squalene profile

Addavax: an oil-water nanoemulsion and adjuvant containing squalene, Tween 80, and sorbitane trioleate [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	638072
CHEMBL ID	458402
CHEBI ID	15440
MeSH ID	M0020400

Synonym
nsc-93748
nsc93748
gtpl3054
CHEBI:15440 ,
(all-e)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene
2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-
squalene, spinacene, supraene
all-trans-squalene
2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (all-e)-
NCGC00181323-01
NCGC00181163-01
(6e,10e,14e,18e)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene
2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (6e,10e,14e,18e)-
inchi=1/c30h50/c1-25(2)15-11-19-29(7)23-13-21-27(5)17-9-10-18-28(6)22-14-24-30(8)20-12-16-26(3)4/h15-18,23-24h,9-14,19-22h2,1-8h3/b27-17+,28-18+,29-23+,30-24
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene
einecs 203-826-1
(e,e,e,e)-squalene
SQUALENE ,
C00751
spinacene
111-02-4
supraene
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e,22e)-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene
trans-squalene
mf59
3704365A-1DAB-4AAA-A0D0-CAE7A96723AC
squalene, all-trans-
CHEMBL458402
H0097
QSPL 049
tox21_112789
tox21_113239
dtxsid0026044 ,
dtxcid406044
cas-111-02-4
(e)-squalene
AKOS015917344
ccris 711
11051-27-7
ec 203-826-1
2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-, (2e,6e,10e,14e,18e)-
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene, (all-e)-
spinacen
nikko squalane ex
super squalene
hsdb 8242
unii-7qwm220fjh
7qwm220fjh ,
squalene [inci]
squalene [who-dd]
squalene [green book]
squalene [mi]
squalene [ep monograph]
montanide isa 720 component squalene
mf59 component squalene
S4862
J-002505
SR-01000944749-1
sr-01000944749
squalen
DB11460
Q407560
CS-0016601
HY-N1214
addavax
CCG-268779
squalcnc
BS-49251
AS-56045
squalene 100 microg/ml in hexane
STARBLD0009755
HY-N1214A
(e/z)-squalene
CS-0201515
E80634
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetra cosahexaene
squalene (ep monograph)
dtxcid8047921
2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexene, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-,(all-e)-
(2e,6e,10e,14e,18e)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene
trans-spinacene

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Squalene is a triterpene hydrocarbon, a biochemical precursor for all steroids in plants and animals. "	( Recent advances in the microbial production of squalene. Mutturi, S; Paramasivan, K, 2022)	2.42
"Squalene is a natural bioactive triterpene and an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols. "	( Squalene through Its Post-Squalene Metabolites Is a Modulator of Hepatic Transcriptome in Rabbits. Abuobeid, R; Arnal, C; Burillo, JC; Busto, R; Felices, MJ; Lasheras, R; Lasunción, MA; Martínez-Beamonte, R; Osada, J; Rodríguez-Yoldi, MJ; Sánchez-Marco, J, 2022)	3.61
"Squalene is a key minor component of virgin olive oil, the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, and had shown to improve the liver metabolism in rabbits and mice. "	( Dietary squalene supplementation decreases triglyceride species and modifies phospholipid lipidomic profile in the liver of a porcine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Arnal, C; Barranquero, C; Burillo, JC; García-Gil, A; Gonzalo-Romeo, G; Güemes, A; Herrera-Marcos, LV; Herrero-Continente, T; Jenkins, B; Koulman, A; Lasheras, R; Lou-Bonafonte, JM; Martínez-Beamonte, R; Mocciaro, G; Osada, J; Puente-Lanzarote, JJ; Rodríguez-Yoldi, MJ; Surra, JC, 2023)	2.79
"Squalene is a widely distributed natural triterpene, as it is a key precursor in the biosynthesis of all sterols. "	( Bioprocess conditions and regulation factors to optimize squalene production in thraustochytrids. Fracchia-Durán, AG; Márquez-Rocha, FJ; Martínez-Ayala, AL; Ramos-Zambrano, E, 2023)	2.6
"Squalene is a triterpenoid compound and widely used in various industries such as medicine and cosmetics due to its strong antioxidant and anticancer properties. "	( Accumulation of squalene in filamentous fungi Trichoderma virens PS1-7 in the presence of butenafine hydrochloride, squalene epoxidase inhibitor: biosynthesis of 13C-enriched squalene. Hashidoko, Y; Hashimoto, M; Liu, S; Murai, Y; Sakihama, Y; Sunami, K; Suzuki, T; Zhang, W; Zhou, DY; Zhuang, Z, 2023)	2.7
"Squalene is a terpenoid found in human skin surface lipids (SSLs) and foods that possesses beneficial properties. "	( Evaluation of squalene oxidation mechanisms in human skin surface lipids and shark liver oil supplements. Eitsuka, T; Ito, J; Kato, S; Miyazawa, T; Nakagawa, K; Nishida, H; Saito, T; Shimizu, N, 2019)	2.32
"Squalene is a major sebum lipid which is easily peroxidized by ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation, generating products that can stress keratinocytes. "	( A Novel Butylated Caffeic Acid Derivative Protects HaCaT Keratinocytes from Squalene Peroxidation-Induced Stress. Weng, X; Zhou, D, 2019)	2.19
"Squalene (SQ) is an intermediate hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of phytosterols and terpenes in plants. "	( Could squalene be an added value to use olive by-products? Martínez-Beamonte, R; Osada, J; Sanclemente, T; Surra, JC, 2020)	2.48
"Squalene is a naturally occurring triterpene with wide industrial applications. "	( Squalene lipotoxicity in a lipid droplet-less yeast mutant is linked to plasma membrane dysfunction. Csáky, Z; Garaiová, M; Hapala, I; Kodedová, M; Sychrová, H; Valachovič, M, 2020)	3.44
"Squalene is a lipophilic and non-volatile triterpene with many industrial applications for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. "	( Extension of cell membrane boosting squalene production in the engineered Escherichia coli. Kim, SW; Li, Y; Meng, Y; Shao, X; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wei, G; Zheng, X, 2020)	2.28
"Squalene is a medically valuable bioactive compound that can be used as a raw material for fuels. "	( Improving squalene production by blocking the competitive branched pathways and expressing rate-limiting enzymes in Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Fan, J; Ma, X; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Xu, W; Yao, J; Zhang, L, 2022)	2.57
"Squalene is a linear intermediate to nearly all classes of triterpenes and sterols and is itself highly valued for its use in wide range of industrial applications. "	( Agronomic and chemical performance of field-grown tobacco engineered for triterpene and methylated triterpene metabolism. Chappell, J; Janze, S; Jiang, Z; Kempinski, C; Kinison, S; Kumar, S; Linscott, K; Nybo, E; Wood, C, 2018)	1.92
"Squalene is an eminent vital part of the synthesis of steroid hormones in the body as well as the first specific intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis that plays an essential role in normal embryogenesis. "	( Assessment of squalene eligibility in bettering some maternal and fetal disorders instigated by gamma irradiation of rats at mid gestation. Abdelaziz, N; Ibrahim, MF, 2018)	2.28
"Squalene is a natural, water insoluble, lipid, abundant in olive oil and shark liver."	( Biophysical characterization of asolectin-squalene liposomes. Carrotta, R; Costa, MA; Giacomazza, D; Librizzi, F; Mangione, MR; Moran, O; Passantino, R; Santonocito, R, 2018)	1.47
"Squalene is a highly unsaturated hydrocarbon from triterpenoid family, discovered as a major component of the liver oil of certain varieties of deep sea sharks. "	( The importance and perspective of plant-based squalene in cosmetology. Knaś, M; Niczyporuk, M; Przystupa, AW; Wołosik, K; Zalewska, A, )	1.83
"Squalene is a valuable natural substance with several biotechnological applications. "	( Squalene epoxidase as a target for manipulation of squalene levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Garaiová, M; Griač, P; Hapala, I; Simová, Z; Zambojová, V, 2014)	3.29
"Squalene is a naturally occurring 30-carbon isoprenoid, which has commercial use in cosmetics and in vaccines."	( Production of squalene in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Bergquist, J; Englund, E; Lindberg, P; Pattanaik, B; Stensjö, K; Ubhayasekera, SJ, 2014)	1.48
"Squalene is a precursor of thousands of bioactive triterpenoids and also has industrial value as a lubricant, health-promoting agent, and/or drop-in biofuel. "	( Production of squalene by squalene synthases and their truncated mutants in Escherichia coli. Furubayashi, M; Iwasaki, M; Katabami, A; Li, L; Saito, K; Umeno, D, 2015)	2.22
"Squalene is a polyunsaturated triterpene, which has exhibited anticancer and antioxidant activities among others. "	( Dietary squalene supplementation improves DSS-induced acute colitis by downregulating p38 MAPK and NFkB signaling pathways. Aparicio-Soto, M; de la Lastra, CA; Rosillo, MÁ; Sánchez-Fidalgo, S; Villegas, I, 2015)	2.29
"Squalene is a natural dehydrotriterpenic hydrocarbon (C30H50) with six double bonds, known as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phytosterol or cholesterol in plants or animals. "	( Methods for obtaining and determination of squalene from natural sources. Băbeanu, NE; Dinu-Pârvu, CE; Niță, S; Popa, I; Popa, O, 2015)	2.12
"Squalene is a natural substance with wide applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutic industries. "	( Production of squalene by lactose-fermenting yeast Kluyveromyces lactis with reduced squalene epoxidase activity. Csáky, Z; Drozdíková, E; Garaiová, M; Hapala, I; Obernauerová, M, 2015)	2.22
"Squalene is a major component of skin and plant surface lipids and is known to be present at high concentrations in indoor dust. "	( Atmospheric Oxidation of Squalene: Molecular Study Using COBRA Modeling and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Aiona, PK; Baldi, PF; Fooshee, DR; Laskin, A; Laskin, J; Nizkorodov, SA, 2015)	2.16
"Squalene is a linear triterpene formed via the MVA or MEP biosynthetic pathway and is widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and animals. "	( Advances in Biochemistry and Microbial Production of Squalene and Its Derivatives. Ghimire, GP; Koirala, N; Sohng, JK; Thuan, NH, 2016)	2.13
"Squalene (SQ) is a key intermediate in hopanoid biosynthesis. "	( Absolute Configuration of Hydroxysqualene. An Intermediate in Bacterial Hopanoid Biosynthesis. Pan, JJ; Poulter, CD; Ramamoorthy, G, 2016)	2.16
"Squalene is a strong antioxidant used extensively in the food, cosmetic and medicine industries. "	( Metabolic engineering of Rhodopseudomonas palustris for squalene production. Chai, C; Shao, L; Wang, Y; Xu, W; Yao, J, 2016)	2.12
