109.1-13.8110.1-9.6
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM108.7-13.9110.4-12.2110.8-11.9111.7-10.8110.2-12.3110.9-12.0114.6-4.6
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM105.7-16.8108.5-14.0108.1-14.4107.9-14.4108.9-13.6108.8-14.0113.9-8.2
Inpatient: Pre 11PM109.0-13.6110.7-11.9110.5-12.2111.1-11.3111.4-11.0112.7-10.0111.6-7.3
Inpatient: Pre 1PM107.9-14.3108.0-14.7109.1-13.5110.9-11.9109.2-13.2110.2-12.6110.1-8.8
Inpatient: Pre 6PM108.2-14.7109.8-13.0110.0-12.6112.4-9.9110.8-11.7110.7-12.3112.7-6.8

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose113.4-8.8116.1-7.5116.4-5.8116.6-5.8117.6-2.5119.5-0.9121.91.6123.21.8118.4-4.1125.13.5

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose116.6-6.1114.6-8.4116.6-5.8118.0-4.6117.8-2.8119.4-0.8122.31.6123.73.0124.32.0122.71.0128.87.8

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Occurrence of Per Protocol Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESI)

(NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Orthostatic hypotensionOrthostatic bradycardiaSyncope
OL: Lofexidine HCl9601

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Overall Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) by Severity

(NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Days 1-14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MildModerateSevere
OL: Lofexidine HCl1041588

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Safety Electrocardiograms (ECG) Evaluation Shift From Baseline to Post Dose and End of Study

For each 12-lead ECG obtained during the study, the investigator made an overall interpretation of the ECG (normal, abnormal NCS, and abnormal CS). Shifts from normal at baseline to abnormal NCS and abnormal CS at the end of study predose and postdose assessments were summarized. (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 and Day 14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Day 1 Post 8am Dose72274652Day 1 Post 8am Dose72274654Day 1 Post 8am Dose72274655Day 1 Post 8am Dose72274653End of Study Pre Dose72274652End of Study Pre Dose72274653End of Study Pre Dose72274655End of Study Pre Dose72274654End of Study Post Dose72274653End of Study Post Dose72274654End of Study Post Dose72274655End of Study Post Dose72274652
NormalAbnormal (NCS)Abnormal (CS)
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)139
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)16
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (CS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)0
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)155
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)87
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)128
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)0
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)0
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)83
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)20
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)19
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)38
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)57
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)1
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)0
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)1
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)77
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)26
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)103
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)41
Baseline Finding: Abnormal (NCS) (OL: Lofexidine HCl)47
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)88
Baseline Finding: Normal (OL: Lofexidine HCl)2
Total (OL: Lofexidine HCl)2

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Overall Occurrence of Serious Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (Serious TEAEs)

(NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Days 1-14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
OL: Lofexidine HCl2

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Overall Occurrence of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs)

Subjects with at least 1 TEAE occurring on days 1-14. (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Days 1-14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
OL: Lofexidine HCl270

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Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Chemistry

Chemistry Parameters with Shifts in ≥3% of Subjects from Screening to End of Study (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) : Below (Baseline)Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) : Normal (Baseline)Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) : Above (Baseline)Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L) : Below (Baseline)Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L) : Normal (Baseline)Aspartate Aminotransferase (U/L) : Above (Baseline)Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) : Below (Baseline)Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) : Normal (Baseline)Gamma-glutamyl transferase (U/L) : Above (Baseline)Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) : Below (Baseline)Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) : Normal (Baseline)Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) : Above (Baseline)Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) : Below (Baseline)Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) : Normal (Baseline)Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) : Above (Baseline)Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Creatinine (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Creatinine (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Creatinine (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Cholesterol (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Cholesterol (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Cholesterol (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Triglycerides (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Triglycerides (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Triglycerides (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Calcium (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Calcium (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Calcium (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Sodium (mEq/L) : Below (Baseline)Sodium (mEq/L) : Normal (Baseline)Sodium (mEq/L) : Above (Baseline)Potassium (mEq/L) : Below (Baseline)Potassium (mEq/L) : Normal (Baseline)Potassium (mEq/L) : Above (Baseline)Chloride (mEq/L) : Below (Baseline)Chloride (mEq/L) : Normal (Baseline)Chloride (mEq/L) : Above (Baseline)Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (mEq/L) : Below (Baseline)Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (mEq/L) : Normal (Baseline)Carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) (mEq/L) : Above (Baseline)Glucose (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Glucose (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Glucose (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Phosphate (mg/dL) : Below (Baseline)Phosphate (mg/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Phosphate (mg/dL) : Above (Baseline)Protein (g/dL) : Below (Baseline)Protein (g/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Protein (g/dL) : Above (Baseline)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-3rd Generation (TSH Thyrotropin)(mU/L) : Below (Baseline)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-3rd Generation (TSH Thyrotropin)(mU/L) : Normal (Baseline)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-3rd Generation (TSH Thyrotropin)(mU/L) : Above (Baseline)
Above Baseline (End of Study)01722010140112403807915102101820040390300500110051078035140226043031
Below Baseline (End of Study)0000009206902309281298000000017033002003003001016100011160
Normal (End of Study)015312016416131396317050164192812741714700153130107189182261870218365190001345251301941382611906181496

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Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Hematology

Hematology Parameters with Shifts in ≥3% of Subjects from Screening to End of Study (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Hemoglobin (g/dL) : Below (Baseline)Hemoglobin (g/dL) : Normal (Baseline)Hemoglobin (g/dL) : Above (Baseline)Hematocrit (%) : Below (Baseline)Hematocrit (%) : Normal (Baseline)Hematocrit (%) : Above (Baseline)Platelet count (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Platelet count (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Platelet count (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Erythrocytes (x10^12/L) : Below (Baseline)Erythrocytes (x10^12/L) : Normal (Baseline)Erythrocytes (x10^12/L) : Above (Baseline)Erythrocytes distribution width (%) : Below (Baseline)Erythrocytes distribution width (%) : Normal (Baseline)Erythrocytes distribution width (%) : Above (Baseline)Mean corpuscular volume (fL) : Below (Baseline)Mean corpuscular volume (fL) : Normal (Baseline)Mean corpuscular volume (fL) : Above (Baseline)Leukocytes (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Leukocytes (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Leukocytes (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Neutrophils/Leukocytes (%) : Below (Baseline)Neutrophils/Leukocytes (%) : Normal (Baseline)Neutrophils/Leukocytes (%) : Above (Baseline)Neutrophils (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Neutrophils (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Neutrophils (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Lymphocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Below (Baseline)Lymphocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Normal (Baseline)Lymphocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Above (Baseline)Lymphocytes, absolute (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Lymphocytes, absolute (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Lymphocytes, absolute (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Monocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Below (Baseline)Monocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Normal (Baseline)Monocytes/Leukocytes (%) : Above (Baseline)Monocytes (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Monocytes (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Monocytes (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Eosinophils absolute (x10^9/L) : Below (Baseline)Eosinophils absolute (x10^9/L) : Normal (Baseline)Eosinophils absolute (x10^9/L) : Above (Baseline)Eosinophils/Leukocytes (%) : Below (Baseline)Eosinophils/Leukocytes (%) : Normal (Baseline)Eosinophils/Leukocytes (%) : Above (Baseline)Prothrombin time (seconds) : Below (Baseline)Prothrombin time (seconds) : Normal (Baseline)Prothrombin time (seconds) : Above (Baseline)Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (seconds) : Below (Baseline)Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (seconds) : Normal (Baseline)Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (seconds) : Above (Baseline)
Above Baseline (End of Study)0890201201020161102222061302340196013311050210196071097012190201401318
Below Baseline (End of Study)2580116011401411000040002002001023321130010000000000000000
Normal (End of Study)271241231201001664201228015082173421674416380182315103122192101591701922017610014031015417115419

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Clinical Laboratory Test Change From Baseline: Urinalysis

(NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 7

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Erythrocytes (/HPF) : Below (Baseline)Erythrocytes (/HPF) : Normal (Baseline)Erythrocytes (/HPF) : Above (Baseline)Leukocytes (/HPF) : Below (Baseline)Leukocytes (/HPF) : Normal (Baseline)Leukocytes (/HPF) : Above (Baseline)Specific Gravity : Below (Baseline)Specific Gravity : Normal (Baseline)Specific Gravity : Above (Baseline)pH : Below (Baseline)pH : Normal (Baseline)pH : Above (Baseline)
Above Baseline (End of Study)030130154031010
Below Baseline (End of Study)000000000000
Normal (End of Study)01362801751321881302042

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Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Questionnaire (C-SSRS): Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Numbers

The C-SSRS measures both suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior and will be completed to assess lifetime suicidality before first dose of study drug, 3.5 hours after first daily dose of study drug on in-clinic treatment days, and then once a day before dosing during outpatient treatment days. C-SSRS will also be assessed at end of study/discontinuation. (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
SuicidalitySuicidal ideationSuicidal behaviorEmergence of suicidal ideationEmergence of serious suicidal ideationWorsening of suicidal ideationEmergence of suicidal behavior
OL: Lofexidine HCl3027122020

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM70.8-6.373.4-3.873.0-4.174.7-2.672.7-4.272.2-4.670.2-6.9
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM73.5-3.775.4-1.873.2-4.074.0-3.173.1-3.772.8-4.073.1-4.5
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM69.4-7.872.2-4.973.2-4.071.4-5.771.5-5.469.8-7.074.3-3.5
Inpatient: Pre 11PM72.8-4.374.0-3.373.5-3.873.4-3.672.3-4.772.0-4.969.8-7.5
Inpatient: Pre 1PM69.3-7.972.2-5.071.4-5.870.9-6.471.7-5.170.8-6.071.5-4.8
Inpatient: Pre 6PM71.5-5.773.7-3.472.9-4.373.7-3.371.8-5.072.6-4.370.0-7.6
Inpatient: Pre 8AM78.3NA73.8-3.373.7-3.673.9-3.273.2-3.872.2-4.672.9-3.6

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose71.7-6.172.8-6.076.8-1.471.8-7.673.9-3.574.0-3.575.8-1.276.3-0.476.6-0.577.92.0

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose75.0-3.072.6-5.674.2-3.976.1-2.673.5-4.175.5-1.774.6-2.475.7-0.977.30.677.21.378.43.5

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,,
Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM69.9-4.966.8-8.066.6-8.567.8-7.369.0-5.268.6-5.373.0-3.8
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM67.6-7.365.9-9.165.9-9.267.8-6.868.3-6.068.9-5.167.4-9.5
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM68.8-6.168.8-5.967.5-7.568.3-6.869.1-5.369.8-4.173.90.0
Inpatient: Pre 11PM67.7-7.066.4-8.667.4-7.869.9-4.570.0-4.471.2-2.869.824
Inpatient: Pre 1PM69.2-5.769.4-5.468.7-6.470.6-4.571.4-2.870.6-3.373.6-3.1
Inpatient: Pre 6PM70.5-4.368.7-6.268.3-6.870.0-5.068.7-5.569.7-4.373.6-3.4
Inpatient: Pre 8AM73.3NA70.2-4.7213-5.070.1-5.070.9-3.470.5-3.673.2-1.1

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose72.4-3.373.3-3.274.8-1.667.1-7.772.6-3.875.1-1.777.91.174.5-1.472.3-3.675.50.8

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose70.6-5.276.3-0.375.2-1.673.6-3.477.71.679.62.880.03.279.33.279.74.076.62.476.42.4

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM112.6-9.4115.7-6.2116.9-5.0118.6-3.7116.3-5.6116.8-5.1117.9-3.0
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM116.9-5.2119.7-2.1118.2-3.8120.0-1.8117.2-4.8117.5-4.5121.10.2
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM109.7-12.2114.8-7.0116.1-5.8113.7-8.1114.8-7.1113.4-8.7116.4-5.4
Inpatient: Pre 11PM116.7-5.3117.9-3.9117.1-4.9117.7-4.0117.0-4.9118.4-3.5118.5-1.7
Inpatient: Pre 1PM111.1-10.8114.5-7.3114.3-7.5114.4-7.7115.2-6.6114.0-8.0114.9-5.1
Inpatient: Pre 6PM114.1-8.0117.4-4.5116.9-5.0118.7-3.0117.1-4.8116.6-5.5117.9-3.0

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
ScreeningDay 1 ObservedDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: Pre 8AM121.9122.2116.8-5.0116.0-5.9116.2-6.0115.4-6.3115.2-6.5118.0-4.4

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose115.7-5.5118.3-4.7122.00.4116.3-5.1122.82.1122.31.4124.33.6125.14.6120.4-1.4123.53.0

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Seated Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose117.0-4.7116.7-6.3118.7-3.6120.82.6118.4-2.8124.33.6122.21.2121.20.7126.34.3124.84.0128.07.6

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: Pre 8AM79.873.4-6.574.0-6.273.2-7.072.4-7.672.9-7.173.6-6.2

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM69.8-10.071.6-8.570.0-10.171.5-8.970.3-9.670.2-9.871.3-9.7
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM71.0-8.972.3-7.971.3-8.871.2-9.070.2-9.872.1-7.972.5-8.5
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM68.8-11.170.7-9.470.6-9.470.6-9.470.0-10.069.3-10.773.2-7.4
Inpatient: Pre 11PM70.4-9.671.8-8.471.5-8.771.8-8.271.1-9.072.5-7.569.0-11.8
Inpatient: Pre 1PM70.3-9.571.0-9.170.0-10.071.2-9.270.7-9.271.1-8.970.3-9.5
Inpatient: Pre 6PM70.7-9.472.2-7.970.8-9.372.2-8.071.1-8.771.4-8.670.4-10.8

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose70.1-10.074.5-6.373.2-6.870.8-10.474.5-6.276.5-4.275.9-4.576.0-3.978.7-1.680.81.1

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 ObservedDay 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose75.7-4.574.8-5.574.1-6.177.1-3.374.6-5.878.4-1.876.9-3.278.1-1.780.00.383.64.584.85.5

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

,,,,,,
Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 1 ChangeDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 1PM81.30.080.5-0.678.1-3.379.9-1.584.74.279.5-0.979.0-4.9
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 6PM78.9-2.578.0-3.376.4-5.078.2-2.779.5-1.280.90.475.1-8.6
Inpatient: 3.5 hr Post 8AM79.6-1.880.6-0.579.0-2.680.1-1.381.00.379.9-0.580.30.2
Inpatient: Pre 11PM79.4-1.878.4-3.078.3-3.280.4-0.280.6-0.180.90.474.3-9.7
Inpatient: Pre 1PM80.1-1.381.10.080.0-1.581.50.082.31.681.81.483.4-0.5
Inpatient: Pre 6PM81.2-0.180.8-0.479.1-2.380.8-0.780.2-0.481.51.080.0-3.6
Inpatient: Pre 8AM82.8NA82.41.081.1-0.281.2-0.283.12.481.71.484.53.5

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 Observed0Day 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 Change
Outpatient: 3.5 hr Postdose83.32.180.8-1.784.81.676.9-4.380.7-2.982.8-1.185.11.682.0-0.180.0-1.481.41.1

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Pulse (Bpm): Vital Signs

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

Interventionbeats per minute (bpm) (Mean)
Day 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 ChangeDay 8 ObservedDay 8 ChangeDay 9 ObservedDay 9 ChangeDay 10 ObservedDay 10 ChangeDay 11 ObservedDay 11 ChangeDay 12 Observed0Day 12 ChangeDay 13 ObservedDay 13 ChangeDay 14 ObservedDay 14 Change
Outpatient: Predose82.00.985.22.886.42.683.2-0.585.32.590.76.888.75.189.36.490.89.286.66.287.07.2

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Mean Observed and Change From Screening in Standing Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg): Vital Sign

"Baseline vital signs were defined by the assessment value at screening when subjects were not experiencing opioid withdrawal to reduce the potential for variability from the effects of different states of withdrawal that may have been present before dosing on Day 1.~Overall screening values are captured in the column Inpatient: Pre 8AM; these values were recorded at various times for each participant during the screening visit, not necessarily at 8AM.~Serial vital sign assessments required for inpatient visits on days 1-3, either inpatient or outpatient for days 4-7, and outpatient only for days 8-14.~Day 14 only required pre-dose vital signs measurement. Day 1 Change, Pre 8AM was prior to the first dose." (NCT02363998)
Timeframe: Day 1 to Day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Day 1 ObservedDay 2 ObservedDay 2 ChangeDay 3 ObservedDay 3 ChangeDay 4 ObservedDay 4 ChangeDay 5 ObservedDay 5 ChangeDay 6 ObservedDay 6 ChangeDay 7 ObservedDay 7 Change
Inpatient: Pre 8AM120.4112.4-10.0111.2-11.4112.4-10.3111.3-11.1112.2-10.4113.9-8.7

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Visual Analog Scale

Pain, as measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Scores are ranged from 0-10, 0 is no pain and 10 is worst possible pain. The unit of measure is units on a scale. (NCT02365961)
Timeframe: 3 Months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
FI Block2.65
Local Injection2.50

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Total Number of Episodes of Nausea and Vomiting

Occurrences of periods of nausea and vomiting (NCT02365961)
Timeframe: From end of surgery to discharge from PACU

InterventionNumber of episodes (Number)
FI Block11
Local Injection7

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Time in PACU

Measured time subjects spent in the post anesthesia care unit. (NCT02365961)
Timeframe: Duration of PACU stay in minutes from end of surgery to discharge from PACA

InterventionMinutes (Mean)
FI Block150.04
Local Injection151.59

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Opioid Consumption

Opioid consumption, as measured by narcotic usage (morphine milligram equivalents) (NCT02365961)
Timeframe: 3 Months

Interventionmorphine milligram equivalents (Mean)
FI Block26.87
Local Injection30.32

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Hospital Readmission

Number of participants that were readmitted to the hospital (NCT02365961)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
FI Block1
Local Injection2

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Duration of Sensory Block (Paresthesia)

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine and clonidine result in longer duration of sensory block (paresthesia) compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Indicated by return of normal sensation (expected average of 12 hours after block placement).

Interventionminutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group823.5
Ropivacaine Group540

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Complications Rate

The investigators expect no difference in incidence of complications (e.g. oversedation, hypotension, bradycardia episodes, etc.). (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: until study completion

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group1
Ropivacaine Group1

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Change in Anxiety Scores

The investigators hypothesize that patient postoperative anxiety scores are lower in the Ropivacaine/Clonidine group and postoperative anxiety scores decrease more in Ropivacaine /Clonidine Group, than in Ropivacaine Group. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 6 hours after block placement

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group30
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group29

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Average Pain Severity at the Umbilicus Laparoscopic Site

Numeric Rating Pain Scores ( 0-10), will be obtained every 2 hours after PACU discharge up to 18 hours or until hospital discharge, whichever occurs first. The pain score of 0, means no pain, is a good outcome , and a pain score of 10 is excruciating pain, a very bad outcome. The average of these scores will be evaluated.The pain scores will not longer be documented after the numbness went away. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Logistic regression of the 4 th pain score assessment

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine Group2
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group1.5

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Satisfaction With Pain Control From Patient

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in better satisfaction with pain control. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: Prior to hospital discharge (up to 24 hours after surgery)

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group9
Ropivacaine Group9

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Duration of Analgesia at Umbilicus Instrument Site-How Many Minutes Passed From the Time When the Blocks Where Performed Until Patient Reported Pain at Umbilicus

The investigators hypothesize that rectus sheath injections with ropivacaine/ clonidine would result in longer duration of analgesia and decreased pain scores compared to ropivacaine alone. (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: indicated by the first request for pain medication at umbilicus site

Interventionminutes (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group230
Ropivacaine Group240

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Medication Consumption

Total intravenous morphine equivalents mg/kg (NCT02439281)
Timeframe: 18 hours after surgery

Interventionmg/kg (Median)
Ropivacaine/ Clonidine Group0.20
Ropivacaine Group0.22

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Quality of Recovery (QoR-15) Scores for Patient Reported Recovery Following Surgery

The Quality of Recovery questionnaire (QoR-15) is a 15 question patient reported outcome measure used to evaluate the quality of recovery following surgical anesthesia concerning pain, physical function, and psychological factors; reported as a summative score with each question graded between 0-10 (Range:0-150) with higher scores indicating improved physical/psychological recovery or infrequent symptoms (NCT02530151)
Timeframe: Preoperative to 24 hrs. post operatively

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Preoperative QoR-15 ScoreChange in QoR-15 Score at 24 hrs. Post Op
Morphine With Clonidine123-22
Normal Saline131-20

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Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain Scores

Patients will rate their pain (0-10) on the Visual Analog Scale with higher scores for the VAS indicated elevated pain intensity reported by the patient for the indicated time point (NCT02530151)
Timeframe: Immediately preoperative (5-10 minutes before surgery), immediately postoperative (5-10 minutes after surgery), 1 hr post operatively

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Preoperative VAS Pain ScoreImmediate Post Op VAS Pain Score1 hr. Post Op VAS Pain Score
Morphine With Clonidine234
Normal Saline245

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Opioid Consumption in the Acute Postoperative Period

The total usage of opioid medication (mEq) for pain relief in the intraoperative period and again through the postoperative recovery period from arrival in the PACU through 7 days post op (NCT02530151)
Timeframe: Recorded intraoperatively, during PACU stay, 6 hours post discharge, 18 hours post discharge, 24 hours post discharge, 48 hours post discharge, and at 7 days post discharge

,
Interventionmilligram morphine equivalents (mEq) (Mean)
IntraoperativePACU6 hours Post Discharge18 hours Post Discharge24 hours Post Discharge48 hours Post Discharge7 days Post Discharge
Morphine With Clonidine57.337.05.514.519.527.750.7
Normal Saline56.040.15.313.820.035.673.8

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Narcotic Consumption

Total amount of narcotics administered as calculated in oral morphine equivalent dose immediate post operatively up to 48 hours. (NCT02543801)
Timeframe: Starting immediately post operatively up to 48 hours

Interventionmorphine equivalents (Mean)
Hip Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine48.8
Hip Cohort Ropivacaine57.4
Knee Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine52.2
Knee Cohort Ropivacaine50.0

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Length of Stay

Measured in hours (NCT02543801)
Timeframe: Start of surgery to hospital discharge up to 140 hours

InterventionHours (Mean)
Hip Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine33.8
Hip Cohort Ropivacaine50.3
Knee Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine36.0
Knee Cohort Ropivacaine38.4

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Pain Score

"Self-reported pain score 0-10 (0=no pain - 10=worst possible pain experienced) and higher scores indicate a worse outcome~Pain scores, collected every 4 hours per hospital care standards, were averaged (post-operatively up to 48 hours) to obtain individual mean pain scores and a mean score for the group was then calculated." (NCT02543801)
Timeframe: Starting post operatively and then every four hours up to 48 hours

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Hip Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine3.78
Hip Cohort Ropivacaine3.85
Knee Cohort Liposomal Bupivacaine3.3
Knee Cohort Ropivacaine3.4

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Detox Phase Completers

% of enrolled participants who completed the Detox Phase (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 3 weeks (week 1-3)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin41
Placebo34

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Vivitrol Injection Receivers

% of participants starting the NTX transition who received Vivitrol injection (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 5 days (week 4 day 1 to week 4 day 5)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin12
Placebo12

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NTX Transition Initiation

% of Participants who completed the detox and started the NTX transition (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: 3 days (wk 4 day 1 - week 4 day 3)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Gabapentin33
Placebo29

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Detoxification Phase: Changes in Percent of Illicit Opioid-positive Urine Samples Over Time

Thrice weekly urine samples obtained during weeks 1-3; data include assessments from week 1 day 1 through week 4 day 1 (up to 10 total samples per participant) (NCT02543944)
Timeframe: Week 1 day 1 (study entry) through Week 4 day 1 (first day of NTX transition)

Interventionpercentage of urine positive samples (Mean)
Gabapentin35.0
Placebo41.6

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Narcotic Use During Hospitalization

The amount of narcotic pain medication needed for patient to be comfortable. This is measured in morphine equivalents since there are many pain medications other than morphine. (NCT02570503)
Timeframe: 0-24 hours post surgery period, 24 - 48 hours post surgery period, and Full 48 hours post surgery period

,
Interventionmg morphine equivalents (Mean)
0 to 24 hour post surgery period24 to 48 hour post surgery periodFull 48 hour post surgery period
Placebo72.372.8145.7
ROP/KET/CLON/EPI/SAL58.966.5125.6

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Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements to be Semi-Formed Stools During Treatment

The percentage of incontinent bowel movements where the Bristol stool score was 5, 6 or 7. (5=soft blobs; 6=mushy, fluffy pieces; 7= watery, no solid pieces) during treatment, per self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionpercent of semi-formed stools (Mean)
Placebo67
Colesevelam and Clonidine61

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Number of Participants to Report a 50% or Greater Reduction in Weekly Fecal Incontinence (FI) Episodes

The number of participants that report a 50% or greater reduction in weekly incontinent episodes as measured by self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Placebo17
Colesevelam and Clonidine13

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Number of Semi-Formed Stools Per Week

The number of stools per week measured by self-reported bowel diaries where the Bristol stool score was 5, 6, or 7. (5=soft blobs; 6=mushy, fluffy pieces; 7= watery, no solid pieces) (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionnumber of stools per week (Mean)
Placebo1.0
Colesevelam and Clonidine1.2

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Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements During Treatment

The percentage of bowel movements that were incontinent during treatment, per self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionpercent of incontinent bowel movements (Mean)
Placebo27
Colesevelam and Clonidine28

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Total Fecal Incontinence Episodes

The total number of fecal incontinence episodes per week as measured by self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionincontinence episodes per week (Mean)
Placebo4.2
Colesevelam and Clonidine4.8

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Daily Stool Frequency

The number of bowel movements daily measured by self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionbowel movements per day (Mean)
Placebo2.4
Colesevelam and Clonidine2.1

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Delay of Bowel Movement

The time in minutes a bowel movement can be delayed after sense of urgency to defecate as measured by self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionminutes (Mean)
Placebo2.8
Colesevelam and Clonidine3.6

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Loperamide Tablets Per Week

The number of tablets of loperamide used, per self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventiontablets per week (Mean)
Placebo1.9
Colesevelam and Clonidine6

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Stool Consistency

Stool consistency as measured by self-reported bowel diaries. Expressed in terms of the Bristol Stool Form Scale, where: 1= separate hard lumps; 2= lumpy sausage-shape; 3= cracked sausage; 4= smooth and soft sausage; 5=soft blobs; 6=mushy, fluffy pieces; 7= watery, no solid pieces. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo4.1
Colesevelam and Clonidine3.2

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Severity of Fecal Incontinence

Measured by the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI). It is a validated 4-item scale used to assess the frequency (never, 1-3 times a month, once a week, 2 or more times per week but not daily, once a day, 2 or more times per day) of 4 different types of FI (gas, mucus, liquid stool, solid stool). Each of the four types of FI is awarded a number of points, depending on the frequency at which that type of incontinence is experienced. The points are totaled and the scores can range from 0 to 61, where the higher the score, the higher the perceived severity of the fecal incontinence. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo28
Colesevelam and Clonidine22

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Severity of Bowel Symptoms

The Fecal Incontinence Symptom Severity (FISS) score is based on five questions; (1) the frequency of FI; (2) the type of FI (stool only, liquid or mucus only, both liquid/mucus and stool, or gas only); (3) the amount of stool leaked (small, moderate, or large); (4) the frequency of having to rush to the toilet; and (5) the frequency of having stool leak without warning. Questions 4 & 5 are merged to determine if the participant has passive FI (FI without warning), urge FI, both, or neither. The responses to the questions are assigned physician-derived weights and added together for a total score of 4 to 13. The higher the score the more severe the FI symptoms. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Placebo6
Colesevelam and Clonidine4.6

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Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements to be Semi-Formed Stools Pre-Treatment

The percentage of incontinent bowel movements where the Bristol stool score was 5, 6 or 7. (5=soft blobs; 6=mushy, fluffy pieces; 7= watery, no solid pieces), pre-treatment, per self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionpercent of semi-formed stools (Mean)
Placebo61
Colesevelam and Clonidine76

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Percent of Incontinent Bowel Movements Pre-treatment

The percentage of bowel movements that were incontinent prior to treatment initiation, per self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: baseline

Interventionpercent of incontinent bowel movements (Mean)
Placebo45
Colesevelam and Clonidine40

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Volume of Fecal Incontinence

The volume of fecal incontinence measured as the number of incontinent episodes per week as categorized by small (staining only), moderate (requiring change of underwear) or large (requiring change of all clothes) in self-reported bowel diaries. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,
Interventionincontinent episodes per week (Mean)
Small (staining only)Moderate (requires change of underwear)Large (requires complete change of clothes
Colesevelam and Clonidine3.32.02.4
Placebo2.40.91.3

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Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FI-QoL)

The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire measures specific quality of life issues expected to affect patients with fecal incontinence. The questions are grouped into four categories: lifestyle (10 questions), coping (9 questions), depression (7 questions), and embarrassment (3 questions). Each category is scored from 1 to 4. The scale scores are calculated by adding the numerical values of all responses in that specific scale and then dividing by its number of items. Higher scores indicate a better quality of life. (NCT02628626)
Timeframe: 4 weeks

