Compounds > saxitoxin
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

saxitoxin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID56947150
CHEMBL ID501134
CHEBI ID34970
SCHEMBL ID49687
SCHEMBL ID13028580
SCHEMBL ID22829661
MeSH IDM0019455

Synonyms (34)

Synonym
gonyaulax catenella poison
1h,10h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)purine-10,10-diol, 2,6-diamino-4-(((amino-carbonyl)oxy)methyl)-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-, (3as-(3a-alpha,4-alpha,10ar*))
mytilus californianus poison
saxitoxin hydrate
saxidomus giganteus poison
gtpl2625
saxitoxin
35523-89-8
saxitoxin (8ci)
[(3as,4r,10as)-2,6-diamino-10,10-dihydroxy-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-3h-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methyl carbamate
1h,10h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)purine-10,10-diol, 2,6-diamino-4-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-, (3as-(3aalpha,4alpha,10ar*))-
(+)-saxitoxin
chebi:34970 ,
CHEMBL501134
1h,10h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)purine-10,10-diol, 2,6-diamino-4-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-, labeled with tritium, (3as-(3aalpha,4alpha,10ar*))-
saxitoxin-3h
saxitoxin-t
unii-q0638e899b
q0638e899b ,
1h,10h-pyrrolo(1,2-c)purine-10,10-diol, 2,6-diamino-4-(((aminocarbonyl)oxy)methyl)-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-, (3as,4r,10as)-
S-1900
saxitoxin [mi]
saxitoxin (hydrate)
SCHEMBL49687
SCHEMBL13028580
[(3as,4r,10as)-10,10-dihydroxy-2,6-diiminooctahydro-1h,8h-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methyl carbamate
DTXSID3074313
[(r,7as,7bs)-2-amino-7,7-dihydroxy--imino-h,h,h,1h,5h,6h,7h,7bh-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin--yl]methyl carbamate
saxitoxin in acetic acid (determination in mussel), bcr(r) certified reference material
bdbm190233
us9174999, table 1, compound 1
Q412694
[(3as,4r,10as)-2,6-diamino-10,10-dihydroxy-3a,4,8,9-tetrahydro-1h-pyrrolo[1,2-c]purin-4-yl]methyl carbamate
SCHEMBL22829661

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Saxitoxin can cause various toxic effects in aquatic organisms. Toxicity was determined in dinoflagellate cell extracts by different methods: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrophysiological test.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The results indicate that animal cell cultures are useful for studies of general cytotoxins that affect common essential metabolism but cannot be used to detect environmental toxins that cause toxic manifestations by an interference with specific physiological functions of organ systems."( Comparative cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and saxitoxin in cell cultures.
Barter, S; Gabliks, J, )		0.13
" The shrimp ingested the dinoflagellate cells and an LD50 determination was made."( Toxicity of Gonyaulax tamarensis var. excavata cells to the brine shrimp Artemia salina L.
Betz, JM; Blogoslawski, WJ, 1982)		0.26
"Farmed mussels were artificially contaminated with a pure culture of an Alexandrium tamarense toxic strain (MOG 835), to assess the effect of initial toxicity on paralytic toxin change during the depuration process."( Influence of initial toxicity and extraction procedure on paralytic toxin changes in the mussel.
Bardouil, M; Bohec, M; Lassus, P; Ledoux, M, 1993)		0.29
"The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum T1 was isolated from southern Taiwan in February 1996, grown under various environmental and nutritional conditions, and then examined for growth, toxicity, and toxin profile."( Influence of environmental and nutritional factors on growth, toxicity, and toxin profile of dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum.
Hwang, DF; Lu, YH, 2000)		0.31
" Therefore, in the near future, the proposed biosensor system may be used for monitoring the STX (saxitoxin) produced by a few naturally toxic phytoplankton, and also measuring small amounts of toxin in shellfish."( Application of a channel biosensor for toxicity measurements in cultured Alexandrium tamarense.
Cheun, BS; Han, MS; Lee, HO; Watanabe, E; Yoo, JS, 2000)		0.31
" Toxicity was determined in dinoflagellate cell extracts by different methods: high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); an electrophysiological test called the Electrotest, which measures the inhibition of saxitoxin-sensitive Na(+) channels expressed in a cell line; and a mouse bioassay, which measures the toxic effect on the whole mammal neuromuscular system."( Effect of associated bacteria on the growth and toxicity of Alexandrium catenella.
Espejo, RT; Uribe, P, 2003)		0.32
" Therefore, populations utilizing high ammonium concentration could be more toxic than those growing on nitrate or urea."( Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen sources and concentrations.
Leong, SC; Murata, A; Nagashima, Y; Taguchi, S, 2004)		0.32
" The results showed a wide range of responses with strains showing no signs of poisoning and strains producing protracted or slightly protracted toxic effects."( Toxicity of culturable cyanobacteria strains isolated from the Portuguese coast.
Fastner, J; Martins, R; Pereira, P; Vasconcelos, VM; Welker, M, 2005)		0.33
" asellus extracts, indicating that TTX and its analogs are not the main toxic components of the extracts."( Toxicity and toxin identification in Colomesus asellus, an Amazonian (Brazil) freshwater puffer fish.
Bloch, C; de Freitas, JC; Fernandes, SC; Melo, JA; Oliveira, JS; Rodrigues Pires, O; Schwartz, CA, 2006)		0.33
" Results of bioassays showed adverse effects including death, paralysis, and reduced population growth rate, generally proportional to the reservoir water concentration."( Biomonitoring of cyanotoxins in two tropical reservoirs by cladoceran toxicity bioassays.
Azevedo, SM; da S Ferrão-Filho, A; de Freitas Magalhães, V; Soares, MC, 2009)		0.35
"The therapeutic properties of gonyautoxin local infiltration in chronic tension-type headache patients are shown to be safe and effective."( Local infiltration of gonyautoxin is safe and effective in treatment of chronic tension-type headache.