"Squalene is a novel nature PPARα agonist, identified from reporter gene assay and qPCR analysis. "	( Squalene isolated from Schizochytrium mangrovei is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist that regulates lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Dang, DH; Hoang, TH; Hoang, TL; Hoang, TM; Le, TT; Ngo, TH; Nguyen, CH, 2016)	3.32
"Squalene is a component of oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants developed for potential use in some influenza vaccines. "	( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of squalene-containing emulsion adjuvant following intramuscular injection of H5N1 influenza vaccine in mice. Anderson, SA; Beland, FA; Forshee, RA; Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA; Vanlandingham, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2016)	2.14
"Squalene is a precursor in the eukaryotic sterol biosynthesis. "	( Biosynthetic Approaches to Squalene Production: The Case of Yeast. Hapala, I; Valachovič, M, 2017)	2.19
"Squalene is a triterpene that is an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. "	( Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Fang, JY; Huang, ZR; Lin, YK, 2009)	2.06
"Squalene is a linear triterpene that is extensively utilized as a principal component of parenteral emulsions for drug and vaccine delivery. "	( Squalene emulsions for parenteral vaccine and drug delivery. Fox, CB, 2009)	3.24
"Squalene is a natural lipid belonging to the terpenoid family and a precursor of cholesterol biosynthesis. "	( Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy. Couvreur, P; Reddy, LH, 2009)	3.24
"Squalene is a triterpene widely distributed in nature that is an intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. "	( Squalenoylation: a generic platform for nanoparticular drug delivery. Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Gref, R, 2012)	1.82
"Squalene is a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon with a formula of C₃₀H₅₀. "	( Biological importance and applications of squalene and squalane. Karadeniz, F; Kim, SK, 2012)	2.09
"Squalene is an abundant hydrocarbon present in virgin olive oil. "	( Proteomics and gene expression analyses of squalene-supplemented mice identify microsomal thioredoxin domain-containing protein 5 changes associated with hepatic steatosis. Acín, S; Arnal, C; Barceló-Batllori, S; Guillén, N; Martínez-Beamonte, R; Navarro, MA; Osada, J; Ramírez-Torres, A; Surra, JC, 2012)	2.08
"Squalene is a polyisoprene hydrocarbon without polar groups."	( Squalane is in the midplane of the lipid bilayer: implications for its function as a proton permeability barrier. Dante, S; Dencher, NA; Haines, TH; Hauss, T, 2002)	1.04
"Squalene is a phytosterol precursor abundant in olive oil that is at least partly absorbed and then quantitatively converted to cholesterol."	( Effects of trace components of dietary fat on cholesterol metabolism: phytosterols, oxysterols, and squalene. Ostlund, RE; Racette, SB; Stenson, WF, 2002)	1.25
"Squalene is a naturally occurring oil which has been used in the development of vaccine adjuvants, such as the oil-in-water emulsion MF59. "	( Vaccines with the MF59 adjuvant do not stimulate antibody responses against squalene. Bugarini, R; Del Giudice, G; Donnelly, J; Fragapane, E; Henriksson, T; Hora, M; O'hagan, D; Palla, E; Podda, A; Rappuoli, R, 2006)	2.01
"Squalene is an intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis which can be obtained from the diet where it is abundant, for example, in olive oil. "	( Squalene in a sex-dependent manner modulates atherosclerotic lesion which correlates with hepatic fat content in apoE-knockout male mice. Acín, S; Arbonés-Mainar, JM; Arnal, C; Carnicer, R; Guillén, N; Navarro, MA; Orman, I; Osada, J; Perona, JS; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V; Sarría, AJ; Segovia, JC; Surra, JC, 2008)	3.23
"Squalene is a type of oil obtained from shark liver. "	( Positron emission tomography-positive squalene-induced lipoid pneumonia confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Bandoh, S; Haba, R; Ishida, T; Kadota, K; Kanaji, N; Kohno, K; Kushida, Y; Matsunaga, T; Takano, K; Yamamoto, Y, 2008)	2.06
"Squalene is an obligate intermediate of cholesterol synthesis and plasma squalene to cholesterol ratio correlates significantly with cholesterol synthesis rate in the liver. "	( Relationships between squalene and cholesterol in bile: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid administration in patients with radiolucent gallstones. Lugli, R; Pradelli, JM; Salvioli, G, 1984)	2.02
"Squalene is a naturally occurring lipid on mammalian skin and is an attractant to the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). "	( Squalene: a naturally abundant mammalian skin secretion and long distance tick-attractant (Acari: Ixodidae). Crouch, KC; Stevens, BW; Yoder, JA, 1999)	3.19
"Squalene is a cholesterol precursor, which stimulates the immune system nonspecifically. "	( The endogenous adjuvant squalene can induce a chronic T-cell-mediated arthritis in rats. Bucht, A; Carlson, BC; Jansson, AM; Larsson, A; Lorentzen, JC, 2000)	2.06
"Squalene is a triterpene that is an intermediate of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and it can be obtained from the diet. "	( Squalene: potential chemopreventive agent. Smith, TJ, 2000)	3.19

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Squalene has a wide range of applications in the industry sectors of dietary supplements, cosmetics, immunization, and pharmaceuticals. "	( Enhancement of Squalene Production by Constitutive Expression of the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a. Fujihara, N; Inada, T; Juntila, DJ; Suzuki, I; Yang, T; Yoneda, K, 2022)	2.52
"Squalene has several applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical sectors."	( Recent advances in the microbial production of squalene. Mutturi, S; Paramasivan, K, 2022)	1.7
"Squalene has a wide range of applications in the industry sectors of dietary supplements, cosmetics, immunization, and pharmaceuticals. "	( Enhancement of Squalene Production by Constitutive Expression of the 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a. Fujihara, N; Inada, T; Juntila, DJ; Suzuki, I; Yang, T; Yoneda, K, 2022)	2.52
"Squalene has been used as a dietary supplement for a long history due to its potential cancer-preventive function. "	( Investigation of the Effects of Squalene and Squalene Epoxides on the Homeostasis of Coenzyme Q10 in Rats by UPLC-Orbitrap MS. Chen, C; Liu, Y; Su, R; Sun, K; Wan, X; Wang, H; Yang, H; Yu, W; Zhang, L, 2020)	2.28
"Squalene has hypocholesterolemic effect through the activation of LXRα and β without inducing hepatic lipogenesis."	( Squalene promotes cholesterol homeostasis in macrophage and hepatocyte cells via activation of liver X receptor (LXR) α and β. Ha, NC; Hien, HTM; Hong, DD; Thom, LT, 2017)	3.34
"Squalene uptake has improved the maternal variations and reduced the embryonic mortality while could not stop or improve the embryonic neural tube defects imposed by radiation at this exact radiation timing."	( Assessment of squalene eligibility in bettering some maternal and fetal disorders instigated by gamma irradiation of rats at mid gestation. Abdelaziz, N; Ibrahim, MF, 2018)	1.56
"Squalene has many beneficial properties and its loss on the surface of skin upon ultraviolet light exposure or in the tear film with dry eye could be detrimental."	( Confirmation of the presence of squalene in human eyelid lipid by heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectroscopy. Bhola, R; Borchman, D; Milliner, SE; Smith, RJ; Yappert, MC, 2013)	1.39
"Squalene has been proposed to complement anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, there is little mechanistic information supporting this idea."	( Squalene Inhibits ATM-Dependent Signaling in γIR-Induced DNA Damage Response through Induction of Wip1 Phosphatase. Eitsuka, T; Ikekawa, N; Konishi, T; Nakajima, Y; Nishida, H; Nishida, M; Saito, M; Sakamaki, T; Tatewaki, N, 2016)	2.6
"Squalene has been shown to reduce serum cholesterol and triglycerides in dogs although its therapeutic use in high BP and obese patients has not been established."	( Influence of squalene feeding on plasma leptin, testosterone & blood pressure in rats. Bi, D; Chen, S; Dai, H; Liu, Y; Wang, X; Xu, X; Zhang, W; Zhang, X, 2009)	1.44
"No squalene has been detected in any lot."	( Development and application of an analytical method for the determination of squalene in formulations of anthrax vaccine adsorbed. Ellis, WY; Lim, P; Spanggord, RJ; Sun, M; Wu, B, 2002)	1.06
"Squalene synthetase has been purified to homogeneity from yeast. "	( Purification to homogeneity and some properties of squalene synthetase. Rilling, HC; Sasiak, K, 1988)	1.97

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Oxidosqualene cyclases catalyze the cyclization of 2, 3-oxidosqualene to generate different types of sterols and plant triterpenoids, which is of great significance to the structural diversity of natural products."	( [Oxidosqualene cyclases in triterpenoids biosynthesis: a review]. Chen, C; Chen, Q; Li, C; Lü, B; Pang, Y, 2022)	1.66
"Oxidosqualene cyclases catalyze the transformation of oxidosqualene (1) into numerous cyclic triterpenes. "	( β-Amyrin Biosynthesis: The Methyl-30 Group of (3S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene Is More Critical to Its Correct Folding To Generate the Pentacyclic Scaffold than the Methyl-24 Group. Hanaoka, M; Hoshino, T; Kaneko, I; Miyahara, Y; Takahashi, K, 2015)	1.17
"Squalene plays a rather confined role in olive oil stability even at low temperatures."	( On the role of squalene in olive oil stability. Psomiadou, E; Tsimidou, M, 1999)	1.38

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Squalene oral treatment exerted protection towards these organs at a dose of 0.4 ml/day/rat."	( Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Babu, MS; Devaki, T; Manohar, BM; Senthilkumar, S, 2006)	1.46
"Treatment with squalene epoxidase inhibitor terbinafine revealed a limit in squalene accumulation at 700 μg squalene per 10(9) cells which was associated with pronounced growth defects."	( Squalene epoxidase as a target for manipulation of squalene levels in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Garaiová, M; Griač, P; Hapala, I; Simová, Z; Zambojová, V, 2014)	2.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Nevertheless, no appreciable toxic signs were observed in the serum biochemical tests and the hepatic functional test for squalane groups."	( [Studies on distribution, excretion and subacute toxicity of squalane in dogs]. Inoue, H; Kamimura, H; Koga, N; Oguri, K; Ohkubo, M; Sato, K; Yoshimura, H, 1989)	0.28
