Androgen receptor

An androgen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P10275]

Synonyms

Dihydrotestosterone receptor;
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 4

Research

Bioassay Publications (165)

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	12 (7.27)	18.2507
2000's	59 (35.76)	29.6817
2010's	74 (44.85)	24.3611
2020's	20 (12.12)	2.80

Compounds (97)

Drugs with Potency Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
mifepristone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0050	1	1
onapristone	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2690	1	1

Drugs with Inhibition Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.3371	56	56
bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.4925	21	23
flufenamic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
flutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	16.8697	7	7
flutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.5000	2	2
entinostat	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
nilutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.4045	4	4
masoprocol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	32.9333	3	3
salicylamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.0000	2	2
prednisolone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	18.0000	2	2
prednisolone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	2.6807	3	3
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	34.8000	1	1
spironolactone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.3585	6	6
spironolactone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0394	1	1
oxandrolone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0008	1	1
oxandrolone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0620	1	1
triiodothyronine	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	50.0000	1	1
testosterone propionate	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0002	1	1
medroxyprogesterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0061	2	2
medroxyprogesterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0029	5	5
fluoxymesterone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
fluoxymesterone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0057	2	2
bisphenol a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.9000	1	1
cyproterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1408	2	2
cyproterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0140	1	1
flavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	20.0000	1	1
androstenediol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2210	2	2
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.0026	26	26
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0014	19	19
flavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.9000	1	2
3-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	23.5000	1	1
1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0427	1	1
raspberry ketone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	251.5945	1	2
zingerone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	152.1780	1	2
mifepristone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2988	18	21
mifepristone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0087	6	6
nitrogenase stabilizing-protective protein, bacteria	Homo sapiens (human)	GI50	1.8000	1	1
nitrogenase stabilizing-protective protein, bacteria	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.0328	10	10
nitrogenase stabilizing-protective protein, bacteria	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.7418	6	6
5-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6573	2	3
hydroxyflutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.6192	19	19
hydroxyflutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0697	9	9
5-Methoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.7000	1	1
6-methoxyflavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	39.5000	1	1
5,5-dimethyl-3-(alpha,alpha,alpha,4-tetrafluoro-3-tolyl)hydantoin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.4000	1	1
4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0150	1	1
ru 58841	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0239	7	7
2'-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.5000	2	2
triptophenolide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.3760	3	3
2'-hydroxyflavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.7000	2	2
metribolone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0040	3	3
metribolone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0004	1	1
(S)-bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3650	1	1
eplerenone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	13.4000	5	5
2-(2-phenoxyethylsulfonyl)-1H-benzimidazole	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	200.0000	1	1
tolfenamic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	52.4500	2	2
N-(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	6.1100	1	1
7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.1800	1	1
6-hydroxyflavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	3.3000	1	1
epi 001	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	6.0000	1	1
biochanin a	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1,600.0000	1	1
apigenin	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	5.2000	1	1
calcitriol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
kaempferol	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	9.7000	1	1
genistein	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1,300.0000	1	1
pyrvinium	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.1900	1	1
dorzolamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0650	1	1
onapristone	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2690	3	3
onapristone	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1000	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.2200	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.2400	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6600	1	1
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione, (17z)-isomer	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3150	1	1
lonaprisan	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0540	1	1
asoprisnil	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0076	2	2
zk 216348	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.6310	1	1
andarine	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0040	2	2
lg 121071	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	7.3537	3	3
lg 121071	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0126	5	5
bms-564929	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0042	6	6
way-362450	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.1080	1	1
mk 2866	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0038	1	1
mk 2866	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0022	2	2
lgd 2226	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	3	3
lgd 2226	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0026	8	8
crizotinib	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0020	1	1
lg190155	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
lg190178	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
mdv 3100	Homo sapiens (human)	GI50	0.2050	2	2
mdv 3100	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	4.4049	28	28
mdv 3100	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.4606	6	6
way 252623	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	2.3000	1	1
apalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0981	4	4
apalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5266	3	3
pf 998425	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	0.0466	5	5
lgd 3303	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0009	1	1
nitd 609	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	1	1
pf-03882845	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	8.9100	2	2
azd3514	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.7789	3	3
azd3514	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	3.1333	3	3
bay 94-8862	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	10.0000	1	1
azd9496	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	30.0000	1	1