García, C; Lagos, M; Lagos, N; Lattes, K; Pedraza, L; Rodriguez-Navarro, AJ; Venegas, P, 2009)		0.35
" Our results showed no correlation between toxic phenotype and phylogenetic association in the Australian strains."( Toxicity phenotype does not correlate with phylogeny of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strains.
Fuentes-Valdés, JJ; Méndez, MA; Murillo, AA; Soto-Liebe, K; Stucken, K; Vásquez, M, 2009)		0.35
" To protect human health, seafood harvesting bans are in effect when toxins exceed a safe action level (typically 80 microg STX eq 100 g(-1) tissue)."( Paralytic shellfish poisoning: seafood safety and human health perspectives.
Etheridge, SM, 2010)		0.36
"Contamination of water bodies by saxitoxin can result in various toxic effects in aquatic organisms."( Investigation of animal and algal bioassays for reliable saxitoxin ecotoxicity and cytotoxicity risk evaluation.
Creppy, EE; Matias, MS; Matias, WG; Melegari, SP; Perreault, F; Pinto, CR; Popovic, R, 2011)		0.37
" The toxins responsible for this type of poisoning are highly toxic natural compounds produced by dinoflagellates, which bind to voltage-gated Na(+) channels causing the blockade of action potential propagation."( Determination of toxicity equivalent factors for paralytic shellfish toxins by electrophysiological measurements in cultured neurons.
Alonso, E; Botana, AM; Botana, LM; Perez, S; Vale, C; Vieytes, MR, 2011)		0.37
" The LD50 of the aphantoxin preparation was determined to be 11."( Zebrafish neurotoxicity from aphantoxins--cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1.
Hu, C; Li, D; Li, G; Liu, Y; Wang, G; Zhang, D, 2013)		0.39
" Nevertheless, the knowledge regarding metabolism of PSTs and their toxic effects in fish is scarce."( Biotransformation modulation and genotoxicity in white seabream upon exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins produced by Gymnodinium catenatum.
Barata, M; Costa, PR; Guilherme, S; Nicolau, L; Pacheco, M; Pereira, P; Pousão-Ferreira, P; Santos, MA, 2012)		0.38
" The dissociated cells were plated with medium and different STXs concentrations and the toxic cellular effects such as oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity and apoptosis process were evaluated."( Saxitoxins induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress in teleost neurons in vitro.
Cestari, MM; Costa, MD; da Silva, CA; de Assis, HC; de Morais, EC; Guiloski, IC; Magalhães, VF; Ramsdorf, WA; Ribas, JL; Ribeiro, CA; Trudeau, VL; Zanata, SM, 2014)		0.4
" This study revealed that NeoSTX is safe in vivo, giving a reliable security margin for its use like a local anesthetic."( Chronic toxicity study of neosaxitoxin in rats.
Candiracci, M; Lobos, N; Lux, S; Miranda, HF; Zepeda, RJ, 2014)		0.4
" Primary outcome measures were safety and adverse events associated with NeoSTX."( A Phase 1, Dose-escalation, Double-blind, Block-randomized, Controlled Trial of Safety and Efficacy of Neosaxitoxin Alone and in Combination with 0.2% Bupivacaine, with and without Epinephrine, for Cutaneous Anesthesia.
Alexander, ME; Berde, CB; Bilge, A; Boretsky, K; Cornelissen, L; Cravero, J; Donado, C; Kellogg, M; Kim, J; Kurgansky, KE; Lobo, K; McCann, ME; Ortiz, R; Peake, RW; Peyton, J; Zurakowski, D, 2015)		0.42
"A total of 84 subjects were randomized and completed the two-part trial with no serious adverse events or clinically significant physiologic impairments."( A Phase 1, Dose-escalation, Double-blind, Block-randomized, Controlled Trial of Safety and Efficacy of Neosaxitoxin Alone and in Combination with 0.2% Bupivacaine, with and without Epinephrine, for Cutaneous Anesthesia.
Alexander, ME; Berde, CB; Bilge, A; Boretsky, K; Cornelissen, L; Cravero, J; Donado, C; Kellogg, M; Kim, J; Kurgansky, KE; Lobo, K; McCann, ME; Ortiz, R; Peake, RW; Peyton, J; Zurakowski, D, 2015)		0.42
"NeoSTX combinations have a tolerable side effect profile and appear promising for prolonged local anesthesia."( A Phase 1, Dose-escalation, Double-blind, Block-randomized, Controlled Trial of Safety and Efficacy of Neosaxitoxin Alone and in Combination with 0.2% Bupivacaine, with and without Epinephrine, for Cutaneous Anesthesia.
Alexander, ME; Berde, CB; Bilge, A; Boretsky, K; Cornelissen, L; Cravero, J; Donado, C; Kellogg, M; Kim, J; Kurgansky, KE; Lobo, K; McCann, ME; Ortiz, R; Peake, RW; Peyton, J; Zurakowski, D, 2015)		0.42
" P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a well-known ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that plays a crucial role in the extrusion of toxic substances, decreasing their accumulation and potential intracellular effects in virtue of its broad substrate specificity, its expression in many excretory tissues and its large efflux capacity."( Cytoprotection of lipoic acid against toxicity induced by saxitoxin in hippocampal cell line HT-22 through in silico modeling and in vitro assays.
Cornetet, LR; de Souza Votto, AP; Dos Santos Machado, K; Durruthy, MG; Fagan, SB; Gama, S; Monserrat, JM; Portantiolo, A; Ramos, P; Schmitz, M; Tonel, MZ; Werhli, A; Yunes, JS, 2018)		0.48
" However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established a safety level of 44 µg/kg TTX as the amount of toxin that did not cause adverse effects in humans."( Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin.
Boente-Juncal, A; Botana, LM; Camiña, M; Otero, P; Rodríguez, I; Rodriguez-Vieytes, M; Vale, C, 2020)		0.56
" A large gap in our understanding is the genetic variability among natural bloom populations, as both toxic and non-toxic strains have been isolated from the same geographic location."( Bioluminescence and toxicity as driving factors in harmful algal blooms: Ecological functions and genetic variability.
Cusick, KD; Widder, EA, 2020)		0.56
"Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing and becoming a worldwide concern as many bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can produce toxic metabolites named cyanotoxins."( In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins: A Mini-Review.
