Compounds > sweroside
Page last updated: 2024-12-08

sweroside

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID161036
CHEMBL ID456137
CHEBI ID80907
SCHEMBL ID307117
MeSH IDM0141583

Synonyms (38)

Synonym
W0022
sweroside
ACON0_001457
NCGC00180755-01
ACON1_000233
MEGXP0_000813
AC-11215
BRD-K31299876-001-01-5
C17071
14215-86-2
inchi=1/c16h22o9/c1-2-7-8-3-4-22-14(21)9(8)6-23-15(7)25-16-13(20)12(19)11(18)10(5-17)24-16/h2,6-8,10-13,15-20h,1,3-5h2/t7-,8+,10-,11-,12+,13-,15+,16+/m1/s1
chebi:80907 ,
CHEMBL456137
(3s,4r,4as)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3h-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-, (4as-(4aalpha,5beta,6alpha))-
unii-i3yg76417o
i3yg76417o ,
S9072
AKOS015960475
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-, (4as-(4a.alpha.,5.beta.,6.alpha.))-
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-, (4as,5r,6s)-
(-)-sweroside
SCHEMBL307117
AC-35080
Q-100156
1,9-trans-9,5-cis-sweroside
DTXSID70161955 ,
mfcd09954487
sweroside, >=95% (lc/ms-elsd)
NCGC00180755-03
Q27151406
HY-N0806
bdbm50279544
CCG-268134
CS-0009811
AS-56077
dtxcid4084446
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-, (4as,5r,6s)-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Sweroside is a secoiridoid glycoside. It belongs to a large group of naturally occurring monoterpenes with glucose sugar attached to C-1 in the pyran ring.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sweroside is a secoiridoid glycoside and belongs to a large group of naturally occurring monoterpenes with glucose sugar attached to C-1 in the pyran ring. "( Sweroside Ameliorated Memory Deficits in Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish (
Brinza, I; El-Kashak, W; Eldahshan, OA; Hritcu, L; Raey, MAE, 2022)		3.61
"Sweroside is an iridoid glycoside with diverse biological activities. "( Sweroside ameliorates α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice by regulating bile acids and suppressing pro-inflammatory responses.
Gong, JT; Tang, XW; Wang, GY; Wang, ZT; Yang, F; Yang, L; Yang, QL, 2016)		3.32
"Sweroside is an active ingredient of iridoid glycoside isolated from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica THUNB. "( Determination of sweroside in rat plasma and bile for oral bioavailability and hepatobiliary excretion.
Cao, J; Chen, J; Li, P; Luo, YD; Wen, XD, 2009)		2.14
"Sweroside is a bioactive herbal ingredient isolated from Fructus Corni, which has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)."( Protective effects of sweroside on human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.
Li, L; Lv, H; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhang, A; Zhang, N, 2013)		1.43

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sweroside has a direct osteogenic effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts in vitro."( Protective effects of sweroside on human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.
Li, L; Lv, H; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhang, A; Zhang, N, 2013)		1.43
"Sweroside has a direct osteogenic effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts in vitro."( Protective effects of sweroside on human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.
Li, L; Lv, H; Sun, H; Sun, W; Wang, X; Zhang, A; Zhang, N, 2013)		1.43

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Sweroside treatment obviously reduced the cell viability in human leukemia cell lines and primary human leukemia cells."( Sweroside eradicated leukemia cells and attenuated pathogenic processes in mice by inducing apoptosis.
Han, XL; Li, JD; Li, ZY; Wang, WL; Yang, C, 2017)		2.62

Pharmacokinetics

The effects of gentiopicroside, gastrodin, and sweroside in rats were dose-dependent when the dose of JWXF was 1-4 g/kg. The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of Sweroside for 5, 10 and 15mg/kg dose were 78.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The quantitation method was successfully applied to generate pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of markers as well as to detect other components in plasma after intravenous dose administration of herbal preparation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."( Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbal preparation.
Asthana, RK; Gupta, RC; Suryawanshi, S, 2007)		0.34
" The mean elimination half-life (t1/2) of sweroside for 5, 10 and 15mg/kg dose were 78."( Application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion studies of sweroside in rats.
Cui, C; Jia, P; Sheng, N; Wang, X; Yuan, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhi, X, 2014)		0.87
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics (PK) studies of the twenty-one prototypes at pharmacodynamic doses (0."( Simultaneous determination of multiple components in rat plasma and pharmacokinetic studies at a pharmacodynamic dose of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule by UPLC-MS/MS.
Dai, Y; Dai, ZQ; Gao, MX; Tang, XY; Wu, QC; Xiao, HH; Yao, XS; Yao, ZH; Zeng, JX, 2020)		0.56
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the effects of gentiopicroside, gastrodin, and sweroside in rats were dose-dependent when the dose of JWXF was 1-4 g/kg."( Discovery of the material basis of Jiuwei Xifeng granules using pharmaco-chemistry and pharmacokinetics.
Cao, L; Chen, X; Gao, H; Gao, X; Wang, J; Wang, Z; Xiao, W, 2023)		1.13