" Adverse events and clinical laboratory abnormalities were generally mild and transient in all groups, and all but two patients finished the study."	( Effectiveness and safety of low-dose pravastatin and squalene, alone and in combination, in elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia. Chan, P; Lee, CB; Lee, YS; Tomlinson, B, 1996)	0.54
" There were no reports of any vaccine-related serious adverse event or of safety concerns related to study vaccines after the first, second or third immunization."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated subunit influenza virus vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant emulsion in elderly subjects, immunized for three consecutive influenza seasons. Andreani, T; Bianchi, M; Cecchinelli, G; Crovari, P; Minutello, M; Podda, A; Senatore, F, 1999)	0.3
" Adverse reactions did not occur significantly more frequently in vaccinees than placebo recipients."	( Safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines administered intranasally to healthy adults. Barchfeld, G; Baylis, E; Boyce, TG; Coleman-Dockery, SD; Culley, B; DiFrancesco, A; Hsu, HH; Neuzil, KM; Paranandi, M; Sannella, EC; Wright, PF; Zhu, Y, 2000)	0.31
" Thus, both vaccines were safe and well tolerated in neonates, and there was no evidence of accelerated immunologic decline in HIV-infected infants."	( Safety of 2 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope vaccines in neonates born to HIV-1-infected women. Borkowsky, W; Cunningham, CK; Duliege, AM; Fenton, T; Francis, D; Hawkins, E; Kang, M; McFarland, EJ; McNamara, J; Mofenson, L; Wara, DW, 2001)	0.31
" All vaccines were well tolerated: no serious adverse events were recorded, and a small number (9 subjects) of local and systemic reactions were observed."	( Immunogenicity and safety of three commercial influenza vaccines in institutionalized elderly. Belloni, A; Masella, P; Mensi, C; Pregliasco, F; Serpilli, W; Speccher, L, 2001)	0.31
"The A/Duck/SIngapore vaccines were safe and well tolerated."	( Safety and antigenicity of non-adjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/Duck/Singapore/97 (H5N3) vaccine: a randomised trial of two potential vaccines against H5N1 influenza. Colegate, AE; Nicholson, KG; Podda, A; Stephenson, I; Wood, J; Ypma, E; Zambon, MC, 2001)	0.31
" MEDI-491 was safe and immunogenic."	( Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant parvovirus B19 vaccine formulated with MF59C.1. Ballou, WR; Koenig, S; Noble, W; Reed, JL; Young, NS, 2003)	0.32
" The available cytoprotective agents are either toxic or lack selective cytoprotective activity."	( In vitro cytoprotective activity of squalene on a bone marrow versus neuroblastoma model of cisplatin-induced toxicity. implications in cancer chemotherapy. Baruchel, H; Baruchel, S; Das, B; Freedman, MH; Koren, G; Yeger, H, 2003)	0.59
" The extract of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) prevented these toxic effects with the main active agents suggested to be cinchonains IIa and IIb."	( Potent protecting effects of Catuaba (Anemopaegma mirandum) extracts against hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity. Ando, M; Kawahara, N; Saito, Y; Satake, M; Sekita, S; Tokunaga, H; Uchino, T, 2004)	0.32
" Vaccination was not associated with serious adverse events."	( Safety and immunogenicity of conventional subunit and MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccines in human immunodeficiency virus-1-seropositive patients. Ansaldi, F; Bacilieri, S; Cataldini, S; Chiriacò, PG; De Donno, A; De Simone, M; Durando, P; Gabutti, G; Gasparini, R; Guido, M; Minniti, S; Quattrocchi, M; Sticchi, L, )	0.13
" Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is a widely used antineoplastic drug, which could cause toxicity of normal cells due to its toxic metabolites."	( Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Babu, MS; Devaki, T; Manohar, BM; Senthilkumar, S, 2006)	0.74
"Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used antineoplastic drug, which could cause toxicity of the normal cells due to its toxic metabolites."	( Attenuation of cyclophosphamide induced toxicity by squalene in experimental rats. Devaki, T; Senthilkumar, S; Subashini, R; Yogeeta, SK, 2006)	0.58
" Arm discomfort was more common in groups that received adjuvant, but adverse effects of the vaccination were generally mild."	( Safety and immunogenicity of nonadjuvanted and MF59-adjuvanted influenza A/H9N2 vaccine preparations. Atmar, RL; Cate, TR; Couch, RB; El Sahly, H; Katz, JM; Keitel, WA; Patel, SM; Pompey, J; She, D, 2006)	0.33
" In humans, MF59 is a safe and potent vaccine adjuvant that has been licensed in more than 20 countries (Fluad [Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc."	( MF59 is a safe and potent vaccine adjuvant that enhances protection against influenza virus infection. O'Hagan, DT, 2007)	0.34
"The vaccine formulations were well tolerated but local adverse effects were common; the incidence of these effects increased in a dose-dependent manner and was increased by the addition of adjuvants."	( Effects of adjuvants on the safety and immunogenicity of an avian influenza H5N1 vaccine in adults. Belshe, R; Bernstein, DI; Dekker, CL; Edwards, KM; Graham, IL; He, F; Hill, H; Noah, DL; Talbot, HK, 2008)	0.35
" This review supports the hypothesis that MF59 is a safe adjuvant for human use."	( Safety of MF59 adjuvant. D'Agosto, V; Hennig, R; Novicki, D; Schultze, V; Wack, A; Zorn, J, 2008)	0.35
" Plant stanol ester spread consumption appeared safe in the clinical setting, except for potential lowering of infants' serum beta-carotene concentration, and was reflected in the markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption in mothers' serum, encouraging further studies in larger settings."	( Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety. Gylling, H; Isolauri, E; Kaipiainen, L; Laitinen, K; Miettinen, TA, 2009)	0.35
" Thus, C60 dissolved in squalane may not give any significant biological toxic effects such as photocytotoxicity,bacterial reverse mutagenicity, and permeability into the human skin."	( Biological safety of LipoFullerene composed of squalane and fullerene-C60 upon mutagenesis, photocytotoxicity, and permeability into the human skin tissue. Aoshima, H; Kato, S; Miwa, N; Saitoh, Y, 2009)	0.35
" Overall, (+)MF59 subjects had lower risks than (-)MF59 subjects of experiencing any unsolicited adverse event (AE) (26."	( MF59-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines: integrated analysis from a large safety database. Della Cioppa, G; Groth, N; Lindert, K; Nicolay, U; Pellegrini, M, 2009)	0.35
" The Sub/MF59 influenza vaccine was safe and well tolerated following the booster vaccination."	( MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (FLUAD) in children: safety and immunogenicity following a second year seasonal vaccination. Borkowski, A; Groth, N; Karvonen, A; Pellegrini, M; Vesikari, T, 2009)	0.35
"There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects reporting adverse events across the groups."	( Safety and immunogenicity of HCV E1E2 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 administered to healthy adults. Abrignani, S; Belshe, RB; Chien, D; Coates, S; Di Bisceglie, AM; Frey, SE; Han, JH; Hill, H; Houghton, M; Pileri, P; Ray, R; Rinella, P; Rosa, D; Scharschmidt, B; Schultze, V; Wolff, MC, 2010)	0.36
"The vaccine was safe and generally well-tolerated at each of the 3 dosage levels and induced antibody and lymphoproliferative responses."	( Safety and immunogenicity of HCV E1E2 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 administered to healthy adults. Abrignani, S; Belshe, RB; Chien, D; Coates, S; Di Bisceglie, AM; Frey, SE; Han, JH; Hill, H; Houghton, M; Pileri, P; Ray, R; Rinella, P; Rosa, D; Scharschmidt, B; Schultze, V; Wolff, MC, 2010)	0.36
" In the MF59-adjuvanted group (n=1181) versus the non-adjuvanted group (n=545) there was no increase in the incidence of unsolicited adverse events and serious adverse events."	( Safety of MF59-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines in children and adolescents: an integrated analysis. Black, S; Della Cioppa, G; Malfroot, A; Nacci, P; Nicolay, U; Pellegrini, M; Sokal, E; Vertruyen, A, 2010)	0.36
" There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events in either group."	( Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccine from infancy to adolescence. Banzhoff, A; Borkowski, A; Clemens, R; Karvonen, A; Montomoli, E; Tilman, S; Vesikari, T, 2010)	0.36
" The use of the adjuvant is associated with an increase in the frequency of local and systemic early post-vaccine adverse events (3-7 days), but no increase in adverse events was observed thereafter."	( MF59™ as a vaccine adjuvant: a review of safety and immunogenicity. El Sahly, H, 2010)	0.36
" In the current state of knowledge, these vaccines have proved to be effective even though they more frequently give local adverse events than non-adjuvanted influenza vaccines."	( Safety review: squalene and thimerosal in vaccines. Ducros, C; Montana, M; Rathelot, P; Terme, T; Vanelle, P; Verhaeghe, P, )	0.48
" All vaccines were well tolerated; no related Serious Adverse Events (SAE) and few severe solicited reactions were reported."	( Assessment of the safety, tolerability and kinetics of the immune response to A/H1N1v vaccine formulations with and without adjuvant in healthy pediatric subjects from 3 through 17 years of age. Abdelnour, A; Arguedas, A; Clemens, R; Della Cioppa, G; Lindert, K; Sales, V; Soley, C, 2011)	0.37
"To determine the frequencies and clinical features of adverse events (AEs) observed in a population of subjects of an Italian health district receiving pandemic vaccination."	( Safety of MF-59 adjuvanted vaccine for pandemic influenza: results of the vaccination campaign in an Italian health district. Antonioli, L; Blandizzi, C; Consigli, V; Cristiani, C; Fornai, M; Maddalo, F; Michi, P; Pepe, P; Sarteschi, A; Simonini, G; Tuccori, M, 2011)	0.37
" Our findings support the validity of mock-up strategy for rapid development of a safe vaccine in the emergency of a pandemic influenza."	( Safety of MF-59 adjuvanted vaccine for pandemic influenza: results of the vaccination campaign in an Italian health district. Antonioli, L; Blandizzi, C; Consigli, V; Cristiani, C; Fornai, M; Maddalo, F; Michi, P; Pepe, P; Sarteschi, A; Simonini, G; Tuccori, M, 2011)	0.37
