Page last updated: 2024-09-21

indican

Description

indoxyl sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is indoxyl in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a sulfo group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID441564
CHEMBL ID2063300
CHEBI ID16700
SCHEMBL ID15756
MeSH IDM0011222
PubMed CID10258
CHEMBL ID1233636
CHEBI ID43355
SCHEMBL ID15755
MeSH IDM0011222

Synonyms (82)

Synonym
3-indolyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
CHEBI:16700 ,
1h-indol-3-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
SMP2_000304
nsc-87517
indoxyl beta-d-glucoside
487-60-5
indican ,
indoxyl beta-d-glucoside, bioxtra, >=97%
indoxyl beta-d-glucoside, >=97%
2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(1h-indol-3-yloxy)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5- triol
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(1h-indol-3-yloxy)oxane-3,4,5-triol
3-indoxyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside
beta-d-glucopyranoside, 1h-indol-3-yl
n187wk1y1j ,
indole, 3-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-
unii-n187wk1y1j
1h-indol-3-yl beta-glucopyranoside
nsc 87517
3-(glucosyloxy)indole
CHEMBL2063300
1h-indol-3-yl-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside
indican [mi]
SCHEMBL15756
indican-reaktion
AKOS016844826
3-indolyl-b-d-glucopyranoside
XVARCVCWNFACQC-RKQHYHRCSA-N
mfcd00047169
AS-59844
indoxyl beta-d-glucoside, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 97%
DTXSID10903997
Q418392
(2r,3s,4s,5r,6s)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(1h-indol-3-yloxy)tetrahydropyran-3,4,5-triol
(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-(1h-indol-3-yloxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4,5-triol
(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-((1h-indol-3-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-3,4,5-triol
indoxyl ?-glucoside
indoxylbeta-d-glucoside
HY-122009
indoxyl beta -d-glucoside
3-(beta-d-glucosido)indole, plant indican
A871882
CS-0078782
CHEMBL1233636 ,
chebi:43355 ,
3-sulfooxy-1h-indole
IOS ,
indoxyl sulfate
3-indolyl hydrogen sulfate
3-indoxylsulfuric acid
3-indolyl sulfate
indoxyl sulphate
DB07992
indoxyl-3-sulphate
indoxylsulfuric acid
indoxyl sulfic acid
indol-3-yl hydrogen sulfate
indol-3-yl sulfate
1h-indol-3-yl hydrogen sulfate
3-indoxyl sulfate
kt0qa88913 ,
indican (metabolic indolyl sulfate)
unii-kt0qa88913
487-94-5
1h-indol-3-ol, hydrogen sulfate (ester)
indican (metabolic indican)
bdbm50420185
indol-3-yl sulphate
SCHEMBL15755
1h-indol-3-ol, 3-(hydrogen sulfate)
indoxyl sulfate [mi]
BXFFHSIDQOFMLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1h-indol-3-yloxidanesulfonic acid
indoxylsulfate
1h-indol-3-yl hydrogen sulphate
3-indoxyl sulphate
Q11712146
EN300-1268263
(1h-indol-3-yl)oxidanesulfonic acid
1h-indol-3-ylhydrogensulfate
DTXSID701043787
AKOS040752080

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
indolyl carbohydrate
beta-D-glucosideAny D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
exopolysaccharideA biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.
indolesAny compound containing an indole skeleton.
aryl sulfate
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

indican is involved in 2 pathway(s), involving a total of 23 unique proteins and 63 unique compounds

PathwayProteinsCompounds
indican biosynthesis010
indican biosynthesis011
Tryptophan metabolism2342