Lima, ST; Metcalf, JS; Nowruzi, B; Porzani, SJ, 2021)		0.62
"Saxitoxin and its derivatives, the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are well known to be toxic to humans, and maximum permitted levels in seafood have been established by regulatory authorities in many countries."( Acute toxicity of decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 1&4 to mice by various routes of administration.
Boundy, MJ; Burger, E; Finch, S; Harwood, DT; Selwood, AI; Tommasi, E; van Ginkel, R; Waugh, C, 2021)		0.62
" Diatoms dominated the microalgae composition, followed by dinoflagellates, some of which are reported to be potentially toxic and producers of paralytic shellfish toxins."( Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Marine Oyster Farming and Microalgae in the Atlantic Amazon Evidences Safety but Highlights Potential Risks of Shellfish Poisoning.
Alves, FADS; da Silva Rocha, CC; de Oliveira Lima, M; de Sousa, EB; Faustino, SMM; Martins, MP; Mendes, RA; Schneider, MPC, 2022)		0.72
" The dependence on animal data to keep humans safe means that it is critical that the toxicity data used is robust and of high quality."( The Effect of Experimental Protocol on the Toxicity of Saxitoxin in Mice.
Boundy, MJ; Finch, SC; Harwood, DT; Webb, NG, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The pharmacokinetic studies (absorption, distribution and accumulation) reported on Takifugu rubripes, Takifugu pardalis, Takifugu niphobles, Takifugu vermicularis, Takifugu snyderi, etc."( Binding and Pharmacokinetics of the Sodium Channel Blocking Toxins (Saxitoxin and the Tetrodotoxins).
Pratheepa, V; Vasconcelos, V, 2017)		0.46
" We describe the development and validation of a highly sensitive method for measurement of neosaxitoxin in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and provide evidence for its use in a human pharmacokinetic study."( Measurement of neosaxitoxin in human plasma using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Proof of concept for a pharmacokinetic application.
Azcue, N; Berde, CB; Hartigan, CE; Kellogg, MD; Peake, RW; Prabhakara, J; Shkreta, A; Zhang, VY, 2016)		0.43

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Combined with or covalently coupled to antigens, they act as potent adjuvants."( Preparation of human and murine monoclonal antibodies: antigens combined with or conjugated to lipopeptides constitute potent immunogens for in vitro and in vivo immunizations.
Hoffmann, P; Jimenez-Diaz, M; Jung, G; Kaiser, I; Lenzner, S; Loleit, M; Metzger, J; Stöcklin, S; Tröger, W; Wiesmüller, KH, 1990)		0.28
" Column switching and two-step gradient elution using HILIC combined with mass spectrometry enabled the simultaneous analysis of the 15 primary STX analogues and their biosynthetic intermediates, arginine, Int-A', and Int-C'2, and the shunt product, Cyclic-C'."( Column switching combined with hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of saxitoxin analogues, and their biosynthetic intermediates in dinoflagellates.
Cho, Y; Konoki, K; Omura, T; Oshima, Y; Tsuchiya, S; Yoshioka, R; Yotsu-Yamashita, M, 2016)		0.43

Dosage Studied

In a recent study, mice were dosed with saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin mixtures daily for 28 days showing toxicity at low concentrations. Analysis of the gut contents of mice dose with dcGTX1&4 showed the presence of decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2&3, decarbAmoyl saxit toxin and decarbAMoyl neosaxitoxin. All of which are of greater toxicity.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" On isolated frog sartorius muscle fibers, chiriquitoxin is equipotent with tetrodotoxin in blocking the Na+ channel, as shown by their identical dose-response relations on the maximum rate of rise of the action potential."( Tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin, chiriquitoxin: new perspectives on ionic channels.
Kao, CY, 1981)		0.26
" Block was well described by single-site dose-response relationships with no indication of a subpopulation with "neuronal" affinity."( Cardiac sodium channels expressed in a peripheral neurotumor-derived cell line, RT4-B8.
Ambler, KS; Hanck, DA; Kyle, JW; Martin, RL; Zeng, D, 1996)		0.29
" Dose-response curves for genistein indicated a half-maximum effect at 60 microM."( Direct block of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
Carlier, E; Couraud, F; Dargent, B; Guedin, D; Paillart, C, 1997)		0.3
" Using the P53(def) transgenic mouse model male and female C57BL/6J hybrid mice were used to investigate potential cancer inducing effects from such oral dosing solutions."( Toxicological aspects of treatment to remove cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse model.
Seawright, A; Senogles-Derham, PJ; Shahin, M; Shaw, G; Wickramisingh, W, 2003)		0.32
" When the same dosage of tetrodotoxin (TTX) was similarly administered, all specimens died within 3-4h, suggesting that this species is not resistant to TTX."( Occurrence of paralytic shellfish toxins in Cambodian Mekong pufferfish Tetraodon turgidus: selective toxin accumulation in the skin.
Arakawa, O; Ngy, L; Tada, K; Takatani, T; Yu, CF, 2008)		0.35
" These values are considerably below the concentration of saxitoxin that corresponds to the lethal dosage of 1 mg for an adult of average weight (70 kg)."( Detection and inactivation of saxitoxin in skim milk.
Deen, BD; Diez-Gonzalez, F; Fredrickson, NR; Labuza, TP; Lumor, SE; Ronningen, I; Smith, K, 2012)		0.38
" Analysis of the gut contents of mice dosed with dcGTX1&4 showed the presence of decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2&3, decarbamoyl saxitoxin and decarbamoyl neosaxitoxin, all of which are of greater toxicity."( Acute toxicity of decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 1&4 to mice by various routes of administration.
Boundy, MJ; Burger, E; Finch, S; Harwood, DT; Selwood, AI; Tommasi, E; van Ginkel, R; Waugh, C, 2021)		0.62
"5 - 10 µg/L induced cytostasis and chromosome instability in a dose-response relationship."( In vitro and in silico assessment of cytotoxicity and chromosome instability induced by saxitoxin in human derived neural cell line.