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Lifestyle scoreCoping scoreDepression ScoreEmbarrassment score
Colesevelam and Clonidine2.72.13.12.5
Placebo2.72.03.12.6

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Change From Baseline to Day 84 (Week 12) in Numeric Pain Rating Scale Score

"The Numeric Pain Rating Scale is a single reading that measures the patients interpretation of their pain on a scale from 0, no pain to 10, worst pain imaginable. The change from baseline can range from -10 to 10. The change from Baseline (averaged over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (averaged over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days]) in the Numeric Pain Rating Scale score assessing the average pain in the past 24 hours in the painful areas of the feet averaged over Days 78 to 84 compared to the 7 days at the Baseline Phase (Days -14 to -8). For the primary efficacy endpoint, the mean change in pain intensity from Baseline to Week 12 was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline pain intensity score serving as a covariate. The statistical model also included treatment, site, site by treatment interaction, and strata. If the site by treatment interaction term was not significant at the 0.1 level, then it was excluded from the model." (NCT02643251)
Timeframe: The change from Baseline (averaged over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (averaged over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days])

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine Hydrochloride Topical Gel, 0.1%-1.2
Clonidine Hydrochloride Gel Comparator-1.4

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Mean Daily Worst Pain Intensity Numeric Pain Rating Scale Scores

"The Numeric Pain Rating Scale is a single reading that measures the patients interpretation of their pain on a scale from 0, no pain to 10, worst pain imaginable. The change from baseline can range from -10 to 10. The change from Baseline (worse score from Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (worse score during Days 78 to 84 [±3 days]) in the Numeric Pain Rating Scale score assessing the worse pain in the past 24 hours in the painful areas of the feet from Days 78 to 84 compared to the 7 days at the Baseline Phase (Days -14 to -8). For the primary efficacy endpoint, the mean change in pain intensity from Baseline to Week 12 was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with the Baseline pain intensity score serving as a covariate. The statistical model also included treatment, site, site by treatment interaction, and strata. If the site by treatment interaction term was not significant at the 0.1 level, then it was excluded from the model." (NCT02643251)
Timeframe: The change from Baseline (worse over Day -14 to Day -8) to End-of-Treatment (worse over Days 78 to 84 [±3 days])

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Clonidine Hydrochloride Topical Gel, 0.1%-1.29
Clonidine Hydrochloride Gel Comparator-1.48

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Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at the Time of Disposition

"Opiate withdrawal scale score for all patients who received medication by one hour~The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item scale, ranging from 0 to 48 (5- 12 = mild; 13-24 = moderate; 25-36 = moderately severe; more than 36 = severe withdrawal).~This tool can be used to reproducibly rate common signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal and monitor these symptoms over time. The summed score for the complete scale can be used to help clinicians determine the stage or severity of opiate withdrawal and assess the level of physical dependence on opioids. The 11 items on the scale include scores rate the following symptoms: pulse rate, GI upset, sweating, tremor, restlessness, yawning, pupil size, anxiety, bone or joint aches, gooseflesh skin, runny nose." (NCT02643355)
Timeframe: Time of Disposition (on average within 6 hours)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine4.3
Clonidine3.6

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Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at 1 Hour Post Medication

"Opiate withdrawal scale score for all patients who received medication by one hour~The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item scale, ranging from 0 to 48 (5- 12 = mild; 13-24 = moderate; 25-36 = moderately severe; more than 36 = severe withdrawal).~This tool can be used to reproducibly rate common signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal and monitor these symptoms over time. The summed score for the complete scale can be used to help clinicians determine the stage or severity of opiate withdrawal and assess the level of physical dependence on opioids. The 11 items on the scale include scores rate the following symptoms: pulse rate, GI upset, sweating, tremor, restlessness, yawning, pupil size, anxiety, bone or joint aches, gooseflesh skin, runny nose." (NCT02643355)
Timeframe: At 1 hour

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine5.3
Clonidine6.7

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Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale Score at 2 Hours Post Medication

"Opiate withdrawal scale score for all patients who received medication by one hour~The Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) is an 11-item scale, ranging from 0 to 48 (5- 12 = mild; 13-24 = moderate; 25-36 = moderately severe; more than 36 = severe withdrawal).~This tool can be used to reproducibly rate common signs and symptoms of opiate withdrawal and monitor these symptoms over time. The summed score for the complete scale can be used to help clinicians determine the stage or severity of opiate withdrawal and assess the level of physical dependence on opioids. The 11 items on the scale include scores rate the following symptoms: pulse rate, GI upset, sweating, tremor, restlessness, yawning, pupil size, anxiety, bone or joint aches, gooseflesh skin, runny nose." (NCT02643355)
Timeframe: 2 hours

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Olanzapine4.8
Clonidine3.7

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Number of Participants That Received Rescue Medication for Withdrawal Symptoms Within 1 Hour

Rescue Medication (additional medications given for symptoms) within 1 hour of medication administration (NCT02643355)
Timeframe: 1 Hour

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Olanzapine9
Clonidine19

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Intraocular Pressure (IOP)

(NCT02733757)
Timeframe: Within 10 minutes before the surgery procedure

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Sub-Tenon's Group Control18
Sub-Tenon's Group Clonidine16
Peribulbar Group Control19
Peribulbar Group Clonidine16

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Post-operative Pain the First 24hrs

To determine whether the use of a CNB in patients undergoing penile prosthesis surgery results in decreased immediate postoperative pain in the first 24 hours after surgery compared with patients having only general anesthesia as determined by postop pain score. The mean, median and max pain will be assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The NRS is scored by numeric integers, 0 through 10. The NRS will be used verbally. Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), patients are asked to circle the number between 0 and 10 that fits best to their pain intensity. Zero usually represents 'no pain at all' whereas the upper limit represents 'the worst pain ever possible' (NCT02740127)
Timeframe: 24 hours

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Min Pain within 24hrsMedian Pain within 24 hrsMax Pain within 24 hrs
General Anesthesia and Caudal Nerve Block1.16673.08336.125
General Anesthesia Only0.92863.71436.7857

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Post-Operative Pain Medication Usage in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU)

Pain evaluated by the amount of intravenous and oral pain medicine administered in the first 24 hours post-operatively. Pain assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS). The NRS is scored by numeric integers, 0 through 10, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the worst pain. (NCT02740127)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Interventionmg (Mean)
General Anesthesia and Caudal Nerve Block13.0208
General Anesthesia Only15.1786

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Length of Hospital Stay

To determine whether the use of a CNB in patients undergoing penile prosthesis surgery results in a decreased length of hospital stay compared with patients having only general anesthesia. (NCT02740127)
Timeframe: 32 Hours

InterventionHours (Mean)
General Anesthesia and Caudal Nerve Block24.8424
General Anesthesia Only24.9506

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Post-operative Axillary Pain

Post-operative ambulatory surgery subjects will be asked 6 hours after block placement about the presence of axillary pain at rest. Numerical Rating Scale scores (0-10) will be recorded with 0= no pain, 10=most pain possible. Higher scores denotes worse outcome. (NCT02741713)
Timeframe: 6 hours post-block.

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Interscalene Block Plus Sham Block3
Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks0

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Time From Block Placement to Onset of Axillary Pain

Time self-reported by patients in the Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks group during data collection phone call at 24 hours post-block. (NCT02741713)
Timeframe: Assessed 24hrs post-block in hours

InterventionHours (Mean)
Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks16.7

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Total Opioid Usage

Recorded in oxycodone equivalents in the first 24 hours post-discharge from the PACU. (NCT02741713)
Timeframe: Assessed 24hrs post-block in mg

Interventionmg (Mean)
Interscalene Block Plus Sham Block31.6
Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks26.9

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Numerical Rating Scale Pain Scores (0-10) at Rest

Subjects were asked about their overall shoulder pain during the followup phone call at 24hrs post-block. Numerical Rating Scale scores (0-10) will be recorded with 0= no pain, 10=most pain possible. Higher scores denotes worse outcome. (NCT02741713)
Timeframe: Assessed 24hrs post-block on a scale from 0-10.

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Interscalene Block Plus Sham Block6
Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks6

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Percentage of Participants With Episodes of Nausea or Vomiting

Any episodes during the first 24 hours will be recorded as a yes. (NCT02741713)
Timeframe: Assessed 24hrs post-block (yes/no)

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Interscalene Block Plus Sham Block39
Interscalene Plus PECS Blocks37

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Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Repeated Chair Stand Test.

"The Repeated Chair Stand Test is a timed test based on the ability of the participant to perform a series of standing exercises.~This test is germane to subjects with total joint replacement that are easily performed in the clinical settings. The test will capture the domains of muscle strength and activation, and balance." (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post-operation

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)12.34
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)11.93

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Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Self-Selected Gait Speed Test.

"The Self-Selected Gait Speed Test is a timed test based on the ability of the participant to walk a 4 meter distance.~This test is germane to subjects with total joint replacement that are easily performed in the clinical settings. The test captures the ability to walk." (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post-operation

Interventionmeters per second (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)0.88
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)0.94

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Performed-based Physical Function is Assessed Using the Standing Balance Test.

"The Standing Balance Test score based on the ability of the participant to perform a series of standing exercises. Scores range from 0 to 4, with 4 indicating a longer time holding the stand (a better outcome).~This test is germane to subjects with total joint replacement that are easily performed in the clinical settings. The test will capture the domains of muscle strength and activation, and balance." (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post-operation

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)3.86
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)3.94

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SF-MPQ2 Continuous Pain Subscore Difference From Baseline

Continuous pain subscore difference of Post-Operative Day 1 value minus the Baseline value. Differences can range from -10 to +10. Negative scores indicate a decrease in pain. (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Operative day after surgery (7AM-9AM EST)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)-2.29
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)0.33

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Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale (QoR-15) Total Score

Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale, total score 0-150, 150 reflecting a perfect score and better recovery. (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: 6 weeks post-operation

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)128.89
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)130.06

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Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (Version 2) Total Score Difference From Baseline

SF-MPQ version 2 total score difference of Post-Operative Day 1 value minus the Baseline value. Differences can range from -10 to +10. Negative scores indicate a decrease in pain. (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Operative day after surgery (7AM-9AM EST)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)-1.85
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)-0.05

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SF-MPQ2 Intermittent Pain Subscore Difference From Baseline

Intermittent pain subscore difference of Post-Operative Day 1 value minus the Baseline value. Differences can range from -10 to +10. Negative scores indicate a decrease in pain. (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: Baseline, Post-Operative day after surgery (7AM-9AM EST)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)-2.79
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)-1.14

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Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale (QoR-15) Total Score

Quality of Recovery 15 Item Scale, total score 0-150, 150 reflecting a perfect score and better recovery. (NCT02891798)
Timeframe: Day after surgery (7AM-9AM EST)

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Bupivacaine + BCD (Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone)106.08
Bupivacaine Only (Control Arm)90.13

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Itching

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block0
Quadratus Lumborum Block4

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Itching

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block2
Quadratus Lumborum Block3

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Total Opioid Consumption

Total opioids consumed during the first 24hrs post operatively. Measured as 24hr Oxycodone Equivalent (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionmilligrams (Mean)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block19.7
Quadratus Lumborum Block25.2

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Time to First Oral Analgesic

When does the patient require their first post operative analgesic dose? (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionminutes (Median)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block141
Quadratus Lumborum Block91

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Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Movement

Assessed on an 11-point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome. (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block5.10
Quadratus Lumborum Block5.03

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Post-operative Verbal Pain Score With Activity

Assessed on an 11 point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block4.9
Quadratus Lumborum Block5.3

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Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest

Assessed on an 11-point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block3.6
Quadratus Lumborum Block3.3

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Post-operative Verbal Pain Score at Rest

Assessed on an 11 point (0-10) numeric analog scale with a higher score denoting a worse outcome (NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block3
Quadratus Lumborum Block2.7

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Vomiting

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block3
Quadratus Lumborum Block3

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Vomiting

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block3
Quadratus Lumborum Block2

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Nausea

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 8 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block9
Quadratus Lumborum Block5

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Number of Participants With Presence of Opioid Related Side Effects--Nausea

(NCT03007966)
Timeframe: 24 hrs Post Nerve Block

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Ilioinguinal / Iliohypogastric Block6
Quadratus Lumborum Block3

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Number of Patients Reporting Nausea at Home

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess if they had any side effects of the adjuvants such as nausea, vomiting or itching. There blood pressure is looked at pre-op and compared to post-op. Any prolonged PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit) stay for sedation is recorded. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine4
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine9
Ropivacaine + Clonidine2
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone3

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Number of Patients Reporting Itching in the PACU

Patients itching was assessed post-op in the PACU. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op day 0 (baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine2
Ropivacaine + Clonidine6
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone3

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Number of Patients Reporting Itching at Home

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess if they had any side effects of the adjuvants such as nausea, vomiting or itching. There blood pressure is looked at pre-op and compared to post-op. Any prolonged PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit) stay for sedation is recorded. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine1
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine2
Ropivacaine + Clonidine2
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone0

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Motor Duration of Block

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when motor component of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Interventionminutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine1120
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine1198
Ropivacaine + Clonidine1090
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone1143.5

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Number of Patient With Blood Pressure Changes in the Second Stage Recovery Area

Blood pressure changes in Second Stage Recovery Area for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine1
Ropivacaine + Clonidine5
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone0

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Number of Patients Reporting Nausea in the PACU

PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) assessment of nausea (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op day 0 (Baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine4
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine9
Ropivacaine + Clonidine2
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone9

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Number of Patients Vomiting in the PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit)

Vomiting in PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (Baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine0
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine1
Ropivacaine + Clonidine0
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone0

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Pain Score Reported by Patients at First Phone Call

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess pain. Pain score is 0-10 scale with 0 is no pain and 10 is most severe pain. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Interventionunits on a scale (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine4
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine4
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone3

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Patient Reporting Vomiting at Home

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess if they had any side effects of the adjuvants such as nausea, vomiting or itching. There blood pressure is looked at pre-op and compared to post-op. Any prolonged PACU (Post Anesthesia Care Unit) stay for sedation is recorded. (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine0
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine2
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone1

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Sensory Duration of Block

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when the sensory component of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day 1-3

Interventionminutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine923.5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine982
Ropivacaine + Clonidine940.5
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone1066

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Duration of Analgesia

Patients are called 1-3 days post-operatively to assess when the analgesia of their nerve block wore off (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: 1-3 days post-operative

Interventionminutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine911
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine1026.5
Ropivacaine + Clonidine1181
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone982

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Surgical Length

Surgical length was recorded (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post op Day 0 (Baseline)

Interventionminutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine68.5
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine65
Ropivacaine + Clonidine73.5
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone71

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Surgical Position

Surgical position was recorded (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (Baseline)

,,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Beach ChairLateralSupine
Plain Ropivacaine3820
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine3163
Ropivacaine + Clonidine3172
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone3262

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Number of Patients With Blood Pressure (BP) Changes in the PACU

Blood pressure changes in PACU (Post-Anesthesia Care Unit) for patients was looked at (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Post-op Day 0 (baseline)

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Plain Ropivacaine8
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine7
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone2

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Block Set up Time

Patients are assessed from needle removal to when they are no longer able to feel cold on the blocked extremity (NCT03117140)
Timeframe: Day one

Interventionminutes (Median)
Plain Ropivacaine6
Ropivacaine + Buprenorphine3
Ropivacaine + Clonidine6
Ropivacaine + Dexamethasone4.5

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Readmission Rate

Number of patients readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of hospital discharge or discontinuation of phenobarbital. (NCT03670160)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until 30 days after hospital discharge or discontinuation of phenobarbital, up to 6 months

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Phenobarbital0
Clonidine0

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Number of Patients Requiring Triple Therapy

Number of patients requiring a third agent to control withdrawal symptoms (NCT03670160)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until hospital discharge, up to 4 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Phenobarbital4
Clonidine10

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Time From Initiation of Adjunctive Therapy Until Hospital Discharge

Number of days from initiation of adjunctive therapy until hospital discharge (NCT03670160)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until hospital discharge, up to 4 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Phenobarbital20
Clonidine33.8

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Length of Stay

Number of days of hospital admission (NCT03670160)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until hospital discharge, up to 4 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Phenobarbital31
Clonidine41.78

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Length of Oral Morphine Sulfate Therapy

Number of days of oral morphine sulfate therapy (NCT03670160)
Timeframe: From date of randomization until hospital discharge, up to 4 months

InterventionDays (Mean)
Phenobarbital25.45
Clonidine34.36

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Narcotics Use as Assessed by Morphine Equivalents Consumed

morphine equivalents consumed during the entire post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) visit post surgery will be obtained from the All-scripts electronic medical record (EMR) system. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: Entire post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) visit post surgery, PACU range 1 hr to 12 hrs post surgery

Interventionmilligrams (mg) (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade14.8
Adductor Canal Blockade16.0

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 4 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.83
Adductor Canal Blockade2.87

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 5 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.97
Adductor Canal Blockade3.06

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 7 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.83
Adductor Canal Blockade2.81

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 8 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.84
Adductor Canal Blockade2.57

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 9 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.91
Adductor Canal Blockade2.41

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 10 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2
Adductor Canal Blockade2.53

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 3 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.65
Adductor Canal Blockade3.23

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 1 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade0.81
Adductor Canal Blockade0.8

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Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test

The straight leg raise assessment was performed in a standardized long-sitting position with well-knee flexed to 90 degrees. Patients were asked to complete 30 repetitions of straight leg raises with a small bolster supporting the heel using the following criteria; (1) perform with no visible quad lag (2) reach the height of the opposite tibial tubercle and (3) maintain a controlled rate of 30 hertz for the ascending and descending phases. The examination was only performed on the surgical limb and the absolute number of successful repetitions is reported. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 14

Interventionnumber of repetitions (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade23.3
Adductor Canal Blockade24.2

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Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test

The straight leg raise assessment was performed in a standardized long-sitting position with well-knee flexed to 90 degrees. Patients were asked to complete 30 repetitions of straight leg raises with a small bolster supporting the heel using the following criteria; (1) perform with no visible quad lag (2) reach the height of the opposite tibial tubercle and (3) maintain a controlled rate of 30 hertz for the ascending and descending phases. The examination was only performed on the surgical limb and the absolute number of successful repetitions is reported. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 1

Interventionnumber of repetitions (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade3.2
Adductor Canal Blockade6.2

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 6 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade2.63
Adductor Canal Blockade3.03

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Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (sEMG)

Quadriceps muscle activation was examined using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the vastus medialis oblique muscle. Peak sEMG activity was recorded in microvolts (uV) on the surgical and contralateral limbs while performing five maximal effort isometric contractions in full knee extension--the reported values are equal to the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the contralateral limb minus the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the surgical limb. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 1

Interventionmicrovolts (uV) (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade266.5
Adductor Canal Blockade212.5

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Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (EMG)

Quadriceps muscle activation was examined using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the vastus medialis oblique muscle. Peak sEMG activity was recorded in microvolts (uV) on the surgical and contralateral limbs while performing five maximal effort isometric contractions in full knee extension--the reported values are equal to the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the contralateral limb minus the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the surgical limb. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: Post-operative day 14

Interventionmicrovolts (uV) (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade183.2
Adductor Canal Blockade126.5

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Quadriceps Muscle Activation as Assessed by Surface Electromyography (EMG)

Quadriceps muscle activation was examined using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the vastus medialis oblique muscle. Peak sEMG activity was recorded in microvolts (uV) on the surgical and contralateral limbs while performing five maximal effort isometric contractions in full knee extension--the reported values are equal to the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the contralateral limb minus the quadriceps sEMG in uV of the surgical limb. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post operative

Interventionmicrovolts (uV) (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade109.1
Adductor Canal Blockade94.1

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Number of Successful Repetitions With Straight Leg Raise Test

The straight leg raise assessment was performed in a standardized long-sitting position with well-knee flexed to 90 degrees. Patients were asked to complete 30 repetitions of straight leg raises with a small bolster supporting the heel using the following criteria; (1) perform with no visible quad lag (2) reach the height of the opposite tibial tubercle and (3) maintain a controlled rate of 30 hertz for the ascending and descending phases. The examination was only performed on the surgical limb and the absolute number of successful repetitions is reported. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 4 weeks post operative

Interventionnumber of repetitions (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade29.7
Adductor Canal Blockade30

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Postoperative Pain Control as Assessed by a Numeric Pain Rating Scale

The items are scored on a visual analogical scale from 0-10, with 0 being the better outcome. (NCT03704376)
Timeframe: 2 hr post surgery

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Femoral Nerve Blockade1.78
Adductor Canal Blockade2.13

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Average Daily Dose of Oral Morphine Over Hospital Stay

The average daily dose of morphine used throughout study period in mg/kg/day (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventionmg/kg/day (Mean)
Clonidine0.4
Placebo0.4

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Duration of Hospital Stay

Number of days spent in the hospital (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventiondays (Mean)
Clonidine32.4
Placebo31.6

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Duration of Pharmacotherapy for NAS

The length of time in days from the initiation of pharmacotherapy on day 1 until the medication has been stopped (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventiondays (Mean)
Clonidine30.2
Placebo25.6

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Maximum Dose of Morphine Used

The maximum dose of morphine in mg/kg used for symptom control (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventionmg/kg (Mean)
Clonidine0.11
Placebo0.10

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Total Number of Episodes of Blood Pressure (mm of Hg) Variability

Number of episodes of hypotension (blood pressure < 5th percentile for age) and hypertension (blood pressure > 95th percentile for age) (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventionepisodes (Number)
Clonidine0
Placebo0

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Total Number of Episodes of Heart Rate Variability (Heart Beats/Min)

Number of episodes of bradycardia (Heart rate < 60/min for a minimum of 20 seconds and not associated with apnea or signs of reflux such as emesis, regurgitation of milk into the mouth or nose, arching while feeding, number of episodes of tachycardia (Heart rate > 200/min) and not related to pain and/or agitation (NCT03762317)
Timeframe: From beginning of morphine therapy during NICU admission until discharge from the hospital, up to 100 days

Interventionevents (Number)
Clonidine0
Placebo0

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Time of Last Measurable Concentration (AUC0-t)

Areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the time of last measurable concentration (AUC0-t) (NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions12.1333
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions12.2450
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions12.4540

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Time to Maximum Plasma Concentration (Tmax)

Time to peak plasma concentration (h) collection time at which Cmax is first observed. (NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionhours (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions4.2678
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions4.3367
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions4.5344

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Occurrence of Adverse Events (AEs)

Number of Subjects dosed for each Treatment groups: Treatment A = 15 subjects dosed; Treatment B = 16 subjects dosed; Treatment C = 15 subjects dosed (NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Total from occurrences assessed daily after each dosing for Periods 1-3, as well as end of study (22 days)

Interventionadverse events (Number)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions3
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions13
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions14

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Mean Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

The peak exposure plasma concentrations (Cmax) of lofexidine were observed and measured. (NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Mean from Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions0.6984
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions0.7275
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions0.6977

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First-order Terminal Rate Constant (λz)

(NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Mean from Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionh^-1 (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions0.0549
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions0.0524
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions0.0524

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First-order Terminal Half-life (T½)

(NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Mean from Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionhours (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions13.5577
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions13.4681
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions13.5008

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time Infinity (AUC0-∞)

(NCT04188730)
Timeframe: Mean from Day 1 through Day 3 for Periods I, II, III.

Interventionh·ng/mL (Mean)
Treatment A: Lofexidine Granules - Fasted Conditions14.9643
Treatment B: LUCEMYRA Tablets - Fasted Conditions14.7229
Treatment C: Lofexidine Granules - Fed Conditions14.9004