Bioavailability

summarize : The absolute bioavailability (F %) of sweroside was 11. Theabsolute bioavailability was estimated to F(sweroside) 0.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The absolute bioavailability (F %) of sweroside was 11."( Application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion studies of sweroside in rats.
Cui, C; Jia, P; Sheng, N; Wang, X; Yuan, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhi, X, 2014)		0.87
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51

Dosage Studied

Sweroside follows linear plasma pharmacokinetics across the investigated dosage range in rats (5-15mg/kg) These mice were subsequently treated with HFD alone or mixed with sweroside.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" And sweroside follows linear plasma pharmacokinetics across the investigated dosage range in rats (5-15mg/kg)."( Application of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion studies of sweroside in rats.
Cui, C; Jia, P; Sheng, N; Wang, X; Yuan, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhi, X, 2014)		1.12
" These mice were subsequently treated with HFD alone or mixed with sweroside (at a daily dosage of 60 mg per kg of BW, 120 mg per kg of BW and 240 mg per kg of BW) for 6 weeks."( Sweroside ameliorates NAFLD in high-fat diet induced obese mice through the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response.
Cheng, R; Ding, L; Ding, P; Gong, J; Huang, W; Li, J; Shu, F; Sun, H; Tong, R; Wang, Z; Yang, L; Yang, Q, 2020)		2.24
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
glycosideA glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)89.50000.02304.13789.9800AID1504525
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (76)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
eye photoreceptor cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system developmentSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of autophagySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorylationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
sexual reproductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
leptin-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
somatic stem cell population maintenanceSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-15-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-9-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-11-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to leptin stimulusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to leptinSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of Notch signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glycolytic processSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IISignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycleSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
radial glial cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
retinal rod cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of feeding behaviorSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 type immune responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell lineage commitmentSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
energy homeostasisSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interleukin-17Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STATSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to woundingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
interleukin-10-mediated signaling pathwaySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcriptionSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of primary miRNA processingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell differentiationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferationSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to peptide hormoneSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specificSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specificSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin DNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
signaling adaptor activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein dimerization activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
primary miRNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
lncRNA bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor bindingSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA sequestering activitySignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (8)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complexSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
chromatinSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complexSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (12)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1781500Induction of progesterone receptor B in human Ishikawa cells assessed as induction of PRE/Luc transcriptional activity at 10 uM measured after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay
AID1504525Inhibition of IL-6-Induced STAT3 activation (unknown origin) expressed in human HepG2 cells expressing pSTAT3-luciferase pre-incubated for 1 hr before IL-6 stimulation for 6 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay2017Journal of natural products, 12-22, Volume: 80, Issue:12
Cornusides A-O, Bioactive Iridoid Glucoside Dimers from the Fruit of Cornus officinalis.
AID730648Binding affinity to recombinant Hsp90 alpha (unknown origin) by surface plasmon resonance2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-28, Volume: 56, Issue:4
A chemical-biological study reveals C9-type iridoids as novel heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors.
AID390344Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 by FACS2008Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 71, Issue:12
Fagraldehyde, a secoiridoid isolated from Fagraea fragrans.
AID691778Cytotoxicity against human MNK45 cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Oct-26, Volume: 75, Issue:10
Cytotoxic iridoids from the roots of Patrinia scabra.
AID1504526Cytotoxicity in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of natural products, 12-22, Volume: 80, Issue:12
Cornusides A-O, Bioactive Iridoid Glucoside Dimers from the Fruit of Cornus officinalis.
AID691723Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 48 hrs by MTT assay2012Journal of natural products, Oct-26, Volume: 75, Issue:10
Cytotoxic iridoids from the roots of Patrinia scabra.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (77)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (1.30)18.7374
1990's1 (1.30)18.2507
2000's15 (19.48)29.6817
2010's42 (54.55)24.3611
2020's18 (23.38)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 29.56