Constante, JS; Conter, FU; Dihl, RR; Khateeb, JEA; Lehmann, M; Souza, AP; Yunes, JS, 2022)		0.72
" In a recent study, mice were dosed with saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin mixtures daily for 28 days showing toxicity at low concentrations, which appeared to be at odds with other work."( A Sub-Acute Dosing Study of Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin Mixtures in Mice Suggests That the Current Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Regulatory Limit Is Fit for Purpose.
Boundy, MJ; Broadhurst, RB; Finch, SC; Harwood, DT; Munday, JS; Somchit, C; Sprosen, JM; Webb, NG, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
neurotoxinA poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
toxinPoisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
sodium channel blockerAn agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes.
marine metaboliteAny metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in marine macro- and microorganisms.
cyanotoxinAny toxin produced by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (6)

ClassDescription
carbamate esterAny ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
guanidinesAny organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.
alkaloidAny of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.
pyrrolopurineAny organic heterotricyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of a pyrrole ring fused to a purine ring system.
ketone hydrateA 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.
paralytic shellfish toxin
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (10)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00230.00232.82969.0000AID1525388
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01040.00013.507510.0000AID1525391; AID1875797
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.41000.03603.73359.0000AID1525384
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.21000.00033.64849.2000AID1525392
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.70200.00602.77499.0000AID1420157; AID1875809
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00100.00003.740110.0000AID1525389
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.01300.00532.80859.0000AID1525390
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.03004.36959.0000AID1525446
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00110.00113.47059.0000AID1525393
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.00803.17529.0000AID1525394
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (98)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potential propagationSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nerve developmentSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling postureSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
establishment of localization in cellSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
muscle contractionSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potentialSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
osmosensory signaling pathwaySodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to bacteriumSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular homeostasisSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion homeostasisSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac conduction system developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac ventricle developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
brainstem developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to denervation involved in regulation of muscle adaptationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
telencephalon developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cerebellum developmentSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
odontogenesis of dentin-containing toothSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to calcium ionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle cell contractionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
atrial cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
AV node cell to bundle of His cell communicationSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic developmentSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to painSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perceptionSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stressSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespanSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
dentate gyrus developmentSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nerve developmentSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
myelinationSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to painSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
thigmotaxisSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
acute inflammatory responseSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
chronic inflammatory responseSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to heatSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to high light intensitySodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase A signalingSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to auditory stimulusSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to prostaglandin ESodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
thermosensory behaviorSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
mast cell degranulationSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell motilitySodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of painSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
reflexSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
micturitionSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
skeletal muscle organ developmentSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
artery developmentSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to acetic acid induced painSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to formalin induced painSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to coldSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
response to nitric oxideSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
action potential initiationSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of itchSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathwaySodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
small intestine smooth muscle contractionSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transportSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
peripheral nervous system developmentSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
optic nerve developmentSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
myelinationSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perceptionSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
odontogenesis of dentin-containing toothSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarizationSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contractionSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
osmolarity-sensing monoatomic cation channel activitySodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ankyrin bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in bundle of His cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potentialSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
calmodulin bindingSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel activitySodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter bindingSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potentialSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (33)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
intercalated discSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear bodySodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Z discSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
node of RanvierSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axon initial segmentSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 1 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 4 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
glial cell projectionSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 7 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
nucleolusSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
caveolaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
intercalated discSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Z discSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sarcolemmaSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 5 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 9 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
intercalated discSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
T-tubuleSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
node of RanvierSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
paranode region of axonSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium channel protein type 2 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
sarcoplasmSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 3 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonal growth coneSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
C-fiberSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 11 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Z discSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cell junctionSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicleSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
node of RanvierSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axon initial segmentSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapseSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 8 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
axonSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated sodium channel complexSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin complexSodium channel protein type 10 subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (27)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1525401Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.8 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1875809Inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in CHO cells at -100 mV holding potential by electrophysiology whole cell patch clamp technique2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-10, Volume: 13, Issue:11
Discovery of Selective Inhibitors of Na
AID1525390Inhibition of human Nav1.3 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525397Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.3 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID362643Toxicity in mouse at 2483 MU/umol, ip2008Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9
Isolation and structure elucidation of new and unusual saxitoxin analogues from mussels.
AID1525388Inhibition of human Nav1.1 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1420157Inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in CHO cells at holding potential of -100 mV by patch-clamp electrophysiology method2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 10-15, Volume: 28, Issue:19
Na
AID1525395Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.1 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525393Inhibition of human Nav1.6 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525389Inhibition of human Nav1.2 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1875810Inhibition of human Nav1.7 T1398M-I1399D mutant expressed in CHO cells at -100 mV holding potential by electrophysiology whole cell patch clamp technique2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-10, Volume: 13, Issue:11
Discovery of Selective Inhibitors of Na
AID1525396Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.2 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525398Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.4 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525384Inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525400Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.6 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525391Inhibition of human Nav1.4 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525392Inhibition of human Nav1.5 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525446Inhibition of human Nav1.9 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525394Inhibition of human Nav1.8 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1525399Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.5 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1875797Inhibition of human Nav1.4 expressed in HEK293 cells by whole cell patch clamp electrophysiology recording2022ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-10, Volume: 13, Issue:11
Discovery of Selective Inhibitors of Na
AID1525447Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.9 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay to IC50 for inhibition of human Nav1.7 expressed in HEK293 cells by electrophysiology assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-10, Volume: 62, Issue:19
Challenges and Opportunities for Therapeutics Targeting the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Isoform Na
AID1346781Rat Nav1.4 (Voltage-gated sodium channels)2001Biophysical journal, Feb, Volume: 80, Issue:2
Specific neosaxitoxin interactions with the Na+ channel outer vestibule determined by mutant cycle analysis.
AID1346731Rat Nav1.2 (Voltage-gated sodium channels)2005Nature, Apr-07, Volume: 434, Issue:7034
Sodium channel mutation leading to saxitoxin resistance in clams increases risk of PSP.