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetylcarnitine
Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.		3.1410O-acylcarnitinehuman metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene
Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes		allergen;
epitope;
sensitiser
alpha-ketoglutaric acid
2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.		210oxo dicarboxylic acidfundamental metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid
3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.		1.9610benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid		antifungal agent;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		15.731494amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		1.9810monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
aminolevulinic acid
Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.		1.99104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
delta-amino acid		antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		6.75470hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		4.4870monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.		7.8940aldehydecarcinogenic agent;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
electron acceptor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
teratogenic agent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
adenine
[no description available]		3.39706-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		7.93490guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		2.4520azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		3.6190acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.7230benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.4420benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.4160amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
butyric acid
Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.		1.9710fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		4.1650amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide
Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.		3.4211carbon oxide;
gas molecular entity;
one-carbon compound		biomarker;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
ligand;
metabolite;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
neurotransmitter;
P450 inhibitor;
probe;
signalling molecule;
vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid
Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.		2.8940amino acid;
hydroxylamines;
monocarboxylic acid		anticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
carnitine
[no description available]		3.1250amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
catechol
[no description available]		8.8340catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.3820alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
choline
[no description available]		5.61240cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		2.6830tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		6.19331halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.4120chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		3.1350coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
cuminaldehyde
cuminaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is benzaldehyde substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4. It is a component of essential oils from Cumin and exhibits insecticidal activities.		2.0510benzaldehydesinsecticide;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
2-cresol
2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.		2.0310cresolhuman xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		5.51151monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		7.110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde
2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.		1.9610amino aldehyde;
omega-aminoaldehyde		Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.6930trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
octanoic acid
octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.		3.3811medium-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		2.1310gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		13.03492aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-chlorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810monochlorobenzoic aciddrug metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid
2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.		1.9610amino dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite;
mammalian metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid
2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.		210diamino acid;
gamma-amino acid;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
phosphoglycolate
phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.		1.9610carboxyalkyl phosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		6.45242catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.2550amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
fosmidomycin
fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine
[no description available]		9.341glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
cytosine
[no description available]		2.0110aminopyrimidine;
pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine
[no description available]		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion		fundamental metabolite
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		8.831842-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.7330sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0610ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		4.54240aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.		1.9610chlorocyclohexane
glycine
[no description available]		4.96120alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.420aldotriosefundamental metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		6.48252alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid
[no description available]		2.0410glycerol monophosphatealgal metabolite;
human metabolite
glycolic acid
glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.		2.03102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
primary alcohol		keratolytic drug;
metabolite
hydrogen carbonate
Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.		4.88110carbon oxoanioncofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine
[no description available]		10.43845aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		9.4551elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.7630benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
imidazole
imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.		4.78100imidazole
indole
[no description available]		2.0310indole;
polycyclic heteroarene		Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid
indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.		2.0310indole-3-acetic acids;
monocarboxylic acid		auxin;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		6.9710diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		10.01561hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
racepinephrine
Racepinephrine: A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.. 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol : A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.		1.9910catecholamine
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		1.9710aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		1.9810piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		210dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.6930alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		2.4520cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		14.26398acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
croton oil
[no description available]		2.6830N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene
[no description available]		210naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.3920metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.420pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		5.06130pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		5.2290monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.3970monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		11.512918gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-octanol
1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.		2.4220octanol;
primary alcohol		antifungal agent;
bacterial metabolite;
fuel additive;
kairomone;
plant metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		1.9610alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.4120aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.46204-nitrophenolshuman xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
triphosphoric acid
triphosphoric acid: used as water softener, peptizing agent, emulsifier & dispersing agent; ingredient of cleansers; meat preservative; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.4811acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride;
phosphorus oxoacid
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		1.9710long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		7.2890phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phenethylamine
phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.		2.3720alkaloid;
aralkylamine;
phenylethylamine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		1.9610phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
porphobilinogen
[no description available]		1.9910aralkylamino compound;
dicarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		Escherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propylene glycol
Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.		2.4120glycol;
propane-1,2-diols		allergen;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
protic solvent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9710propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
putrescine
[no description available]		2.420alkane-alpha,omega-diamineantioxidant;
fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		4.2750monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.150methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		4.0540hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		1.9710pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		1.9710divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		1.9610divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermidine
[no description available]		210polyazaalkane;
triamine		autophagy inducer;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
spermine
[no description available]		210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0410alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
taurine
[no description available]		7.6830amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		6.4990primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine
[no description available]		2.4320pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9710methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
tryptamine
[no description available]		4.0140aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.6930pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		2.8740uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		5.79122isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0510benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine
2,3-dichloro-alpha-methylbenzylamine: inhibitor of phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.6530
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.		4.06150non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidNMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0950tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		6.13410phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		3.6230non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bremazocine
[no description available]		2.4620
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		3.3870amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source		2.6830
ibotenic acid
Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.		3.5830non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidneurotoxin
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		3.5890benzenes;
organic amino compound
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		7.41221catecholamine
octoclothepine
octoclothepine: major tranquilizer with action similar to those of the phenothiazines; used in schizophrenic & manic psychoses; minor decriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOTHIEPINS (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710dibenzothiepine
sk&f-38393
2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393		3.99140benzazepine;
catechols;
secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		5.97902-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
huperzine a
huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.		2.1110quinolone
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		4.430p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets		1.9810
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.9140oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		5.71112monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		8.4980methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole
1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.		1.9710imidazoles
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		210oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.0610chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2-hydroxysaclofen
2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source		2.4220organochlorine compound
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		3.4611benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		9.5891amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.8740phenols
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		1.9710monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.9240oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		1.9710
4-aminobenzamidine
4-aminobenzamidine: a urokinase inhibitor; inhibits acrosin; structure given in first source		2.6930
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		4.92140aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.		3.0950quaternary ammonium ioncholinergic antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		8.89263guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		7.5270imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid
5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid: potent antagonist at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-associated glycine binding site		1.9810quinolines
5-dimethylamiloride
5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity		1.9910
ethylisopropylamiloride
ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.		2.420aromatic amine;
guanidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
neuroprotective agent;
sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		3.110tryptamines
5-hydroxydecanoate
5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd		2.4220medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		14.44384indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-fluoronorepinephrine
6-fluoronorepinephrine: agonist for activation of alpha & beta adrenergic-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.2260catechols
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		3.520
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats		2.110oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline
8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist		4.4570
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		6.29331acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		11.98231aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acephate
acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.		2.0610mixed diacylamine;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phosphoramide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		11.1486acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		9.79317monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.0740acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine
methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.		2.0410acetate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		bronchoconstrictor agent;
cholinergic agonist;
epitope;
muscarinic agonist;
vasodilator agent
ethacridine
Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.		2.0110acridines
afloqualone
[no description available]		1.9710organic molecular entity
alachlor
alachlor : An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.		2.0610aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.5920alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		3.8630aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		11.89530phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		4.26501,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		4.140monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alminoprofen
alminoprofen: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alminoprofen : A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.		2.0610amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		4.960imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine
alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd without stereoisomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6004		1.9610monocarboxylic acid
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6530
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		13385organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		4.72300secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.8530triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride
[no description available]		210aluminium coordination entity
am 251
AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.		2.7330amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
organoiodine compound;
pyrazoles		antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		13.89242adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.4520aromatic amine
amfenac
amfenac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. amfenac : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group and a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and 3, respectively. The corresponding carboxamide, nepafenac, is a prodrug of amfenac and is used for the treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery.		2.0610amino acid;
benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		3.830acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.8530diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.9640dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		3.360guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		4.0440N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		9.481012dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		5.281601-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		2.420aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		12.13626carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		2.0210monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		7.62171dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		3.2560barbiturates
amodiaquine
Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.		1.9910aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
amosulalol
amosulalol: RN given is for mono-HCl; structure given in first source		2.3720sulfonamide
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		3.8430dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.7430acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.0640nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.3920methoxybenzenes
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.6830N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
antazoline
Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		3.0950aromatic amine;
imidazolines;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.0510anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		4.27180pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0510acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		19.4638889dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
aprindine
Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0510indanes
arcaine
arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.		3.1450guanidines
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		8.3570enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
arotinolol
arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer		2.3720aromatic amide;
thiophenes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		13.496810benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		4.6280benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		12.456615ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
atrazine
[no description available]		2.4520chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.5470aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.1250monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azosemide
azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide;
tetrazoles;
thiophenes		loop diuretic
azepexole
[no description available]		8.52392
baclofen
[no description available]		16.9614121amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.9340barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		4.42220(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.8730indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendiocarb
bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient		2.0510benzodioxoles;
carbamate ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		4.330benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benextramine
benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		9.22180
benoxathian
benoxathian: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		3.0850
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		3.83120carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
bentazone
bentazone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bentazone : A benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.		2.0610benzothiadiazineenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
benzamide
benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.		2.0410benzamides
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.1401-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.0510benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid amideantiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		2.9440pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		3.77110alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
bethanidine
Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.		7.61121guanidinesadrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
betaxolol
[no description available]		12.45212propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		9.79100carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.7230propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.2650(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.7230biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		4.4160piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.5820diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		210
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		5.36100secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.5220aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bretylium
bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.4220quaternary ammonium ionadrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
brimonidine
[no description available]		3.93130imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		3.470organic molecular entity
bromhexine
Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).		2.4520organobromine compound;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		mucolytic
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.7230organic molecular entity
bu 224
BU 224: a selective imidazoline 2-receptor blocker		3.1150quinolines
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.730aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		10.06130amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		3.69100quinazolines
bunitrolol
bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate		2.0410aromatic ether
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		20.29266165aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.8940aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		8.36322azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.6680methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.4520barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine
[no description available]		11.8979purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		11.131554aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.7330monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.0810benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		4.0320bornane monoterpenoid;
cyclic monoterpene ketone		plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		3.8221biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.7550benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		13.42627dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbazochrome
carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename		2.0410
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510benzenes
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		4.0440monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran
Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.39201-benzofurans;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nematicide
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		4.2550carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		3.360N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.0510carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		7.9340quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		10.15141carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		5.7861organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		2.3720aromatic ketone
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		4.3960ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		2.6730aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.9540benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		4.4870aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.5370aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.5820diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		9.4334benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		4.07401,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.15140aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		7.17113benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxine
chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.		2.0410monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal drug;
antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		10.3170monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		12.96921organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.92110monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpropham
Chlorpropham: A carbamate that is used as an herbicide and as a plant growth regulator.. chlorpropham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		12.265221isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		4.26501,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cifenline
[no description available]		2.9240diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.4520cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
cilostazol
[no description available]		3.2310lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		9.68882aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
eucalyptol
[no description available]		2.0510
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.7330cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4520cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		7.45211aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		5.45630aromatic ether
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		8.72100benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		11.412202-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		3.5990amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.4870monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.71301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.7330monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		4.6680aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.5920tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		9.63342dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		9.542321,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
cloperastine
cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510diarylmethane
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		4.06401,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.6680conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cromolyn
cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.		2.4320chromones;
dicarboxylic acid		anti-asthmatic drug;
calcium channel blocker
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors		2.4120
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.4520carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		6.3362carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.8630organic molecular entity
cycloleucine
Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.		2.3820non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acidEC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide
cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.		4.8342benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		10.2355piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cystamine
[no description available]		4.22180organic disulfide;
primary amino compound		EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		10.57201hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi
DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.420indolesfluorochrome
dapsone
[no description available]		4.4160substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		8.07140carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		4.140acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		13.262314dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		3.28601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
nonivamide
nonivamide: has effect on sensory neurons. nonivamide : A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.		6.9810capsaicinoid;
phenols		lachrymator
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		10.31831primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		3.3160alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		18.77200391,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazinon
Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
pyrimidines		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		10.96851benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dichlobanil
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile : A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
nitrile		agrochemical;
cellulose synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		8.51265amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.6730benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.1510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.5820dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.5420carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510benzoic acids
diethylcarbamazine
Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.		2.3920N-carbamoylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.5120pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0410benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.5270monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep
Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.		6.9710benzoate ester;
diazepane;
diester;
methoxybenzenes		cardioprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dimaprit
Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.		7.8940imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.5920dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		11.19250ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		6.0684ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		4.1850piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		4.83100monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.680organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron
Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.06103-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea;
dichlorobenzene		environmental contaminant;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
photosystem-II inhibitor;
urea herbicide;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		15.57392branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		4.94380
p-chloroamphetamine
p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.		4.1650
thiorphan
Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.		4.921N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		5.18150benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		6.98350aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
adtn
ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.6530
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		4.4230morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		11.4192aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		12.84181dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.8930pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		14.81164aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		4.81330
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		4.0740oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebastine
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		2.4720benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.7930phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
endosulfan
Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.		1.9810cyclic sulfite ester;
cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
persistent organic pollutant
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		11.673ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		53501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone
eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.		6.1652aromatic ketone;
piperidines
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.520benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		1.9810aromatic ether
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		5.2143
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
etazolate
Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.		2.0510ethyl ester;
hydrazone;
pyrazolopyridine		alpha-secretase activator;
antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		6.4140aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.3820ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.7430phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.8430dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate
ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.85301,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.7230phenols
etizolam
etizolam: structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.460monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.4602-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		3.82211,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		4.2550carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		5.21150dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		9.48304(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.4260aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		5.2160benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		4.2750monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		3.6190resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		18.5915466anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fenthion
Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.		2.0610organic thiophosphateacaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.8530piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		4.2150benzodioxoles
fipronil
fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.8630carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		5.59130aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		3.1350difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		5.22150conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.7490aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.6830aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		12.18113N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		6.09230ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		14.391971,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8630benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.91110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		14.15571(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.4320decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.4320phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		4.54401,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		7.99194fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		1.9610diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.6580(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
flutazolam
flutazolam: structure		2.0410hemiaminal ether;
organic molecular entity
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.2550carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4620oxopurine
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		11.46693chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
fusaric acid
Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.		8.9840aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		15844gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		3.1150benzoate ester
gaboxadol
gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure		2.6530oxazole
vanoxerine
vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.		4.0240ether;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.3960aromatic etherantilipemic drug
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		4.0840aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		3.1650N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.5470sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.7590aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutaral
Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.		2.3720dialdehydecross-linking reagent;
disinfectant;
fixative
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.730piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		5.84300monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		4.5470aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.5320methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		12.271402azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		17.8318626acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		4.7190carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
guazatine
iminoctadine : A member of the class of guanidines that is dioctylamine in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a guanidino group. Once used as a fungicidal seed dressing, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.		210aliphatic nitrogen antifungal agent;
guanidines;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.0110isoquinolines;
sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		3.0950isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.7330isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		15.0716513aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		10.8312haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.940harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexamethonium
Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.		4.58260quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		3.77110barbiturates
hexylresorcinol
[no description available]		2.0410resorcinols
alpha-methylhistamine
alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		2.940aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		animal metabolite;
H3-receptor agonist
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410diarylmethane
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		14.511477azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		12.148223benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		3.8530benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
p-hydroxyamphetamine
p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.		4.0820amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.6680one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		7.71144hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0510pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		14.35245monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		11.93131primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		17.1413545benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
idebenone
[no description available]		2.46201,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.2510piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.5470ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		14.211538dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.7590bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate
[no description available]		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		10.8971indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indole-3-carbinol
indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.		7.110indolyl alcoholantineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		8.02691aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodamide
Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.		2.0410benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		2.2510
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.9540benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.6830organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.4520benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
indolepropionic acid
indolepropionic acid: structure in third source. 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid : An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidauxin;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
iproniazid
[no description available]		5.83270carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2650azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		6.033803-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.5920benzenes
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		14.924119organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.85100carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isopropamide iodide
[no description available]		2.0410diarylmethane
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		10.05446secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		13.393663catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.8630alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		6.29111benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.7490piperazines
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		2.0610
nsc 664704
kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).		2.0510indolobenzazepine;
lactam;
organobromine compound		cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		18.1710225cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		8.69321aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.51120dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		8.09214benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		12.2287amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		4.0931cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid
Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.		4.3560monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid		G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		11.32644benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		4.931101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.84100benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.4620benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		4.5470(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		4.0740nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin
Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.		7.96390catecholamine
qx-314
QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion		1.9810monocarboxylic acid amidelocal anaesthetic
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		1.9510diarylmethane
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.9240aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		6.2390fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomustine
[no description available]		3.8630N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		10.21150monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		4.5170benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		15.21262benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.6480biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		4.2550dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
loxoprofen
loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.		2.5120cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		210chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.		2.3920aminoquinoline;
aromatic amine;
p-quinones;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.420isopropyl ester
manidipine
[no description available]		1.9810diarylmethane
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		13.15262anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		3.2560organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		2.5320pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		4.6480aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		6.57210primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.5920nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		4.2850diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.7930aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		8.2360monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.9940aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.7130organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		10.54120adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.45201,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		12.884014ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.0740imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		8.46149piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		9.5980organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.0640amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline
Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.		2.6530methoxybenzenes;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
primary amino compound		hallucinogen
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		9.0340phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.5170aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		6.85180guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		19.218148benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.4420ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
metharbital
metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants		1.9610organic molecular entity
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methiothepin
Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).		1.9710aryl sulfide;
dibenzothiepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		4.4970aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methomyl
Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.		2.0610aliphatic sulfide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
nematicide;
xenobiotic
methoxyamine
methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4620organooxygen compound
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.6930ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		3.5420benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		16.2810713beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.4520organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		14.21302benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.4160organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		11.916212aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		6.58151C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		5.8971aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		13.14171aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		10.68688dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		19.6514046imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		7.9582amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		4.3960bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		10.04511dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		6.81191benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.5920diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.5470dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		4.3560benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		6.8102monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		4.0340ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		5.02130monoterpenoid
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.		4.69290alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound		fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		2.6730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.7330acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		8.92130maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
n-methylephedrine
N-methylephedrine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910amphetamines
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		3.0850beta-carbolines
n-methyl-dl-aspartic acid
[no description available]		210aspartic acid derivative
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		6.04370aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		2.940catecholamine
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
apnea
Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		10.51161purine nucleoside
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.2450methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.2310tetralins
nafronyl
Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.		2.0210naphthalenes
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.3820piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.53401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.		2.4120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides		serotonergic antagonist
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		6.01370naphthalenes
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0740heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		5.52120aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		11.15167benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		13.71608quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.94110cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		9.6890organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		12.01141benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		14.4116319C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nifekalant
[no description available]		2.0810amine
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		210dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		4.5470aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam
nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.		2.04101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		5.251602-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid
nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.		2.4120beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		4.5270C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nisoxetine
nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.		3.85120aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		6.741021,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		7.62286C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		13.715310nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		51201,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		5.11140isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4420catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfenefrine
norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.3720phenols
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		11.28430fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		16.4361organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide
N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.		210aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		9.23180phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		6.244103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine
olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.		2.05102,6-diaminopurines;
ethanolamines		EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.08130aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		7.6242carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		5.4741ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.4520aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.05401,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide
oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.		2.4620benzimidazoles;
diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		12.654531,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		8.04950benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid
quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.		2.0410aromatic carboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine m
oxotremorine M: structure given in first source		1.9810quaternary ammonium ionmuscarinic agonist
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		11.5360N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		11.82184aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
benoxinate
benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.		2.3920amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		8.83135acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline
Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.		7.83990carboxamidine;
imidazolines;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.7330phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		4.2850aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
fenclonine
Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.		5.66260phenylalanine derivative
4-iodoclonidine
4-iodoclonidine: structure given in first source		7.81312
pamidronate
[no description available]		4.0640phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.5470aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		10.39190benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
1,7-dimethylxanthine
1,7-dimethylxanthine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.		4.6432dimethylxanthinecentral nervous system stimulant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pargyline
Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.		10.72270aromatic amine
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0410aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		5.02701,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.2550aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		11.98420barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		8.77133oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.140piperidinescardiovascular drug
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		10.12140N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide
phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure		2.0410acetamides
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		5.0391acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0410diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.4520aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.3820pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenmetrazine
Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.		1.9510morpholinesmetabolite;
sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		13.58492barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.7230phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein
Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.		2.41202,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
phenols;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
diagnostic agent;
two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		12.121952aromatic amine
phenprobamate
phenprobamate: structure		2.0510benzenes
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		4.2850primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.420guanidinescentral nervous system drug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		4.4670pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		12.3954organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		2.0410benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.6930pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		9.63454indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8930aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipamperone
pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.		1.9610aromatic ketone;
bipiperidines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		6.48141organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.4420pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		10.63181pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		5.64191N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		6.92550inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.		2.4120arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde		purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		11.22192acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.3720benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.0740isoquinolines
szl 49
SZL 49: structure given in first source		3.4880
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		18.3385717aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		5.9774amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.6680aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.5370pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		5.04130benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.4320dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		11.1230benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		7.75153benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		4.0740benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		1.9610quinolines
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		5.7561N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.2350pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
proglumide
Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.		2.0410benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
glutamine derivative;
racemate		anti-ulcer drug;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
cholinergic antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
drug metabolite;
gastrointestinal drug;
opioid analgesic;
xenobiotic metabolite
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		4.75280phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		5.15140phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		4.84100aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.5920xanthenes
proxymetacaine
proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.0620benzoate ester
propentofylline
[no description available]		2.0510oxopurine
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0510phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propiomazine
propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.		2.0410aromatic ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
propiverine
propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome		2.4620diarylmethane
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		17.27738phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propoxur
Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		19.2755542naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		9.4770carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.0410oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		3.8530pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		5.27170aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.3960aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5820dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
quipazine
Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.		9.61270piperazines;
pyridines
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.83301-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		4.51230aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.0310benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		4.0540benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.8530alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		8.852511,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		7.6730organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		4.2550tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.0210imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.		2.8940methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib
[no description available]		4.871butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		3.150pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.8730indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
saccharin
Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.		2.75301,2-benzisothiazole;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
safrole
Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.		1.9810benzodioxolesflavouring agent;
insecticide;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.4520phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.0210ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
sarpogrelate
sarpogrelate: structure given in first source		1.9710hemisuccinate;
stilbenoid
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.8430benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 206553
SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0510pyrroloindole
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.5820barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
setiptiline
setiptiline: structure given in UD 37:228j. setiptiline : A tetracyclic antidepressant that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-dibenzo[3,4:6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridine carrying a methyl group at position 2. Its maleate salt is used for the treatment of depression in Japan.		2.3720tertiary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		16.335733ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		4.0240organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.5270pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
linsidomine
linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520morpholines
sk&f 29661
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-sulfonamide: structure		2.6730
sodium fluoride
[no description available]		2.6730fluoride saltmutagen
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		1.9610haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
ipodate
Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)		2.0410
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.0840pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		13.97252ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		9.91370aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		3.4511long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		4.2650aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.0510pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.140dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		10.7661quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.0810N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.4520aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.5920sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.4370isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.4320primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		6.81111
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.59201,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		2.9540pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		7.9540isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		3.07502-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
sulforaphane
sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.		2.0510isothiocyanate;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
sulmazole
sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.		1.9710imidazopyridine;
sulfoxide		adenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.8730alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		7.94381benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride
[no description available]		2.0510salicylamides
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		7.59242sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.1350aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.73100naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		6.79820azepine
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		2.9640N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.0210acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
telenzepine
telenzepine: structure given in first source		2.0310benzodiazepine
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		8.0984benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		3.8630imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		7.4211furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		5.84300phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.9640diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		7.66209benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		4.25180quaternary ammonium ion
krypton
Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.		1.9610monoatomic krypton;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
tetrahydrozoline
tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		4.1750carboxamidine;
imidazolines		nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		4.2550phthalimides;