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index29.56 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.37 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.58 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index36.71 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (29.56)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other78 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxybenzaldehydeEC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
choline
[no description available]		2.2510cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.4920trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.0710nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.4110dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.4920chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		2.2510aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
ficusin
Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.		2.2510psoralensplant metabolite
quinic acid
(-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.		2.1310
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.0510butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
furaldehyde
Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.		2.0410aldehyde;
furans		Maillard reaction product;
metabolite
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		2.4110benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
butenolide
butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.0510butenolide
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.0310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
angelicin
angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure		2.2510furanocoumarin
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0810dialdehydebiomarker
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.1310isothiocyanateinsecticide
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from Swertia calycina; structure in first source. 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone : A naphthoquinone that is naphthalene-1,4-dione substituted by a methoxy group at position 2. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.		1.98101,4-naphthoquinones;
enol ether		antimicrobial agent;
metabolite;
plant metabolite
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0710acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		4.32190D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
bergenin
bergenin: RN refers to (2R-(2alpha,3beta,4alpha,4aalpha,10bbeta))-isomer; structure		2.0710trihydroxybenzoic acidmetabolite
magnoflorine
magnoflorine: opium alkaloid having the aporphine configuration; RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer; structure. (S)-magnoflorine : An aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group.		2.2510aporphine alkaloid;
quaternary ammonium ion		plant metabolite
loganin
[no description available]		3.75100beta-D-glucoside;
cyclopentapyran;
enoate ester;
iridoid monoterpenoid;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
gentiopicroside
gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings		4.73270glycoside
loganic acid
loganic acid: structure. loganic acid : A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively		3.6180alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
cyclopentapyran;
glucoside		plant metabolite
catalposide
[no description available]		2.0810
geniposide
[no description available]		2.1110terpene glycoside
gastrodin
gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;		2.610glycoside
amarogentin
amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.4720monosaccharide derivative;
secoiridoid glycoside		EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
metabolite
cornuside
cornuside: a bisiridoid glucoside from Cornus officinalis Sieb et Zucc; structure given in first source		2.4620
phytol
[no description available]		2.1310
secologanin
(-)-secologanin : An iridoid monoterpenoid that is acetaldehyde in which on of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a 2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl group which is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by a vinyl and a methoxycarbonyl group, respectively (the 2S,3R,4S stereoisomer).		2.5120aldehyde;
beta-D-glucoside;
enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		plant metabolite
isovitexin
[no description available]		2.1310C-glycosyl compound;
trihydroxyflavone		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
secoxyloganin
secoxyloganin: from Guettarda playpoda. secoxyloganin : A secoiridoid glycoside that is [(2R,3R,4S)-2-hydroxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-3-vinyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]acetic acid in which the anometric hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It has been isolated from several plant species and exhibits antioxidant and anti-allergic properties.		2.9940beta-D-glucoside;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
enoate ester;
methyl ester;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-allergic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
kutkoside
kutkoside: structure in first source		2.0310
5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.		2.0410arenecarbaldehyde;
furans;
primary alcohol		indicator;
Maillard reaction product
lupeol
[no description available]		2.1310pentacyclic triterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite
genipin
[no description available]		2.1110iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
swertiamarin
swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;		4.64250glycoside
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.0710tripeptide
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.0710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		9.94350
gamma-sitosterol
clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.		2.13103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols		marine metabolite;
plant metabolite
glycosides
[no description available]		3.4170
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0310caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		340cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0810
cytellin
cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982		2.1310
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9810
quercetin
[no description available]		2.17107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.4920biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.2110prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.1310trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		2.46203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
luteolin-7-glucoside
luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.0310beta-D-glucoside;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.4820disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.15107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gentisin
gentisin: a hydroxyxanthone from methanol extract of Gentianae (Gentian?) radix and Calophyllum. gentisin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.1710aromatic ether;
polyphenol;
xanthones		plant metabolite
isogentisin
isogentisin: found in plants such as Guttiferae & Gentianaceae.; structure. isogentisin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methoxy group at position 7.		2.5420aromatic ether;
polyphenol;
xanthones		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
mangiferin
shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source		2.0310C-glycosyl compound;
xanthones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
puerarin
[no description available]		2.0410C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		2.1310monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
epimedin c
epimedin C: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.		2.2510flavonoids;
glycoside
monorden
monorden: inhibits HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, DNA topoisomerase VI and human Topoisomerase II		2.0810cyclic ketone;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antifungal agent;
metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
methyl chlorogenate
methyl chlorogenate: from Eriobotrya japonica; structure in first source		2.1310quinic acid
tanespimycin
CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A		2.08101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.520
songorine
songorine: RN given refers to parent cpd; diterpene alkaloid from Aconitum karakolicum Rap.		2.2110
hypaconitine
hypaconitine: RN given refers to the (1alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.2110
6-o-coumaroylcatalpol
[no description available]		2.0810cinnamate ester
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.4110
lyoniside
lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer		2.1310
6-O-feruloylcatalpol
[no description available]		2.0810hydroxycinnamic acidmetabolite
neoline
neoline: Aconitum jaluense; structure in first source. neoline : A diterpene alkaloid with formula C24H39NO6 that is isolated from several Aconitum species.		2.2110
tridihexethyl
mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer		2.2110
morroniside
morroniside: from Cornus officinalis; protects cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells from damage by high ambient glucose; a component of cornel iridoid glycoside; structure in first source		2.4420
aconitine
Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.		2.2110
akebia saponin d
akebia saponin D: isolated from Dipsacus asper; structure in first source. akebia saponin D : A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage and a 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via an ester linkage. It is the active ingredient found in the traditional Chinese herb Radix Dipsaci.		2.2510
muramidase
Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.		2.0610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.4760
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.3110
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.3110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.6620
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		07.3110
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.6620
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.4110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.4110
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		03.0130
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		03.0130
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.610
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.610
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.610
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.610
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.610
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.610
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.2510
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.2510
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		02.2510
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.2510
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.2510
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.2510
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		07.3110
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		02.3110
Tetraploid
[description not available]		02.3110
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		02.3110
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.1510
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.1510
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.1710
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		02.1710
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.5120
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.5120
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4920
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4920
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4720
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.1310
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.1310
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		02.1310
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1310
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.1310
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.1310
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.1310
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.1310
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.1310
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.0510
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.0610
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.0810
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0810