AID1346772Rat Nav1.5 (Voltage-gated sodium channels)1990FEBS letters, Nov-26, Volume: 275, Issue:1-2
Functional expression of the rat heart I Na+ channel isoform. Demonstration of properties characteristic of native cardiac Na+ channels.
AID1346749Human Nav1.7 (Voltage-gated sodium channels)2012Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Oct-30, Volume: 109, Issue:44
Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin affinity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.7) [corrected].
AID1346772Rat Nav1.5 (Voltage-gated sodium channels)1996The American journal of physiology, May, Volume: 270, Issue:5 Pt 1
Cardiac sodium channels expressed in a peripheral neurotumor-derived cell line, RT4-B8.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,283)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990308 (24.01)18.7374
1990's245 (19.10)18.2507
2000's254 (19.80)29.6817
2010's334 (26.03)24.3611
2020's142 (11.07)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials10 (0.74%)5.53%
Reviews103 (7.60%)6.00%
Case Studies23 (1.70%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other1,219 (89.96%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.3920monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
adenine
[no description available]		1.95106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine
Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.		2.0210guanidines;
primary amino compound		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		210amino-acid anion
chloroacetic acid
chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.		2.0110chlorocarboxylic acid;
haloacetic acid		alkylating agent;
herbicide
choline
[no description available]		2.3820cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.3720halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.1110chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.0210coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.0610catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		1.9710sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		1.9710aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.3820alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
histamine
[no description available]		1.9710aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		1.9510elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.5720dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		7.4820alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.		2.0410metal allergen;
nickel group element atom		epitope;
micronutrient
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		3.5880monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		3.3110methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiosulfates
Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.		2.1310divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion		human metabolite
sarcosine
cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis		1.9510N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-alkylglycine;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines		Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		8.02350pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		7.4520isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		210phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
mercaptoethanol
Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.		7.4420alkanethiol;
primary alcohol		geroprotector
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		3.5990aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.6630imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		2.0510indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		1.9910phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		2.0210carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4220ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.3920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		4.6650benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
betaxolol
[no description available]		2.730propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone
2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.		210hydroquinones
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		7.9593aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		440aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.3820dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		210quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.0110carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		1.9610aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		1.9610aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.4420clonidine;
imidazoline
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		6.9910aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		1.9910hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		1.9710dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		210ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		1.9910branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		1.9810
go 6976
[no description available]		2.4120indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		5.34100carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		1.9710acetamides
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		12.63181benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.0210aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodoacetamide
[no description available]		1.9710
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		4.420catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		1.9710benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
staurosporine aglycone
staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor		1.9710
lavendustin a
lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source		1.9910aromatic amine
qx-314
QX-314: triethyl analog of lidocaine; RN & NM refer to ion		2.4220monocarboxylic acid amidelocal anaesthetic
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		2.1310alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.0210aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.		1.9710maleimidesanticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		4.9140C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		210C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0110aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		2.3820indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9910inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		2.3820aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		3.0510diarylmethane
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		9.1550benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
proxymetacaine
proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9710benzoate ester
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		1.9910phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		2.730naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		210aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
qx-222
QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure		2.420amino acid amide
fluoroacetic acid
fluoroacetic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd. fluoroacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.		3.1310haloacetic acid;
organofluorine compound		EC 4.2.1.3 (aconitate hydratase) inhibitor
talipexole
talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source		1.9710azepine
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		210diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		1.9510benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		4.8360quaternary ammonium ion
thymeleatoxin
thymeleatoxin: causes translocation & down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes		210
trimebutine
Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.		1.9710trihydroxybenzoic acid
urethane
[no description available]		7.3720carbamate esterfungal metabolite;
mutagen
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		1.9610mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.0610imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.3720pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		1.97102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.3720ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole
Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.		1.9910
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.39202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9910alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0210L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.0210C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.0710aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9710glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.4220bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
phlorhizin
[no description available]		2.0210aryl beta-D-glucoside;
dihydrochalcones;
monosaccharide derivative		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		1.9510organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
ethyl methanesulfonate
Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.		2.420methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.0710aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		1.9910alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		3.0950antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		210diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
mannitol
[no description available]		3.0810mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		1.9610erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.730arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
tert-butyl alcohol
tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.		2.0510tertiary alcoholhuman xenobiotic metabolite
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		1.9910alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
propoxycaine
Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)		1.9710benzoate ester
aminacrine
Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.		1.9610aminoacridines;
primary amino compound		acid-base indicator;
antiinfective agent;
antiseptic drug;
fluorescent dye;
MALDI matrix material;
mutagen
acrolein
[no description available]		210enalherbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
toxin
isethionic acid
Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		1.9710alkanesulfonic acidhuman metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.4820pyrrole;
secondary amine
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		1.9910hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		3.8530naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.8940methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		1.9710acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		3.1210azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.31101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.3920azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
2-aminopurine
2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.		1.95102-aminopurines;
nucleobase analogue		antimetabolite
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9610guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate
Phosphoadenosine Phosphosulfate: 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Key intermediate in the formation by living cells of sulfate esters of phenols, alcohols, steroids, sulfated polysaccharides, and simple esters, such as choline sulfate. It is formed from sulfate ion and ATP in a two-step process. This compound also is an important step in the process of sulfur fixation in plants and microorganisms.. 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.		2.1710acyl sulfate;
adenosine bisphosphate;
purine ribonucleoside bisphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		6.93280dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.8840
maleimide
[no description available]		7.0810dicarboximide;