piperidones
theobromine
Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.		1.9610dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
bronchodilator agent;
food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		3.87301,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		10.12140phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.0640aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		210benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.4620aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide
tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzothiazoles
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.0470monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0410aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.2550imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		4.0640N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		20.9392100benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate
8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3820trihydroxybenzoic acid
todralazine
Todralazine: An antihypertensive agent with both central and peripheral action; it has some central nervous system depressant effects.		2.0510phthalazines
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.0640N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolazoline
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.		7.26560imidazolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		5.67250N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.1950aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		210monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		5.8460aromatic ketone
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		5.01120aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tramazoline
[no description available]		4.4470tetralins
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.4160amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.420triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		8.12252monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine
[no description available]		2.8740N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		12.88202pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		6.22101triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.9240benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.520aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		8.49152N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol
Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)		2.0410aromatic ketone
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.7130organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trifluralin
Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.		2.0610(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
substituted aniline		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		5.0870amine
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		2.0410trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.0210phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		4.2550oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		5.48200aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.0640
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.3960dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tripelennamine
Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.		2.6730aromatic amine
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.4260chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		4.8542acetamides
tyramine
[no description available]		11.83558monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.2550aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil
[no description available]		9.12299piperazines
5-methylurapidil
[no description available]		10.71810
urethane
[no description available]		3.67100carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		5.01120cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920piperidines
vesnarinone
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		4.640gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.4520aromatic ether
w 7
W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist		1.9710
wb 4101
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.		8.51800aromatic ether;
benzodioxine;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylamine
xylamine: irreversibly inhibits norepinephrine accumulation by rabbit aortic rings in vitro; UD & journal source given agree on structure of cpd; Negwer calls it the bis(2-chloroethyl) cpd		2.3820
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		8.887011,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
xylometazoline
xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.0750alkylbenzene
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.4260carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.0740nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
cn 100
CN 100: structure given in first source		2.0610organic molecular entity
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		6.71110imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3820aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.58201,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		10.4370monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4320cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5920corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.8730mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
corticosterone
[no description available]		6.01109011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		6.8620111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		7.73016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		7.88361ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		16.4231014alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.7230beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		11.773961imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		4.0640glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.3820pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
thymidine
[no description available]		2.420pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.7330nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.4120nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.420
4-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(propan-2-ylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
[no description available]		3.0810catechols
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		1.98104-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		6.072302-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine
Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.		3.2160
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		17.098021-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		10.24961ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.69303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		13.735363-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		3.8221corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.7330barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		9.7743511beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate
Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.		3.3470tartrate saltantihypertensive agent
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.2450non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
norethandrolone
Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		12.4421211-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		6.447217-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
paramethasone
Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)		2.0510fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.		1.9510fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		4.795017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
etiocholanolone
Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.		1.981017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		4.864217-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
adrenochrome
Adrenochrome: Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.		1.9910indoles
camylofine
camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.91110penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
metaraminol
Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.		2.3820phenylethanolaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		10.784710pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		3.75110N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		9.37210organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine
Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.		2.3820aminopyridine
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.871102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.		2.730
methyldimethylaminoazobenzene
Methyldimethylaminoazobenzene: A very potent liver carcinogen.. 3-methyl-4'-dimethylaminoazobenzene : A member of the class of azobenzenes that is azobenzene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group, while the other is substituted at position 4 by a dimethylamino group. It is a potent liver carcinogen.		1.9810
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		2.3820dialkyl phosphate
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		3.3970guanidines
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		1.9710chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.940alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.6730L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.4720corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		5.38180C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		5.45151aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		9.3660amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		8.2460aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.4620organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
cyanides
Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.		2.3620pseudohalide anionEC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
vincristine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		10.81493carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		8.79110glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		5.9614217-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.7330steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		8.4680bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		14.392286aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		3.4170pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		5.52130benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.99140adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.7230azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		1.9710tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.2750kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.3920D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.8130monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan
Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.		9.92711
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		16.7463821phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		14.111335amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		6.5382ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.65191amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		4.9970amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.5920phenothiazines
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		10.121972amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.		2.6430adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
cofactor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.5720penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		9.5880organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.9240organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.4220amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid
4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.		1.9810nitrobenzoic acid
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		210methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		5.3172quaternary ammonium salt
aniline
[no description available]		2.0310anilines;
primary arylamine
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		5.196217-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.420carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate
Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.		1.9610cytidine 5'-phosphate;
pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.0510lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.8230aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		4.4122020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		6.86112alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
gallamine triethiodide
Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)		2.8840
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.5920benzenes
strophanthidin
Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.		2.673014beta-hydroxy steroid;
19-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
cardenolides;
steroid aldehyde
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.0640penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.4880antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		3.85120diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
chloroform
Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.		2.0510chloromethanes;
one-carbon compound		carcinogenic agent;
central nervous system drug;
inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		3.095017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		9.72904-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		4.140aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.412017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
chlorisondamine
Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.		3.66100isoindoles
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.4160beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		5.15140mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.5270beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine
Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.		10.3741non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
ornithine		algal metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
mouse metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.0410acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.3920amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		4.366020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium
bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.		2.0510organic sodium saltdye
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		4.0831L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
methandrostenolone
Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)		2.0410organic molecular entity
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.4203'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		9.74203erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone
quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.		2.0410quinazolinesantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
4-chlorobenzoic acid
4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.		1.9810monochlorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		13.739610arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methyl bromide
methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.		1.9810bromohydrocarbon;
bromomethanes;
methyl halides		algal metabolite;
fumigant insecticide;
marine metabolite
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		1.9610primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
tetramethylammonium chloride
[no description available]		210organic molecular entity
tetramethylammonium
tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.		2.3820quaternary ammonium ion
tribromoethanol
tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
pivalic acid
pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.		210branched-chain saturated fatty acid;
methyl-branched fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		6.5831fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.733011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
bromcresol green
Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.		1.9710benzofurans
mepenzolate bromide
[no description available]		2.4420diarylmethane
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.14160benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.4520barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
carbromal
carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94		2.0410N-acylurea
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.2310primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		3.0410pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
tri-o-cresyl phosphate
tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140		1.9710
triparanol
Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.		2.0410stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
linalool
linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.		2.0710monoterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		antimicrobial agent;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		2.1310alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
pempidine
Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.		2.6530piperidines
pantothenic acid
Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.		2.0410pantothenic acid;
vitamin B5		antidote to curare poisoning;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone: structure in first source		2.1110imidazolidinone
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid
Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.		2.4220amino sulfonic acid;
bile acid taurine conjugate		human metabolite
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
buclizine
buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.		2.0410monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		antiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		6.641616-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
thiopropazate
thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.0310diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
acetrizoic acid
Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.		2.0410aminobenzoic acid
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		4.0140organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
propoxycaine
Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)		4.6930benzoate ester
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.5370penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		6.25120glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
xylitol
xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.		3.3711
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
[no description available]		2.0310trichlorophenolcarcinogenic agent
2-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310
2-nitrophenol
nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.		2.03102-nitrophenols
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene
[no description available]		2.0310
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.0310monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
resacetophenone
resacetophenone: structure in first source. 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone : A dihydroxyacetophenone that is acetophenone carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 2' and 4'.		2.5820dihydroxyacetophenone;
resorcinols		plant metabolite
salicylaldehyde
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source		2.0510hydroxybenzaldehydenematicide;
plant metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		4.0840phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		16.0818314mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified		210isoquinolines
quinoline
[no description available]		210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinolines
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		1.9610naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		2.0310aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
synephrine
[no description available]		2.420ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
propylparaben
Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)		2.0410benzoate ester;
paraben;
phenols		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester
nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.		2.0310benzyl estervasodilator agent
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde : A dihydroxybenzaldehyde that is resorcinol which has been substituted by a formyl group para to one of the hydroxy groups.		2.0510dihydroxybenzaldehyde
2-chloroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310
2-chlorophenol
chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.		2.03102-halophenol;
monochlorophenol
3,4-dimethylphenol
3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.		2.0310phenols
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.2260butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
soman
Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.		3.67100phosphonic ester
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.		2.66305-oxoproline;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		algal metabolite
acetophenone
acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.		210acetophenonesanimal metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
3-toluic acid
3-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810methylbenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-aminobenzoic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.		1.9810aminobenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.		1.9810monohydroxybenzoic acidbacterial metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-nitroaniline
3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy		2.0310
methylparaben
methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.		2.0410parabenantifungal agent;
antimicrobial food preservative;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
4-toluic acid
4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.		1.9810methylbenzoic acid
4-nitroaniline
[no description available]		2.0310nitroanilinebacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisic acid
4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.		1.9810methoxybenzoic acidplant metabolite
styrene
Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.		2.0310styrenes;
vinylarene;
volatile organic compound		mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite
anisole
anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.		2.0310monomethoxybenzeneplant metabolite
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.8940quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		8.9245pyridinium salt
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.5920benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
caprolactam
Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation.. epsilon-caprolactam : A member of the class of caprolactams that is azepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.2510caprolactamshuman blood serum metabolite
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310aromatic fungicide;
phenols		disinfectant;
volatile oil component
4-chloroaniline
4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.		2.0310chloroaniline;
monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine
4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.		2.0310phenylenediamineallergen;
dye;
hapten;
reagent
sarin
Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.		1.9710fluorine molecular entity;
phosphinic ester
3-chloroaniline
3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0310
3-chlorophenol
3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.		210monochlorophenol
cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.		6.68154cyclohexanols;
secondary alcohol		solvent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		5.87231pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		13.93447mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate
isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure		2.5120fatty acid ester
morpholine
[no description available]		2.0310morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
heptanal
heptanal : An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.		2.0510medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
n-alkanal;
saturated fatty aldehyde		biomarker
n-butoxyethanol
n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.		2.0310glycol ether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases		1.9710
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		9.6284peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.4320steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6120ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.9640bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.7230biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.420barbituratesanticonvulsant
paramethadione
paramethadione: structure		2.0410oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant
ambenonium chloride
Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		2.1110organic chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotransmitter agent
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.9740aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline
[no description available]		2.0310azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.		2.0310dichlorophenol
vanillic acid
Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.		1.9810methoxybenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		plant metabolite
3-nitrobenzoic acid
3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.0510anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
dimethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate: used as plasticizer in computer mouse; structure		2.0310diester;
methyl ester;
phthalate ester
diatrizoate meglumine
Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.		1.9610monocarboxylic acid anionradioopaque medium
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.0510hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		4.140quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		10.7322benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid
Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.		1.9510benzamides;
N-acylglycine;
organoiodine compound
1-naphthylamine
1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.8840naphthylaminehuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		2.8940naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
sterogenol
hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.		2.0510bromide salt;
pyridinium salt		antiseptic drug;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
surfactant
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.1710acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		2.4220alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
sodium cyanide
Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.		1.9810cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
sodium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
anileridine
anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.		2.0410ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
substituted aniline		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone
[no description available]		2.412020-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azapetine
azapetine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.6530benzazepine
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		18.641,28631methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		9.22180purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		1.9910hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.2350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		4.21180dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		5.8771acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
sulfalene
Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.		2.0410pyrazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide
cycloguanil
cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.		2.0510triazinesantifolate;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.392020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
fluocortolone
Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.		2.031021-hydroxy steroid
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		10.57707azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.1710acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		3.7830indazole
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.02101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.6830cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.690isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		12.1612061,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		4.241801,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.8940diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.0410xanthenes
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		1.9910azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
indopan
indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.		1.9610tryptamines
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		10.842610phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
allylisopropylacetamide
Allylisopropylacetamide: An allylic compound that acts as a suicide inactivator of CYTOCHROME P450 by covalently binding to its heme moiety or surrounding protein.		1.9910
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		3.97140azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.4520corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine
Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.		1.9610diarylmethane
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		7.8486nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.4620
norchlorcyclizine
norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-
2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.		2.3720
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.6830aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3
Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.		3.2260
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.9340organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
bromacil
bromacil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromacil : A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.. 5-bromo-3-(butan-2-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione : A pyrimidone that is pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione substituted by a bromo group at position 5, a butan-2-yl group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 6.		2.0610organobromine compound;
pyrimidone
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.0110pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.730heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
opipramol
Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.		2.0410dibenzoazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		9.3460mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.0840N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
linuron
Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.		2.0610dichlorobenzene;
phenylureas		agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
nicarbazin
Nicarbazin: An equimolar complex of 4,4'-Dinitrocarbanilide and 2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. A coccidiostat for poultry.		2.0510organic molecular entity
tetrapropylammonium
tetrapropylammonium: more than 12 salts of above cpd in Chemline. tetrapropylammonium : A quarternary ammonium cation with four propyl substituents around the central nitrogen.		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.730benzenes;
sulfonamide
glymidine
glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.		2.0410diether;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		hypoglycemic agent
methylthioinosine
Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.		210purine ribonucleoside;
thiopurine
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		2.0310organic molecular entity
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		4.5270benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		16.43603ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.45203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
kynuramine
Kynuramine: An aromatic ketone containing the aniline structure (ANILINE COMPOUNDS).. kynuramine : A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.		1.9810kynurenamines;
primary amino compound		metabolite
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine
[no description available]		2.0410aromatic amine
methyl-4-tyramine
methyl-4-tyramine: found in barley malt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210tyraminesmouse metabolite
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		8.659011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine
Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)		2.3920diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide
Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0510
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		3.83020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
nandrolone
Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid		human metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfur-containing amino acid;
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antidote;
antioxidant;
hepatoprotective agent
4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid
4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid carrying a 4-trifluoromethyl substituent.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzoic acids
3-fluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810fluorobenzoic acid
4-fluorobenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810fluorobenzoic acidbacterial xenobiotic metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.3311imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine
Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)		2.0410amphetamines
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.0510monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		7.71131-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.3920piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.8530bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lucanthone
Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.		2.0410thioxanthenesadjuvant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
mutagen;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine
dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate		2.0410
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		2.7230isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		8.26381phthalazines
cytisine
[no description available]		1.9610alkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicuculline
Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.		10.79290benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines		agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		4.85130dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		1.9610tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
fructose-1,6-diphosphate
beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		1.9610D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphatemouse metabolite
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		7.6930amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
indophenol
Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.		210quinone iminedye
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.54204-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		3.3670
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		1.9810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
methadyl acetate
Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.		6.5661diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		11.42180ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide
Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.		2.3720iodide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
methallenestril
methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.4420furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
psilocybin
Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").		1.9510organic phosphate;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		fungal metabolite;
hallucinogen;
prodrug;
serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		4.044017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol
Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.		4.326017beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one;
3-oxo-5alpha-steroid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.2310diarylmethane
8-chlorotheophylline
[no description available]		1.9610organochlorine compound;
purines		central nervous system stimulant
tryptophol
tryptophol : An indolyl alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 2.		2.0310indolyl alcoholauxin;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.3920gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate
Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.		2.3920organic molecular entity
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		1.9710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid
trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.		1.9610tricarboxylic acid
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		9.71194thiazoles
tropolone
Tropolone: A seven-membered aromatic ring compound. It is structurally related to a number of naturally occurring antifungal compounds (ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS).. tropolone : A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.		1.9710alpha-hydroxy ketone;
cyclic ketone;
enol		bacterial metabolite;
fungicide;
toxin
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		14.3413224methoxybenzenes;
phenols
diperodon
diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510carbamate ester
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		5.9190amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		4.0740carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
decamethonium dibromide
[no description available]		2.0410
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		4.131dialdehydebiomarker
galegine
galegine: structure given in first source; from Verbesina encelioides and Gelega oficinalis plants; toxic to livestock		210guanidines
cadmium acetate
cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.5920benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.4420organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
thiphenamil
thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		4.8681carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate
4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.		1.9610arenesulfonic acid;
arylmercury compound
3-nitrophenol
[no description available]		2.03103-nitrophenols
brocresine
Brocresine: A histidine decarboxylase inhibitor.		2.3920
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.1710organic molecular entity
metahexamide
metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410benzenes;
sulfonamide
phenindamine
phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410indene
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.7830bis(azo) compound
lactulose
[no description available]		4.2750glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
3-methoxybenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810methoxybenzoic acidflavouring agent;
human urinary metabolite
4-bromobenzoic acid
4-bromobenzoic acid : A bromobenzoic acid carrying a single bromo subsituent at the 4-position.		1.9810bromobenzoic acid
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		2.0310aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
3,5-dichlorophenol
3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.		210dichlorophenol
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		4.324120-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		7.7230organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.1310extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		1.9610aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
2,4,6-tribromoanisole
2,4,6-tribromoanisole: produced by O-methylation of its direct precursor, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, generally comes from sources in the winery environment		2.0510
2-methylbenzimidazole
[no description available]		2.0810benzimidazoles
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.5470acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
3-iodobenzoate
3-iodobenzoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 3-iodobenzoic acid : An iodobenzoic acid with a single iodo substituent placed at the 3-position.		1.9810iodobenzoic acid
4-ethylbenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810benzoic acids
4-cyanobenzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
bendazole
bendazole: also an NSAID; Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510benzimidazoles
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine
Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.		1.9910dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester		hepatic steatosis inducing agent
clopenthixol
Clopenthixol: A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.. clopenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		2.4120N-alkylpiperazine;
primary alcohol;
thioxanthenes		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
phendimetrazine
phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410
trimetozine
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		4.5932sulfonamide
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		5.22150cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
isosorbide
Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.		2.0610organic molecular entity
butaperazine
butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94		2.0410phenothiazines
mannoheptulose
Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.		7.6830D-manno-heptulose
2-methylimidazole
[no description available]		1.9710
4-cyanophenol
4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor		2.0310phenolsEC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.57017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		3.28601,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.1450
etonitazene
etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals		210
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		4.3530ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
hexafluoroisopropanol
1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.		2.1510organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol		drug metabolite
2-aminobenzimidazole
2-aminobenzimidazole: metabolite of benomyl; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-aminobenzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidazole in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by an amino group.		1.9710benzimidazolesmarine xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-methylepinephrine
alpha-methylepinephrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #1401		3.5730
methidathion
methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops		2.4520organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0110pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine
oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410oxadiazole;
ring assembly
ethylestrenol
Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.7330steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		1.9810nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fentanyl citrate
fentanyl citrate : The citric acid salt of fentanyl, comprising equimolar amounts of citric acid and fentanyl. A mu-opioid receptor agonist, it is a potent opioid analgesic used in the management of labour pain, postoperative pain, and chronic intractable cancer pain. It is also widely used as the analgesic component of balanced anaesthesia.		210citrate saltmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
allylglycine
Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.		1.9610
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.7590ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
n-nitrosodiethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0310nitroso compound
phenazocine
Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)		3.320
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate
3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source		2.0410steroid ester
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.6780glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		5.7380alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
amidephrine
amidephrine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.67100sulfonamide
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.5920monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
vincamine
Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.		1.9710alkaloid ester;
hemiaminal;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
vinca alkaloid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
vasodilator agent
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920aromatic ketone
azaperone
Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.		1.9610aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
tertiary amino compound		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
metaxalone
[no description available]		6.441aromatic ether
1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole
[no description available]		1.9710
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.8530cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
norfenfluramine
Norfenfluramine: A FENFLURAMINE analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies.		1.9510amphetamines
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.0410organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate
Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		8.46232tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium
tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110quaternary ammonium ion
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		10.8274benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		8.41342aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
aminocarb
aminocarb: structure. aminocarb : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4 and a methyl group at position 3.		2.0510carbamate ester;
toluenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
molluscicide
methiocarb
Methiocarb: Insecticide, molluscacide, acaricide.. methiocarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
carbamate ester;
methyl sulfide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
molluscicide;
xenobiotic
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.0410dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		9.47691benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.3920aromatic ketone
perillaldehyde
perillaldehyde: from oil of Perillae herba; has neuropharmacological actions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6956. perillyl aldehyde : An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510aldehyde;
olefinic compound		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
volatile oil component
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan
guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage		2.7530benzodioxine
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.0410acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		5.2432-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
alpha-methyldopamine
[no description available]		2.3720amphetamines
flupenthixol
Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.		8.3670thioxanthenes
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.7430pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
tetrapentylammonium
tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4120quaternary ammonium ion
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).		5.1721sulfur coordination entitygreenhouse gas;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
ultrasound contrast agent
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer
phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.0610ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
promecarb
promecarb: structure		2.0510alkylbenzene
acetophenazine
acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.		2.4520N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.4320benzodiazepine
4-nitroimidazole
5-nitroimidazole : A C-nitro compound that is imidazole bearing a nitro substituent at position 5.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.7690dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.7430organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.0640dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
asulam
asulam: wild oat herbicide used in prairie regions for control of wild oats in cereal grains such as wheat; RN given refers to parent cpd. asulam : A carbamate ester that is methyl carbamate substituted by a (4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl group at the nitrogen atom. A dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor, it is used (normally as the corresponding sodium salt, asulam-sodium) as a herbicide, mainly for killing bracken.		2.0610carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide		agrochemical;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		2.0210thujeneplant metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.36201,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.0210penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		5.753217alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine
Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.		8.67100
cephaloglycin
Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.		2.4220beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antimicrobial agent
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		8.24602-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
bpmc
BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.4520carbamate esteragrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
insecticide
streptomycin
[no description available]		4.2650antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
salithion
salithion: causes irreversible ataxia in chicken, mice & sheep; structure in Pesticide Index, 5th ed, p.202		2.4520organic thiophosphate
dideoxyadenosine
Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.		1.9510adenosines;
purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		4.2550organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
amitriptyline n-oxide
[no description available]		2.0210organic tricyclic compound
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.442011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
pyrodifenium bromide
pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine		2.0510organic molecular entity
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
st 91
ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		7.77641substituted aniline
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
noxiptilin
noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410organic tricyclic compound
metanephrine
Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.		7.23121catecholamine
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.4520carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		2.0510aromatic amine
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine
5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.		3.4780
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0410isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		3.1450penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.8630acridines
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
iprindole
Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)		3.0650indoles
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
benzetimide
[no description available]		1.9610piperidines
iodinated glycerol
iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant		3.0510dioxolane
acetylpyruvic acid
acetylpyruvic acid: structure. acetylpyruvic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid carrying two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4.		1.9610beta-diketone;
dioxo monocarboxylic acid		bacterial metabolite
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
levomethadone
levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneantitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
isometheptene
isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040		2.0410secondary amino compound
limonene
Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.		2.0510cycloalkene;
p-menthadiene		human metabolite
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.5370azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
chlorphenamidine
Chlorphenamidine: An acaricide used against many organophosphate and carbamate resistant pests. It acts as an uncoupling agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor.		3.84120
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		7.83380amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1h-pyrazole
5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole: abscission agent for loosening citrus fruit before harvesting; do not confuse with triclopyr		2.0210
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
terodiline
[no description available]		2.4520diarylmethane
trimethaphan
Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.		8.44241sulfonium compoundanaesthesia adjuvant;
antihypertensive agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.0310amine
molindone
Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)		2.420indoles
lanthanum
[no description available]		2.3720f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		3.91130elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
mercury
Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.		3.7530elemental mercury;
zinc group element atom		neurotoxin
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.0710chromium group element atommicronutrient
neodymium
Neodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications.		8.3511f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.2510metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.1710copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
argon
Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.		3.7621monoatomic argon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom		food packaging gas;
neuroprotective agent
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		8.5990cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		1.9610chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		2.4110f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		1.9810f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		710aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.2960pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		10132magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride
Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.		2.3620mercury coordination entitysensitiser
hexocyclium
hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410amine
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		1.9810inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride
cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.		1.9810inorganic caesium salt;
inorganic chloride		phase-transfer catalyst;
vasoconstrictor agent
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.4320delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
monoethylglycinexylidide
monoethylglycinexylidide: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; metabolite of xylocaine; structure. monoethylglycinexylidide : Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		3.821amino acid amidedrug metabolite
zinc sulfate
Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.		1.9810metal sulfate;
zinc molecular entity		fertilizer
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		1.9610inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
lead chloride
lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.		2.0310inorganic chloride;
lead coordination entity
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9710metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
metoprine
metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist		1.9610
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.5120inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		1.9410diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.3720diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
propham
propham: minor descriptor (72-85); on-line & Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (72-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. propham : A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.		2.0510benzenes;
carbamate ester		herbicide;
plant growth retardant
phenmedipham
phenmedipham: minor descriptor (72-84); on-line search CARBAMATES (72-84); Index Medicus search HERBICIDES, CARBAMATE (75-84), CARBAMATES (72-75). phenmedipham : A carbamate ester that is (3-methylphenyl)carbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group.		2.0510carbamate esterenvironmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		210
vasotocin
Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.		2.3920
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.730cadmium coordination entity
ancitabine
Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.		2.940diol;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
amopyroquine
amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
barium chloride
barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.		2.6930barium salt;
inorganic chloride		potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate
Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		2.730
tetrazepam
tetrazepam: structure		3.7721benzodiazepine
clortermine
[no description available]		2.0410amphetamines
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.412017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
ethyldiphacil
ethyldiphacil: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.45201,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
coformycin
[no description available]		1.9610coformycinsEC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicofuranose
nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)		2.0410organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride
Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.		2.9240ammonium salt;
inorganic chloride		ferroptosis inhibitor
reproterol
reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.0510oxopurine
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.4420benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
soterenol
soterenol: adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator; it has a number of gastrointestinal side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920
metopimazine
metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0310phenothiazines
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester
4-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.4120
cloforex
cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275		2.0410amphetamines
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		4.2841benzamides
etorphine
Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.		2.3820
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		6.51190selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.96406-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clobutinol
clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)		2.0410benzenes;
organic amino compound
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		4.6180monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.7230monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		7.84191benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.84100beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		2.830organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		3.1450glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
exp561
EXP561: inhibitor of 5-HT uptake; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		4.38210
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		5.61240acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ethephon
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid: structure in first source. (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid compound having a 2-chloroethyl substituent attached to the P-atom.		2.0210phosphonic acidsplant growth regulator
fluorides
[no description available]		210halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.547017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metizoline
metizoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2101-benzothiophenes
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		5.37141carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
benomyl
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic amide;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		acaricide;
anthelminthic drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.5920
lisuride
Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).		4.9791monocarboxylic acid amideantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic agonist
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.5920
1-deoxynojirimycin
1-deoxy-nojirimycin: structure in first source. duvoglustat : An optically active form of 2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol having 2R,3R,4R,5S-configuration.		1.99102-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol;
piperidine alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
oxadiazon
oxadiazon: manufactured by the Societe Rhone-poulenc, France; structure		2.0510aromatic ether
n-n-propylnorapomorphine
N-n-propylnorapomorphine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.6630
iodine
[no description available]		2.3820halide anion;
monoatomic iodine		human metabolite
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		4.0440aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		2.0410N-alkylpiperazine
lofexidine
lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247		1713546aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.5820nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
cyanazine
cyanazine: structure. cyanazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.		2.06101,3,5-triazinylamino nitrile;
chloro-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
demethylchlordimeform
demethylchlordimeform: RN given refers to parent cpd.		2.6630
dexetimide
Dexetimide: A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.		1.9510piperidines
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.5920aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		16.09442indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		7.4120C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		7.41151benzenes;
phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous
tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.		3.4811chloride salt;
organic chloride salt		antiseptic drug;
surfactant
paraldehyde
Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		1.9510trioxanesedative
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		5.455111beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.8730indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide
hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.		1.9810acetamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		human metabolite
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.8530bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.42203-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
pyrene
pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.		2.0310ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenefluorescent probe;
persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		8.7921acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone
proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure		2.0410pyrimidines
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.4820C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
enfenamic acid
enfenamic acid: inhibits platelet aggregation		2.3720aminobenzoic acid
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.7330organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		5.2162benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine
Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.		2.0210delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		nicotinic antagonist
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		6.451303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
dh 524
[no description available]		2.3720
carticaine
Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.		3.8921thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		7.4220
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
jingsongling
jingsongling: structure given in first source		1.9810
talsupram
talsupram: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		5.06420glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.5920chlorphenamine
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		1.9610glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.5920N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.5370beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
o,o-diisopropyl-s-benzylthiophosphate
O,O-diisopropyl-S-benzylthiophosphate: structure. iprobenfos : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-benzyl O,O-diisopropyl ester of phosphorothioic acid. Used as a rice fungicide to control leaf and ear blast, stem rot and sheath blight.		2.0310organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide
Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.		4.48240
ripazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzenes
torpedo
Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.		1.9810
azides
Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.		1.9810pseudohalide anionmitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		3.5890ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		5.09130penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		13.787224timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		12.6152tryptamines
penfluridol
Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.		7.3620diarylmethane
carfecillin
Carfecillin: The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections.		2.0510penicillin
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		14.543282-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine
Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.		2.3820piperazines;
triamino-1,3,5-triazine		central nervous system stimulant
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		8.0850organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9
tetrahydrocannabivarin 9: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210
benthiocarb
Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.		2.4520monochlorobenzenes;
monothiocarbamic ester
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6320catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.7430oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		4.0540carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
2-aminotetralin
2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.0650tetralins
be 2254
BE 2254: produces blockade of central receptors for norepinephrine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		4.17170tetralins
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		5.7861amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		5.39180azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0410organic molecular entity
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		9.27190
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.8730pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.1450amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
proroxan
proroxan: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.7590taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		3.3870formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
alinidine
[no description available]		13.6912320
etoposide
[no description available]		4.85100beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p
[no description available]		5.92330peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
acetosulfame
acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.		2.1110organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
sulfamate ester		environmental contaminant;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		8.44352catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
oxetorone
oxetorone: treatment of migraine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610oxacycle
tertatolol
tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9810thiochromane
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylaminotetralin
5,6-dihydroxy-2-dimethylaminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.8840tetralins
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		2.4520phenanthrenes
propylbenzilylcholine mustard
Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.		3.0910
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.2550ethanolamines
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		2.0410amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.861001-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		7.9140triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0740alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		3.4880butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.4320
zinterol
[no description available]		2.0710
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.4320catechols;
hydrate;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		3.8530beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin
hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.4880
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		4.140aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		4.0631guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		17.2532123L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		5.4980monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		7.44221
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		94555-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		5.8164aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.87120pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vinclozolin
vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0510dicarboximide;
dichlorobenzene;
olefinic compound;
oxazolidinone
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		6.3895organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.8130acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		6.11390alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen
dexibuprofen: structure in first source		2.0310ibuprofennon-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		4.1401,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
tiamenidine
[no description available]		7.53142organochlorine compound
thidiazuron
[no description available]		2.0510ureas
phenazepam
[no description available]		1.9610
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4420cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
pinazepam
pinazepam: structure		2.0510benzodiazepine
exifone
[no description available]		3.5920benzophenones
quisqualic acid
Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.		1.9810non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.3820aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		3.7390chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
oxfendazole
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7230azepanes
metacine
metacine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9710
impromidine
Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.		1.9710
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.420dichlorobenzene
butibufen
butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.2310benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		14.876443anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.2310tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.460aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3920salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		4.2550aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		11.09132organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		3.5990aromatic ether
closantel
closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.		2.1510aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organoiodine compound;
phenols
enkephalin, methionine
Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.		4.32200
lorcainide
[no description available]		2.9440acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.460anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol
Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.		7.35860
propiconazole
Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.		4.3522conazole fungicide;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
triazole fungicide;
triazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
n-cyano-n'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-n''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine
N-cyano-N'-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N''-(3-pyridinyl)guanidine: potassium channel opener		210pyridines
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.2550penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		7.71201aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		13.637810alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		3.9840diarylmethane
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.8230indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
ethylcholine aziridinium
ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits		7.6930
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke		210nitrosamine;
pyridines
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		4.2550diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.9740cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
lidamidine
lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure		3.7530ureas
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		2.9240nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6930benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		10.53130diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		6.63830acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.460cephalosporinantibacterial drug
agreal
veralipride: used in treatment of menopausal disorders; RN given refers to parent cpd		5.8841sulfonamide
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		3.1350benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0510benzofurans
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.0950thiazoles
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.5920
doxofylline
doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.		2.0410oxopurineanti-asthmatic drug;
antitussive;
bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		2.0410
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		2.9540fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pirazolac
[no description available]		2.0310
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		9.75219monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
sulotroban
sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist		1.9710
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		13.291975aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
fenoxycarb
fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carbamate ester		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
juvenile hormone mimic;
xenobiotic
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
darodipine
darodipine: structure given in first source		1.9610
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.2450
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.7430
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.6480delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2660aminopyridine
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.5920naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
rimcazole
rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.9210carbazoles
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		9.6661aromatic ketone
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.4620
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		5.03120delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		13.453596benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
fengabine
[no description available]		1.9710
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		8.1250dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		4.42220pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		5.021203-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8530N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.4520carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
clomazone
clomazone: an herbicide. clomazone : An isoxazolidinone that is 1,2-oxazolidin-3-one substituted by a 2-chlorobenzyl group at position 2 and two methyl groups at position 4.		2.0510isoxazolidinone;
monochlorobenzenes		agrochemical;
carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		11.85421hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.2450aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
benfuracarb
benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide		2.06101-benzofurans;
carbamate ester;
ethyl ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		4.2250dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		2.4120hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine
[no description available]		3.3611organochlorine compound
eproxindine
eproxindine: structure given in first source		2.0310
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.940N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		4.02403-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		2.0510
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil
5-propynylarabinofuranosyluracil: potent inhibitor of VZV		2.4620
temelastine
[no description available]		210pyrimidone
dopexamine
dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		710catecholamine
spiradoline
spiradoline: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha,8beta)-(+-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
(S)-nomifensine
(S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.		2.0310nomifensine
detomidine
detomidine: structure given in first source		4.3260
zaltidine
zaltidine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source		210
difloxacin
difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0510naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.2310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
ipsapirone
[no description available]		10.1862N-arylpiperazine
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		3.69100
quinelorane
quinelorane: LY 175887 is dextrorotary isomer; LY 137157 is a racemic mixture		2.3820quinazolines
flesinoxan
[no description available]		3.4980
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.06403-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
carmoxirole
carmoxirole : An indolecarboxylic acid that is indole-5-carboxylic acid bearing an additional 4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)butyl substituent at position 3. Selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Modulates noradrenalin release and sympathetic activation. Displays antihypertensive properties in vivo.		2.3920indolecarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrahydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
naxagolide
naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).		2.3720organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
rufloxacin
rufloxacin: structure in first source		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.4520
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3820tetralins
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		9.94184aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid
[no description available]		2.0310phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.4520quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		2.0510heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.0210adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.25506-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.231017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.2760fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.07401-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tebufelone
tebufelone: structure given in first source		2.4220
niguldipine
[no description available]		3.0810diarylmethane
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		3.5920methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.2550phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.5370beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		3.1450tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
besipirdine
besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease		1.9910
sezolamide
sezolamide: decreases intraocular pressure, topically in vivo; inhibits carbonic anhydrase; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.0810
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.460pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
tenidap
tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer		2.4620
delequamine
Delequamine: used as a selective radioligand for alpha2-adrenoceptors		2.6730
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.5470aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.0640benzenes;
organic amino compound
enadoline
enadoline: kappa-opioid receptor agonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; PD 129290 (CAM 570; CI 977) is the S,S(-)-enantiomer; PD 129289 (CAM 569) is the corresponding R,R(+)-enantiomer		7.4220
mivazerol
mivazerol: structure given in first source		8.58121
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		5.1170aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		13.272513alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin
[no description available]		9.4160aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
befloxatone
befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer		2.0610
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.94110monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		8.180duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.4160carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		5.7861biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.8630
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.65801,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.7330guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.2550oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		4.9970organoiodine compound
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.05106-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.8830monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
mifobate
mifobate: has antiatherosclerotic properties		2.0510trialkyl phosphate
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.8930biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		4.0640carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		10.41784adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
metaldehyde
metaldehyde: polymer of acetaldehyde. metaldehyde : A member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection.		7.3620tetroxocanefuel;
molluscicide
safranal
safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.		2.0510monoterpenoid
allyl formate
[no description available]		1.9710
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		2.1510benzofurans
gadolinium chloride
gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone		1.9810gadolinium coordination entityTRP channel blocker
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		1.9710trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
carfentanil
carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.		1.9610methyl ester;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
tranquilizing drug
caloreen
caloreen: glucose polymer with average length of five glucose units for dietary energy supplement. dextrin : Glucans produced by the hydrolysis of starch or glycogen. They are mixtures of polymers of D-glucose units linked by alpha(1->4) or alpha(1->6) glycosidic bonds.		1.9710
ici 63197
ICI 63197: structure		1.9710triazolopyrimidines
pipothiazine
pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers		2.0310
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.0210hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		6.55134hydrochloride
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene
hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene: Russian drug; saluretic containing above 2 cpds; do not confuse with Triampur synonym for triamterene; Dyazide & Maxzide have different proportions		2.3620
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.6780
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.8630acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.0740aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
adafenoxate
adafenoxate: structure given in first source		1.9710
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate		3.1210
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		3.1650D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
anisodamine
anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant		1.9610
lanthanum chloride
lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		geroprotector;
plant metabolite
propamidine
propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.		2.0510aromatic ether;
guanidines;
polyether		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide
N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.		3.3970pyridinecarboxamidemetabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.		1.9810beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.2310azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.5920carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		4.0940acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
n-acetylaspartic acid
N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.		210N-acetyl-L-amino acid;
N-acyl-L-aspartic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
6-sulfatoxymelatonin
6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.3711acetamides
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine
[no description available]		2.3920deoxyribonucleoside
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.0510glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fenclofenac
fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610aromatic ether
sinefungin
[no description available]		2.0510adenosines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.7230benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.5120phosphate salthistamine agonist
metamizil
metamizil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9610
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		210cephalosporinfungal metabolite
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.5920organohalogen compound;
quinolines
iprazochrome
[no description available]		1.9910
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
zatebradine
[no description available]		6.54100benzazepine
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.8730organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
dicarbine
dicarbine: minor descriptor (77-84); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBOLINES (77-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720
ceftezole
ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles
flutonidine
flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.6192
etofibrate
etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
carebastine
carebastine: active carboxylic acid metablite of ebastine; structure given in first source		210diarylmethane
milnacipran
Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.		3.1150acetamides
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.5920sulfonamide
physostigmine heptyl
physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease		1.9810
ecabapide
[no description available]		1.9710
mizolastine
[no description available]		2.0510benzimidazoles
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.4520pyridoindole
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.2550piperidines
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		4.7790benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
2-ethylimidazole
[no description available]		1.9710
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether)
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410stilbenoid
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		3.1450fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
xenon radioisotopes
Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.		1.9610
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.452017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
synthalin a
synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.		2.0510guanidineshepatotoxic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
nephrotoxin
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		6.161011,2,3-triazole
4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
formamidine
formamidine: RN given refers to parent compound. formamidine : The smallest member of the class of carboxamidines being formic acid with the O and OH groups from the carboxy function replaced by NH and NH2 groups respectively. The parent of the class of formamidines.		2.0510carboxamidine;
formamidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
2-imidazoline
2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. imidazoline : An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.		1.9710imidazolines
ibopamine
ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source		7.4220benzoate ester;
phenols
disobutamide
[no description available]		2.0410acetamides
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		12.55634imidazoles
setoperone
[no description available]		3.411
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		10.07130dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
befuraline
befuraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.0410
mezilamine
mezilamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym O 6553 refers to HCl; structure		1.9610
ibuproxam
ibuproxam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6312. ibuproxam : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ibuprofen with the amino group of hydroxylamine. Used for treatment of pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders.		2.0610hydroxamic acidiron chelator;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		11.881065isourea
selfotel
selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment		1.9910non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.4520steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		2.730ureas
nomegestrol
nomegestrol: 19-nor-progesterone derivative; structure given in UD		3.3811corticosteroid hormone
pirlindole
pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812		2.6730carbazoles
orotirelin
orotirelin: increases dopamine release from rat brain		1.9710
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		10.7732sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
mesulergine
mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.		1.9610ergot alkaloid;
sulfamides		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
midaglizole
midaglizole: orally effective hypoglycemic agent structurally unrelated to known hypoglycemics; RN given for parent cpd		3.68100
propacetamol
propacetamol: prodrug for acetaminophen; structure given in UD; RN given refers to HCl; RN for parent cpd not available 5/90		1.9910alpha-amino acid ester
tianeptine
tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine.		7.6930dibenzothiazepine;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.03103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
ryodipine
ryodipine: structure given in first source; an antianginal agent		3.3511
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0510artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
fenflumizole
fenflumizole: structure in first source		2.0310
metiprenaline
metiprenaline: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
2-phenylimidazole
[no description available]		1.9710
indole-3-carboxylic acid
indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.		2.0310indol-3-yl carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
human metabolite
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
dansylglycine
[no description available]		210
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		2.0410fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
pafenolol
pafenolol: structure given in first source		2.0510
nefiracetam
[no description available]		2.0510organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.5920aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine
N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.		3.2560
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		3.69100
falipamil
falipamil: bradycardic agent which blocks myocardial calcium channels in frequency- & voltage-dependent manner; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Unlisted Drugs		5.79120
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
ethofenprox
ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.		2.0610aromatic etherpyrethroid ether insecticide
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
zabicipril
zabicipril: structure given in first source		1.9810
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.8430chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lazabemide
lazabemide: structure given in first source		2.6930
atipamezole
[no description available]		9.64270
uk 68798
[no description available]		4.0640aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
binospirone mesylate
binospirone mesylate: structure given in first source; a serotonin 1A receptor agonist; a putative 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist		210
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.2550razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		1.9810nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
tiazuril
[no description available]		1.9810aryl sulfide
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.5920aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		4.0640conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
rexigen
clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure		2.0510
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.7230benzofurans
aceclofenac
[no description available]		5.6651amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 46470
BRL 46470: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and anxiolytic compound; BRL 46470A is the hydrochloride salt		1.9810
clociguanil
clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.5920imidazoles
romifidine
romifidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		3.0910
tebuquine
[no description available]		2.0510
emiglitate
[no description available]		1.9910
nipradilol
[no description available]		2.3720organic molecular entity
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		210acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
efaroxan
efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd		9.722901-benzofurans
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		2.0410dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fluparoxan
fluparoxan: structure given in first source		9.341
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
prednisolone phosphate
prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
steroid phosphate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glucocorticoid receptor agonist;
prodrug
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		2.0510polypeptide
(S)-flurbiprofen
[no description available]		2.0310flurbiprofen
icotidine
icotidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tri-HCl		1.9710pyrimidone
tolmesoxide
tolmesoxide: structure		2.0510
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		4.6461phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
lividomycin
[no description available]		2.0410lividomycinsmetabolite
gentamicin c1
[no description available]		2.0410
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		210fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
cryptating agent 222
cryptating agent 222: forms ligands with metal cations; structure		1.9610
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure		2.0410
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.3920bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.2310carbapenems
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride
5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter		2.6830
amperozide
amperozide : A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.		2.0510diarylmethane;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary carboxamide;
ureas		anxiolytic drug;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
geroprotector;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
calpeptin
[no description available]		2.0410amino acid amide
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		4.7121carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.5270hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
tetrahexylammonium
tetrahexylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
citronellal, (r)-isomer
(R)-(+)-citronellal : The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).		2.0510citronellal
4-hydroxybutyl acrylate
[no description available]		7.4420
tutin
tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure		1.9610gamma-lactone
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline
2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		3.2160
rivastigmine
[no description available]		5.05120carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		3.8530carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.8530indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		4.0840aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
xylonidine
xylonidine: alpha adrenoreceptor stimulation by above cpd mainly inhibits the release of mediator and/or the bronchoconstriction caused by moderate activation of sensory nerves; forced molting agent; structure given in first source		3.2260
1-methyl-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9810
2-aminoimidazole
2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine		1.9710
cryptolepine
cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.5920benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9810
4-(methylthio)benzoic acid
[no description available]		1.9810
idremcinal
Idremcinal: a motilin receptor agonist in human gastric antrum; structure given in first source		1.9910
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		4.460macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate
2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl methacrylate: structure given in first source		2.0310
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine
1,2-dibenzoyl-tert-butylhydrazine: structure given in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
cp094
1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source		210
salmefamol
salmefamol: beta adrenergic stimulant similar to albuterol; used as a bronchodilator with little effect on the cardiovascular system; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (77-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
dibromosulphthalein
dibromosulphthalein: RN refers to 3H-labeled parent compound		1.9610
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		4.7571N-arylpiperazine
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		14.6310053-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
cinchonine
[no description available]		2.0510(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		3.3711iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		4.0640peptide
tandospirone
tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).		1.9710bridged compound;
dicarboximide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyrimidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug
sennoside B
sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.		2.0410oxo dicarboxylic acid;
sennosides
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone
17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.		1.981017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
hydroxypregnenolone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		7.87252catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2360nucleoside triphosphate analogue
salsolinol
salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.		2.41201-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diolhuman urinary metabolite
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220isoquinolines
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt		2.6530
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.		2.37203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound		protein kinase agonist
1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-methyl-4-(2'-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: more potent dopaminergic neurotoxic compound than MPTP in mice		1.9810
sk&f 95282
zolantidine: structure given in first source		2.3920piperidines
tebufenozide
tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.		2.4520carbohydrazideecdysone agonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr
chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.		2.0610hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine acaricide;
organofluorine insecticide;
pyrroles		proacaricide;
proinsecticide
sclareol glycol
sclareol glycol: RN given refers to parent cpd		6.9710
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.0510
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: endogenous amine from rat brain		2.1510isoquinolines
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		12.3622161-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
lekoptin
(S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.		2.03102-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil
tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;		2.0310flurbiprofen
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine
[no description available]		1.9910
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.0510amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
corynanthine
Corynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		4.2730yohimban alkaloid
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		4.1850catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
glycylsarcosine
glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.		2.4320dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide
r 28935
R 28935: RN given refers to (R*,S*)-isomer; structure		2.6430
cp 41
CP 41: structure in first source		210
hexamethonium chloride
[no description available]		2.9140
n-acetyltryptophanamide
[no description available]		2.0310acetamides;
L-tryptophan derivative;
primary carboxamide;
secondary carboxamide
dimethacrine
dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410acridines
5,6-dihydrouridine
dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.		1.9610uridinesbiomarker
cortisol octanoate
[no description available]		2.0310corticosteroid hormone
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one
[no description available]		210
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		1.9710
desethylchloroquine
desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine		2.0510aminoquinoline
4-mercaptobenzoate
4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase		1.9810
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline: structure given in first source		2.1510benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline
trimeperidine
Promedol: A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.		2.0810
delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid
Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.		1.9810benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		anti-inflammatory agent;
biomarker;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
foxes
Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.		2.610
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;		1.9710
wr 159412
[no description available]		2.0510
2,5-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3-one
[no description available]		1.9810
cinchonidine
cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.		2.4920(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol;
cinchona alkaloid		metabolite
benzyloxyamine
benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
phenglutarimide
phenglutarimide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510piperidines
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		3.0610cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.940aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source		2.4220polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		210
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		3.0950heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		3.1350aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		2.0610
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9710
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0410beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
quin2
Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source		2.3720
sr141716
[no description available]		6.9890amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.6780primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor		1.9710
cp 96345
CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345		2.6930
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.		2.7330ether;
imidazoles;
monomethoxybenzene		TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine
chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative		9.462790
sr 48968
SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968		2.0710
propidium iodide
[no description available]		2.7630organic iodide salt
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.8940beta-carbolines
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		1.9610aromatic ketone
methoxyfenozide
methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.		2.4520carbohydrazide;
monomethoxybenzene		environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
fructose 2,6-diphosphate
fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		1.9610D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphatehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
bradykinin, des-arg(9)-
bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0110oligopeptidebradykinin receptor B2 agonist
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane
(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		2.0210
indo-1
indo-1: structure given in first source		1.9910indolesfluorochrome
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source		4.6750beta-carbolines
epibatidine
epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors		7.4120
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester
Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source		1.9610
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		1.9710monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine
methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.0210
indobufen
indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist		2.0610isoindoles
fluorocitrate
fluorocitrate: competitve inhibitor of aconitase; effects morphology of kidney tubules in fluorocitrate poisoning; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.0510carbonyl compound
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source		2.88401,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
n,n-diallyl-tyrosyl-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid-phenylalanyl-leucine
[no description available]		2.6630
bremazocine
bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.8840
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source		2.4220beta-carbolines
inositol 1-phosphate
1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.		2.3920
propionylcarnitine
propionylcarnitine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		210O-acylcarnitineanalgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cardiotonic drug;
human metabolite;
peripheral nervous system drug
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination
amiloride, hydrochlorothiazide drug combination: amiloride hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide drug combination.		4.3222
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		4.921N-acyl-amino acid
methoctramine
methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.		2.730hydrochloridemuscarinic antagonist
pyronaridine
[no description available]		2.0510aminoquinoline
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol
HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer		2.420
gr 127935
GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.		2.4201,2,4-oxadiazole;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
6-hydroxydopa
6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		6.9610non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		4.3660alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nantradol
nantradol: cannabinoid-related analgetic with greater potency than morphine in some tests; 4 stereoisomers are mentioned in the literature: (+)-2'(S),6(R),6a(S),9(S)10a(S) [CP-53,870-1]; (-)-2'(R),6(S),6a(R),9(R)10a(R) [CP-50,556-1]; (+)-2'(R),6(R),6a(S),9(S),10a(S); (-)-2'(S),6(S),6a(R),9(R)10a(R); RN given is from CA 1977-79 Index Guide; structure in first source; use STEREOISOMERS if levonantradol is used		2.3720
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide
[no description available]		2.3720
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510beta-carbolines
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)-
enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes		1.9910oligopeptide
afdx 116
otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.6730benzodiazepine
sr 95531
[no description available]		2.0510methoxybenzenes
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis		210
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.0510aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
n(g)-iminoethylornithine
[no description available]		3.0810L-alpha-amino acid
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		2.4520dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ramosetron
[no description available]		1.9910indoles
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		2.6730indoles
ml 9
[no description available]		1.9910
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
rx 821002
2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.		5.18470benzodioxine;
cyclic ketal;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
benzamil
[no description available]		2.3920guanidines;
pyrazines
dynorphin (1-8)
dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin		1.9710
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.89402-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
sr 140333
SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		2.0710
zacopride
[no description available]		2.9140benzamides
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		10.51220
tadalafil
[no description available]		4.1420benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
st 587
St 587: clonidine derivative which is selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulator with lipophilic properties; structure in first source		6.54630
5-hydroxydopamine
5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3920catecholamine
u 73343
U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122		210
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine
N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source		2.6830
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310ibuprofen
thromboxanes
thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.		1.9610
n-n-propyl-n-phenylethyl-4(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.3720
rh-0345
N-4-chlorobenzoyl-N'-benzoyl-N'-tert-butylhydrazine: structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide;
monochlorobenzenes
quadazocine
quadazocine: RN given refers to (2 alpha,6 alpha,11S*)-(+-)-isomer		2.3820
dihydro-dids
[no description available]		1.9810
tifluadom
tifluadom: acts on opiate receptors; structure given in first source		1.9610benzodiazepine
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.23101,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
2',6'-pipecoloxylidide
2',6'-pipecoloxylidide: major metabolite of bupivacaine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.4120amino acid amide
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		210monoterpenoid
cp 65,526
azidoprazosin: labeled with 125I		1.9810
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine
tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.		2.0510(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
secondary amino compound
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
3-mercaptopicolinic acid
3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase		2.3720
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.5920adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
morphiceptin
morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer		1.9610oligopeptide
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		3.3811fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.8730benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
renzapride
[no description available]		1.9910
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.2310isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
parecoxib
parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.		7.4820isoxazoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
yohimbane
yohimbane: from Gelsemium elegans; structure in first source		2.1110indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
yohimban alkaloid
2-hydroxydesipramine
2-hydroxydesipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710dibenzoazepine
ym 12617
YM 12617: RN given refers to HCl salt; RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 5/85; structure given in first source. 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide : A secondary amino compound that is ammonia in which nitrogen is substituted by a 1-(4-methoxy-3-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl group and a 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl group.		3.0750aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide
brl 44408
BRL 44408: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors; BRL 48962 is the R-enantiomer; BRL 48553 is the R-enantiomer		4.55240
calpain inhibitor 2
calpain inhibitor 2: inhibits degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and some other cysteine proteinases		2.0410peptide
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		2.1510carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
2-methyltryptoline
2-methyltryptoline: enzymatic preparation from human brain converts methyltyptamine to methyltryptoline; structure		1.9810beta-carbolines
indanidine
[no description available]		6.1240
1-(2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl)-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
LY 165163: structure given in first source; a serotonin agonist. LY-165163 : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a selective 5-HT1A serotonin receptor agonist and 5-HT1D serotonin receptor antagonist.		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		geroprotector;
serotonergic agonist
bms 180448
BMS 180448: a potassium channel opener with cardioprotective and vasodilator properties; BMS-180426 is enantiomer with no antiischemic activity; structure in first source		1.9910
sgb 1534
SGB 1534: RN given refers to mono-HCl		2.6630
desethylamodiaquine
desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine		2.0510
2-(n,n-dimethylamino)-6,7-dihydroxytetralin
[no description available]		2.3720
luzindole
luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.		1.9710acetamides;
indoles		melatonin receptor antagonist
2-(n,n-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin
2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720
brl 35135
BRL 35135: structure given in first source		1.9910
nifekalant hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0710amine
3-quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate
[no description available]		1.9710
ici 169369
2-((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)-3-phenylquinoline: structure & RN given in first source		1.9710
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist		2.4620naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
sk&f 104078
[no description available]		3.7730benzazepine
emoxypine succinate
emoxypine succinate: has antihypoxic effects		3.4211
a 68930
A 68930: D-1 dopamine receptor agonist		1.98102-benzopyran
n,n-dideethylchloroquine
[no description available]		2.0510
n-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-n-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1h-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide
N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-N-methyl-4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamide: structure given in first source; purinergic receptor antagonist		1.9710
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		2.0110nitrogen oxoacid
st 1913
St 1913: methylene bridged clonidine analog; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6530
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.0510methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
levalbuterol
Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.		210albuterol
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		4.0740indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.0410bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam
Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.		2.0410penicillanic acids;
triazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.0740aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
anisodine
anisodine: structure in first source		1.9610
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.4220adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group		3.2160
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane: structure given in first source		3.4880
norketamine
norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		310organochlorine compound
acth (4-10)
ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd		2.3720
deltorphin ii, ala(2)-
deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors		3.1350
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain		2.0310
3-iodopindolol
3-iodopindolol: RN given refers to 125I-labeled cpd(-)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.3920
hoe 694
3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger		3.7930
rmi 12330a
RMI 12330A: adenyl cyclase inhibitor in rat liver; RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; NM refers to HCl, (cis)-isomer; structure		2.0110
7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: potent reversible inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; structure. 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hacing chloro substituents at the 7- and 8-positions.		3.5790isoquinolines;
organochlorine compound
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-n,n-diethylbenzamide
4-(alpha-(4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-N,N-diethylbenzamide: a highly-selective, nonpeptide delta opioid receptor agonist; structure given in first source		2.4220diarylmethane
dopamine 4-o-sulfate
dopamine 4-O-sulfate: possible precursor of free norepinephrin; see also record for dopamine 3-O-sulfate. dopamine 4-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a sulfo group.		1.9610aryl sulfate;
phenols;
primary amino compound;
zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
mci 154
MCI 154: structure given in UD 38:41n		1.9710
mr 2034
MR 2034: UM 1071 is active stereoisomer; 28 salts & isomers in Chemline; MR 2034 active isomer; MR 2035 less active isomer		1.9610
sk&f 86466
benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		5.44200benzazepine
zd 7288
ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function		6.1590
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		3.2310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		2.1510aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ra 642
RA 642: has central hypertensive properties; structure		6.9610
brl 41992
BRL 41992: has selectivity for adrenergic alpha-2A receptors		1.9710
n(g)-aminoarginine
N(G)-aminoarginine: potent antagonist of L-arginine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation		2.110arginine derivative
3-ethoxy-beta-carboline
3-ethoxy-beta-carboline: high affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligand with partial inverse agonist properties		1.9810
1-amino-5-bromouracil
[no description available]		1.9810
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist		1.9810
n-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl)benzamide
[no description available]		1.9910
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
2-(n,n-dipropyl)amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin
2-(N,N-dipropyl)amino-6,7-dihydroxytetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
2-(4'-isothiocyanatobenzyl)imidazoline
2-(4'-isothiocyanatobenzyl)imidazoline: structure given in first source		1.9710
ethoxyidazoxan
ethoxyidazoxan: the ethoxy derivative of idazoxan		2.940
sk&f 104856
SK&F 104856: structure given in first source		4.3360
methotrexate
[no description available]		5.27160dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine
[no description available]		2.0510
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		10.16171aromatic ether
5,6-dihydroxy-1-(2-imidazolinyl)tetralin
2-(5,6-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)imidazoline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; RN for compound without isomeric designation not available 8/88		1.9710
sdz nvi-085
SDZ NVI-085: a potent anticataplectic agent that may act by stimulating an alpha1-adrenoceptor subtype		3.0850
ne 58051
NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source		2.0510
ici 106270
ICI 106270: potent antihypertensive with similar mechanism of action to clonidine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		8.0650
sk&f 89748
SK&F 89748: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer & is given in first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source		2.8840
tamsulosin
[no description available]		10.191505-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
1-methyl-4-cyclohexyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9810
1-methyl-4-(2'-ethylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9810
n-acetylphenelzine
[no description available]		1.9810benzenes
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
4-(3,4-dibutoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone
[no description available]		1.9710
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.7430penicillanic acids
1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-methyl-4-(methylpyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: structure given in first source		1.9810
4-benzyl-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
4-benzyl-1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: structure given in first source; RN given is for HCl		1.9810
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.5920biphenyls
org 9935
[no description available]		2.0110
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline
4-chloro-2-(2-imidazolin-2-ylamino)isoindoline: acts as partial agonist at the postsynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat anococcygeus muscle & as antagonist at the presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors of the rat vas deferens		3.2560
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
kw 5092
KW 5092: structure given in first source; a stimulator of gastrointestinal motility		1.9810
ly 274614
LY 235959: RN refers to (3S-(3alpha,4aalpha,6beta,8aalpha))-isomer		1.9810
cyclazosin
cyclazosin: an alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given for (cis)-isomer. cyclazosin : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of furoic acid with the secondary amino group of 6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(4aR,8aS)-octahydroquinoxalin-1-yl]quinazolin-4-amine.		2.4220aromatic amide;
aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
quinoxaline derivative		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist
sl 84.0418
SL 84.0418: potential antidiabetic for the treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes; structure given in first source		2.940
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
cs 722
CS 722: has spinal reflex depressant effects; structure given in first source		1.9810
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		4.341amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		5.3550aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
4(5)-2-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethylimidazole
4(5)-2-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)ethylimidazole: structure given in first source		2.3720
isoteolin
isoteolin: mixture of isomers isoboldine (RN 3019-51-0) & bracteoline (RN 25651-04-1)		2.3720aporphine alkaloid
imiloxan
[no description available]		3.2660benzodioxine
wr 242511
WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.63201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.04102-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
b-ht 958
B-HT 958: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.3720
u 43465f
[no description available]		1.9710
butoxamine
Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.		2.3720
ethylketocyclazocine
Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.		8.67100
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.940D-xylose
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.6630amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
N-propyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: structure given in first source		1.9810
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.57201-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
nooglutil
nooglutil: RN refers to (L)-isomer		1.9710
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		3.1450hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.2310secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.4220
rec 15-2739
Rec 15-2739: an alpha-1 antagonist selective for the lower urinary tract; structure given in first source		2.0610
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.011209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine
(2R,3S)-EHNA : EHNA of absolute configuration 2R,3S. Selective inhibitor of cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) (IC50 = 0.8 - 4 mM). Also a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase.		2.0410EHNAEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		3.5920azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.5920amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.4520methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		3.5820benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		2.4520
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.2550aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.5920
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.8330dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		3.8530isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride
Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride: A methylphenidate derivative, DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		2.0510
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		1.9610
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		2.9440morpholines
n-n-propyl-n-n-butyl-beta-dopamine
N-n-propyl-N-n-butyl-beta-dopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; dopamine D2 receptor agonist		3.0610
disopyramide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		5.33170methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		2.0110oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubazodone hydrochloride
lubazodone hydrochloride: structure given in first source		2.0110
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
satavaptan
satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210
atazanavir sulfate
Atazanavir Sulfate: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.		2.1710organic sulfate salt
isradipine, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
md 780236
MD 780236: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source for (+-)-isomer; MD 780236; (R)-somer: MD 240928; (S)-isomer: MD 240931		1.9610
olmesartan
olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866		2.0310biphenylyltetrazoleangiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
camphora
camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.		1.9610camphor
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.2310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
o-desmethylindomethacin
1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-indoleacetic acid: has insulin sensitizing and glucose lowering activity; structure in first source		1.9910
clofibride
clofibride: structure		2.0410monocarboxylic acid
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.46202,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
6-hydroxytryptamine
6-hydroxytryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9610
harmalan
harmalan: structure given in first source		7.0210harmala alkaloid
ag 3-5
icilin: a cooling compound that activates TRPM8		2.0610C-nitro compound
centhaquine
centhaquine: structure given in first source		1.9810
vouacapan
vouacapan: structure given in first source; a furan-diterpene extracted from seeds of Pterodon polygalaeflorus		1.9910
8-hydroxymianserin
8-hydroxymianserin: metabolite of mianserin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0610
tibalosin
tibalosin: structure given in first source		2.3720
asenapine
asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.		2.05105-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
gyki 12743
[no description available]		1.9710
l 659066
vatinoxan: structure given in first source		4.2941
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4h-1,2,4-triazole
4-methyl-3-methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole: structure given in first source; selectively reverses strychnine-induced seizures		2.3820
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.4120
2-(nitrooxy)ethyl apovincaminate
2-(nitrooxy)ethyl apovincaminate: structure given in first source		2.3920
corbadrine
alpha-methylnoradrenaline : A catecholamine in which the 2-aminoethyl group is substituted with a hydroxy group at C-1 and a methyl group at C-2, with configurations 1R,2S. A metabolite of alpha-methyl-L-dopa, it is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist and acts as a topical nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor, most often used in dentistry.		4.2830catecholaminealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
vasoconstrictor agent
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.8730amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.0510monoterpenoid
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		1.9710
clorazepate dipotassium
Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.		3.3711potassium saltanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
4, alpha-dimethyl-3-tyramine
4, alpha-dimethyl-3-tyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9810