" From October 2009 to June 2010, the Italian Pharmacovigilance Adverse Event (AE) Spontaneous Reporting System [Rete Nazionale Farmacovigilanza] (RNF) received 1330 reports of AEs temporally related with the pandemic influenza vaccination out of a total of 924,057 doses administered."	( Italian post-marketing surveillance for adverse event reports after MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccination. Capuano, A; Ferrazin, F; Ianniello, B; Parretta, E; Rossi, F, 2011)	0.37
"Systemic safety surveillance is an essential component of vaccination programmes to elucidate the full safety profile of a vaccine and to detect previously unrecognized adverse reactions that might be related to new vaccines."	( Passive surveillance of adverse events of an MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine during the pandemic mass vaccinations. Banzhoff, A; Haertel, S; Praus, M, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events of special interest were compared with pooled spontaneous case reports for seasonal influenza vaccines, and signal detection analyses were performed."	( Passive surveillance of adverse events of an MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine during the pandemic mass vaccinations. Banzhoff, A; Haertel, S; Praus, M, 2011)	0.37
" Rates for adverse events of special interest, for example, Guillain-Barré syndrome, anaphylaxis, and convulsions showed no signs of disproportionality between the pandemic and the seasonal vaccines."	( Passive surveillance of adverse events of an MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine during the pandemic mass vaccinations. Banzhoff, A; Haertel, S; Praus, M, 2011)	0.37
"The analyses of the spontaneously reported adverse events support the good safety profile of the MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v pandemic influenza vaccine."	( Passive surveillance of adverse events of an MF59-adjuvanted H1N1v vaccine during the pandemic mass vaccinations. Banzhoff, A; Haertel, S; Praus, M, 2011)	0.37
" Solicited local and systemic adverse events were mainly mild to moderate."	( Combined, concurrent, and sequential administration of seasonal influenza and MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccines: a phase II randomized, controlled trial of immunogenicity and safety in healthy adults. Banzhoff, A; Caicedo, Y; Clemens, R; Lopez, P; Sierra, A; Tilman, S, 2011)	0.37
" The majority of adverse events were mild to moderate in severity; no impact on CD4+ cell count or viral load has been detected."	( Safety and immunogenicity of a monovalent 2009 influenza A/H1N1v vaccine adjuvanted with AS03A or unadjuvanted in HIV-infected adults: a randomized, controlled trial. Aboulker, JP; Ajana, F; Colin de Verdière, N; Delfraissy, JF; Desaint, C; Devaster, JM; Durier, C; Duval, X; Foubert, V; Ghosn, J; Jacomet, C; Launay, O; Loulergue, P; Pialoux, G; Raffi, F; Rey, D; Reynes, J; Roman, F, 2011)	0.37
" The data suggest that the complimentary use of squalene with Dox will be beneficial to reduce the adverse effect of Dox in cancer chemotherapy, such as the increased incidence of undesirable mutagenic side effects."	( Modulation of doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity by squalene in Balb/c mice. Giridharan, VV; Konishi, T; Narayan, BH; Nishida, H; Tatewaki, N, 2010)	0.87
" In the present study, squalene production was achieved in a wild-type laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain by two safe chemical means using terbinafine (0."	( Enhanced squalene production by wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using safe chemical means. Mantzouridou, F; Naziri, E; Tsimidou, MZ, 2011)	1.1
" Local adverse events at the injection site of pandemic and seasonal vaccines were reported by 66."	( Long-lasting immunogenicity and safety of a 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine when co-administered with a 2009-2010 seasonal influenza vaccine in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Amendola, A; Anselmi, G; Gazzarri, A; Giani, E; Macedoni, M; Pariani, E; Santoro, L; Scaramuzza, A; Zanetti, A; Zuccotti, GV, 2011)	0.37
"One injection of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine is immunogenic and safe in young patients with Type 1 diabetes who are at increased risk of influenza morbidities."	( Long-lasting immunogenicity and safety of a 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine when co-administered with a 2009-2010 seasonal influenza vaccine in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Amendola, A; Anselmi, G; Gazzarri, A; Giani, E; Macedoni, M; Pariani, E; Santoro, L; Scaramuzza, A; Zanetti, A; Zuccotti, GV, 2011)	0.37
" Standard safety monitoring was enhanced by a telephone call at ~24 h post-TIV when adverse events were expected to peak."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
"Among 207 children, a general adverse event was reported by 60."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
"Infants and toddlers who received AS03-adjuvanted A/H1N1 2009 vaccine up to 11 months earlier retained high titers in the subsequent season but re-exposure to A/H1N1 2009 antigen in TIV resulted in no unusual adverse effects and 100% were sero-protected for A/H1N1 after receipt of the 2010-11 TIV."	( Safety and immunogenicity of 2010-2011 H1N12009-containing trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 12-59 months of age previously given AS03-adjuvanted H1N12009 pandemic vaccine: a PHAC/CIHR Influenza Research Network (PCIRN) study. Dobson, S; Halperin, SA; Kellner, JD; Kollman, T; Kuhn, S; Langley, JM; Li, Y; MacKinnon-Cameron, D; McNeil, S; Quach, C; Scheifele, DW; Smith, B; Vanderkooi, OG; Ward, B, 2012)	0.38
" Solicited and unsolicited adverse reactions were recorded for seven and 21 days post-immunization, respectively."	( Assessment of the immunogenicity and safety of varying doses of an MF59®-adjuvanted cell culture-derived A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Japanese paediatric, adult and elderly subjects. Fukase, H; Furuie, H; Komatsu, R; Kusadokoro, H; Lattanzi, M; Matsushita, K; Minami, T; Nakura, N; Sawata, H; Suehiro, Y; Yasuda, Y; Yotsuyanagi, H, 2012)	0.38
" Both vaccine formulations were well tolerated, with the majority of adverse reactions mild to moderate in severity."	( Assessment of the immunogenicity and safety of varying doses of an MF59®-adjuvanted cell culture-derived A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Japanese paediatric, adult and elderly subjects. Fukase, H; Furuie, H; Komatsu, R; Kusadokoro, H; Lattanzi, M; Matsushita, K; Minami, T; Nakura, N; Sawata, H; Suehiro, Y; Yasuda, Y; Yotsuyanagi, H, 2012)	0.38
" We conducted a prospective multicenter study of 2,864 healthy male soldiers aged 19 to 25 years to evaluate the adverse events associated with both the MF59-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted forms of the influenza A/California/2009 (H1N1) surface-antigen vaccine."	( Comparison of the adverse events associated with MF59-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted H1N1 vaccines in healthy young male Korean soldiers. Choi, JM; Chun, BC; Hwang, SM; Jeon, HH; Kim, HL; Kim, M; Kim, MJ; Kim, SY; Lee, SM; Lim, JS; Min, KW, 2012)	0.38
" After vaccination (N=7943), adverse events (AE) were assessed using both active (telephone) and passive (healthcare database) follow-up in enrolled vaccinated subjects, including infants (6-23 months), pregnant women, and the immunosuppressed."	( An early (3-6 weeks) active surveillance study to assess the safety of pandemic influenza vaccine Focetria in a province of Emilia-Romagna region, Italy - part one. Candela, S; Cavuto, S; Di Mario, S; Dragosevic, V; Groth, N; Magrini, N; Nobilio, L; Pergolizzi, S; Ragni, P, 2013)	0.39
"2%) of which were serious adverse events (SAEs)."	( An early (3-6 weeks) active surveillance study to assess the safety of pandemic influenza vaccine Focetria in a province of Emilia-Romagna region, Italy - part one. Candela, S; Cavuto, S; Di Mario, S; Dragosevic, V; Groth, N; Magrini, N; Nobilio, L; Pergolizzi, S; Ragni, P, 2013)	0.39
" The second phase study aim was to detect short- and long-term adverse events of special interest (AESIs) following vaccination, and to measure vaccine effectiveness in term of hospital admissions."	( A population based cohort study to assess the safety of pandemic influenza vaccine Focetria in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy - part two. Candela, S; Di Mario, S; Magrini, N; Moro, ML; Nobilio, L; Voci, C, 2013)	0.39
"Subjects ages 18 and older were followed for the occurrence of adverse events (AEs) for six months after vaccination."	( A prospective observational safety study on MF59(®) adjuvanted cell culture-derived vaccine, Celtura(®) during the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic. Astudillo, P; de Vallière, S; Fariña, A; Groth, N; Hatz, C; Rath, B; Reynales, H; Sales-Carmona, V; Schlagenhauf, P; Velentgas, P, 2012)	0.38
" There were 108 medically confirmed serious adverse events (SAEs) reported among 73 subjects with 6 such SAEs described as possibly or probably related to vaccination."	( A prospective observational safety study on MF59(®) adjuvanted cell culture-derived vaccine, Celtura(®) during the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic. Astudillo, P; de Vallière, S; Fariña, A; Groth, N; Hatz, C; Rath, B; Reynales, H; Sales-Carmona, V; Schlagenhauf, P; Velentgas, P, 2012)	0.38
" Most of the adjuvants are toxic at certain doses, and toxicity varies in different species."	( Toxicity and dose determination of quillaja saponin, aluminum hydroxide and squalene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Jung, SJ; Kim, HY; Park, CS; Vinay, TN, 2014)	0.63
" Hospitalizations for potential adverse events of special interest (AESIs) were identified from hospital databases and then reviewed against recognized case definitions to identify confirmed cases of AESI."	( Safety of MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccination in the elderly: results of a comparative study of MF59-adjuvanted vaccine versus nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine in northern Italy. Apolone, G; Aquino, I; Black, S; Boldori, L; Caramaschi, F; Crucitti, A; Della Cioppa, G; Gattinoni, A; Groth, N; Malchiodi, G; Mannino, S; Mavilio, D; Rothman, KJ; Scarpini, E; Villa, M; Weiss, NS, 2013)	0.39