Drugs with Activation Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	5.9261	13	13
flufenamic acid	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	67.0000	1	1
indomethacin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0001	1	1
spironolactone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	20.0000	1	1
medroxyprogesterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0061	1	1
medroxyprogesterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0010	1	1
fluoxymesterone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0003	1	1
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0058	26	26
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0002	1	1
mifepristone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0113	3	3
nitrogenase stabilizing-protective protein, bacteria	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	10.0000	1	1
metribolone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0001	2	2
metribolone	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0009	10	10
eplerenone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	20.0000	1	1
tetrahydrogestrinone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0500	1	1
abiraterone acetate	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	17.0500	1	1
trestolone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0092	1	1
lg 121071	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0038	6	6
bms-564929	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0007	2	2
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.6400	3	3
lgd 2226	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0002	6	6
mdv 3100	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	1.8095	9	9
mdv 3100	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	114.0400	3	3
lgd 3303	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50	0.0036	1	1

Drugs with Other Measurements

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	EC5	0.0850	3	3
bicalutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	FI5	0.4850	2	2
nilutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	0.0370	1	1
testosterone propionate	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	0.0015	2	2
flavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	380.0000	1	1
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	0.0080	2	2
dihydrotestosterone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	0.0005	1	1
flavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	26.1000	1	1
5-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	6.0000	1	1
6-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	7.1000	1	1
hydroxyflutamide	Homo sapiens (human)	FI5	0.6000	2	2
5-Methoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	5.5000	1	1
6-methoxyflavanone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	4,077.0000	1	1
4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile	Homo sapiens (human)	EC5	0.0005	2	2
6-methoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	0.7000	1	1
6-chloroflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	12.6000	1	1
7-methoxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	21.9000	1	1
3,6-dihydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	1,538.0000	1	1
6-methylflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	3.6000	1	1
biochanin a	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	4.2000	1	1
acacetin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	2.1000	1	1
apigenin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	5.2000	1	1
luteolin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	18.0000	1	1
kaempferol	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	55.7000	1	1
genistein	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	4.4000	1	1
baicalein	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	18.9000	1	1
chrysin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	1.5000	1	1
galangin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	633.0000	1	1
daidzein	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	10.1000	1	1
prunetin	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	3.2000	1	1
7-hydroxyflavone	Homo sapiens (human)	EC150	3.1000	1	1
3beta-hydroxy-17-(1h-benzimidazole-1-yl)androsta-5,16-diene	Homo sapiens (human)	DC50	10.4100	1	1
mk 2866	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	0.0015	1	1

Enables

This protein enables 23 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon. [GOC:txnOH]
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor binding	molecular function	Binding to a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor. [GOC:txnOH, PMID:16858867]
transcription coactivator binding	molecular function	Binding to a transcription coactivator, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery. [GOC:krc]
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:aruk, GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:20737563, PMID:27145859]
chromatin binding	molecular function	Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732, PMID:20404130]
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	molecular function	A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons. [GOC:txnOH-2018]
nuclear receptor activity	molecular function	A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytosol, which leads to its translocation to the nucleus. [GOC:txnOH-2018, PMID:23457262]
G protein-coupled receptor activity	molecular function	Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. [GOC:bf, http://www.iuphar-db.org, Wikipedia:GPCR]
signaling receptor binding	molecular function	Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function. [GOC:bf, GOC:ceb, ISBN:0198506732]
steroid binding	molecular function	Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. [GOC:jl, ISBN:0198506732]
androgen binding	molecular function	Binding to an androgen, a male sex hormone. [GOC:jl]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
beta-catenin binding	molecular function	Binding to a catenin beta subunit. [GOC:bf]
zinc ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a zinc ion (Zn). [GOC:ai]
enzyme binding	molecular function	Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity. [GOC:jl]
ATPase binding	molecular function	Binding to an ATPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP. [GOC:ai]
molecular adaptor activity	molecular function	The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. [GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07, GOC:vw]
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	molecular function	Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. [GOC:dph, GOC:vw]
POU domain binding	molecular function	Binding to a POU domain of a protein. The POU domain is a bipartite DNA binding domain composed of two subunits separated by a non-conserved region of 15-55 amino acids; it is found in several eukaryotic transcription factors. [GOC:mah, GOC:yaf, InterPro:IPR000327]
molecular condensate scaffold activity	molecular function	Binding and bringing together two or more macromolecules in contact, permitting those molecules to organize as a molecular condensate. [PMID:28225081]
estrogen response element binding	molecular function	Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen. [GOC:ecd, PMID:15036253, PMID:17975005]