maleimides		EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.4920dialdehydebiomarker
dansyl chloride
dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd		2.1110aminonaphthalene;
sulfonic acid derivative
rhodamine 6g
rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl		2.4220
sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.0710alkali metal hydroxide
nereistoxin
nereistoxin: toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa; RN given refers to parent cpd. nereistoxin : Toxin isolated from marine segmented worm, Lumbriconereis heterodopa. It is also the active insecticide of the proinsecticide thiocyclam.		1.9710dithiolanesinsecticide;
toxin
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		2.940aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
octachloronaphthalene
Perna: A genus of freshwater mussel in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. It is found in tropical and warm temperate coastal waters. Most species have green in their shells.		2.1710
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		6.98102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.3720fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		2.37201,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.0110antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lanthanum
[no description available]		1.9710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
molybdenum
Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.		2.3920chromium group element atommicronutrient
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		7.920elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
rhodium
Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.		2.0410cobalt group element atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		2.610iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		2.0410copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.3110titanium group element atom
tungsten
Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.		1.9610chromium group element atommicronutrient
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		8.2460cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
europium
Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.		7.0610f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		3.2850copper group element atom;
elemental gold
uranium
Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.		1.9510actinoid atom;
f-block element atom;
monoatomic uranium
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.610titanium group element atom
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt
[no description available]		2.0310sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate
sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.		2.4820inorganic nitrate salt;
inorganic sodium salt		fertilizer;
NMR chemical shift reference compound
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.0610diatomic bromine
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		2.1310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		7.6630dihydrogen
chlorine
Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.		2.7130diatomic chlorine;
gas molecular entity		bleaching agent
deuterium oxide
Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.		6.9610deuterated compound;
water		NMR solvent
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		7.0210elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
tiletamine hydrochloride
Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		2.2510
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester
carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl		1.9710nereistoxin analogue insecticide
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		1.9710
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.420acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
geosmin
geosmin: earthy smelling cpd from sediment in Lake Biwa; structure. (-)-geosmin : The (-)-stereoisomer of geosmin, having 4S,4aS,8aR configuration.		8.8530geosmin
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.0110benzenes;
phenyl acetates
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.		2103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
adenyl ribonucleotide;
organobromine compound		antidepressant;
protein kinase agonist
transferrin
Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.		3.150
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0310
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.940glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		210timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		1.9610carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
substance p
[no description available]		3.4720peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		2.4120catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
etidocaine
Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.		1.9510amino acid amidelocal anaesthetic
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.		1.9910butyrate ester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		1.9910alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
decamethrin
decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		1.9810aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organobromine compound		agrochemical;
antifeedant;
calcium channel agonist;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		1.98103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.110
flesinoxan
[no description available]		210
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		2.0410tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		4.4120adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
ethyl acetimidate
ethyl acetimidate: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate
2'-deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd		1.98102'-deoxycytidine phosphate;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
metaperiodate
Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.		2.3820iodine oxoacid
lifarizine
lifarizine: sodium-calcium channel modulator; reduces ischemic brain damage		1.9810diarylmethane
2-aminoimidazole
2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine		2.1110
arginine methyl ester
arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		1.9710alpha-amino acid ester
trimethyloxonium
trimethyloxonium: active-site directed methylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		9.4940
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		1.9810D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
s-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione
S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)glutathione : A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.		2.2510glutathione conjugate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.		210heterodetic cyclic peptidedelta-opioid receptor agonist
1,4-dihydropyridine
[no description available]		1.9710
geographutoxin i
gonyautoxin I: structure in first source; RN given refers to gonyautoxin I; gonyantoxin IV is isomer of gonyautoxin I		4.85100organic heterotricyclic compoundmarine metabolite
beta-n-methylamino-l-alanine
beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine: glutamate agonist. L-BMAA : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.		4.0940diamino acid;
L-alanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		bacterial metabolite;
neurotoxin
u 69593
U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.		2.0110monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
diuretic;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist
anhydrotetrodotoxin
anhydrotetrodotoxin: sodium channel blocker; structure given in first source; from the toad Atelopus oxyrhynchus		1.9810
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis		210
benzamil
[no description available]		1.9810guanidines;
pyrazines
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.420
homoanatoxin
homoanatoxin: structure given in first source; potent nicotinic agonist; analog of anatoxin-a from Cyanobacteria		2.0310
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.3620carbodiimide
ervatamine
ervatamine: do not confuse with the protein ervatamin		1.9610monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
chiriquitoxin
chiriquitoxin: natural analog of tetrodotoxin isolated from Central American frog Atelopus chiriquensis		440
metaperiodate
metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.		1.9710iodine oxoanion;
monovalent inorganic anion
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		7.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.4320
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.0110piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		210acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
phycoerythrobilin
phycoerythrobilin: tetrapyrrole prosthetic group of phycoerythrin protein		3.1610
isethionyl acetimidate
[no description available]		1.9710
anisomycin
Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.		2.1310monohydroxypyrrolidine;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		1.9710
anatoxin a
anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)		7.21190tropane alkaloid
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		4.420heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		9.2819011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
casein hydrolysate
casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein		2.0510
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		8.1610monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
monensin
Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.		2.4120cyclic hemiketal;
monocarboxylic acid;
polyether antibiotic;
spiroketal		antifungal agent;
coccidiostat;
ionophore
ryanodine
Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.		2.940
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		1.98101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
diprenorphine
Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.		2.8940morphinane alkaloid
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		1.9710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyanoginosin lr
cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.		3.1850microcystinbacterial metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		1.9510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		210butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		2.6830actinomycinmutagen
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		3.4720pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
potassium permanganate
Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)		2.0510
cinnamaldehyde
3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.		2103-phenylprop-2-enal;
cinnamaldehydes		antifungal agent;
EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sensitiser;
vasodilator agent
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		1.9510isomethyleugenol
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.0210indolyl carboxylic acid
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		1.9710
ag-213
tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;		1.9910
unithiol
Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.		1.9710
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		1.9710dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		1.9810cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0110aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		3.0650alkali metal atom
quinine
[no description available]		8.1610cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		210
mycosubtiline
mycosubtiline: antifungal agent isolated from Bacillus subtilis which is a mixture of homologous lipopeptides		3.3110
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		210
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.0210
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		1.9810
myelin basic protein
Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.		2.4120
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.2510retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.		2.0210fatty acid 20:3;
long-chain fatty acid		fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		1.99107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		2.3820antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		1.99107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
domoic acid
domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).		6.61260L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid;
tricarboxylic acid		algal metabolite;
hapten;
marine metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
neurotoxin
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.3920morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
brefeldin a
[no description available]		2.6930macrolide antibioticPenicillium metabolite
pactamycin
Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.		3.3110
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		2.1110medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		1.9810benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidylcholines
lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.		2.38201-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ciguatoxins
Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.		6110ciguatoxinmetabolite
brevetoxin t17
brevetoxin T17: from Florida red tide organism Ptychodiscus brevis; neuromuscular blocking action; structure given in first source		2.6930
cesium
Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.		2.3620alkali metal atom
mevinphos
Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.		2.0610
thallium
Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).		2.3520boron group element atom
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.0110cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
veratrine
Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.		3.3470alkaloid
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.9440cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.5220monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		2.0210aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)-
Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.		2.0110
naltrindole
naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist		2.0110isoquinolines
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.4320ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		13.232820azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		210maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
pumiliotoxin b
pumiliotoxin B: saturated indolizidine alkaloid from skin of panamanian frog Dendrobates pumilio; see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin C & pumiliotoxins		1.9610
histrionicotoxin
histrionicotoxin: toxin isolated from Colombian frog, Dendrobates histrionicus; structure. histrionicotoxin : An azaspiro compound that is 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8, a but-1-en-3-yn-1-yl group at position 7 and a pent-3-en-1-yn-5-yl group at position 2 (the 2S,6R,7S,8S stereoisomer).		1.9610
pectenotoxin 2
pectenotoxin 2: isolated from the marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in first source		2.0410polycyclic ether;
spiroketal		marine metabolite
gambierol
gambierol: structure in first source		2.0310
eicosa-8,11,14-trien-5-ynoic acid
eicosa-8,11,14-trien-5-ynoic acid: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer; structure in first source		2.0210long-chain fatty acid
sq-23377
Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.		1.9810cyclic ether;
enol;
polyunsaturated fatty acid;
very long-chain fatty acid		calcium ionophore;
metabolite
fedotozine
fedotozine: affects gastrointestinal motility in dogs		1.9710
grayanotoxin i
grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.		3.4620acetate ester;
pentol;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antihypertensive agent;
metabolite;
neuromuscular agent;
phytotoxin
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0210
ns 7
[no description available]		2.420
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		1.9810oligopeptide
dc 107
leinamycin: a thiazole containing macrolide characterized by an unusual 1,3-dioxo-1,2-dithiolane moiety that is spiro fused to an 18 member macrolactam ring; isolated from Streptomyces; MF C22-H26-N2-O6-S3; possible DNA alkylator; the leinamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces atroolivaceus S-140 consists of two polyketide synthases genes		3.3110dithiolanes
g(m1) ganglioside
G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.		210alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine;
sialotetraosylceramide
brevetoxin b
brevetoxin B: from dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve		2.0610ciguatoxin
palytoxin
palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.		9.8860polyoltoxin
tetrodotoxin
[no description available]		3.3110
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		12.82620
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		4.1750benzoxazole
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a
myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.		3.582011,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA;
long-chain fatty acyl-CoA		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
yessotoxin
yessotoxin: produced by dinoflagellates and accumulated in invertebrates (e.g., Patinopecten gessoensis also known as YESSO SCALLOP) that feed on them. RN given refers to parent compound		4.2450ciguatoxin
nodularin
nodularin: cyclic pentapeptide toxin from NODULARIA SPUMIGENA		6.3890ether
cnv1014802
vixotrigine: a sodium channel blocker		3.3110
motilin
Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.		2.6830
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		2.3820polypeptide
gramicidin a
Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.		2.730
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		1.9910
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.7630
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.0310glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		3.06501,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.		2.7730chlorophyll;
methyl ester		cofactor
dinophysistoxin 1
dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.		2.0410ketalanimal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
toxin
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		210
decarbamylsaxitoxin
decarbamoylsaxitoxin : A pyrrolopurine that is 2,6-diiminodecahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]purine carrying an additional hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4 as well as two hydroxy substituents at position 10. A toxin that is isolated from marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria and is known to cause paralytic shellfish poisoning.		4.37200alkaloid;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
primary alcohol;
pyrrolopurine		bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
toxin;
xenobiotic
zetekitoxin ab
zetekitoxin AB: a sodium channel blocker; isolated from the frog Atelopus zeteki; structure in first source		9.5740
azaspiracid
azaspiracid: a toxin from mussels produced in Ireland that caused multiple organ damage; structure in first source		4.6240
chitosan
[no description available]		2.1510
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		1.99103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate
(2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for Na salt		210
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		1.9610
kavain
kavain: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; see also kavaform; structure		1.99102-pyranones;
aromatic ether
aplysiatoxin
aplysiatoxin: structure. aplysiatoxin : The parent member of the class of aplysiatoxins. It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater and marine cyanobacteria, as well as algae and molluscs.		3.1310aplysiatoxins;
bromophenol;
cyclic hemiketal;
ether;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
spiroketal		algal metabolite;
carcinogenic agent;
cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist
gonyautoxin v
gonyautoxin V: structure in first source		4.4970organic heterotricyclic compound;
paralytic shellfish toxin		marine metabolite
vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).		3.0850
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.0210benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
toxin ii (anemonia sulcata)
toxin II (Anemonia sulcata): toxic polypeptide closely related to anthopleurin A with potent cardiac stimulant activity from Anemonia sulcata; do not confuse with altertoxin II which is also abbreviated ATX II		3.4820
acth (7-38)
ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.		2.0210
microcystin
microcystin: microcystins have the general structure cyclo(D-Ala-L-X-D-erythro--methylisoasp-L-Y-Adda-D-isoGlu-N-methyldehydroAla) where X and Y are variable L-amino acids;. microcystin : A family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins produced by a number of cyanobacteria, the most notable of which is Microcystis, from which the name of the family is derived. Microcystins consist of a heptapeptide macrocycle made up of five non-protein amino acids and two protein amino acids.		6.13220peptide
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		7.4820
brevetoxin
brevetoxin: from Ptychodiscus brevis		5.93190
charybdotoxin
[no description available]		2.4220
holothurin
Holothurin: A highly toxic saponin occurring in HOLOTHUROIDEA. This marine toxin is an anionic surfactant, hemolyzing ERYTHROCYTES.		1.9510
geographutoxin i
geographutoxin I: toxic peptide from Conus geographus with 22 amino acids; different from conotoxin GI; amino acid sequence given in first source		210
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		7.1270ketal
pyrethrins
[no description available]		2.6830
maitotoxin
[no description available]		3.8130
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.0510
ciguatoxin 2
ciguatoxin 2: ciguatoxin -2 is a diastereomer of ciguatoxin-3; differs only in stereochemistry at carbon 52; structure given in first source		2.0310
crotamine
crotamine: polypeptide basic toxin isolated from venom of rattlesnake Crotalus durrisus terrificus		1.9610
geographutoxin ii
geographutoxin II: toxic peptide from Conus geographus with 22 amino acids; different from conotoxin GI; amino acid sequence given in first source		6.9610
tetrodonic acid
tetrodonic acid: structure given in first source		3.1210
calpastatin
calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).		210polypeptideEC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
spirolide a
spirolide A: isolated from contaminated scallops and phytoplankton collections obtained from a Nova Scotian aquaculture site, as well as from batch cultures of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii obtained as a single-cell isolate from these phytoplankton assemblages; structure in first source		2.1110azepine
gonyautoxin ii
gonyautoxin II: RN given refers to (3aS-(3aalpha,4alpha,9beta,10aR*))-isomer; gonyautoxin III is the (9alpha)-isomer of gonyautoxin II		6.48161organic heterotricyclic compound;
paralytic shellfish toxin		marine metabolite
saxitoxinol
saxitoxinol: reduced form of saxitoxin; used to study the metabolism of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in mammals		3.0950
t-2 toxin
T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.		2.3820
gymnodimine
gymnodimine: a spiro-imine algal toxin; a neurotoxic shellfish poison produced by Karenia selliformis (formerly Gymnodinium selliforme) and related species		2.4620
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		5.62100
2-methylisoborneol
2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).		3.1710
peptide yy
Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.		1.9910
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		1.9710
exudates
Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)		1.9810
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.7730
volunteers
clethodim: structure in first source. clethodim : An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.		2.2510
batrachotoxinin a 20-alpha-benzoate
[no description available]		3.85120
eye
[no description available]		2.0210
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.3720
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9910
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms
Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)		01.9910
Ciguatera
[description not available]		03.8540
Palsy
[description not available]		07420
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		07420
Ciguatera Poisoning
Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.		03.8540
Pain, Chronic
[description not available]		03.0910
Chronic Pain
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.		03.0910
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.4580
Ache
[description not available]		07.6673
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.6673
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.		010.181420
Equine Diseases
[description not available]		02.6320
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.3331
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.3110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.3331
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		07.3110
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		03.3340
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.610
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.610
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.2510
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Microcephaly
A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		09.4280
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		03.1250
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.66280
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.7130
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		03.3620
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.3110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.3110
Fasciolopsiasis
[description not available]		02.1710
Disease Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.		02.1310
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Gait Disorders, Animal
[description not available]		02.1710
Avian Diseases
[description not available]		02.1710
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.4820
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.1710
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		02.1710
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		02.1710
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.0810
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.4820
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.4820
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.110
Pain, Intractable
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.		03.0310
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.0310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		08.0310
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.69280
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.1110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.1110
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		02.1110
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.4120
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		05.69120
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.1110
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.1110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.1110
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		04.9142
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		03.3520
Hyperkinetic Dysphonia
[description not available]		03.0310
Astigmatism
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0310
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		03.8120
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		04.7670
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		03.8120
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		03.3520
Dysphonia
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.		03.0310
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		03.3670
Animal Diseases
Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.		02.4420
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.3920
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.3920
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		04.1760
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.9433
Headache, Tension
[description not available]		03.4311
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.9433
Tension-Type Headache
A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		03.4311
Food Poisoning
[description not available]		06.86300
Allodynia
[description not available]		04.3511
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.9340
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.9340
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		02.0510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.0810
Aura
[description not available]		02.6830
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.6830
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.0710
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.0710
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		02.0710
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.4980
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.0110
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.6930
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.0110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0110
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.0110
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		02.0110
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		02.0110
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.0110
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.0110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.0110
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.3420
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		03.3120
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		03.3120
Anal Fissure
[description not available]		05.2922
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.3211
Fissure in Ano
A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.		05.2922
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.0210
Eye Disorders
[description not available]		02.4120
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.0210
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.0210
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.0210
Eye Diseases
Diseases affecting the eye.		02.4120
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.0210
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.0210
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.730
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.730
Achalasia
[description not available]		07.0310
Esophageal Achalasia
A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).		02.0310
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3620
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.5990
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		01.9610
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.3820
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia
[description not available]		01.9610
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		01.9610
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.3820
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.		01.9610
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.3720
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.3720
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		07.3720
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.910
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.910
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders
[description not available]		02.910
Bulbar Palsy
[description not available]		03.320
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.910
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.3920
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.3920
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		01.9810
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		01.9810
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Ovine Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.910
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.910
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.3920
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.3920
Chromosomal Triplication
[description not available]		01.9910
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		01.9910
Potassium Deficiency
A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		01.9910
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		01.9910
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		01.9910
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		01.9910
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		01.9910
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		01.9910
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		01.9910
Adiadochokinesis
[description not available]		01.9910
Cerebellar Ataxia
Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)		01.9910
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		0210
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		0210
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.6830
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.6830
Fetal Death
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.		0210
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		0210
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		0210
Cornea Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		0210
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		0210
Corneal Injuries
Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.		0210
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.3920
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.3920
Encephalopathy, Mercury
[description not available]		02.0110
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		01.9510
Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9510
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		01.9510
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		01.9510
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		01.9510
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		01.9510
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		01.9510
Emesis
[description not available]		01.9510
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		01.9510
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.3820
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.3820
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		01.9810
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		01.9810
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9810
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9810
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		06.7840
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		06.7840
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		01.9710
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		01.9710
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		01.9710
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		01.9710
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9710
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		01.9610
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		01.9610
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		01.9610