"This study was conducted to explore a telephone-based approach for identifying and quantifying the occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) during an MF59®-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccination program in Taiwan."	( Telephone monitoring of adverse events during an MF59®-adjuvanted H5N1 influenza vaccination campaign in Taiwan. Chang, CH; Huang, WT; Peng, MC, 2014)	0.4
" No serious adverse events were reported, and no subject withdrew due to an adverse event."	( Safety, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence following an investigational Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae triple-protein vaccine in a phase 1 randomized controlled study in healthy adults. Berglund, J; Boutriau, D; Lestrate, P; Tavares Da Silva, F; Vink, P, 2014)	0.4
" No severe adverse reactions, but a significant increase in total mild side effects in patients versus HC were observed."	( Safety and immunogenicity of co-administered MF59-adjuvanted 2009 pandemic and plain 2009-10 seasonal influenza vaccines in rheumatoid arthritis patients on biologicals. Biselli, R; Caporuscio, S; Cappella, A; Crialesi, D; D'Amelio, R; Di Martino, A; Donatelli, I; Facchini, M; Ferlito, C; Germano, V; Milanetti, F; Nisini, R; Rossi, F; Salemi, S, 2014)	0.4
" Overall, while MF59 adjuvantation increased pain at the site of injection, and intradermal delivery increased unsolicited adverse events, erythema, induration, and swelling at the injection site, both strategies of vaccination strongly enhanced the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccine in older adults compared with conventional non-adjuvanted intramuscular delivery."	( A dose-ranging study in older adults to compare the safety and immunogenicity profiles of MF59®-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccines following intradermal and intramuscular administration. Castellino, F; Clement, F; Del Giudice, G; Della Cioppa, G; Galli, C; Groth, N; Leroux-Roels, G; Levin, Y; Lindert, K; Nicolay, U, 2014)	0.4
" Adverse events were recorded prospectively."	( Comparison of the immunogenicity and safety of the conventional subunit, MF59-adjuvanted, and intradermal influenza vaccines in the elderly. Cheong, HJ; Choi, WS; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Seo, YB; Song, JY, 2014)	0.4
" Clinical effectiveness, reactogenicity and serious adverse events were monitored up to Day 366."	( Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59®-adjuvanted with a non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. Arora, AK; Bermal, NN; Forleo-Neto, E; Frey, SE; Narasimhan, V; Nicolay, U; Reyes, MR; Reynales, H, 2014)	0.4
" Solicited adverse reactions were recorded for seven days after each vaccination."	( Safety and immunogenicity profiles of an adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in Guatemalan children. Aragon, CG; Groth, N; Pellegrini, M; Pivaral, RU; Prado-Cohrs, D; Sales-Carmona, V; Solares, AR, 2014)	0.4
"Both ATIV and TIV were well tolerated, with similar rates of solicited reactions and adverse events observed in response to both vaccines."	( Safety and immunogenicity profiles of an adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in Guatemalan children. Aragon, CG; Groth, N; Pellegrini, M; Pivaral, RU; Prado-Cohrs, D; Sales-Carmona, V; Solares, AR, 2014)	0.4
" No significant adverse events were recorded."	( The safety and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine in healthy adults primed with homologous or heterologous H5N1 vaccines: an observational study. Chang, FY; Chen, CM; Chou, P; Huang, YL; Liao, CH; Liu, MT; Tsai, YC; Wang, WY; Wei, SH, 2014)	0.4
"The study vaccine did not cause severe adverse events."	( The safety and immunogenicity of a MF59-adjuvanted H5N1 prepandemic influenza vaccine in healthy adults primed with homologous or heterologous H5N1 vaccines: an observational study. Chang, FY; Chen, CM; Chou, P; Huang, YL; Liao, CH; Liu, MT; Tsai, YC; Wang, WY; Wei, SH, 2014)	0.4
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred, and no subjects were withdrawn from the study due to an adverse event."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in children from three to seventeen years of age. Abarca, K; Arora, A; Della Cioppa, G; Kieninger-Baum, D; Knuf, M; Lattanzi, M; Leroux-Roels, G; Pedotti, P; Rivera, L; Rümke, HC, 2015)	0.42
"Clinical trials have shown that AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 and A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccines are highly immunogenic, although with an increased reactogenicity profile relative to non-adjuvanted vaccines in terms of the incidence of common injection site and systemic adverse events (AEs)."	( Safety of AS03-adjuvanted inactivated split virion A(H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 influenza virus vaccines administered to adults: pooled analysis of 28 clinical trials. Cohet, C; Dewe, W; Drame, M; Fries, LF; Hepburn, A; Innis, BL; Li, P; Seifert, H; Vaughn, DW, 2014)	0.4
" Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were recorded for 7 and 30 d post-vaccination, respectively; potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded throughout the study."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational 4-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with or without AS03B adjuvant: Results of a randomized phase I trial. Boutriau, D; Damaso, S; Haelterman, E; Lestrate, P; Levy, J; Licini, L; Moris, P; Van Belle, P, 2015)	0.42
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported."	( Immunogenicity and Safety of an EB66 Cell-Culture-Derived Influenza A/Indonesia/5/2005(H5N1) AS03-Adjuvanted Vaccine: A Phase 1 Randomized Trial. Drame, M; Innis, BL; Schuind, A; Segall, N, 2015)	0.42
" Reactogenicity was assessed for 7 days after each vaccination, and unsolicited adverse events were assessed for 182 days following vaccination in both study groups (NCT01730378)."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Korean adults: a phase IV, randomized, open-label, controlled study. Dramé, M; Izurieta, P; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Lee, JS; Schuind, A; Vaughn, DW; Wie, SH, 2015)	0.42
" The incidence of local and systemic solicited adverse events (reactogenicity) was higher with AS03-H5N1 than TIV."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in Korean adults: a phase IV, randomized, open-label, controlled study. Dramé, M; Izurieta, P; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Lee, JS; Schuind, A; Vaughn, DW; Wie, SH, 2015)	0.42
" Local and systemic adverse events were more common in subjects receiving PPSV23 compared to those receiving aIIV3 alone."	( Immunogenicity and safety of concomitant MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine administration in older adults. Chang, HA; Cheong, HJ; Choi, MJ; Jeon, JH; Jeong, EJ; Kang, SH; Kim, WJ; Noh, JY; Song, JY; Tsai, TF, 2015)	0.42
" A comparative study of the effects of two adjuvants in their ability to enhance the efficiency of the detoxified and safe antigens to produce a long lasting immunoprotection is undertaken using Aluminum Hydroxide adjuvant (Alum) or the water-in-oil MF59 adjuvant mixed with Androctonus australis hector (Aah) detoxified venom, and compare their effects on the immune system."	( Enhancement of long-lasting immunoprotective effect against Androctonus australis hector envenomation using safe antigens: Comparative role of MF59 and Alum adjuvants. Laraba-Djebari, F; Nouri, A, 2015)	0.42
" The vaccine was generally well tolerated, although local and systemic adverse events were significantly more common in the vaccine group."	( Safety and efficacy of a cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. Amegashie, C; Bellamy, AR; Bernstein, DI; Callahan, ST; Edwards, KM; Mcneal, MM; Munoz, FM; Patel, SM; Pichon, S; Rupp, R; Stanberry, LR; Turley, CB; Wootton, SH, 2016)	0.43
"The vaccine was safe and immunogenic."	( Safety and efficacy of a cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) vaccine in adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. Amegashie, C; Bellamy, AR; Bernstein, DI; Callahan, ST; Edwards, KM; Mcneal, MM; Munoz, FM; Patel, SM; Pichon, S; Rupp, R; Stanberry, LR; Turley, CB; Wootton, SH, 2016)	0.43
" Serious adverse events (SAEs), solicited AEs, unsolicited AEs and AEs of special interest were evaluated for four new adjuvants: the immuno-stimulants containing adjuvant systems AS01 and AS02, and the squalene containing oil-in-water emulsions AS03 and MF59."	( A systematic review and meta-analysis on the safety of newly adjuvanted vaccines among children. Baay, M; Bollaerts, K; Stassijns, J; Verstraeten, T, 2016)	0.62
" None of the 20 serious adverse events reported were related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and Safety of an AS03-Adjuvanted H7N9 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in a Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults. Ferguson, M; Frenette, L; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Kroll, R; Li, P; Madan, A; Schuind, A; Segall, N; Soni, J, 2016)	0.43
"Developing a safe and effective H7N9 influenza vaccine was initiated in early spring 2013, following human infections with a novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus."	( Preclinical evaluation of the safety and pathogenicity of a live attenuated recombinant influenza A/H7N9 seed strain and corresponding MF59-adjuvanted split vaccine. Chen, H; Cheng, L; Han, C; Li, L; Lu, X; Ou, H; Wang, FX; Weng, T; Wu, H; Wu, N; Yao, H; Yao, W; Yu, D, 2016)	0.43
" No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred."	( Immunogenicity and safety of a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and an MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine after concomitant vaccination in ⩾60-year-old adults. Cheong, HJ; Choi, MJ; Choi, WS; Hyun, HJ; Kim, WJ; Lee, J; Noh, JY; Seo, YB; Song, JY; Wie, SH; Yun, JG; Yun, JW, 2017)	0.46
" Nine participants reported 17 serious adverse events; none were considered causally related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H7N1 vaccine in healthy adults: A phase I/II, observer-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Chu, L; Ferguson, M; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Li, P; Madan, A; Rheault, P; Schuind, A; Segall, N; Sheldon, E; Soni, J; Toma, A, 2017)	0.46
" In total, 40 participants reported 67 serious adverse events; none were considered causally related to vaccination."	( Immunogenicity and safety of an AS03-adjuvanted H7N1 vaccine in adults 65years of age and older: A phase II, observer-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ferguson, M; Friel, D; Innis, BL; Li, P; Madan, A; Rheault, P; Schuind, A; Seiden, D; Soni, J; Toma, A, 2017)	0.46