Protein Targets (5)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)83.00000.27004.53069.9000AID682036
Solute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki22.85000.03003.20437.8200AID679369; AID679400
Solute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)Ki168.85000.04004.22979.0000AID681029; AID681043
Solute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)Ki181.15000.20002.57716.1500AID680180; AID681674
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)Km21.00000.42004.61839.3000AID678998
Solute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)Km263.00000.34501.32173.1000AID679675
Solute carrier family 22 member 8Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Km166.00000.73901.53952.3400AID679631; AID681222
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cellular response to starvationAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarizationAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
cellular response to calcium ion starvationAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
monoatomic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-ketoglutarate transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric proximal tubule developmentSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
renal tubular secretionSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transportSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
urate metabolic processSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
oxygen bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
DNA bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
fatty acid bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
protein bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
toxic substance bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
pyridoxal phosphate bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
metal ion bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
enterobactin bindingAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
extracellular spaceAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
protein-containing complexAlbuminBos taurus (cattle)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
caveolaSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complexSolute carrier family 22 member 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 8Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 11Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (41)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID674374Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674375Cytotoxicity against human Bel7402 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674372Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674376Cytotoxicity against human Ketr3 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674373Cytotoxicity against human BGC823 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674370Antiviral activity against HIV1 infected in 293T cells cotransfected with VSV-G at 10 uM after 48 hrs by ELISA2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674371Antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus 1 at 10 uM2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID674377Cytotoxicity against human HCT8 cells at 10 uM after 96 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Jun-22, Volume: 75, Issue:6
Alkaloids from the root of Isatis indigotica.
AID1624942Stability of the compound in pH 7 ammonium acetate buffer by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID1624948Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis by measuring catalytic efficiency by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID681674TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake&inhibition of estrone sulfate in OAT4-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID1624939Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis using 1 U of enzyme measured after 20.5 hrs by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID679369TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake&inhibition of PAH in OAT1-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID682034TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport of erythromycin in the presence of Indoxyl sulfate at 1mM in MDR1-expressing MDCK cells2004Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Nov, Volume: 32, Issue:11
Effects of uremic toxins on hepatic uptake and metabolism of erythromycin.
AID1624938Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis using 0.1 U of enzyme by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID1324533Binding affinity to BSA assessed as dissociation rate constants of the ligand-target complex at 2 mM in presence of 0.06 mM L-tryptophan by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID679400TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake (PAH: 5 uM, indoxyl sulfate:500 uM) in S2 human-OAT1 expressing cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID679675TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT3-expressing HEK293 cells2004Kidney international, Jan, Volume: 65, Issue:1
Characterization of uremic toxin transport by organic anion transporters in the kidney.
AID681029TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake&inhibition of estrone sulfate in OAT3-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID681168TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Oat3-expressing oocyte cells2004The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jun, Volume: 309, Issue:3
Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier.
AID681222TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2002Kidney international, May, Volume: 61, Issue:5
Major role of organic anion transporter 3 in the transport of indoxyl sulfate in the kidney.
AID1624940Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis using 5 U of enzyme by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID682036TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in OAT-expressing OK cells2002British journal of pharmacology, Jan, Volume: 135, Issue:2
Uraemic toxins induce proximal tubular injury via organic anion transporter 1-mediated uptake.
AID1324531Binding affinity to BSA assessed as dissociation rate constants of the ligand-target complex at 2 mM in absence of L-tryptophan by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID1624947Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis by measuring Kcat by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID1624946Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis by measuring Vmax by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID678998TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT1-expressing HEK293 cell2004Kidney international, Jan, Volume: 65, Issue:1
Characterization of uremic toxin transport by organic anion transporters in the kidney.
AID1324525Binding affinity to BSA assessed as binding constant at 1H-2 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID680180TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 5 uM, indoxyl sulfate:500 uM) in S2 cells expressing human-OAT42003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID681043TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of E1S uptake (E1S: 5 uM, indoxyl sulfate:500 uM) in S2 cells expressing human-OAT32003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID1624944Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis using 1 U of enzyme measured after 24 hrs by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID681032TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT3-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID1324534Binding affinity to bovine trypsin assessed as 1H-CPMG relaxation dispersion data changes by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID682171TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of benzylpenicillin uptake by Indoxyl sulfate at a concentration of 1000uM in Oat3-expressing oocyte cells2004The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jun, Volume: 309, Issue:3
Mouse reduced in osteosclerosis transporter functions as an organic anion transporter 3 and is localized at abluminal membrane of blood-brain barrier.
AID680164TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT4-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID1324530Binding affinity to BSA assessed as 1H-CPMG relaxation dispersion data changes at 2 mM in presence of 0.06 to 1 mM L-tryptophan by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID1324532Binding affinity to BSA assessed as dissociation rate constants of the ligand-target complex at 2 mM in presence of 0.03 mM L-tryptophan by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID1624945Substrate activity at Helix pomatia arylsulfatase assessed as enzyme-mediated compound hydrolysis by measuring Km by UPLC-MS/MS analysis2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 27, Issue:6
Comprehensive kinetic and substrate specificity analysis of an arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia using mass spectrometry.
AID1324519Binding affinity to BSA assessed as ligand-target residence time at 1H-2 resonance by (1)H relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-08, Volume: 59, Issue:23
Measurement of Ligand-Target Residence Times by
AID679381TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in OAT1-S2 cells2003European journal of pharmacology, Apr-11, Volume: 466, Issue:1-2
Interactions of human organic anion as well as cation transporters with indoxyl sulfate.
AID679631TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Oat3-expressing HEK293 cells2004Kidney international, Jan, Volume: 65, Issue:1
Characterization of uremic toxin transport by organic anion transporters in the kidney.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,049)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990217 (20.69)18.7374
1990's24 (2.29)18.2507
2000's106 (10.10)29.6817
2010's456 (43.47)24.3611
2020's246 (23.45)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials54 (4.98%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews101 (9.32%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies28 (2.58%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational18 (1.66%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other883 (81.46%)84.16%
Other8 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research Highlights