sophoramine
sophoramine: structure given in first source		1.9710naphthyridine derivative
4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-3h-pyrido(3,4b)indole
4,9-dihydro-7-methoxy-3H-pyrido(3,4b)indole: structure given in first source		1.9910
aminopterin
Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.		2.0410dicarboxylic acidEC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		7.39100
isomhpg
[no description available]		2.3720methoxybenzenes;
phenols
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.6930biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		10.64872amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
5-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin
5-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.5920
3-fluoronorepinephrine
3-fluoronorepinephrine: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 8/83		1.9610
magnesium-pyridoxal-5'-phosphate glutamate
[no description available]		1.9910
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		121799
ad 1308
AD 1308: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9510
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		16.499461piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.1310imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
sb 216763
[no description available]		2.6920indoles;
maleimides
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.8930aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
piboserod
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.		2.0510
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		1.9910divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
antalarmin
antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).		2.0510pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
l 694,458
DMP 777: structure given in first source		2.0410
alnespirone
alnespirone: S 20499 is the (+)-enantiomer; S 20500 is the (-)-enantiomer		2.0110
asimadoline
asimadoline: structure in first source		210
ketoprofen
[no description available]		2.0310
mdl 72832
MDL 72832: structure given in UD		1.9910azaspiro compound
melagatran
[no description available]		2.7330azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.0850
cirsimaritin
cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.		2.1110dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
bd 1047
N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity		2.1110primary amine
mk 912
L 657743: structure given in first source		5.25121
deflazacort
deflazacort: structure		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
phenserine
phenserine: a carbamate analog of physostigmine; a long-acting inhibitor of cholinesterase		2.0510
carbocysteine
Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.0410L-cysteine thioether;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		mucolytic
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
olpadronic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.0510acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		3.23101-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.4520
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.2310indanes
tv3326
[no description available]		2.0810indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.8930furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bmy 7378
[no description available]		5.41590
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.0410
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.0810aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.5920benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.2310benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
roxindole
[no description available]		210indolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.2310N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		21012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.0210bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		4.366011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adrenosterone
adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.		2.251011-oxo steroid;
17-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
marine metabolite
dromostanolone propionate
dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer		2.04103-oxo-5alpha-steroid;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6,7-trimethoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one : A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 4'.		2.1110monohydroxyflavone;
trimethoxyflavone
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.7530monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		5.05410
corticosterone acetate
[no description available]		1.9910corticosteroid hormone
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		4.1401-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.0410carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
lupeol
[no description available]		2.0510pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
acetylstrophanthidin
acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.		2.6730acetate esteranti-arrhythmia drug
withaferin a
withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.		21027-hydroxy steroid;
4-hydroxy steroid;
delta-lactone;
enone;
epoxy steroid;
ergostanoid;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
withanolide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4420penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.4720aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
ibogaine
Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.		2.0310
withanolides
Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.		210
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine
neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source		2.0510
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.54701,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
cimadronate
cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source		2.0510
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate
[no description available]		2.0510
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		3.93130
povidone-iodine
Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.		3.3611
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		2.4320catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		3.3870inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		8.3770
bradykinin
[no description available]		5.78170oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.7130D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
carnosine
polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth		210amino acid zwitterion;
dipeptide		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		1.9810(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.0810
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		7.52241heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
bekanamycin
bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410kanamycins
tryptophanamide
tryptophanamide: used as inhibitor of chymotrypsin; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-tryptophanamide : An amino acid amide that is the carboxamide of L-tryptophan.		2.0310amino acid amide;
tryptophan derivative		human metabolite
theanine
theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.		5.0420amino acid zwitterion;
N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine		geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.6830myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		4.8133011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		1.9710puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.5620coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine
Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
L-tyrosine derivative;
monoiodotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		4.790guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose 1-phosphate
xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.		1.9610xylose phosphate
trimethyllysine
trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer		210alpha-amino-acid cationhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
inositol 3-phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer		2.1510
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.9340deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		3.4880monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		11.73310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.2550alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		5.021201-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.8430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		9.8100cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.86100L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine
Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)		5.3172benzazocine
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		6.5582acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		10.07313alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.42602,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		3.1450
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		4.5140
miglitol
[no description available]		3.8530piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.0210organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.02101-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.2550acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
canaline
canaline: structure		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		1.9810
raubasine
ajmalicine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C21H24N2O3, isolated from several Rauvolfia and Catharanthus species. It is a selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		3.0810methyl ester;
monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
picrotoxinin
[no description available]		1.9610epoxide;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid;
tertiary alcohol		GABA antagonist;
plant metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
naringin
[no description available]		1.9810(2S)-flavan-4-one;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
neohesperidoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
bq 123
cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source		210cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.3920tripeptide
enkephalin, methionine
[no description available]		2.0310pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
L-isoprenaline
L-isoprenaline : An optically active phenylethanolamine compound having an isopropyl substituent attached to the nitrogen atom.		3.0810catecholamine;
phenylethanolamines		beta-adrenergic agonist;
sympathomimetic agent
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.43201,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
teprotide
Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.		1.9510peptide
chloramphenicol palmitate
chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer)		2.0310hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
hetacillin
[no description available]		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.59203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.3960tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
ergonovine
Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.		7.8840ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		diagnostic agent;
fungal metabolite;
oxytocic;
toxin
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
medigoxin
Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).		2.0410cardenolide glycoside
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.3920organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
lephetamine
lephetamine: RN given refers to (R)-(-)-isomer; structure		4.3322stilbenoid
tibolone
tibolone: used in prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. tibolone : Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.		5.797017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		bone density conservation agent;
hormone agonist
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.0510organic molecular entity
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.7330cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		3.1450amino cyclitol;
glycoside
ergosterol
[no description available]		2103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
ergostanoid;
phytosterols		fungal metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.2350retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.940icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-(5'-phospho-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)barbituric acid
6-oxouridine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the 6-oxo derivative of UMP.		1.9610pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		8.7490resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		4.0540retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.7530octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.5570macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.8330ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.7430dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.0840dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		11.091064benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		3.1250butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.23502-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
tetragastrin
Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.		3.3811peptidyl amide;
tetrapeptide		anxiogenic;
human metabolite
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.0210alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.460
lycopene
[no description available]		7.610acyclic caroteneantioxidant;
plant metabolite
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.460epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.5370macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.4320aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		3.0750adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2
Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).		1.9710prostaglandins Dhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		4.4751olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
roflumilast
[no description available]		2.5520aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		3.1250N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.4520acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid, (s)-isomer
lycoperodine-1: from Cirsium setosum; structure in first source		2.110
imidazolidines
[no description available]		2.6630azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine
[no description available]		4.08402'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.0410
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer		1.9710
teniposide
[no description available]		4.2550aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.1310cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a
6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;		2.0510purvalanol
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.7330cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
diclazuril
[no description available]		1.9810nitrile
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.3660actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.6580L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.4520fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		6.61680pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.4260nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.4420kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.8630flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		17.18152one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.4420organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
jp-1302
[no description available]		2.1710
Tetrahydropiperine
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxoles
ar-c239
AR-C239: structure given in first source; alpha(2B)-selective adrenoreceptor		3.69100piperazines
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		3.4211aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
desmethylclomipramine
desmethylclomipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		7.4320dibenzoazepine
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone sodium
Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.		3.0510triterpenoid
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.4620
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9510isomethyleugenol
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.4520enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
piperine
piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.		2.0510benzodioxoles;
N-acylpiperidine;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary carboxamide		food component;
human blood serum metabolite;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.1110stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate
[no description available]		2.0310chloroquine
ilepcimide
ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation		2.0510benzodioxoles
rauwolscine
Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.		4.6850methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
ricinoleic acid
ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..		1.9810(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
flavin mononucleotide
[no description available]		2.0410flavin mononucleotide;
vitamin B2		bacterial metabolite;
coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dextromethadone
D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.03106-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-oneNMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
norcocaine
norcocaine: N-demethylated cocaine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer		1.9610benzoate ester
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		7.361olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
buprenorphine
Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.		19.111234morphinane alkaloiddelta-opioid receptor antagonist;
kappa-opioid receptor antagonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		4.0631cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		8.43413vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
etorphine
[no description available]		2.3920alcohol;
morphinane alkaloid		opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
sedative
s 1033
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.9540penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cefsulodin
Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.		210cephalosporin;
organosulfonic acid;
primary carboxamide		antibacterial drug
methylatropine
methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766		2.6830
canrenoic acid
Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.		2.13103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
mitobronitol
Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.		2.0410alcohol;
organobromine compound
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		4.4951indolyl carboxylic acid
xe 991, anthracenone
10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source		2.1510anthracenes
prednisolone hemisuccinate
prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		7.9240oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.4520
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.4320purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		5.12140pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.0410
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.4420
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		2.6630azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.3820
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.5520
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		5.3853chlorprothixene
dienestrol
Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		1.9610
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		6.5782ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.7590aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen
dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.		2.0310benzophenones;
monocarboxylic acid		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bemesetron
[no description available]		2.0210
phenylthiourea
Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.		1.9510thioureasEC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
ondansetron, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
lobeline
[no description available]		2.0410
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
huperzine a
[no description available]		2.5820organic heterotricyclic compound;
primary amino compound;
pyridone;
sesquiterpene alkaloid		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
plant metabolite
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene
2-amino-3-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzothiophene: an allosteric adenosine modulator		2.4420
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		7.940diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.8430N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		5.3130zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
dieldrin
Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.		1.9610epoxide;
organochlorine compound;
organochlorine insecticide		carcinogenic agent;
xenobiotic
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		4.69240aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
hc 030031
2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker		2.0810
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		7.84133diarylmethane
thiouracil
Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.0410nucleobase analogue;
thiocarbonyl compound		antithyroid drug;
metabolite
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.52701,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		5.5451diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.93110monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		12.16286capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		4.0140
metiamide
Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.		4.03150imidazoles
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.5270acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source		2.0410
idrocilamide
idrocilamide: structure		1.9610
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.3720
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4520isoquinolines
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		4.26502-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		3.67100one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		4.9110cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		8.82191cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		4.0740
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0110benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen
[no description available]		7.6142stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nadp
[no description available]		2.0310
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		4.0740pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2h-tetrazolium
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium: structure given in first source		1.9910
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.0410macrolide
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.432011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
artemotil
artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510artemisinin derivative
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		4.0840carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		6.82184barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		4.3660C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.5920
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.2550
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8830tropane alkaloid
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.2650aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
zinc oxide
Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		310
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.5820beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.		2.5120acetylenic compound;
methylpyridines		anxiolytic drug;
metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		10.28423alkali metal atom
thiamylal
Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.		10.453barbiturates;
organosulfur compound		sedative
albutoin
albutoin: structure		2.0410organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
iodothiouracil
[no description available]		2.0410organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.		1.9910nitrogen oxide
thiophanate
thiophanate-methyl : A member of the class of thioureas that is the dimethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		2.0510benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal agrochemical
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
burimamide
Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.		1.9510imidazoles
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
adrafinil
[no description available]		7.3720diarylmethane
dapiprazole
[no description available]		4.6161N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
nizatidine
Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.		2.1310
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		3.2660salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		5.4341indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.4520hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		4.3441steroidestrogen
glucametacin
glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure		2.0510
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		4.140beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		5.51210cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		210aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mitragynine
[no description available]		1.9910monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		1.9910
mr 2266
MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist		1.9610
glycodeoxycholic acid
Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.		2.1310bile acid glycine conjugatehuman metabolite
ici 154129
ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720
rtki cpd
RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors		2.0810
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for sulfate moiety		2.6530alcohol;
phenols
4-(1h-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine
4-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)piperidine: structure in first source		2.0110piperidines
thioperamide
thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist		2.3920primary aliphatic amine
s 9871
S 9871: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.8840
u-50488
3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine		4.55250dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		analgesic;
antitussive;
calcium channel blocker;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
n(6)-benzoyl-cyclic amp
[no description available]		2.0410
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
rasagiline
[no description available]		5.51180indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
ketazocine
ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer		2.8840
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		3.9301,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vuf 8430
S-(2-guanidylethyl)isothiourea: a histamine H4 receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.2510
tocainide, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0310
methyl prednisolonate
methyl prednisolonate: RN from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer		2.110
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline
2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline: structure given in first source		3.2660benzofurans
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.0510aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
7-o-ethyl fangchinoline
7-O-ethyl fangchinoline: RN given refers to the (1beta)-isomer;		1.9810
ici 199441
[no description available]		210acetamides
tamitinol
[no description available]		210
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		2.4220
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
alatrofloxacin
alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin		2.0610
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist		2.9210naphthalenes;
sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		8.2460
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		2.0510
rs 100329
RS 100329: an alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure in first source		2.0310piperazines
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
sb 242084
6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source		2.0510
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		3.87120quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041
FG 9041: structure given in first source		1.9810quinoxaline derivative
a 61603
A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first source		3.2560tetralins
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9710
fura-pe3
fura-PE3: a zwitterionic fluorescent calcium indicator; structure given in first source		210
sb 415286
3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.3110C-nitro compound;
maleimides;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
am 630
iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.0110N-acylindole
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.8530triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
lupitidine
[no description available]		2.3920
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940		2.7130alkylbenzene;
ring assembly
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.55702-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
3-propoxy-beta-carboline
3-propoxy-beta-carboline: structure in first source		1.9810
tcn 201
[no description available]		2.3110
alsterpaullone
alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
caprolactams;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
tetrathiomolybdate
tetrathiomolybdate: RN given refers to (MoS4)-2; chelates copper; inhibits CopB copper ATPase and cytokine proteins important for angiogenesis; structure		7.0710
2',3-dihydroxychalcone
2',3-dihydroxychalcone: structure in first source		2.2110
dibutyl maleate
[no description available]		7.0310
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.0310sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.44207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.4420biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		5.34570prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		5.81221monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		7.17103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		6.9610octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.570D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9710
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.4520carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
thromboxane a2
Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.		2.6730epoxy monocarboxylic acid;
thromboxanes A		mouse metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		7.73292prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.5920hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.110disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
leukotriene e4
Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).		1.9610amino dicarboxylic acid;
L-cysteine thioether;
leukotriene;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.3720prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.		9.3660harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		4.08317-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.0740antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		3.1450oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.537011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8730
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		4.0740dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.5570aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.4420
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.		2.0410
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.5920carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.08402-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		3.8530hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.		9.250harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid		anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
usambarensine
usambarensine: structure given in first source		2.0510harmala alkaloid
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.6730alpha-humulene
baicalein
[no description available]		1.9810trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		7.53207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.4620alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.4920alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
shogaol
shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source		2.110enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		2.6830flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.4520homodetic cyclic peptide
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.5420ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		2.7130endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
sorivudine
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.0510amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.7330enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		5.7661retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.7330
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.8430prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		4.0340N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.		1.9910ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		metabolite
prostaglandin i3
[no description available]		1.9610prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E: RN given refers to (11alpha,13E,15R)-isomer		1.9710prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2
16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.		2.3720cyclopentanones;
monocarboxylic acid;
prostanoid;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-ulcer drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
radiation protective agent
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9610thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-nonenal, (trans)-isomer
2-nonenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. non-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.. (E)-non-2-enal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.		2.0510enal;
medium-chain fatty aldehyde;
monounsaturated fatty aldehyde		plant metabolite
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.49201-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.0310sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
codeine
[no description available]		10.6294morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.6780homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		4.3322hydrochloride
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4520antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.8730acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
acrivastine
acrivastine: a second generation antihistamine. acrivastine : A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.		2.7330alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
cloprednol
cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		5.585117alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		4.1131morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		10.49164sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.830piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		1.9810aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydrocodone
Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.		2.0610morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		10.63245morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine
hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		10.9371pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		4.2550carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
meprednisone
[no description available]		2.041021-hydroxy steroid
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.7330morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		3.4780morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		17.8742032morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		8.08152organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		4.2350morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
acepreval
acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy		2.0410corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin
Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).		2.9640organic molecular entity
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		4.2750antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		10.52120cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.4520dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline
Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.		3.520
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		21.91611100morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.0510
a 85380
A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer		210
alpha-neoendorphin
alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family		1.9610
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).		2.0810fatty amide;
organochlorine compound;
secondary carboxamide;
synthetic cannabinoid		CB1 receptor agonist;
CB2 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
arachidonylcyclopropylamide
arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source		2.5320
atosiban
[no description available]		210oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.5920amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
beta-funaltrexamine
beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9710morphinane alkaloid
bibp 3226
BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer		2.7330
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
cloprostenol
Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.		2.0810prostanoid
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		2.0410
denopamine
denopamine: structure given in first source		2.420dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		440heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		20.1516523medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
endomorphin 1
endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain		2.4320oligopeptide
endomorphin 2
endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain		2.7230
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.432011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		9.3430organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4520carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
preclamol
preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors		2.3720
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		210benzodiazepine
lacidipine
[no description available]		7.4720cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		7.82121isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
lysophosphatidic acid
lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.		2.46201-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		3.36111-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.0510
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		6.0281organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
ro 41-1049
Ro 41-1049: structure given in first source		2.6930
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.8530phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a
Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.		2.3820
pd 123319
PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively		1.9810imidazopyridineangiotensin receptor antagonist;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sq 29548
SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist		1.9910
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.460acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cl 316243
disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source		2.0810
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		4.3660indolecarboxamide
sulprostone
sulprostone: structure		2.4520prostanoid
uliginosin b
uliginosin B: structure in first source		7.110
licochalcone a
licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510chalcones
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.0510
thebaine
Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0310morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound
1-Ethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
[no description available]		1.9810harmala alkaloid
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		13.05162(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.0510olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.930monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
stilbamidine
stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
lead
Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.		2.420carbon group element atom;
elemental lead;
metal atom		neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)		1.9810
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.6480dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.0510ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
diamide
Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.		6.97101,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		3.2660
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		3.0850alkali metal atom
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		3.3670alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.8840alkali metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		8.9940morphinane alkaloid
strontium
Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.		1.9610alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		3.1710metal atom;
pnictogen
levallorphan
Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)		210morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.6730morphinane alkaloid
indium
Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.		3.3511boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		17.4214727cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.7230morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		8.181426-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphan
Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.		8.7830morphinane alkaloid
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		1181morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.3920phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.5370cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		7.89131dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.5620benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		4.2250azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.7790dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		1.9710chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate
Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.		3.0610azoxy compound
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		5.3100styrenes
perillartine
perillartine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810
piperic acid
piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).		2.0510alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
benzodioxoles		plant metabolite
diphenylhexatriene
Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.		1.9710alkatrienefluorochrome
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		8.72286dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
salutaridine
[no description available]		2.0310morphinane alkaloidanti-HBV agent;
metabolite
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.4320
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
morphinone
[no description available]		2.0310morphinane alkaloid
6-codeinone
6-codeinone: metabolite of codeine; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0310isoquinoline alkaloid
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		1.9510butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		8.0950cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
oripavine
oripavine: from, Papaver orientale L. & P. bacterium Lindl; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6707; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. oripavine : A morphinane alkaloid with formula C18H19NO3. It is the major metabolite of thebaine.		2.0310ether;
morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic hydroxy compound;
tertiary amino compound		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite;
opioid analgesic
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		6.9710monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		10.924316morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
[no description available]		2.4420peptide
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		6.87121dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		4.4470morphinane alkaloid
cyanine 863
[no description available]		2.420
metkephamid
metkephamid: systemically active analog of methionine enkephalin; RN refers to parent cpd (L-Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-L-Phe)-(L-Met)-isomer		1.9610
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
1,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine
pseudoisocyanine: metachromatic quinoline tissue stain; may polymerize to yield different colors; also used in fluorescence cytochemistry may bind to DNA; minor descriptor (79-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search QUINOLINES (79-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		2101,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine;
quinolines
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin
Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.		2.6630aryl sulfide;
cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.8730amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.53703-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.851001,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0640cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.5920
norbinaltorphimine
norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.6190isoquinolines
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.2450cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
penicillin v
[no description available]		2.4201,1'-diethyl-2,2'-cyanine;
quinolines
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		3.7100aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2450dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.0610morphinane alkaloid
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		4.79320
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)-
enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer		1.9710
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		14.02101gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.4520cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.2310peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		2.0510aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.2310monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		8.1150isoquinolines
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		12.091067dichlorobenzene
famotidine
[no description available]		4.941101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
resiniferatoxin
resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).		7.1110carboxylic ester;
diterpenoid;
enone;
monomethoxybenzene;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ortho ester;
phenols;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		analgesic;
neurotoxin;
plant metabolite;
TRPV1 agonist
carbocyanines
Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.		2.0210cyanine dye;
organic iodide salt		fluorochrome
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.4601,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.5370beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
lhrh, ala(6)-
LHRH, Ala(6)-: RN given refers to ((L)-Ala-isomer		1.9910
cyprodime
cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
cgp 37849
2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer		2.3920
nf 449
[no description available]		2.0410
(R)-citalopram
(R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.		2.03101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer		1.9610
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.		1.9810
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.4620biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
am-356
methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer		1.9810fatty amide
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.7130cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.0410
mastoparan
[no description available]		6.9810mastoparans;
peptidyl amide		antimicrobial agent
naloxone benzoylhydrazone
naloxone benzoylhydrazone: structure given in first source		2.0210
ro 42-5892
remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).		2.4620cyclopropanes;
diol;
L-histidine derivative;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor;
peptidomimetic;
vasodilator agent
saralasin
Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.		4.93120oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		5.35570azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture		3.3611
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
cgp 39551
CGP 39551: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		1.9810
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.9740amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
budralazine
[no description available]		1.9710
raubasine
raubasine: RN given refers to (19alpha)-isomer; structure		3.0650yohimban alkaloid
dihydroergotoxine
Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.		13.25302
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		7240maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
radolmidine
radolmidine: an alpha2-adrenergic agonist; radolmidine is the HCl salt		3.1350
neramexane
[no description available]		2.0210
methylazoxymethanol
methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source		3.0610azoxy compound
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3
24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.		1.9610
tiacrilast
tiacrilast: structure given in first source		2.4620
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.2310acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
bafilomycin a1
bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.		2.0410cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide antibiotic;
oxanes		apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
fungicide;
potassium ionophore;
toxin
carboprostacyclin
carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source		1.9910prostanoid
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid
SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.3820
ly 53857
LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer		7.3720
ah 21-132
[no description available]		1.9710
e 4080
[no description available]		1.9810
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.4511
everolimus
[no description available]		3.2310cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
hv 723
HV 723: structure given in first source; RN given refers to fumarate salt; RN for parent cpd not available 3/89		3.4880
tracizoline
tracizoline: RN given for (R-(R*,R*))-2,3-dihydroxybutanedionate (1:1); ligand for imidazoline receptor; structure in first source		2.7230
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
beta-escin
Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.		2.0510triterpenoid saponin
nifuroxime
5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source		2.4320
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.0210carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.2550cephalosporinantibacterial drug
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		4.2250ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
beta-escin
[no description available]		4.2150
gr 103545
[no description available]		210
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		2.4120nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		5.5120imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
sb 334867-a
1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist		2.0210naphthyridine derivative
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		3.1550nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.0510
gadolinium dtpa
Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)		2.0510gadolinium coordination entityMRI contrast agent
morphinans
Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.		2.6630isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent;
morphinane alkaloid
ergoline
Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.		11.47350diamine;
ergoline alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		2.6730cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		4.2550
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.4620roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.2310cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.		4.32200
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		2.6630
montirelin
montirelin: structure given in first source		1.9710oligopeptide
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.7430artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		3.7100diarylmethane
cilansetron
cilansetron: structure given in first source; binds to 5-HT(3) receptors		2.0510
fedotozine
fedotozine: affects gastrointestinal motility in dogs		3.1210
mitemcinal
mitemcinal: a motilin agonist on rabbit duodenum		2.0410
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.5820macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.5720(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin
hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6		7.420
vilazodone
vilazodone : A 1-benzofuran that is 5-(piperazin-1-yl}-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide having a (5-cyanoindol-3-yl)butyl group attached at position N-4 on the piperazine ring. Used for the treatment of major depressive disorder.		2.17101-benzofurans;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
nitrile		antidepressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		4.140diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
jwh-133
1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.		2.0110benzochromene;
dibenzopyran;
organic heterotricyclic compound		analgesic;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
CB2 receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
vasodilator agent
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.5920substituted aniline
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl)
cyclo(glycyltryptophyl): structure in first source		2.0310indolesmetabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.730O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		3.2460ammonium ion derivative
chloralose
Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.		3.66100
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		7.4720penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		2.4420phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
bis(7)-tacrine
[no description available]		2.0510secondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.4820biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
guanoxabenz
[no description available]		2.3620
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		2.0410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorproguanil
chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0510dichlorobenzene
fla-136
FLA-136: RN given refers to FLA 136		6.9610
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.57201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
gs-7340
tenofovir alafenamide: component of Biktarvy. tenofovir alafenamide : An L-alanine derivative that is isopropyl L-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an (S)-({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)(phenoxy)phosphoryl group. A prodrug for tenofovir, it is used (as the fumarate salt) in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		2.17106-aminopurines;
ether;
isopropyl ester;
L-alanine derivative;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.2310benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
fosinopril
[no description available]		4.0640
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone
clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone: active metabolite of lactacystin; inhibits 20 S proteasome; structure in first source		2.2510
win 51708
WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist		210
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
rwj 52353
RWJ 52353: an alpha(2D) adrenergic receptor ligand; structure in first source		2.4120
norfenfluramine
Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine		2.0310amphetamines
rs 17053
RS 17053: a selective alpha 1A-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure given in first source		3.150
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		4.4670oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine-
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source		2.6730
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		8.6120alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine
N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist		3.9940
brl 37344
BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer		2.6930monocarboxylic acid
ap 2238
[no description available]		2.1510
muromonab-cd3
xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.		2.2110alkaloid;
macrocycle;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
marine metabolite
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
paliperidone palmitate
Paliperidone Palmitate: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-methyl-4-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl hexadecanoate : A fatty acid ester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one.. paliperidone palmitate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		2.02101,2-benzoxazoles;
fatty acid ester;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		9.8560organic molecular entity
dm 232
DM 232: a cognition-enhancing agent; structure in first source		210
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		3.150aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
abt-770
ABT-770: structure in first source		2.0410
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
l 365260
[no description available]		210
sr 59230a
3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-ylamino)-2-propanol oxalate: structure given in first source		2.0410
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine
9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source		2.0410
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.7430
ah 11110a
AH 11110A: structure in first source		2.0210
rs 79948-197
RS 79948-197: structure given in first source		3.5380
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.0410
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide
N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source		2.0510
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		4.3822glycoside
memoquin
memoquin: structure in first source		2.5520
sorbitan monooleate
[no description available]		210fatty acid ester
terutroban
terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist		2.0510
bim 23027
BIM 23027: somatostatin receptor agonist		1.9810
roflumilast n-oxide
roflumilast N-oxide: an oral, once-daily phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor; active metabolite of roflumilast		2.1110
medrogestone
Medrogestone: 6,17-Dimethylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone. It is used in the treatment of menstrual irregularities and has also been employed in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy and endometrial carcinoma.		4.9533corticosteroid hormone
z 338
Z 338: structure in first source		2.4720
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		1.9710alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		2.6830
n-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide
N-((1-allyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)-5-(3-fluoropropyl)-2,3-dimethoxybenzamide: structure in first source		2.0510
azacosterol
Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.		2.0410
2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone
2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		3.3770
delta-viniferin
delta-viniferin: resveratrol dehydrodimer, an isomer of epsilon-viniferin; isolated from grapevine leaves; structure in first source. (2S,3S)-trans-delta-viniferin : A stilbenoid that is the (2S,3S)-trans-stereoisomer of delta-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.		2.21101-benzofurans;
polyphenol;
stilbenoid
huprine y
huprine Y: structure in first source		2.520
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.8930aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.0510benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
chromafenozide
chromafenozide: has partial ecdysone agonist activity; structure in first source		2.4520bisacylhydrazine insecticide
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
vitamin u
Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.		210methyl-L-methionine;
sulfonium betaine
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		2.0510
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source		2.0510
eugenosedin-a
eugenosedin-A: antioxidant; protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine immunoreactivity in rats and mice		2.0210
m-chlorophenylguanidine
[no description available]		4.0440
2-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazole
2-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole: structure in first source		2.5220
6-chlorotacrine
6-chlorotacrine: structure given in first source		2.7930
3-trifluoromethyl-7-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
3-trifluoromethyl-7-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: structure in first source		210
prosidol
prosidol: A Russian narcotic analgesic		710
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.0410
jnj 10191584
JNJ 10191584: histamine H4 receptor antagonist		2.2510benzimidazoles
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.9240
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
baci-im
[no description available]		3.8730homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
ribose
ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.		1.9710D-ribose;
ribopyranose
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		8.7621
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		20.4217015
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
elagolix
[no description available]		2.2110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)
cyclo(L-tyrosyl-L-tyrosyl) : A cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl) in which both stereocentres have L-configuration. Synthesized by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.		2.0310cyclo(tyrosyl-tyrosyl)metabolite
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination
Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY.		6.1142
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		4.0640nystatins
vindeburnol
vindeburnol: eburnamine derivative; RN given refers to (3alpha,14beta)-(+) isomer; structure given in first source		1.9710
psn 632408
PSN 632408: a GPR119 agonist; structure in first source		2.0510
cp 154526
CP 154526: structure in first source		2.4620
arginine aspartate
arginine aspartate: RN given refers to (L)-isomer of aspartic acid with L-arginine (1:1)		8.3711
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		2.7220
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		5.3130
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		3.85120
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.5720acetamides
vindesine
[no description available]		2.4420
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		2.1110benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
n,n'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride
N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride: selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 agonist; structure in first source. AMN082 dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.610hydrochloridegeroprotector;
metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.6332
diflucortolone
Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.		2.051021-hydroxy steroid
agn 192403
AGN 192403: a potent imidazoline receptor specific agent; structure in first source		2.4220
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		3.4780benzoxazole
efaroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		1.9610
indocyanine green
Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.		2.03101,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		12.19585
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		11.67657
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
atropine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0510
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		2.6830
2-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-1-methyl-1h-indole
2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-indole: PET imaging agent for the Imidazoline2 binding site; structure in first source		1.9710
felypressin
Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.		1.9710heterodetic cyclic peptidevasoconstrictor agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
kt 5926
KT 5926: indolocarbazole; structure given in first source. KT 5926 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 5-propoxy-1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.		2.3920gamma-lactam;
hemiaminal;
indolocarbazole;
methyl ester;
organic heterooctacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
deoxoartemisinin
deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source		2.0510