" In both models, a single immunisation with CMS adjuvant revealed similar or higher titres than two immunisations with either benchmark, without detectable systemic and local adverse effects."	( Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate esters are safe and effective adjuvants for humoral responses. Bajramovic, J; Hilgers, LAT; Platenburg, PPLI; Pohl, M; Roeffen, W; Sauerwein, R; Stittelaar, KJ; van Amerongen, G; van den Bosch, JF; Veth, J, 2017)	0.46
" Alternative adjuvants are currently sought to minimise these adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of a non-mineral oil adjuvanted injectable vaccine for the protection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Adams, A; Bailey, J; Bartie, K; Hoare, R; Jung, SJ; Ngo, TPH; Thompson, KD, 2019)	0.51
" Safety profiles were similar but more frequent solicited adverse events were reported with aIIV4 than with the comparator (3748 [73%] of 5138 vs 3242 [64%] of 5056)."	( Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety evaluation of an MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza virus vaccine compared with non-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in children: a multicentre, randomised controlled, observer-blinded, phase 3 trial. de Bruijn, M; Devota Go, G; Heijnen, E; Isakov, L; Kirstein, J; Leav, B; Oberye, J; Ruzycky, ME; Vesikari, T, 2018)	0.48
" Safety was evaluated by solicited local and systemic reactions, unsolicited adverse events, and serious adverse events."	( Immunogenicity and safety of MF59-adjuvanted and full-dose unadjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines among vaccine-naïve children in a randomized clinical trial in rural Senegal. Cheikh, S; Diallo, A; Diarra, B; Diene, D; Feser, J; Kanesa-Thasan, N; Lafond, KE; Ndiaye, A; Ndiaye, M; Ndiaye, T; Neuzil, KM; Ortiz, JR; Victor, JC; Widdowson, MA, 2018)	0.48
"A retrospective analysis was performed to examine unsolicited adverse events (AEs) in an integrated dataset from six randomized clinical studies that compared aIIV3 with non-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV3)."	( MF59-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine: Safety and immunogenicity in young children at risk of influenza complications. Bizjajeva, S; Heijnen, E; Oberye, J; Patel, SS, 2019)	0.51
" Local reactions and adverse events (AEs) were assessed by age."	( Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted, Cell Culture-derived, A/H5N1, Subunit Influenza Virus Vaccine: Results From a Dose-finding Clinical Trial in Healthy Pediatric Subjects. Anderson, E; Bulitta, M; Chanthavanich, P; Hohenboken, M; Kanesa-Thasan, N; Kerdpanich, P, 2019)	0.51
"A passive approach to ESS (EPSS) was adopted, in which reporting of spontaneous adverse events (AEs) by vaccinees and vaccine exposure was estimated, in order to generate a near real-time reporting rate."	( Enhanced Passive Safety Surveillance (EPSS) confirms an optimal safety profile of the use of MF59 Amicizia, D; Haag, M; Lai, PL; Lino, MM; Panatto, D; Tomczyk, S, 2020)	0.56
" The highest incidence of solicited adverse events (AEs) was reported by subjects who received both the highest dosage of antigen in combination with the highest dosage of adjuvant at the same site: 67."	( A phase 1, randomized, observer blind, antigen and adjuvant dosage finding clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted, trivalent subunit influenza vaccine in adults ≥ 65 years of age. Ciarlet, M; Leav, B; Matassa, V; Otten, G, 2020)	0.56
"All vaccinations were safe and well tolerated."	( Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vaccine Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Subtype C DNA and MF59-Adjuvanted Subtype C Envelope Protein. Andersen-Nissen, E; Barnett, SW; Corey, L; deCamp, AC; Ding, S; Dintwe, O; Herce, ME; Hosseinipour, MC; Hutter, J; Innes, C; Jensen, R; Kublin, JG; Maganga, L; Mann, P; Marshall, K; McElrath, MJ; Miner, MD; Mkhize, N; Morris, L; Naidoo, S; Pantaleo, G; Ramjee, G; Sebe, M; Tomaras, GD; Van Der Meeren, O, 2021)	0.62
"Both the prime/boost and coadministration regimens are safe and may be promising for advancement into efficacy trials depending on whether cellular or humoral responses are desired."	( Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vaccine Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Subtype C DNA and MF59-Adjuvanted Subtype C Envelope Protein. Andersen-Nissen, E; Barnett, SW; Corey, L; deCamp, AC; Ding, S; Dintwe, O; Herce, ME; Hosseinipour, MC; Hutter, J; Innes, C; Jensen, R; Kublin, JG; Maganga, L; Mann, P; Marshall, K; McElrath, MJ; Miner, MD; Mkhize, N; Morris, L; Naidoo, S; Pantaleo, G; Ramjee, G; Sebe, M; Tomaras, GD; Van Der Meeren, O, 2021)	0.62
" Incidence of solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs) was slightly higher in aIIV4 than nonadjuvanted vaccinees, in both the healthy and high-risk groups."	( Immunogenicity and Safety of an MF59-adjuvanted Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Young Children at High Risk of Influenza-associated Complications: A Phase III, Randomized, Observer-blind, Multicenter Clinical Trial. Chokephaibulkit, K; de Bruijn, M; Esposito, S; Fling, J; Heijnen, E; Oberye, J; Smolenov, I; Vossen, J; Zhang, B, 2020)	0.56
" Two mild potentially immune mediated adverse events occurred, lichen planus and guttate psoriasis."	( Immunogenicity and safety of different dose schedules and antigen doses of an MF59-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccine in healthy adults aged 65 years and older. Anderson, EJ; Bellamy, A; Bernstein, DI; Chen, WH; Edwards, KM; El Sahly, HM; Frey, SE; Hill, H; Jackson, LA; Mulligan, MJ; Rupp, R; Schmader, K; Winokur, P, 2021)	0.62
" The primary safety endpoints included solicited local and systemic adverse events in the 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events up to 12 months after dosing."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Avumegah, MS; Barnes, J; Bennet, J; Chappell, KJ; Cheung, STM; Chung, AW; Corby, S; Ellenberg, P; Griffin, P; Henderson, CL; Hensen, L; Hogarth, PM; Hoger, K; Holgate, T; Kedzierska, K; Lackenby, JA; Li, Z; Marrero-Hernandez, S; Modhiran, N; Mordant, FL; Munro, TP; Nguyen, THO; Nicholson, S; Purcell, DFJ; Ranasinghe, C; Reading, PC; Selva, KJ; Subbarao, K; Tapley, P; Tran, MH; Watterson, D; Wijesundara, DK; Wines, BD; Young, PR; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.62
" Both solicited reactions and unsolicited adverse events occurred at a similar frequency in participants receiving placebo and the SARS-CoV-2 sclamp vaccine."	( Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Avumegah, MS; Barnes, J; Bennet, J; Chappell, KJ; Cheung, STM; Chung, AW; Corby, S; Ellenberg, P; Griffin, P; Henderson, CL; Hensen, L; Hogarth, PM; Hoger, K; Holgate, T; Kedzierska, K; Lackenby, JA; Li, Z; Marrero-Hernandez, S; Modhiran, N; Mordant, FL; Munro, TP; Nguyen, THO; Nicholson, S; Purcell, DFJ; Ranasinghe, C; Reading, PC; Selva, KJ; Subbarao, K; Tapley, P; Tran, MH; Watterson, D; Wijesundara, DK; Wines, BD; Young, PR; Zhang, W, 2021)	0.62
" The ability to initiate the activation of the immune system can be achieved by virus-like particles (VLPs) which are safe and potent delivery tools."	( Chimeric virus-like particles presenting tumour-associated MUC1 epitope result in high titers of specific IgG antibodies in the presence of squalene oil-in-water adjuvant: towards safe cancer immunotherapy. Chraniuk, M; Czarnota, A; Gromadzka, B; Hovhannisyan, L; Narajczyk, M; Nidzworski, D; Panasiuk, M; Peszyńska-Sularz, G; Żaczek, AJ; Zimmer, K; Żołędowska, S, 2022)	0.92
" There were no serious adverse events or medically-attended adverse events related to study product receipt."	( Safety and immunogenicity of monovalent H7N9 influenza vaccine with AS03 adjuvant given sequentially or simultaneously with a seasonal influenza vaccine: A randomized clinical trial. Buddy Creech, C; Chen, WH; Cross, K; Dickey, M; Goepfert, PA; Logan, HL; Neuzil, KM; Ortiz, JR; Overton, ET; Parker, S; Spearman, PW; Wegel, A, 2022)	0.72
" The objective of this passive ESS (EPSS) was to assess the frequency of spontaneously reported adverse events (AEs) following vaccination with the 2021/22 formulation of the MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aQIV) among older adults in Italy through the collection of data within a short time period (start of seasonal influenza vaccination) in order to monitor the reactogenicity of aQIV early in the season."	( Enhanced passive safety surveillance of the MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the elderly during the 2021/22 influenza season. Amicizia, D; Domnich, A; Icardi, G; Lai, PL; Orsi, A; Panatto, D; Tkach-Motulyak, O, 2023)	0.91
" Data from various studies show that these vaccines are not only safe for all age groups, with a reactogenicity profile similar to that of the conventional vaccine, but also that they are especially effective in boosting the immune response in the population aged 65 or over by increasing antibody titers after vaccination and significantly reducing the risk of hospital admission."	( [Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of the adjuvanted influenza vaccine in the population aged 65 or over]. Arrazola Martínez, MP; Eiros Bouza, JM; Plans Rubió, P; Puig-Barberà, J; Ruiz Aragón, J; Torres Lana, AJ, 2023)	0.91

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" Herein, this paper brings comprehensive pharmacokinetic and biodistribution insights that may explain the previously observed greater efficacy of SQdFdC nanoassemblies against experimental leukemia."	( Squalenoylation favorably modifies the in vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of gemcitabine in mice. Besnard, M; Chacun, H; Cintrat, JC; Couvreur, P; Declèves, X; Deroussent, A; Desmaële, D; Dubernet, C; Ferreira, H; Khoury, H; Laugier, C; Lepêtre-Mouelhi, S; Paci, A; Reddy, LH; Rousseau, B; Vassal, G, 2008)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the prodrug in the tear fluid and in the aqueous humor of rabbits was evaluated and compared to that of the parent drug."	( Nonpolymeric nanoassemblies for ocular administration of acyclovir: pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits. Arpicco, S; Burgalassi, S; Cattel, L; Chetoni, P; Nicosia, N; Rocco, F; Stella, B; Tampucci, S, 2012)	0.38