Safety/Toxicity (18)

ArticleYear
Efficacy and safety of switching from febuxostat to dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, in hyperuricemic patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease: Protocol for a single-arm, open-label, prospective, exploratory study.
Frontiers in endocrinology, Volume: 13
2022
Curcumin enhances p-cresyl sulfate-induced cytotoxic effects on renal tubular cells.
International journal of medical sciences, Volume: 19, Issue: 7
2022
Toxic Effects of Indoxyl Sulfate on Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblastogenesis.
International journal of molecular sciences, Oct-19, Volume: 22, Issue: 20
2021
Safety and efficacy of using cereal food (Frugra®) to improve blood pressure and bowel health in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: A pilot study.
Journal of pharmacological sciences, Volume: 147, Issue: 1
2021
The role of AMP-activated protein kinase α1-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress in alleviating the toxic effect of uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate on vascular endothelial cells by Klotho.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Volume: 41, Issue: 9
2021
Endoplasmic reticulum stress associated apoptosis as a novel mechanism in indoxyl sulfate‑induced cardiomyocyte toxicity.
Molecular medicine reports, Volume: 18, Issue: 6
2018
Generation, clearance, toxicity, and monitoring possibilities of unaccounted uremic toxins for improved dialysis prescriptions.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 10-01, Volume: 315, Issue: 4
2018
Comment on Indoxyl Sulfate-Review of Toxicity and Therapeutic Strategies. Toxins 2016, 8, 358.
Toxins, 04-17, Volume: 9, Issue: 4
2017
Indoxyl Sulfate-Review of Toxicity and Therapeutic Strategies.
Toxins, 11-30, Volume: 8, Issue: 12
2016
Nitration of indoxyl sulfate facilitates its cytotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular cells via expression of heme oxygenase-1.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Sep-25, Volume: 465, Issue: 3
2015
Uremic toxins enhance statin-induced cytotoxicity in differentiated human rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
Toxins, Sep-03, Volume: 6, Issue: 9
2014
The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Volume: 25, Issue: 9
2014
Determination of 12 potential nephrotoxicity biomarkers in rat serum and urine by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and its application to renal failure induced by Semen Strychni.
Journal of separation science, Volume: 37, Issue: 9-10
2014
Uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate.
Nagoya journal of medical science, Volume: 72, Issue: 1-2
2010
Serum indoxyl sulfate as an early marker for detecting chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity.
Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society, Volume: 52, Issue: 2
2010
New insights into uremic toxicity.
Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, Volume: 17, Issue: 6
2008
Role of organic anion transporters in the tubular transport of indoxyl sulfate and the induction of its nephrotoxicity.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Volume: 13, Issue: 7
2002
[Study on the uremic protein binding inhibitors as uremic toxin: toxic effect on erythroid colony formation, lymphocyte blast formation and renal function].
Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi, Volume: 31, Issue: 11
1989
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Long-term Use (3)

ArticleYear
Indoxyl Sulfate Administration during Pregnancy Contributes to Renal Injury and Increased Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability.
International journal of molecular sciences, Jul-26, Volume: 24, Issue: 15
2023
Indoxyl sulfate potentiates skeletal muscle atrophy by inducing the oxidative stress-mediated expression of myostatin and atrogin-1.
Scientific reports, 08-23, Volume: 6
2016
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Pharmacokinetics (21)