icatibant
icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.		2.4220
jaw
[no description available]		3.4880indolecarboxamide
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.8840organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.7430
morphine sulfate
[no description available]		210alkaloid sulfate salt
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.0310
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
calcitonin
[no description available]		1.9910
cosyntropin
Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.		2.0710
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		3.4780
ceruletide
Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.		2.8840oligopeptidediagnostic agent;
gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins
Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.		5.42200
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.2310polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		6.9382polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
m 35
galanin-(1-13)-bradykinin-(2-9)-amide: a high-affinity galanin receptor antagonist		2.3920
nociceptin
[no description available]		2.4220organic molecular entity;
polypeptide		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
omega-conotoxin (conus magus)
Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa		2.6730
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas		1.9810
anantin
anantin: atrial natriuretic factor antagonist; from Streptomyces coerulescens; consists of 17 natural amino acids which form a ring system; MF C90-H111-N21-O24; binds to receptor of atrial natriuretic factor; structure given in first source		2.0210
gastrins
Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.		3.9840
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		12.34666peptide hormone
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		10.27211
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		8.82613
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
pancreastatin
pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin		2.3920
iberiotoxin
[no description available]		2.3920
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		3.520
bim 23056
[no description available]		1.9810
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
irl 1620
sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor		2.0510
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		1.9710
ly-146032
[no description available]		3.8530heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
ziconotide
ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.		5.4980
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.730
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
alpha-endorphin
alpha-Endorphin: An endogenous opioid peptide derived from BETA-LIPOTROPIN of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. It is the 16-amino acid sequence of the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN and differs from GAMMA-ENDORPHIN by one amino acid (beta-endorphin 1-17).		2.0310
n-acetyl-beta-endorphin
[no description available]		2.3820
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.3711
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		7.4520glycoside
quinine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0410hydrate
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		8.5180
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		4.51401,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		1.971021-hydroxy steroid
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.1710aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
bismuth subsalicylate
bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.		3.1710
vendex
Torque: The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.		3.8621organotin acaricide
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		1.9510organic molecular entity
valproate sodium
Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.		2.4620organic sodium saltgeroprotector
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		3.1210
ethybenztropine
ethybenztropine: minor descriptor (65-66); major descriptor (66-79); on-line search ETHYBENZTROPINE (65-79); Index Medicus search ETHYBENZTROPINE (66-79); RN given refers to (endo)-isomer of parent cpd		1.9610
dodecyl 2-(n,n-dimethylamino)propionate
dodecyl 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)propionate: a transdermal penetration enhancer; RN refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source		6.9810
menotropins
Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.		6.2943
chitosan
[no description available]		4.2131
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine
[no description available]		2.420
butaclamol
Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.		2.6530
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0740organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate
Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.		5.3841
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		4.462303',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
osteum
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.0410bile salt
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.5920
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
sodium glutamate
Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.		2.8940monosodium glutamateflavouring agent
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		2.0110
sodium ethylxanthate
Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.		1.9610
mersalyl
Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.		1.9510
jujuboside b
jujuboside B: from seeds of Ziziphus jujuba; structure in first source		2.2110triterpenoid
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.3720organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		9.23180
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		210glycoside
1229u91
1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		210
2-(1-(2-allylphenoxy)ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazole
2-(1-(2-allylphenoxy)ethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole: an alpha2C agonist and alpha2A antagonist; structure in first source		2.4720
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene
[no description available]		2.0110BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		3.0340fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		11.06616
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
dynorphins
dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)		2.6630
neurotensin
neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91		8.0750peptide hormonehuman metabolite;
mitogen;
neurotransmitter;
vulnerary
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-
substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist		1.9610
gw 1000
nabiximols: a combination of the above cpds for treatment of multiple sclerosis pain		6.7631
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.2110azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
neurokinin a (4-10), tyr(5)-trp(6,8,9)-arg(10)-
[no description available]		1.9810
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		15.228613
pht 427
4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.0510
hemopressin
hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment		2.0310
mme
[no description available]		2.610
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		4.3622
butyrolactone i
butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source		2.0510butenolide
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		5.71270
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		1.9710polypeptide
wy 26392
[no description available]		2.6530
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		10.48120ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.23101,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.7230carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		5.02120
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.9640
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.5470
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.7690
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.0310
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		7.2981monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.420hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		8.81772benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.0410aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0510C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		7.481411,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		5.5892heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.9540benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		6.66161benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure		2.0410
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		4.3130
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.4520hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.8930sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		2.7430
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		2.0510
tigecycline
[no description available]		3.8530
(S)-warfarin
(S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).		2.03104-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
sancycline
sancycline: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4620heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
urmc-099
URMC-099: inhibits mixed lineage kinase 3		2.1710
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan
SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		3.320
dorzolamide-timolol combination
dorzolamide-timolol combination: for glaucoma/ocular hypertensive patients; a fixed combination of timolol (Adrenergic beta-Antagonists) and dorzolamide (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor)		3.8521
omega-agatoxin iva
omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.		7.420
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		1.9910
bellergal
[no description available]		5.2130
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		3.2560
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0110
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		6.79100
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.4420alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.3820
cyanine 863
[no description available]		210
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.4320
thymic factor, circulating
Thymic Factor, Circulating: A thymus-dependent nonapeptide found in normal blood. Stimulates the formation of E rosettes and is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation.		1.9710
majonoside r2
majonoside R2: a major saponin constituent of Vietnamese ginseng; structure given in first source		1.9910
wy 26703
[no description available]		3.0650
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
oligomycins
Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).		210
spironolactone, althiazide drug combination
spironolactone, althiazide drug combination: combination of spironolactone and althiazide for treatment of benign essential hypertension		3.3611
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.4520imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
bictegravir
bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.		2.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide;
trifluorobenzene		HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
geographutoxin ii
geographutoxin II: toxic peptide from Conus geographus with 22 amino acids; different from conotoxin GI; amino acid sequence given in first source		1.9610
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)-
neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist		2.9140
peptide yy
peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source		210
angiotensin i
Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.		1.9710angiotensin;
peptide zwitterion		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.		6.732
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		2.0410
angiotensin iii
Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).		2.3820
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin
D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.		3.2260
peoniflorin
peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa		2.2510
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.7130
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.0210
bornaprolol
bornaprolol: structure		1.9610
jth 601
JTH 601: JTH-601 is the hemifumarate salt; structure in first source		210
norgestrel
Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.		2.8840
sermorelin
Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).		3.7721
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		1.9810
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		7.3920
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		2.940
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica
crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica		1.9910
beta-amyrin palmitate
beta-amyrin palmitate: alpha-amyrin palmitate is also available; may activate noradrenergic activity		1.9810
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.1110
org 6582
Org 6582: inhibits 3-hydroxytryptamine reuptake; RN & NM refer to HCl		1.9610
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		2.0210
neuropeptide y (13-36)
[no description available]		2.3920
fucosyl gm1 ganglioside
[no description available]		1.9710
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.59202-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		5.171402-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		8.914013',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate
Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		3.3770guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.		6.64420guanosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine
[no description available]		1.99102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.4220inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate
Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.		1.9810inosine phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		10.36100folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
viomycin
[no description available]		2.0410heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide antibiotic		antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate)
Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.		3.87120nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		11.47131cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		7.99391benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.4260dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.5470purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.861002-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.8530L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.4160piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		11.0381benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		2.95402-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.420pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0740imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.83170nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.2310tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.0840formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		4.74310nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.2310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin
thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source		2.0510
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source		2.0510benzenetriol
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		10.0470carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate)
[no description available]		3.0950nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
bpdz 44
BPDZ 44: an activator of ATP-sensitive potassium channels; structure in first source		1.9910
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4520aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.4320citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.2550
8-bromocyclic gmp
8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.		2.88403',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
organobromine compound		muscle relaxant;
protein kinase G agonist
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9910nitroso compoundalkylating agent
6-methyltetrahydropterin
[no description available]		1.9610pterins
febantel
febantel: structure		2.0510aryl sulfide
amg531
[no description available]		2.0610
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
fenobam
fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate		2.0510ureas
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate)
[no description available]		1.9810
s 3226
3-(2-(3-guanidino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-5-methylphenyl)-N-isopropylidene-2-methyl-acrylamide dihydrochloride: inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger subtype 3; structure in first source		210
lon 954
LON 954: RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure		1.9710
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate
[no description available]		210
cholestyramine resin
Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.		3.1710
eye
[no description available]		9.39275
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		7.09161
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		1.9910
phosphorus radioisotopes
Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.		2.3820
preproenkephalin
preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor		1.9610
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		10.2462
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		4.3441
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl)
cyclosomatostatin: involved in hepatocellular transport		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		024.261,389248
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		126.261,389248
Glaucoma
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)		115.9710718
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		019.6745912
Ache
[description not available]		020.0433252
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		122.0433252
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		07.17351
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		07.17351
Clasp-Knife Spasticity
[description not available]		018.1513038
Palsy
[description not available]		05.06101
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		010.46782
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)		018.1513038
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		05.06101
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		010.46782
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		010.14727
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		010.14727
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		017.58225101
Animal Mammary Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		010.89216
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		010.89216
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		013.84995
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		013.84995
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		03.3120
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		03.3120
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.1100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.1100
Parasite Infections
[description not available]		02.0510
Morphine Abuse
[description not available]		08.17971
Morphine Dependence
Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.		08.17971
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Tauopathies
Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.		02.110
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.520
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		05.8781
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		05.8781
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.28190
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		018.4218527
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		018.4218527
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		09132
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		111132
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.4520
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.4520
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		010.02334
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		015.02334
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		09.47144
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		116.47144
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		04.28180
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		04.28180
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		013.6294
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		012.822200
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		011.73352
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		011.73352
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		018.6294
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		05.2731
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		05.2731
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		011.658810
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		08.36224
Itching
[description not available]		07.22104
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		08.36224
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		012.22104
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		02.5220
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.4120
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		02.5220
Bernard Syndrome
[description not available]		08.59481
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		024.42445291
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		029.42445291
Recrudescence
[description not available]		012.025110
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		06.7961
Hypomania
[description not available]		03.811
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		011.095010
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		011.095010
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		07.42171
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		018.47304
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		07.42171
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		03.8321
Glaucoma, Suspect
[description not available]		013.625944
Ocular Hypertension
A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.		013.625944
Osteoarthritis of Knee
[description not available]		07.9154
Osteoarthritis, Knee
Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)		07.9154
Chronic Insomnia
[description not available]		09.91192
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.		09.91192
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		02.7230
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		012.35380
Cold Fingers, Hereditary
[description not available]		05.4482
Rheumatism
[description not available]		05.0131
Raynaud Disease
An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.		05.4482
Rheumatic Diseases
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.		05.0131
Addiction, Opioid
[description not available]		022.1430371
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		023.07744137
Opioid-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.		124.1430371
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		023.07744137
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		013.995114
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		013.995114
Allodynia
[description not available]		017.6610125
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		014.78547
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		116.78547
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		011.91762
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		04.4231
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		011.74921
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.4231
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		011.74921
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.940
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.940
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		013.86347
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		115.86347
Bites
[description not available]		02.8330
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		011434
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		011434
ADDH
[description not available]		023.4620124
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)		125.4620124
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		017.9418642
Debility
[description not available]		04.7211
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		015.59436
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		117.59436
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.6120
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		05.8281
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		010.8281
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.6120
Opiate Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of an OPIOID in excess of normal dosage. It includes overdose for prescription and illicit opioids.		02.4110
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		03.0340
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		03.0340
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		04.8221
Retrolental Fibroplasia
[description not available]		04.7211
Retinopathy of Prematurity
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		09.7211
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		06.98162
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		05.632
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		05.632
Ptosis, Eyelid
[description not available]		06.72211
Blepharoptosis
Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.		06.72211
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		08.81112
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		013.81112
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.9140
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.9140
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		121.5922863
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		04.31100
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		04.21110
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		08.44203
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		08.44203
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		04.31100
Hematuria
Presence of blood in the urine.		03.3550
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency
[description not available]		07.95261
Stunted Growth
[description not available]		014.3310810
Dwarfism, Pituitary
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.		07.95261
Growth Disorders
Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.		014.3310810
Habit Chorea
[description not available]		06.66140
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder
[description not available]		015.8911519
Tourette Syndrome
A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)		015.8911519
Tics
Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)		011.66140
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		04.86130
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		015.015125
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		014.35236
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		015.015125
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.610
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.610
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		121.4315138
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		012.745015
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		012.745015
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		07.6330
Childhood Tic Disorders
[description not available]		012.8356
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		03.9911
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		08.9911
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		05.142
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		05.142
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.		03.9321
Agnosia
Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.		02.610
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		010.7117
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		08.213110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		08.213110
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		010.52192
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		112.52192
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.		03.1710
Menopause
The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.		015.05606
Hot Flashes
A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		014.82506
Drop Attack
[description not available]		06101
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		09.91166
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		06101
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		111.91166
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		16.551
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		011.32426
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		113.32426
Depression, Involutional
Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.		07.86165
Depressive Disorder, Major
Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)		07.86165
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		012.88327
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		021.1619074
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		017.514310
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		123.1619074
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		012.514310
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		02.2110
Altered Level of Consciousness
[description not available]		04.3270
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.9440
Anasarca
[description not available]		05.25121
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		05.25121
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		012.643513
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		012.643513
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		012.364410
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.730
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		012.364410
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.730
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck
[description not available]		03.6411
Dysphagia
[description not available]		03.9421
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		04.1131
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		03.6411
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.		03.6411
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		03.9421
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		04.1131
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		15.6411
Pain, Breakthrough
[description not available]		05.4222
Breakthrough Pain
Acute pain that comes on rapidly despite the use of pain medication.		010.4222
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		06.88142
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		06.53262
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion
[description not available]		04.5390
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		06.53262
Hypopituitarism
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.		04.5390
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.3270
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		05.7371
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		05.7371
Abstinence Syndrome, Neonatal
[description not available]		018.929115
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Fetal and neonatal addiction and withdrawal as a result of the mother's dependence on drugs during pregnancy. Withdrawal or abstinence symptoms develop shortly after birth. Symptoms exhibited are loud, high-pitched crying, sweating, yawning and gastrointestinal disturbances.		120.929115
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		012.52466
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		012.52466
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		06.91142
Ataxias, Hereditary
[description not available]		02.7430
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		015.88505
Multiple System Atrophy
A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)		06.91142
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		013.474932
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		013.474932
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		05.15110
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		05.15110
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		06.78101
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		06.78101
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		03.1710
Absence of Corpus Callosum
[description not available]		03.4370
Hyperidrosis
[description not available]		04.41210
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		09.22384
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		06.66110
Hyperhidrosis
Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.		04.41210
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		09.22384
Long Sleeper Syndrome
[description not available]		011.32308
Happy Puppet Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Sleep Wake Disorders
Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.		011.32308
Angelman Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)		02.2510
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		03.1350
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		03.1350
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.1710
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		03.1710
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		04.1250
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		03.1710
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		04.1250
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.1710
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		08.1710
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		07.35163
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		014.078016
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		07.35163
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		014.078016
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.9680
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		05.2241
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		03.1450
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		05.2241
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		03.1450
Catheter-Associated Infections
[description not available]		02.2510
Dizzyness
[description not available]		05.0831
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.5220
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		010.0831
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.5220
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		04.231
Harelip
[description not available]		03.7921
Cleft Palate, Isolated
[description not available]		03.7921
Cleft Lip
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.		08.7921
Cleft Palate
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.		03.7921
Acute Rheumatic Fever
[description not available]		02.2510
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		06.461
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.4820
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.4820
Inflammation, Endodontic
[description not available]		04.5622
Pulpitis
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.		04.5622
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.63181
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.63181
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		08.23460
Fra(X) Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0650
Fragile X Syndrome
A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)		04.0650
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		05.6360
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		010.6360
Refractory Depression
[description not available]		07.9554
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)		07.9554
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		011.76225
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		06.91111
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		011.76225
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		011.56422
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		113.56422
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		012.073615
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		012.073615
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		011.3482
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.83151
Bleeding
[description not available]		08.13163
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		110.13163
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.3110
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		010.52186
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		010.52186
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		09.03251
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		016.955426
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		021.955426
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		03.9740
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		03.9740
Lock Jaw
[description not available]		04.1731
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.4620
Sinus Tachycardia
[description not available]		08.6230
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		05.7273
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.4620
Cancer-Associated Pain
[description not available]		03.4720
Cancer Pain
Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.		03.4720
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		03.821
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		03.821
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		011.433010
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		113.433010
Apoplexy
[description not available]		011.23166
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		016.23166
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.8630
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.87130
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		010.87130
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		010.87415
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III
[description not available]		04.0931
Dysautonomia, Familial
An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)		04.0931
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		03.0610
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal
[description not available]		03.0610
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		06.69350
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		06.17182
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		08.26160
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		08.26160
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		04.6461
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		04.6461
Inferior Dislocation
[description not available]		02.1510
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		03.8240
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		03.8240
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		08.26141
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		08.26141
Facies
The appearance of the face that is often characteristic of a disease or pathological condition, as the elfin facies of WILLIAMS SYNDROME or the mongoloid facies of DOWN SYNDROME. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)		02.4620
Death, Sudden
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.		02.6830
Congenital Hand Deformities
[description not available]		02.1510
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.		03.84110
Anochlesia
[description not available]		05.71200
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		03.1750
Leukocytosis
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.		02.8330
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		03.1750
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		08.73421
Colitis, Mucous
[description not available]		04.6932
Visceral Pain
Pain originating from internal organs (VISCERA) associated with autonomic phenomena (PALLOR; SWEATING; NAUSEA; and VOMITING). It often becomes a REFERRED PAIN.		02.5320
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		07.1182
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.		04.6932
Postpartum Amenorrhea
[description not available]		05.9231
Amenorrhea
Absence of menstruation.		05.9231
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		06.1743
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		18.1743
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		05.15460
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		013.729612
Anankastic Personality
[description not available]		010.51304
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.		010.51304
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		115.729612
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		08.39162
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		07.2110
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		08.39162
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		010.32173
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		010.32173
Aura
[description not available]		05.2190
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		05.2190
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		02.1710
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		02.1710
Breast Pain
[description not available]		02.1710
Electric Injuries
Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.		02.1710
Mastodynia
Pain in the breast generally classified as cyclical (associated with menstrual periods), or noncyclical, i.e. originating from the breast or nearby muscles or joints, ranging from minor discomfort to severely incapacitating.		02.1710
Anterior Cervical Pain
[description not available]		06.9552
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.1710
Neck Pain
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.		06.9552
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.1710
Adiposalgia
[description not available]		02.1710
Angiomyolipoma
A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		03.1150
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		03.5380
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		03.5380
Cephalgia Syndromes
[description not available]		05.0752
Headache Disorders
Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		05.0752
Myofascial Trigger Point Pain
[description not available]		05.8542
Temporomandibular Disorders
[description not available]		03.3820
Costen's Syndrome
[description not available]		05.2841
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.		05.8542
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)		03.3820
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		114.58253
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		09.12183
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		010.45705
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		017.611115
Bowel Incontinence
[description not available]		07.1554
Fecal Incontinence
Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.		114.1554
Basal Ganglia Diseases
Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		03.3320
Nearsightedness
[description not available]		04.3741
Myopia
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.		04.3741
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		06.63102
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		06.63102
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		05.32131
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.7130
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		05.32131
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.7130
Blood Loss, Surgical
Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.		013.052918
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		09.3741
Carcinoma, Adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma.		02.1710
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		02.4920
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.1710
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.1710
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		010.28163
Meningitis, Viral
Viral infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space. TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RUBELLA; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORBIVIRUS infections; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RHABDOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; JC VIRUS infections; and RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS may cause this form of meningitis. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, neck pain, vomiting, PHOTOPHOBIA, and signs of meningeal irritation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)		02.1710
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.4920
Muscle Pain
[description not available]		02.1710
Myalgia
Painful sensation in the muscles.		02.1710
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.8981
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		012.373313
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		012.373313
Psychological Trauma
An emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience. It can result from witnessing distressing events such as natural disasters, physical or sexual abuse, and terrorism or other acts of violence. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/)		03.9421
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		06.66112
Diseases of Endocrine System
[description not available]		03.0910
Endocrine System Diseases
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.		03.0910
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		014.4439
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		08.88186
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.88186
Bruxism, Nocturnal
[description not available]		07.8962
Dysuria
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.		02.2110
Lethargy
A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.		02.4920
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		05.7964
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		05.7964
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		023.1214245
Bruise
[description not available]		02.5820
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		018.1214245
Contusions
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.		02.5820
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		014.7115523
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		014.7115523
Female Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		05.7321
Genital Neoplasms, Female
Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		05.7321
Myelopathy
[description not available]		06.4890
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		06.4890
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior
[description not available]		02.3110
Gestational Hypertension
[description not available]		06.4151
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		08.52192
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		08.52192
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (		06.4151
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
[description not available]		03.8421
Intracranial Hypertension
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.		03.8421
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.2110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.2110
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2110
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Neurofibromatosis 1
An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).		02.2110
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.9540
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.9540
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.2110
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		07.87101
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		09.44144
Nasal Polyps
Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.		06.0333
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		07.87101
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		09.44144
Acathisia, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		012.85225
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		06.91142
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		18.91142
Combat Disorders
Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.		02.0710
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		09.93126
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		09.0794
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		014.93126
Pelvic Pain
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin.		05.5131
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.8781
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.8781
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		012.865911
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		012.865911
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.0810
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.0810
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.420
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.420
Dysautonomia
[description not available]		02.0810
Injuries, Lightning
[description not available]		02.0810
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve
[description not available]		03.5380
Pervasive Child Development Disorders
[description not available]		07.0681
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.		19.0681
Labor Pain
Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.		08.4284
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		012.31138
Apple Peel Small Bowel Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases
[description not available]		02.0810
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.0810
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0810
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		02.0810
Nanism
[description not available]		04.590
Dwarfism
A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.		04.590
Lassitude
[description not available]		07.7484
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		07.7484
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.4620
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		08.2385
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		013.2385
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.7730
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		02.7730
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		012.68486
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		05.0960
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex
[description not available]		08.32134
Diaper Rashes
[description not available]		0310
Diaper Rash
A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.		0310
Reflex, Abnormal
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.		08.32134
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		010.21324
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		012.34102
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		010.21324
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		07.34102
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		012.24293
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		012.24293
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		07.3295
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		07.3295
Heroin Abuse
[description not available]		014.112040
Heroin Dependence
Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.		116.112040
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.4420
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		07.5220
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		03.3870
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		03.3870
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		04.8880
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		02.110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		04.8880
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		02.110
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		02.0810
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		04.3441
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.7230
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		04.3441
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		09.188
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		09.188
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		04.6532
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		04.6532
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		04.411
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		04.411
Night Terrors
A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)		02.7530
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		05.0552
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		05.0552
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		08.78110
Blood Loss, Postoperative
[description not available]		04.5651
Pernicious Vomiting of Pregnancy
[description not available]		04.821
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Intractable VOMITING that develops in early PREGNANCY and persists. This can lead to DEHYDRATION and WEIGHT LOSS.		111.821
Affective Disorders
[description not available]		07.93133
Anxiety Neuroses
[description not available]		012.6468
Callous-Unemotional Traits
[description not available]		06.4452
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavioral Disorders
[description not available]		06.0561
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.		017.6468
Conduct Disorder
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		011.4452
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Includes two similar disorders: oppositional defiant disorder and CONDUCT DISORDERS. Symptoms occurring in children with these disorders include: defiance of authority figures, angry outbursts, and other antisocial behaviors.		06.0561
Mood Disorders
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.		07.93133
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.8640
Craniofacial Pain
[description not available]		06.4992
Facial Pain
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.		011.4992
Menopause, Premature
The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.		02.110
Acrocephaly
Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.		02.110
Craniosynostoses
Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.		02.110
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		04.3140
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		04.3140
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		04.8781
Dissociation
[description not available]		04.422
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		04.0931
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		04.0931
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		03.0110
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		013.68341
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		013.68341
Asystole
[description not available]		04.4180
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		04.4180
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		09.4651
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		015.0410121
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		04.4651
Sex Disorders
[description not available]		04.9360
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.		04.9360
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		03.7821
Capsule Opacification
Clouding or loss of transparency of the posterior lens capsule, usually following CATARACT extraction.		03.511
Autonomic Failure, Pure
[description not available]		02.4820
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		014.159124
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		116.159124
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.1110
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3520
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5220
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		02.5220
Hypermyotonia
[description not available]		04.8842
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		07.01102
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.8171
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		09.29247
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		09.29247
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		04.8171
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.7100
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.7100
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		010.23269
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		010.23269
Equinus Contracture
[description not available]		03.8621
Uveitis, Anterior
Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.		04.1431
Eye Pain
A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.		04.7732
Paranasal Sinus Diseases
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.		09.7399
Congenital Stiff-Man Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Stiff-Person Syndrome
A condition characterized by persistent spasms (SPASM) involving multiple muscles, primarily in the lower limbs and trunk. The illness tends to occur in the fourth to sixth decade of life, presenting with intermittent spasms that become continuous. Minor sensory stimuli, such as noise and light touch, precipitate severe spasms. Spasms do not occur during sleep and only rarely involve cranial muscles. Respiration may become impaired in advanced cases. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1492; Neurology 1998 Jul;51(1):85-93)		02.1110
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.6930
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.7930
Anoxemia
[description not available]		07.92224
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.92224
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Cerebromalacia
[description not available]		02.1110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		04.6461
Acute Necrotizing Encephalitis, Herpetic
[description not available]		02.4620
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		02.1110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		04.6461
Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex
An acute (or rarely chronic) inflammatory process of the brain caused by SIMPLEXVIRUS infections which may be fatal. The majority of infections are caused by human herpesvirus 1 (HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN) and less often by human herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN). Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; HALLUCINATIONS; behavioral alterations; APHASIA; hemiparesis; and COMA. Pathologically, the condition is marked by a hemorrhagic necrosis involving the medial and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE and orbital regions of the FRONTAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp751-4)		02.4620
Nociceptive Pain
Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.		05.341
Shoulder Pain
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.		03.8721
Orthostatic Intolerance
Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)		17.6532
Back Ache
[description not available]		07.5594
Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.		07.5594
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		010.39134
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		010.39134
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic
[description not available]		03.5111
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		03.0410
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		03.6330
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		03.0410
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.0750
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.0750
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Algodystrophic Syndrome
[description not available]		06.1111
Causalgia Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8440
Causalgia
A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)		03.8440
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)		06.1111
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		016.192217
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		011.192217
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		05.9374
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		03.150
MODS
[description not available]		03.0310
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		03.0310
As If Personality
[description not available]		04.2970
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Pyuria
The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.		02.1310
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.		02.1310
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		02.4320
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		05.2562
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.1310
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		010.2562
Psychoses, Drug
[description not available]		05.270
Funnel Chest
A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.		03.8521
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.		02.1310
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		03.1650
Drooling
[description not available]		05.2341
Sialorrhea
Increased salivary flow.		010.2341
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		010.8183
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		05.8183
Peripheral Nerve Injury
[description not available]		03.81110
Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.		03.81110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.1310
Foreign-Body Granuloma
[description not available]		02.1310
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.1310
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		03.1350
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis
[description not available]		02.1310
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.1310
Adenoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.8121
Cancer of Pituitary
[description not available]		05.5561
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		08.8121
Pituitary Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.		05.5561
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
[description not available]		07.1510
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing
ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.		02.1510
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		06.7371
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.		07.4420
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		02.1510
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		010.15597
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		06.2472
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		06.2472
Laryngeal Spasm
[description not available]		03.9810
Laryngismus
A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.		03.9810
Bedwetting
[description not available]		04.4522
Nocturnal Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.		09.4522
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.0510
Preterm Birth
[description not available]		02.0410
Premature Birth
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).		02.0410
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.0650
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		07.2970
Catatonic Rigidity
[description not available]		03.690
Muscle Rigidity
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)		03.690
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4620
Diabetic Feet
[description not available]		02.4420
Diabetic Foot
Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.		02.4420
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		04.6232
Cramp
[description not available]		011.7751
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		06.7751
Hyperactivity, Motor
[description not available]		07.71132
Afferent Pupillary Defect
[description not available]		02.7330
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		06.821010
Autism
[description not available]		08.17145
Autistic Disorder
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)		013.17145
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		013.54498
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		013.54498
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.0410
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.0410
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		03.3520
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		03.3520
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		09.37210
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		09.37210
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		05.3172
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		05.3172
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		03.8340
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		03.8340
Gambling, Pathologic
[description not available]		03.8521
Gambling
An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.		08.8521
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		010.26273
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		010.5832
Asthenia
Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.		04.3922
Gammapathy, Monoclonal
[description not available]		02.0510
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		06.51171
Paraproteinemias
A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.		02.0510
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		06.51171
Neurilemoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Birth Injuries
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.		02.4220
Adie Pupil
[description not available]		02.0510
Neurilemmoma
A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)		02.0510
Thoracic Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.		02.0510
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		04.8981
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.0510