" In this study, we constructed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for intramuscularly injected squalene-in-water (SQ/W) emulsion, in order to make a quantitative estimation of the tissue distribution of squalene following a single IM injection in humans."	( A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of squalene-containing adjuvant in human vaccines. Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA, 2013)	0.85
" Since regulatory pharmacokinetic studies are not routinely required for influenza vaccines, the in vivo fate of this vaccine constituent is largely unknown."	( A first-generation physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of alpha-tocopherol in human influenza vaccine adjuvant. Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA, 2015)	0.42
" The peak concentration for kidney, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow, and spleen was each less than 1% of the injected dose, and H5N1 antigen did not significantly alter the biodistribution of squalene to these tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of squalene-containing emulsion adjuvant following intramuscular injection of H5N1 influenza vaccine in mice. Anderson, SA; Beland, FA; Forshee, RA; Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA; Vanlandingham, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2016)	0.89
" In this context, pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies are useful for quantifying the concentration of vaccine adjuvants in mechanistically or toxicologically relevant target tissues."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study of two distinct squalene-containing oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants in H5N1 influenza vaccines. Anderson, SA; Beland, FA; Forshee, RA; Mitkus, RJ; Tegenge, MA; Vanlandingham, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2019)	0.75
" Their anticancer activity was tested in pediatric cancer cell lines and pharmacokinetic studies were performed in mice."	( Squalenoyl-gemcitabine/edelfosine nanoassemblies: Anticancer activity in pediatric cancer cells and pharmacokinetic profile in mice. Blanco-Prieto, MJ; Couvreur, P; Mura, S; Rodríguez-Nogales, C, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A phase 1 study of 42 non-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-infected volunteers was initiated to determine the safety and immunogenicity of an HIV subunit vaccine consisting of recombinant envelope gp120 derived from HIVSF2 (rgp120SF2) combined with a novel adjuvant, MF59, with or without the immunomodulator muramyl tripeptide dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE)."	( Clinical and immunologic responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1SF2 gp120 subunit vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant with or without muramyl tripeptide dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine in non-HIV-infected human volunteers. Baenziger, J; Chernoff, D; Coleman, RL; Dekker, CL; Kahn, JO; Murcar, N; Sinangil, F; Steimer, KS; Wynne, D, 1994)	0.29
"), in combination with an adjuvant emulsion, MF59, with or without an additional immune modulator, MTP-PE 78 healthy HIV-1-seronegative adults."	( Safety and immunogenicity of Env 2-3, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 candidate vaccine, in combination with a novel adjuvant, MTP-PE/MF59. NIAID AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. Chernoff, D; Corey, L; Dekker, C; Dolin, R; Fast, PE; Graham, BS; Hsieh, RH; Keefer, MC; Lawrence, D; Matthews, TJ; McElrath, MJ; Stablein, DM; Weinhold, K; Wright, PF, 1996)	0.29
"The safety and immunogenicity of four different regimens of CHIRON cytomegalovirus (CMV) gB subunit vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant and administered to seropositive plasma donors were evaluated to ascertain whether vaccination of seropositive subjects would significantly increase antibody titer to gB glycoprotein."	( Vaccination of seropositive subjects with CHIRON CMV gB subunit vaccine combined with MF59 adjuvant for production of CMV immune globulin. Burke, R; Drulak, MW; Duliege, AM; Fuller, SA; Hoskin, S; Malinoski, FJ; Sekulovich, R; Stewart, SS; Winston, S, 2000)	0.31
"A systematic method for the sensitive, precise and accurate determination of hair lipids, including trace amounts of intrinsic endogenous cholesterol (CH), ceramide/N-palmitoyl-DL-dihydrosphingosine (CER/PDS), cholesterol sulfate (CS) and chemically bound 18-methyl eicosanoic acid (18-MEA), has been developed in combination with TLC/FID (flame ionization detection), LC/MS and GC/MS."	( A systematic method for the sensitive and specific determination of hair lipids in combination with chromatography. Imokawa, G; Masukawa, Y; Tsujimura, H, 2005)	0.33
" Here we describe the use of a novel adjuvant approach employing Carbopol 971P(®) NF (hereafter referred to as Carbopol971P), a cross-linked polyanionic carbomer, in combination with the Novartis proprietary oil-in-water adjuvant, MF59, as a potentially safe and effective adjuvant to augment humoral immune responses to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)."	( Use of a polyanionic carbomer, Carbopol971P, in combination with MF59, improves antibody responses to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Barnett, SW; Burke, B; Dey, AK; Hartog, K; Heeney, JL; Montefiori, D; Srivastava, IK; Sun, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The co-delivery of E6020 within MF59 enhanced both the serum and bactericidal titers for Men B antigens and for Men B antigens combined with Men ACWY-CRM conjugate vaccine."	( MF59 oil-in-water emulsion in combination with a synthetic TLR4 agonist (E6020) is a potent adjuvant for a combination Meningococcus vaccine. Baudner, B; Giuliani, M; Hawkins, LD; Kazzaz, J; O'Hagan, DT; Otten, G; Pizza, M; Singh, M; Ugozzoli, M, 2012)	0.38
"Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and fluorescence (FL) spectroscopic techniques, combined with partial least-square (PLS) regression with various spectral derivatization methods were tested for the quantitative determination of squalene content of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs)."	( A comparative study of ATR-FTIR, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for quantification of squalene in extra virgin olive oils. Tarhan, İ, 2020)	0.94
" Squalene emulsion (SE) alone or combined with AST-VII were effective in NDV restimulated splenocyte proliferation."	( Evaluation of adjuvant activity of Astragaloside VII and its combination with different immunostimulating agents in Newcastle Disease vaccine. Bedir, E; Cebi, N; Coven, F; Coven, FO; Coven, N; Genc, R; Nalbantsoy, A; Yakubogullari, N, 2021)	1.53

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" We hypothesized that the bioavailability of vitamin E in human skin is, at least in part, dependent on sebaceous gland secretion."	( Oral supplementation with all-Rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol increases vitamin E levels in human sebum after a latency period of 14-21 days. Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage, S; Kraemer, K; Thiele, JJ, 2004)	0.32
" A brief overview is presented of recent findings concerning the bioavailability of certain important olive oil minor components including efficient antioxidant polyphenols, the triterpene hydrocarbon squalene and beta-sitosterol, considered as putative nutritional biomarkers, in relation to the incidence of cancer."	( Anticarcinogenic compounds of olive oil and related biomarkers. Kyrtopoulos, SA; Sotiroudis, TG, 2008)	0.53
" Since this triterpene is well absorbed orally, it has been used to improve the oral delivery of therapeutic molecules."	( Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy. Couvreur, P; Reddy, LH, 2009)	1.8
"Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) made from mixtures of Precirol and squalene were prepared to investigate whether the bioavailability of lovastatin can be improved by oral delivery."	( Effects of lipophilic emulsifiers on the oral administration of lovastatin from nanostructured lipid carriers: physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics. Chen, CC; Fang, JY; Huang, ZR; Tsai, TH, 2010)	0.59
"The aim of this study was to increase bioavailability of the antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) when administered by the ocular route."	( Nonpolymeric nanoassemblies for ocular administration of acyclovir: pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits. Arpicco, S; Burgalassi, S; Cattel, L; Chetoni, P; Nicosia, N; Rocco, F; Stella, B; Tampucci, S, 2012)	0.38
"Due to their hydrophilic nature, most nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) display a variable bioavailability after oral administration and a poor control over their biodistribution, thus hampering their access to HIV sanctuaries."	( Anti-HIV efficacy and biodistribution of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors delivered as squalenoylated prodrug nanoassemblies. Andrieux, K; Argote, S; Bauduin, L; Bekkara-Aounallah, F; Caron, J; Clayette, P; Couvreur, P; Dereuddre-Bosquet, N; Desmaële, D; Gref, R; Hillaireau, H; Lepêtre, S; Rogez-Kreuz, C; Rousseau, B; Skanji, R; Yousfi, R, 2013)	0.39
" To overcome the low oral bioavailability of Fpx, a new nanoparticulate carrier has been developed."	( Novel self assembling nanoparticles for the oral administration of fondaparinux: synthesis, characterization and in vivo evaluation. Bianchini, EP; Borgel, D; Bourgaux, C; Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Gref, R; Lepeltier, E; Pouget, T; Ralay-Ranaivo, B; Tranchant, JF, 2014)	0.4
" Mutagenic, nutritional, and toxicological studies have shown that red palm oil contains highly bioavailable β-carotene and vitamin A and is reasonably stable to heat without any adverse effects."	( Health-promoting effects of red palm oil: evidence from animal and human studies. Choo, YM; Loganathan, R; Radhakrishnan, AK; Subramaniam, KM; Teng, KT, 2017)	0.46
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" This advantage in biological efficacy could have been attributed to BCA's superior intracellular bioavailability due to its higher lipophilicity compared with CA, as indicated by higher intracellular concentration of BCA."	( A Novel Butylated Caffeic Acid Derivative Protects HaCaT Keratinocytes from Squalene Peroxidation-Induced Stress. Weng, X; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.74