Located In

This protein is located in 5 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
nucleoplasm	cellular component	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
nuclear speck	cellular component	A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy. [http://www.cellnucleus.com/]

Active In

This protein is active in 2 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
plasma membrane	cellular component	The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. [ISBN:0716731363]
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

Part Of

This protein is part of 2 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
chromatin	cellular component	The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. [GOC:elh, PMID:20404130]
protein-containing complex	cellular component	A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]

Involved In

This protein is involved in 56 target(s):

Target	Category	Definition
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
MAPK cascade	biological process	An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAP kinase (MAPK). It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and a MAPK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. [PMID:20811974, PMID:9561267]
in utero embryonic development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_sensu]
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	biological process	The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. [GOC:mtg_cardio]
epithelial cell morphogenesis	biological process	The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. [GOC:ascb_2009, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). [GOC:jl, GOC:txnOH, ISBN:0321000382]
signal transduction	biological process	The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11]
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah, PMID:16902576, PMID:24568158, Wikipedia:G_protein-coupled_receptor]
cell-cell signaling	biological process	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]
spermatogenesis	biological process	The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. [GOC:jid, ISBN:9780878933846, PMID:28073824, PMID:30990821]
single fertilization	biological process	The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. [GOC:ems, GOC:mtg_sensu]
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of gene expression	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). [GOC:txnOH-2018]
male somatic sex determination	biological process	The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a male organism's soma. [GOC:mah]
intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by estrogen binding to its nuclear receptor inside the cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]
androgen receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:mah]
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell. [GOC:bf, GOC:mah]
positive regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway. [GOC:mah]
Leydig cell differentiation	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis. [GOC:ln, PMID:12050120]
multicellular organism growth	biological process	The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. [GOC:bf, GOC:curators, GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
positive regulation of phosphorylation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. [GOC:jl]
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling. [GOC:bf]
positive regulation of cell differentiation	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. [GOC:go_curators]
negative regulation of integrin biosynthetic process	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. [GOC:go_curators]
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. [GOC:ceb]
regulation of developmental growth	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. [GOC:go_curators]
animal organ formation	biological process	The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]
male genitalia morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized. [GOC:ems, ISBN:0140512888]
epithelial cell proliferation	biological process	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. [ISBN:0721662544]
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. [GOC:ai]
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:15087454, PMID:15170030]
activation of prostate induction by androgen receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by androgen binding to its receptor in the urogenital sinus mesenchyme that initiates prostate induction. Prostate induction is the close range interaction of the urogenital sinus mesenchyme and the urogenital sinus epithelium that causes the cells of the urogenital sinus epithelium to change their fates and specify the development of the prostate gland. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb, PMID:18977204]
morphogenesis of an epithelial fold	biological process	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. [GOC:dph]
lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct. [GOC:dph, PMID:17120154]
prostate gland growth	biological process	The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dph]
prostate gland epithelium morphogenesis	biological process	The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. [GOC:dph]
epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development	biological process	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland. [GOC:dph]
tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis	biological process	The branching process in which the mammary gland ducts form tertiary branches off of the secondary branches as part of diestrus and pregnancy. [GOC:dph, PMID:18614704]
mammary gland alveolus development	biological process	The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland. [GOC:dph]
positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	biological process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. [GOC:dph]
cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to estrogen stimulus	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to testosterone stimulus	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus. [GOC:mah]
seminiferous tubule development	biological process	The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. [GOC:BHF, GOC:mah, UBERON:0001343]
non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly	biological process	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle. [PMID:28225081]
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:dph, GOC:kmv, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:24699545]
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:BHF, GOC:rl, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:11602640]
negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. [GOC:mtg_apoptosis]
male gonad development	biological process	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. [GOC:jid]
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway	biological process	The series of molecular signals initiated by a steroid binding to an intracellular steroid hormone receptor. [GOC:mah, GOC:signaling]