Concomitant Strabismus
[description not available]		06.0365
Strabismus
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)		06.0365
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		03.4311
Asphyxia Neonatorum
Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Disorder, Borderline Personality
[description not available]		05.2443
Borderline Personality Disorder
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)		05.2443
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		03.7921
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		03.7921
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		06.47173
Celiac Sprue
[description not available]		02.0510
Celiac Disease
A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.		02.0510
Asialia
[description not available]		08.16139
Xerostomia
Decreased salivary flow.		08.16139
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		05.2141
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		011.4971
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		05.2141
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		03.4311
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		03.4311
Medial Neuropathy, Distal
[description not available]		02.0510
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		03.3970
Eyelid Diseases
Diseases involving the EYELIDS.		02.0510
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		03.3970
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		06.47105
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		06.47105
Fever of Unknown Origin
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.		02.0510
Emesis
[description not available]		013.02203
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		08.02203
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.0510
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		05.6971
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		05.6971
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic
[description not available]		02.0510
Phlegmon
[description not available]		02.0510
Cellulitis
An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.		02.0510
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		04.8942
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		04.8942
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.4220
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		02.3820
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin
[description not available]		06.2742
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type
[description not available]		02.0510
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		08.19245
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		07.49191
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary
[description not available]		02.0510
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.		02.0510
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.6430
Lupus Erythematosus, Chronic Cutaneous
[description not available]		02.0510
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)		06.2742
Dermatomyositis
A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)		02.0510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		08.19245
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		07.49191
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.		02.0510
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.6430
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.0510
Cushing's Syndrome
[description not available]		010.5461
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma
[description not available]		02.0510
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.		05.5461
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.8240
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		03.8521
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.0510
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		03.8521
Birth Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.0831
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction
[description not available]		02.0510
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction
Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.		02.0510
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.7330
Intraventricular Septal Defects
[description not available]		02.4320
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.		02.4320
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0510
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.7330
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		05.81140
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		011.3995
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		06.3995
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder
[description not available]		0450
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		04.3240
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		04.3240
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0510
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		02.420
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		02.420
Anemia, Cooley's
[description not available]		06.7283
beta-Thalassemia
A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.		06.7283
Disc, Herniated
[description not available]		05.9333
Nerve Root Avulsion
[description not available]		04.7421
Intervertebral Disc Displacement
An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.		05.9333
Radiculopathy
Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.		09.7421
Granulomas
[description not available]		03.8440
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		03.8440
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		05.3951
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		05.3951
Thyroid Nodule
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).		02.0610
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		07.420
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.420
Dehydration
The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.		012.2791
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		05.2722
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		04.7121
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		05.2722
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		04.3711
Asperger Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Asperger Syndrome
A disorder beginning in childhood whose essential features are persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. These symptoms may limit or impair everyday functioning. (From DSM-5)		02.0610
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		06.4863
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		06.4863
Aneurysm, Coronary
[description not available]		02.4720
Deficiency, Magnesium
[description not available]		02.0610
Magnesium Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)		02.0610
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.		08.5930
Shoulder Injuries
Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.		03.8121
Brown-Sequard Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		02.0610
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.		02.0610
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0610
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.0710
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.420
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.420
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		04.8881
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		06.882
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		06.882
Bertielliasis
[description not available]		02.0610
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		02.0610
Neuralgia, Sciatic
[description not available]		02.7230
Sciatica
A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.		02.7230
Lower Extremity Weakness, Spastic
[description not available]		02.0710
Complications, Labor
[description not available]		05.6641
Urination Disorders
Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.		05.7642
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		09.4751
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.		03.7821
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.0710
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		05.07100
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A neurobehavioral syndrome associated with bilateral medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Clinical manifestations include oral exploratory behavior; tactile exploratory behavior; hypersexuality; BULIMIA; MEMORY DISORDERS; placidity; and an inability to recognize objects or faces. This disorder may result from a variety of conditions, including CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; infections; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PICK DISEASE OF THE BRAIN; and CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		02.4620
Tendinitis
Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.		02.0810
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.		02.0810
Tendinopathy
Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.		02.0810
Pulsatile Tinnitus
[description not available]		03.4611
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.		03.4611
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic
[description not available]		04.1660
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.		04.1660
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		06.2372
Appetite Disorders
[description not available]		03.630
Feeding and Eating Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.		03.630
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		02.0710
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0710
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		012.17131
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		012.17131
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.6930
Rupture
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.		02.0810
Wounds, Gunshot
Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.		02.4420
Ocular Hypotension
Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).		02.4220
Eye Injuries, Penetrating
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.		02.0810
Facial Asymmetry
Congenital or acquired asymmetry of the face.		02.0810
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		06.9461
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		06.9461
Bladder Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Cystitis, Interstitial
A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.		02.0610
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		03.4611
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		03.4611
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		04.6632
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.730
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.730
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.0710
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		02.0710
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.0710
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		03.4980
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		03.4980
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		05.0331
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		05.0331
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0810
Inborn Urea Cycle Disorder
[description not available]		02.0810
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		07.0810
Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn
Rare congenital metabolism disorders of the urea cycle. The disorders are due to mutations that result in complete (neonatal onset) or partial (childhood or adult onset) inactivity of an enzyme, involved in the urea cycle. Neonatal onset results in clinical features that include irritability, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, NEONATAL HYPOTONIA; RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS; HYPERAMMONEMIA; coma, and death. Survivors of the neonatal onset and childhood/adult onset disorders share common risks for ENCEPHALOPATHIES, METABOLIC, INBORN; and RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS due to HYPERAMMONEMIA.		02.0810
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		04.1130
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		04.1130
Femoral Fractures
Fractures of the femur.		03.3911
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome
[description not available]		03.320
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)		03.320
Shingles
[description not available]		06.3153
Herpes Zoster
An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		06.3153
Infectious Myelitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		03.3911
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		03.3911
Striatonigral Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0110
Hypospadias
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.		0533
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		010.51161
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.420
Angioblastic Meningioma
[description not available]		02.0110
Osteolysis
Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.		02.0110
Neoplasms, Skull Base
[description not available]		02.0110
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.420
Meningeal Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.		02.420
Meningioma
A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)		02.0110
Spinal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.		03.580
Sensation Disorders
Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).		02.9210
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		019.124917
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		014.124917
Factitious Disorders
Disorders characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are not real, genuine, or natural.		02.3920
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		05.66191
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		05.66191
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		04.7671
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		09.7671
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		03.8140
Herpes Zoster, Ocular
[description not available]		02.0110
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.		02.0110
Chorea Disorders
[description not available]		02.4120
Chorea
Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.		07.4120
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		05.7942
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		05.2241
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		05.7942
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		07.7764
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		07.7764
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity
[description not available]		011.113310
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		09.84587
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.420
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.420
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		07.7293
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others		02.420
Amphetamine Abuse
[description not available]		02.0110
Amphetamine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.		02.0110
Benign Essential Tremor
[description not available]		03.411
Essential Tremor
A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)		08.411
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.3820
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.3820
Amentia
[description not available]		04.2770
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		04.2770
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		09.4272
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		09.4272
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.4320
Alcohol Problem
[description not available]		02.0110
Alcohol-Related Disorders
Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.		02.0110
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.6930
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.6930
Hemorrhage, Uterine
[description not available]		01.9310
Uterine Hemorrhage
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.		01.9310
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		03.411
Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal.		03.411
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
[description not available]		02.0110
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)		02.0110
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
A phenomenon in which symptoms of a disease are fabricated by an individual other than the patient causing unnecessary, and often painful, physical examinations and treatments. This syndrome is considered a form of CHILD ABUSE, since another individual, usually a parent, is the source of the fabrication of symptoms and presents the child for medical care.		02.4120
Colitis, Granulomatous
[description not available]		02.0110
Infection
[description not available]		02.4120
Crohn Disease
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.		02.0110
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		02.4120
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.4131
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.4131
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.730
Hirsutism
A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.		02.4220
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		04.6461
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		09.6461
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		08.772210
Miliaria
A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0210
Claustrophobia
[description not available]		07.25132
Phobic Disorders
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.		07.25132
Anterior Horn Cell Disease
[description not available]		03.820
Motor Neuron Disease
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		03.820
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		05.9193
Autonomic Hyperreflexia
[description not available]		02.0210
Autonomic Dysreflexia
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)		02.0210
Hay Fever
[description not available]		02.0110
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.0110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.0110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		02.0110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.0110
Bruxism
A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.		02.0210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		04.9350
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		04.2970
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		09.08212
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		04.9350
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		04.2970
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		09.08212
Froehlich's Syndrome
[description not available]		05.6871
Scrotal Hydrocele
[description not available]		04.3722
Abdominal Cryptorchidism
[description not available]		04.3522
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		07.28153
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		07.28153
Phantom Limb
Perception of painful and nonpainful phantom sensations that occur following the complete or partial loss of a limb. The majority of individuals with an amputated extremity will experience the impression that the limb is still present, and in many cases, painful. (From Neurol Clin 1998 Nov;16(4):919-36; Brain 1998 Sep;121(Pt 9):1603-30)		08.5382
Pseudophakia
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.		03.411
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.420
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0210
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.420
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.0210
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.0210
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		02.0210
Brachial Plexopathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Brachial Plexus Neuropathies
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)		02.0210
Intertrochanteric Fractures
[description not available]		05.2922
Hip Fractures
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).		05.2922
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.3820
ACL Injuries
[description not available]		04.3211
Amaurosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Blindness
The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.		02.3820
Chemodectoma
[description not available]		02.4120
Cranial Nerve IX Injury
[description not available]		02.0210
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.0210
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		02.0210
Gastric Dilatation
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.		02.0210
Marasmus
[description not available]		02.3920
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.		02.3920
Bewilderment
[description not available]		04.6232
Premenstrual Tension
A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.		010.6773
Premenstrual Syndrome
A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.		05.6773
Cancer of Testis
[description not available]		02.0210
Testicular Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.		02.0210
Brittle Bone Disease
[description not available]		06.4151
Bone Diseases, Endocrine
Diseases of the bones related to hyperfunction or hypofunction of the endocrine glands.		03.3711
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
COLLAGEN DISEASES characterized by brittle, osteoporotic, and easily fractured bones. It may also present with blue sclerae, loose joints, and imperfect dentin formation. Most types are autosomal dominant and are associated with mutations in COLLAGEN TYPE I.		06.4151
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.4120
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		02.4120
Paronychia
An inflammatory reaction involving the folds of the skin surrounding the fingernail. It is characterized by acute or chronic purulent, tender, and painful swellings of the tissues around the nail, caused by an abscess of the nail fold. The pathogenic yeast causing paronychia is most frequently Candida albicans. Saprophytic fungi may also be involved. The causative bacteria are usually Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus. (Andrews' Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p271)		08.4111
Brain Damage, Chronic
A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.		02.730
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		03.0750
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		03.0750
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular
[description not available]		03.4111
Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.		03.4111
Cancer of the Urethra
[description not available]		02.0210
Urethral Neoplasms
Cancer or tumors of the URETHRA. Benign epithelial tumors of the urethra usually consist of squamous and transitional cells. Primary urethral carcinomas are rare and typically of squamous cells. Urethral carcinoma is the only urological malignancy that is more common in females than in males.		02.0210
Hyperkyphosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Injuries, Spinal
[description not available]		02.0210
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.6630
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.6630
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System
[description not available]		02.0210
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		02.9410
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.3220
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		02.9410
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.3220
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.0750
Vesicoureteral Reflux
[description not available]		09.831010
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.		09.831010
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		05.7642
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		05.7642
Neurally Mediated Faint
[description not available]		05.2243
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial
[description not available]		03.4111
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		03.6130
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		03.0750
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		03.6130
Neuritis
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.		02.4320
Hypospermatogenesis
[description not available]		02.6930
Conjunctival Diseases
Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.		03.4111
Eye Hemorrhage
Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.		04.0831
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound
[description not available]		03.7921
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		02.730
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		02.730
Adolescent Gynecomastia
[description not available]		02.0210
Hyperprolactinaemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Gynecomastia
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.		07.0210
Hyperprolactinemia
Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)		07.0210
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.0310
Dupuytren's Contracture
[description not available]		02.420
Dupuytren Contracture
A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.		02.420
Genito-urinary Cancer
[description not available]		07.4544
Urogenital Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.		07.4544
Affective Disorders, Psychotic
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.		04.661
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.9410
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		14.9410
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		06.29100
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		06.29100
Eclampsia
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).		05.0570
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.0310
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		05.8991
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		05.8991
Sore Throat
[description not available]		07.0310
Hoarseness
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.		07.0310
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		02.0310
Exfoliation Glaucoma
[description not available]		0531
Exfoliation Syndrome
The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)		0531
Cervicogenic Headache
[description not available]		04.3822
Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures
A condition where seizures occur in association with ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) without other identifiable causes. Seizures usually occur within the first 6-48 hours after the cessation of alcohol intake, but may occur during periods of alcohol intoxication. Single generalized tonic-clonic motor seizures are the most common subtype, however, STATUS EPILEPTICUS may occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1174)		02.420
Psychoses
[description not available]		07.33163
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		07.33163
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		03.3320
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		03.3320
Joint Pain
[description not available]		02.9510
Arthralgia
Pain in the joint.		02.9510
Deficiency, Vitamin B
[description not available]		02.0310
Vitamin B Deficiency
A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.		02.0310
Trichotillomania
Compulsion to pull out one's hair.		02.0310
Parotid Diseases
Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.		02.0310
Stress Disorders, Traumatic
Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.		02.0410
Bladder, Overactive
[description not available]		02.0310
Impotence
[description not available]		06.44101
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		06.44101
Urinary Bladder, Overactive
Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.		02.0310
Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System
Disorders caused by cellular or humoral immune responses primarily directed towards nervous system autoantigens. The immune response may be directed towards specific tissue components (e.g., myelin) and may be limited to the central nervous system (e.g., MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) or the peripheral nervous system (e.g., GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME).		02.0310
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		02.0310
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		03.4311
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		02.0310
Autonomic Failure, Progressive
[description not available]		03.0850
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		02.0310
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		02.0310
Clostridium tetani Infection
[description not available]		06.0161
Tetanus
A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.		06.0161
Cranial Nerve II Diseases
[description not available]		02.9240
Optic Nerve Diseases
Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.		02.9240
Bronchial Hyperreactivity
Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.		04.6332
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		05.0552
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		010.0552
Acrania
[description not available]		02.420
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.420
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.0310
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.0310
Rett Syndrome
An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)		02.0310
Urinary Incontinence, Stress
Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.		02.0410
Thrombocytopathy
[description not available]		02.0410
Acantholysis Bullosa
[description not available]		02.0410
Blood Platelet Disorders
Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.		02.0410
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.		02.0410
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0410
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome
[description not available]		04.2941
Post-Natal Depression
[description not available]		02.0410
Familial Spastic Paraparesis, Htlv-1-Associated
[description not available]		02.0410
Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic
A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)		02.0410
Depression, Postpartum
Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)		02.0410
Hypocapnia
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		03.8121
Autotomy Human
[description not available]		04.3880
Psychoses, Alcoholic
A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.		06.4392
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		05.37141
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9610
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		01.9610
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.76110
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.76110
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.8681
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.8681
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		03.7940
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		03.7420
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		03.7940
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		03.7420
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		010.072711
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		010.072711
Dermatoses
[description not available]		04.0431
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		04.0431
Agoraphobia
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.		06.98113
Starvation
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.4780
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.3720
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.3720
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		04.4550
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		04.4550
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder
A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)		013125
Essential Polyarteritis
[description not available]		02.3720
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
[description not available]		03.5830
Intestinal Obstruction
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.		03.0650
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		08.5830
Embryopathies
[description not available]		03.5830
Gastroduodenal Ulcer
[description not available]		03.320
Peptic Ulcer
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.320
Reproductive Sterility
[description not available]		0632
Sterility, Male
[description not available]		02.8810
Infertility
A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.		01132
Infertility, Male
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.		02.8810
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		03.5730
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0550
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9610
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9610
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3720
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9610
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.2870
Shock, Surgical
A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.		02.8810
Atypical Cluster Headache
[description not available]		05.4282
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		011.2272
Cervical Dystonia
A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.		03.7621
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.		03.7621
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.2820
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.8810
Nutritional Disorders
[description not available]		04.1560
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.8810
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.8810
Nutrition Disorders
Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.		04.1560
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.		04.0431
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly)
[description not available]		05.8891
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous
[description not available]		02.3820
Acromegaly
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)		05.8891
Craniopharyngioma
A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)		02.3820
Monkey Diseases
Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).		02.8810
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.5887
Bullous Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9510
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		01.9510
Anus Diseases
Diseases involving the ANUS.		01.9510
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		05.5921
Diabetes Insipidus
A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.		07.8740
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		03.7521
Psychophysiologic Disorders
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)		04.2741
Adjustment Disorder
[description not available]		02.3820
Adjustment Disorders
Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.		02.3820
Delayed Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		04.0431
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		04.4451
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		04.4451
Bed Sores
[description not available]		01.9610
Pressure Ulcer
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.		01.9610
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3620
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.3620
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		02.3720
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.3720
Pregnancy in Diabetes
[description not available]		01.9610
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		04.1460
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		04.1460
Cardiac Neurosis
[description not available]		05.5232
HbS Disease
[description not available]		01.9610
Anemia, Sickle Cell
A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.		01.9610
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		01.9610
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		02.8940
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		02.8940
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).		01.9610
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		05.2872
Carcinoma, Bronchial
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.		01.9610
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		02.6630
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		04.6132
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.6730
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		04.6132
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		03.7421
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		03.7421
Action Tremor
[description not available]		06.61154
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		06.61154
Intestinal Perforation
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.		02.6530
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		05.5292
Gangrene
Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.		01.9510
Blood Clot
[description not available]		01.9510
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		06.9510
Fecal Impaction
Formation of a firm impassable mass of stool in the RECTUM or distal COLON.		02.3620
Curling Ulcer
Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.		02.8840
Acetonemia
[description not available]		01.9510
Duodenal Ulcer
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.		02.8840
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		06.9610
Cancer of Pharynx
[description not available]		02.420
Pharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.		02.420
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		02.3920
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		02.3920
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		03.2260
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		03.2260
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians
[description not available]		01.9810
Familial Precocious Puberty
[description not available]		02.3920
Puberty, Precocious
Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.		02.3920
Separation Anxiety Disorder
[description not available]		05.3851
Kussmaul Aphasia
[description not available]		02.910
Anxiety, Separation
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.		05.3851
Spider Veins
[description not available]		01.9810
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		01.9810
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		01.9810
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		01.9810
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		03.320
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		03.320
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		04.7571
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		04.7571
Stammering
[description not available]		04.3322
Stuttering
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		04.3322
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral
[description not available]		01.9810
Esophageal Stricture
[description not available]		01.9810
Esophageal Stenosis
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.		01.9810
Adenoma, beta-Cell
[description not available]		02.940
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.940
Insulinoma
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.		02.940
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.940
Glaucoma, Angle Closure
[description not available]		06.0584
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure
A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.		06.0584
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		04.2741
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		04.2741
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		01.9810
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis
[description not available]		01.9810
Angioneurotic Edema
[description not available]		01.9810
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		01.9810
Angioedema
Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.		01.9810
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		01.9810
Anophthalmia
[description not available]		01.9810
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex
[description not available]		02.420
AIDS Dementia Complex
A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)		02.420
Cyclitis, Heterochromic
[description not available]		01.9810
Iridocyclitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.		01.9810
Coenuri Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Cysticercosis
Infection with CYSTICERCUS, the larval form of the various tapeworms of the genus Taenia (usually T. solium in man). In humans they penetrate the intestinal wall and invade subcutaneous tissue, brain, eye, muscle, heart, liver, lung, and peritoneum. Brain involvement results in NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS.		01.9810
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		02.420
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		02.420
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		03.5930
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3120
Fibromyalgia
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)		03.3120
Closed Head Injuries
[description not available]		01.9810
Lordosis
The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).		01.9810
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		05.5263
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		05.5263
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.84120
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.84120
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		01.9810
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		01.9810
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		04.0631
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		01.9810
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		09.69109
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		09.69109
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		02.3820
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		02.3820
Burns, Electric
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.		01.9810
Germinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the germinal tissue of the GONADS; MEDIASTINUM; or pineal region. Germinomas are uniform in appearance, consisting of large, round cells with vesicular nuclei and clear or finely granular eosinophilic-staining cytoplasm. (Stedman, 265th ed; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1642-3)		03.3711
Benign Hypothalamic Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3711
Proctitis
INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		06.9810
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9810
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		01.9810
Deficiency, Riboflavin
[description not available]		01.9810
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		03.3711
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		03.7521
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		03.7521
SC Disease
[description not available]		02.3920
Hemoglobin SC Disease
One of the sickle cell disorders characterized by the presence of both hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C. It is similar to, but less severe than sickle cell anemia.		02.3920
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.9733
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.9733
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		03.3711
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		04.9631
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		03.3711
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		04.9631
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		01.9810
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		01.9810
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.3920
Cancer of Digestive System
[description not available]		04.2911
Digestive System Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.		04.2911
Jejunal Diseases
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9810
Orthopedic Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Musculoskeletal Diseases
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.		13.9910
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		03.3711
Foot Diseases
Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.		03.7921
Hallux Abductovalgus
[description not available]		05.2622
Hallux Valgus
Lateral displacement of the great toe (HALLUX), producing deformity of the first METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT with callous, bursa, or BUNION formation over the bony prominence.		05.2622
Hyperesthesia
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.		08.5930
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
[description not available]		03.7821
Hypogonadism
Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).		03.7821
Enlarged Liver
[description not available]		01.9910
Glycogen Storage Disease Type VI
A hepatic GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE in which there is an apparent deficiency of hepatic phosphorylase (GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE, LIVER FORM) activity.		06.9910
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.3820
Hangman Fracture
[description not available]		01.9910
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		02.3820
Spinal Fractures
Broken bones in the vertebral column.		01.9910
Cryptosporidium Infection
[description not available]		01.9910
Cryptosporidiosis
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.		01.9910
Enteritis
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.		01.9910
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.3920
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		02.3920
Acquired Meningomyelocele
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermal Sinus
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		01.9910
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		01.9910
Intestinal Diseases
Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.		02.6830
Water Intoxication
A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.		04.3522
Hydrothorax
A collection of watery fluid in the pleural cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		03.7921
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		03.7921
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		01.9910
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		01.9910
Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction
Functional obstruction of the COLON leading to MEGACOLON in the absence of obvious COLONIC DISEASES or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.		06.9910
African Sleeping Sickness
[description not available]		01.9910
Trypanosomiasis, African
A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.		01.9910
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.3920
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.311
Fibroid
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9910
Leiomyoma
A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.		01.9910
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9910
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid
[description not available]		01.9910
Craniofacial Pain Syndromes
[description not available]		03.3811
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		01.9910
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		01.9910
Day Blindness
[description not available]		05.0152
Cyclitis, Chronic
[description not available]		01.9910
Corneal Edema
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.		01.9910
Uveitis, Intermediate
Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.		01.9910
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.6930
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		02.6930
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		03.3811
Hemisensory Neglect
[description not available]		04.9931
Perceptual Disorders
Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.		04.9931
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		01.9910
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		04.3522
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		01.9910
Infarct
[description not available]		02.3920
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		01.9910
Rib Fractures
Fractures of any of the RIBS.		01.9910
Chordoma
A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9910
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Neoplasms, Otorhinolaryngologic
[description not available]		01.9910
ENT Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Delayed Puberty
[description not available]		01.9910
Alkalosis, Respiratory
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3811
Hypernatremia
Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.3811
Mycosis Fungoides
A chronic, malignant T-cell lymphoma of the skin. In the late stages, the LYMPH NODES and viscera are affected.		0710
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		03.320
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		04.0731
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		04.0731
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		03.3811
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		03.3811
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic
[description not available]		0210
Arthritis, Juvenile
Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.		0210
Abdominal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.		0210
AIDS Seroconversion
[description not available]		02.3920
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9110
Icterus
[description not available]		02.9110
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.		02.9110
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.9110
Korsakoff Psychosis
[description not available]		0210
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		0210
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		0210
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		03.3220
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		03.3220
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		04.311
Cicatrization
The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.		0210
Ectropion
The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Entropion
The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)		0210
Cicatrix
The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.		0210
Vitiligo
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.		0210
Allergic Conjunctivitis
[description not available]		0210
Conjunctivitis, Allergic
Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.		0210
Adenohypophyseal Diseases
[description not available]		0210
Pituitary Diseases
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.		0210
Injuries, Leg
[description not available]		0210
Hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.		03.3911
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.		02.3820
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear
[description not available]		03.3911
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive
A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)		03.3911
Pink Eye
[description not available]		03.7821
Conjunctivitis
INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.		08.7821
Foot Ulcer
Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.		0210
Polyradiculitis
[description not available]		03.3220
Polyradiculopathy
Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.		03.3220
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Polyps
Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.		0210
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)		0710
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral
[description not available]		0210
Hematoma, Subdural
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.		0210
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations
Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.		0210
Erythermalgia
[description not available]		0210
Erythromelalgia
A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.		0710
Macular Holes
[description not available]		03.3911
Retinal Perforations
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.		03.3911
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		03.5830
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast
An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.		0210
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity
[description not available]		0210
Gastroschisis
A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.		0210
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		0210
Carotid Body Tumor
Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.		0210
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0110
Linear Skull Fracture
[description not available]		02.0110
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.9210
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.9210
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		02.9210
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		02.0110
Exophthalmos
Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.		02.8740
Island Cell Tumor
[description not available]		01.9510
Adenoma, Islet Cell
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.		01.9510
Gastric Fistula
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.		02.3520
Cephalgia, Vascular
[description not available]		0552
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		01.9510
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		01.9510
Amelia
[description not available]		01.9510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9510
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial
[description not available]		02.6530
Sinoatrial Block
Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.		01.9510
Paranoia
[description not available]		01.9510
Coagulation Disorders, Blood
[description not available]		01.9510
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.		01.9510
Gout
Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.		02.3520
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		01.9510
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		01.9510
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		01.9510
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		01.9510
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		01.9510
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		01.9510
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		01.9510
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		01.9510
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		01.9510
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		01.9510
Dyspareunia
Recurrent genital pain occurring during, before, or after SEXUAL INTERCOURSE in either the male or the female.		03.3311
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		04.0331
Encephalitis Lethargica Type Parkinsonism
[description not available]		01.9510
Parkinson Disease, Postencephalitic
Parkinsonism following encephalitis, historically seen as a sequella of encephalitis lethargica (Von Economo Encephalitis). The early age of onset, the rapid progression of symptoms followed by stabilization, and the presence of a variety of other neurological disorders (e.g., sociopathic behavior; TICS; MUSCLE SPASMS; oculogyric crises; hyperphagia; and bizarre movements) distinguish this condition from primary PARKINSON DISEASE. Pathologic features include neuronal loss and gliosis concentrated in the MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMUS; and HYPOTHALAMUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p754)		01.9510
Choked Disk
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemorrhage, Retinal
[description not available]		02.3520
Papilledema
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)		01.9510
Gasser Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.		01.9510
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9810
Adnexal Diseases
Diseases of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including diseases involving the OVARY, the FALLOPIAN TUBES, and ligaments of the uterus (BROAD LIGAMENT; ROUND LIGAMENT).		01.9810
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9810
Cretinism
[description not available]		06.9810
Congenital Hypothyroidism
A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.		01.9810
B Virus Infection
[description not available]		01.9810
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		01.9810
Besnoitiasis
[description not available]		01.9810
Poultry Diseases
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.		01.9810
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		01.9810
Angiomatosis Retinae
[description not available]		01.9810
von Hippel-Lindau Disease
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.		01.9810
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.3820
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.3820
Hospital-Acquired Condition
[description not available]		01.9810
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		01.9810
Blepharospasm-Oromandibular Dyskinesia
[description not available]		03.3611
Multiple Primary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3820
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		06.9810
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell
A chronic leukemia characterized by abnormal B-lymphocytes and often generalized lymphadenopathy. In patients presenting predominately with blood and bone marrow involvement it is called chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL); in those predominately with enlarged lymph nodes it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma. These terms represent spectrums of the same disease.		01.9710
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		01.9710
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		01.9710
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Short Bowel Syndrome
A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.		06.9710
Adipocere
[description not available]		02.6630
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		02.3820
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.8940
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		02.8940
Deficiency Diseases
A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Lactic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.8910
Carditis
[description not available]		02.8910
Acidosis, Lactic
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.		02.8910
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.8910
Menstruation, Painful
[description not available]		02.6530
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation.		02.6530
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		01.9710
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		01.9710
Ozena
[description not available]		01.9710
Swine Diseases
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.		02.6630
Rhinitis, Atrophic
A chronic inflammation in which the NASAL MUCOSA gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony TURBINATES, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).		01.9710
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.		02.6630
Delusional Disorder
Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.		03.7621
Labor, Premature
[description not available]		03.3611
Binge Eating
[description not available]		03.3611
Bulimia
Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.		03.3611
Arachnoid Membrane Inflammation
[description not available]		01.9710
Deficiency, Pyridoxine
[description not available]		02.6630
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		01.9710
Pleurisy
INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.		01.9710
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		03.7621
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		01.9710
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		01.9710
Parodontosis
[description not available]		01.9710
Aggressive Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.		01.9710
Periodontal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.		01.9710
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9710
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		01.9710
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.		01.9610
Pancreatic Cyst
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)		01.9610
Cancer of Cecum
[description not available]		01.9710
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		01.9710
Adrenal Gland Diseases
Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.		03.2920
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Retinoblastoma
A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)		01.9710
Gelineau Syndrome
[description not available]		02.8840
Narcolepsy
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)		07.8840
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
[description not available]		01.9710
Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic
An autosomal dominant vascular anomaly characterized by telangiectases of the skin and mucous membranes and by recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. This disorder is caused by mutations of a gene (on chromosome 9q3) which encodes endoglin, a membrane glycoprotein that binds TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.		01.9710
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		01.9710
Male Genital Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Genital Neoplasms, Male
Tumor or cancer of the MALE GENITALIA.		13.9710
Leiomyosarcoma
A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)		01.9710
Experimental Hepatoma
[description not available]		02.6630
Cataleptic Attacks
[description not available]		01.9710
Hypersensitivity, Type III
[description not available]		01.9710
Vibrio cholerae Infection
[description not available]		03.3611
Cholera
An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.		08.3611
Hair Diseases
Diseases affecting the orderly growth and persistence of hair.		01.9710
Pruritus Vulvae
Intense itching of the external female genitals.		01.9710
Empyema, Gall Bladder
[description not available]		01.9610
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.		01.9610
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine
[description not available]		02.3720
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		02.6530
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		02.6530
Shock, Traumatic
Shock produced as a result of trauma.		01.9710
Diabetes, Phosphate
[description not available]		01.9610
Hypophosphatemia, Familial
An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.		01.9610
Coronary Artery Vasospasm
[description not available]		01.9610
Coronary Vasospasm
Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.		01.9610
Neoplasms, Skull
[description not available]		01.9610
Catatonia
A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)		01.9610
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		01.9710
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		03.7621
Thalassemias
[description not available]		01.9610
Thalassemia
A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.		01.9610
Deficiency, Thiamine
[description not available]		01.9610
Thiamine Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)		01.9610
Porphyria
[description not available]		06.9710
Porphyrias
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.		01.9710
Prinzmetal Angina
[description not available]		01.9710
Angina Pectoris, Variant
A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.		01.9710
Glycosuria
The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).		01.9610
Nasal Bleeding
[description not available]		03.3511
Epistaxis
Bleeding from the nose.		03.3511
Atopic Hypersensitivity
[description not available]		03.7621
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.3620
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		07.3620
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		01.9710
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9710
Hemosiderosis
Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.		01.9610
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		01.9610
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610
Hives
[description not available]		01.9610
Urticaria
A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.		01.9610
Cancer of Pelvis
[description not available]		01.9610
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		01.9610
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		01.9610
Air Sickness
[description not available]		01.9610
Motion Sickness
Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.		01.9610
Acid-Base Imbalance
Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.		01.9610
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		01.9610
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		01.9610
Peritoneal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.		01.9610
Malabsorption Syndromes
General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.		01.9610
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		01.9510
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		01.9510
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		01.9510
Vaccinia
The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.		01.9510
Lupus Vulgaris
A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the NASAL MUCOSA; BUCCAL MUCOSA; and conjunctival mucosa.		01.9510
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		01.9510
Scotoma
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.		01.9410
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		01.9510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		01.9510
Salivary Gland Diseases
Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.		01.9510
Fusiform Aneurysm
Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.		01.9510
Aneurysm
Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.		01.9510
Aortic Arch Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9510
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		02.8610
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		02.8610
Gas Poisoning
Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.		01.9410