ArticleYear
Mechanistic Study on the Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Vildagliptin and its Carboxylic Acid Metabolite.
Pharmaceutical research, Volume: 39, Issue: 9
2022
Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: Production pathway, challenges and recent advances in renal PBUTs clearance.
NanoImpact, Volume: 21
2021
High-volume hemodiafiltration decreases the pre-dialysis concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate compared to hemodialysis: a post-hoc analysis from the HDFit randomized controlled trial.
Journal of nephrology, Volume: 35, Issue: 5
2022
Increased clearance of indoxyl sulphate in renal failure rats with the addition of water-soluble poly-β-cyclodextrin to the dialysate.
Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.), Volume: 27, Issue: 4
2022
Modeling indoxyl sulfate transport in a bioartificial kidney: Two-step binding kinetics or lumped parameters model for uremic toxin clearance?
Computers in biology and medicine, Volume: 138
2021
Association Between Kidney Clearance of Secretory Solutes and Cardiovascular Events: The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.
American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, Volume: 78, Issue: 2
2021
Protein-Bound Solute Clearance During Hemodialysis.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, Volume: 1153
2019
Echocardiography-based pressure-volume loop assessment in the evaluation for the effects of indoxyl sulfate on cardiovascular function.
Journal of echocardiography, Volume: 17, Issue: 1
2019
Generation, clearance, toxicity, and monitoring possibilities of unaccounted uremic toxins for improved dialysis prescriptions.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 10-01, Volume: 315, Issue: 4
2018
Microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes: perpetrators of altered nonrenal drug clearance in kidney disease.
Expert review of clinical pharmacology, Volume: 11, Issue: 1
2018
Long term variation of serum levels of uremic toxins in patients treated by post-dilution high volume on-line hemodiafiltration in comparison to standard low-flux bicarbonate dialysis: results from the REDERT study.
Journal of nephrology, Volume: 30, Issue: 4
2017
Diurnal and Long-term Variation in Plasma Concentrations and Renal Clearances of Circulating Markers of Kidney Proximal Tubular Secretion.
Clinical chemistry, Volume: 63, Issue: 4
2017
Effect of a sustained difference in hemodialytic clearance on the plasma levels of p-cresol sulfate and indoxyl sulfate.
Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, Volume: 31, Issue: 8
2016
Enhanced Indoxyl Sulfate Dialyzer Clearance with the Use of Binding Competitors.
Blood purification, Volume: 39, Issue: 4
2015
Renal clearance and intestinal generation of p-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate in CKD.
Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, Volume: 8, Issue: 9
2013
High correlation between clearance of renal protein-bound uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate) and renal water-soluble toxins in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy, Volume: 16, Issue: 4
2012
Hepatic clearance, but not gut availability, of erythromycin is altered in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 87, Issue: 4
2010
Coated carbon hemoperfusion provides limited clearance of protein-bound solutes.
Artificial organs, Volume: 32, Issue: 9
2008
Increasing the clearance of protein-bound solutes by addition of a sorbent to the dialysate.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Volume: 18, Issue: 3
2007
The clearance of protein-bound solutes by hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration.
Kidney international, Volume: 68, Issue: 2
2005
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of uraemic indoxyl sulphate in rats.
Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, Volume: 24, Issue: 8
2003
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioavailability (4)

ArticleYear
Indoxyl Sulfate, a Uremic Endotheliotoxin.
Toxins, 04-05, Volume: 12, Issue: 4
2020
Gut microbiome-related metabolic changes in plasma of antibiotic-treated rats.
Archives of toxicology, Volume: 91, Issue: 10
2017
Nitric oxide counters the inhibitory effects of uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate on endothelial cells by governing ERK MAP kinase and myosin light chain activation.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Jun-17, Volume: 409, Issue: 4
2011
Hepatic clearance, but not gut availability, of erythromycin is altered in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 87, Issue: 4
2010
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Dosage (13)

ArticleYear
Treatment with Paracetamol Can Interfere with the Intradialytic Optical Estimation in Spent Dialysate of Uric Acid but Not of Indoxyl Sulfate.
Toxins, 09-01, Volume: 14, Issue: 9
2022
Serum total indoxyl sulfate levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a prospective cohort study.
BMC nephrology, 06-28, Volume: 23, Issue: 1
2022
The Binding of Aripiprazole to Plasma Proteins in Chronic Renal Failure Patients.
Toxins, 11-18, Volume: 13, Issue: 11
2021
Association between the uremic toxins indoxyl-sulfate and p-cresyl-sulfate with sarcopenia and malnutrition in elderly patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
Experimental gerontology, Volume: 147
2021
Influence of bowel habits on gut-derived toxins in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Journal of nephrology, Volume: 33, Issue: 5
2020
AST-120, an Adsorbent of Uremic Toxins, Improves the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure in Conscious Dogs.
Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, Volume: 33, Issue: 3
2019
Increasing the removal of protein-bound uremic toxins by liposome-supported hemodialysis.
Artificial organs, Volume: 43, Issue: 5
2019
Generation, clearance, toxicity, and monitoring possibilities of unaccounted uremic toxins for improved dialysis prescriptions.
American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 10-01, Volume: 315, Issue: 4
2018
The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: a systematic review.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, Volume: 25, Issue: 9
2014
AST-120 ameliorates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and interstitial fibrosis in the kidneys of chronic kidney disease rats.
Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation, Volume: 22, Issue: 1
2012
Hepatic clearance, but not gut availability, of erythromycin is altered in patients with end-stage renal disease.
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, Volume: 87, Issue: 4
2010
Association between blood indoxyl sulfate and carbonyl stress marker in hemodialysis patients.
Clinical nephrology, Volume: 60, Issue: 3
2003
The effect of saccharin ingestion on the excretion of microbial amino acid metabolites in rat and man.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Volume: 91, Issue: 3
1987
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Interactions (1)

ArticleYear
Metabonomics evaluation of urine from rats administered with phorate under long-term and low-level exposure by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, Volume: 34, Issue: 2
2014
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]