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The dose-response curves of cell survival of cultured HeLa or V79 cells in the presence of various anticancer agents [adriamycin (ADM), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), bleomycin (BLM) and cis-dichlorodiamminoplatinum (CDDP)] showed that SQ potentiated the cytotoxicity of these anticancer agents."	( Potentiation by squalene of the cytotoxicity of anticancer agents against cultured mammalian cells and murine tumor. Akiyama, S; Fukawa, H; Komiyama, S; Kuwano, M; Nakagawa, M; Ogata, J; Yamaguchi, T, 1985)	0.62
" Amount of crude lipid from the skin surface was decreased at 8 days after castration; estradiol dosing to castrated rats also decreased the amount."	( [Effect of sex-hormone on composition of rat skin surface lipid]. Imaeda, K; Ohsawa, K; Watanabe, T, 1987)	0.27
" Addition of 8% squalane to the diet 2, 6 and 15 weeks after dosing resulted in a five-fold increase of daily 6-CB excretion in faeces independent of the time of beginning the treatment."	( Stimulation of the faecal excretion of 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl in rats by squalane. Fichtl, B; Richter, E; Schäfer, SG, 1983)	0.27
" No consistent effect of vitamin A deficiency or of vitamin A dosage on the incorporation of mevalonate into cholesterol or squalene was found."	( VITAMIN A AND ISOPRENOID SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT. BUNYAN, J; DIPLOCK, AT; GREEN, J, 1965)	0.45
" However, a 4- to 5-day spaced dosing schedule (injections on day 0, 4, 8, and 13) was proved to be safer in terms of weight loss and hematological and other toxicity."	( Preclinical toxicology (subacute and acute) and efficacy of a new squalenoyl gemcitabine anticancer nanomedicine. Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Dubernet, C; Marque, PE; Mouelhi, SL; Reddy, LH, 2008)	0.35
"The vaccine was safe and generally well-tolerated at each of the 3 dosage levels and induced antibody and lymphoproliferative responses."	( Safety and immunogenicity of HCV E1E2 vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 administered to healthy adults. Abrignani, S; Belshe, RB; Chien, D; Coates, S; Di Bisceglie, AM; Frey, SE; Han, JH; Hill, H; Houghton, M; Pileri, P; Ray, R; Rinella, P; Rosa, D; Scharschmidt, B; Schultze, V; Wolff, MC, 2010)	0.36
"Use of oil-in-water adjuvant contributed to a high VE with reduced antigen dosage in children and young adults."	( Age-specific effectiveness of an oil-in-water adjuvanted pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccine against confirmed infection in high risk groups in England. Andrews, N; Miller, E; Waight, P; Yung, CF, 2011)	0.37
" A dose-response relationship was observed between the antibody response and MF59 adjuvant."	( Trivalent and quadrivalent MF59(®)-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in young children: a dose- and schedule-finding study. Della Cioppa, G; Lindert, K; Nicolay, U; Sokal, E; Vesikari, T, 2011)	0.37
" Moreover, there are no standard dosage limits set for adjuvant use in fish vaccines."	( Toxicity and dose determination of quillaja saponin, aluminum hydroxide and squalene in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Jung, SJ; Kim, HY; Park, CS; Vinay, TN, 2014)	0.63
"Two dosing strategies (Group1: single dose, n = 28."	( High level antibody avidity is achieved in HIV-seropositive recipients of an inactivated split adjuvanted (AS03A) influenza vaccine. Cooper, C; Gipson, E; Haase, D; Halperin, S; Klein, M; Scheifele, D; Walmsley, S; Ward, BJ; Yam, KK, 2014)	0.4
"To assess priming with the older avian influenza A/Vietnam/1203/2004(H5N1) (Vietnam) vaccine and to conduct dose-response studies with vaccine directed against the more contemporary H5N1 avian influenza virus, influenza A/Anhui/01/2005 (Anhui)."	( Immunogenicity of avian influenza A/Anhui/01/2005(H5N1) vaccine with MF59 adjuvant: a randomized clinical trial. Anderson, EL; Bellamy, AR; Belshe, RB; Chen, WH; Creech, CB; Dolor, RJ; Edupuganti, S; Edwards, KM; Frey, SE; Graham, IL; Hill, H; Jackson, LA; Mulligan, MJ; Rouphael, N; Spearman, P; Turley, C; Walter, EB; Winokur, P; Woods, CW, 2014)	0.4
" These results suggest that this RBD-based subunit MERS vaccine candidate at the dose as low as one μg is sufficiently potent to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibodies, against MERS-CoV infection, thus providing guidance for determining the optimal dosage of RBD-based MERS vaccines in the future clinical trials and for applying the dose-sparing strategy in other subunit vaccine trials."	( Optimization of antigen dose for a receptor-binding domain-based subunit vaccine against MERS coronavirus. Du, L; Guo, Y; Jiang, S; Tang, J; Tao, X; Tseng, CT; Zhang, N; Zhao, G; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.42
"At the same dosage, the new generation of Sabin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) is less immunogenic than the traditional oral polio vaccine (OPV) dosage in China."	( An adjuvant compound that enhances immunogenicity at fractional doses of the Sabin-inactivated poliovirus vaccine (sIPV) with a long duration of protection in a rat model. Cai, W; Gao, J; Li, W; Liao, G; Liu, Z; Ma, L; Song, S; Yang, H; Zhou, J, 2019)	0.51
" The highest incidence of solicited adverse events (AEs) was reported by subjects who received both the highest dosage of antigen in combination with the highest dosage of adjuvant at the same site: 67."	( A phase 1, randomized, observer blind, antigen and adjuvant dosage finding clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted, trivalent subunit influenza vaccine in adults ≥ 65 years of age. Ciarlet, M; Leav, B; Matassa, V; Otten, G, 2020)	0.56
"In this phase I trial of adults ≥ 65 years of age who received increased adjuvant and antigen dosages relative to the licensed aTIV, increased dosage of MF59 resulted in increased immunogenicity against all 3 components of seasonal influenza vaccine."	( A phase 1, randomized, observer blind, antigen and adjuvant dosage finding clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted, trivalent subunit influenza vaccine in adults ≥ 65 years of age. Ciarlet, M; Leav, B; Matassa, V; Otten, G, 2020)	0.56
" The adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV) is more immunogenic than similarly dosed nonadjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV), and observational studies suggest aTIV better prevents hospitalizations in older adults."	( Cluster-randomized Trial of Adjuvanted Versus Nonadjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in 823 US Nursing Homes. Canaday, DH; Davidson, HE; Gravenstein, S; Han, L; McConeghy, KW; Mor, V; Saade, E, 2021)	0.62
" Broilers were intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/mL of diquat solution at a dosage of 1 mL/kg of BW or an equivalent amount of saline at 20 d."	( Dietary squalene supplementation alleviates diquat-induced oxidative stress and liver damage of broiler chickens. Chen, YP; Gu, YF; Zhao, HR; Zhou, YM, 2021)	1.06
" Thus, clinical studies, exploration of the therapeutic potential and the molecular mechanisms of all the compounds, and development of convenient dosage forms either for therapeutic or functional food purposes are warranted."	( Research progress on Walnut oil: Bioactive compounds, health benefits, extraction methods, and medicinal uses. Cong, Z; Gao, P; He, M; Liu, C; Song, H; Wang, C, 2022)	0.72

Product Category	Products
Other	1
Imbiss, Süßer Snack, Kakao und Kakaoprodukte, Schokoladen	1
Beauty & Personal Care	11
Vitamins & Supplements	2

Product	Brand	Category	Compounds Matched from Ingredients	Date Retrieved
Andalou Naturals Facial Lotion Age Defying Ultra Sheer Daily Defense Mineral SPF 30 -- 2.7 fl oz	Andalou Naturals	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, citric acid, cetearyl alcohol, citric acid, tocopherol, behenyl alcohol, ectoin, tocopherol, sodium gluconate, glycerin, tetradecane, propanediol, resveratrol, beta-sitosterol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Facial Moisturizer Broad Spectrum SPF 20 -- 1.7 fl oz	Dead Sea Naturals	Beauty & Personal Care	butylene glycol, aminomethyl propanol, citric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl glucoside, ascorbic acid, cetearyl alcohol, citric acid, tocopherol, ethylhexylglycerin, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, dimethicone, pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate, lactic acid, niacinamide, phenoxyethanol, propylene glycol, salicylic acid, beta-sitosterol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, squalene, stearyl alcohol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Purifying Mud Mask -- 3.4 fl oz	Dead Sea Naturals	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, citric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, allantoin, cetearyl alcohol, chlorphenesin, citric acid, tocopherol, panthenol, pro vitamin B5, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, dimethicone, hydroxyethylcellulose, kaolin, lactic acid, phenoxyethanol, PEG-40 stearate, propylene glycol, beta-sitosterol, sodium benzoate, sodium lactate, squalene, stearyl alcohol, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Skincare Starter Kit -- 1 Kit	Dead Sea Naturals	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, butylene glycol, aminomethyl propanol, methylpropanediol, citric acid, ascorbyl palmitate, alanine, allantoin, ascorbyl glucoside, ascorbic acid, bisabolol, cetearyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, chlorphenesin, citric acid, cocamidopropyl betaine, tocopherol, panthenol, pro vitamin B5, ethylhexylglycerin, farnesol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycine, dimethicone, hexyl cinnamal, hydroxyethylcellulose, pentaerythrityl tetra-di-t-butyl hydroxyhydrocinnamate, isopropyl myristate, kaolin, lactic acid, linalool, niacinamide, phenoxyethanol, peg-40 stearate, propylene glycol, salicylic acid, beta-sitosterol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sodium hydroxide, sodium lactate, squalene, stearyl alcohol, trehalose, urea, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Dead Sea Naturals Soothing Hand Cream -- 3.4 fl oz	Dead Sea Naturals	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, ascorbyl palmitate, allantoin, cetearyl alcohol, chlorphenesin, cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin, coumarin, tocopherol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, dimethicone, lactic acid, limonene, linalool, phenoxyethanol, PEG-40 stearate, propylene glycol, beta-sitosterol, sodium lactate, squalene, stearyl alcohol, zinc oxide	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Eczema Honey Antioxidant Body Oil -- 8 fl oz	Eczema Honey	Beauty & Personal Care	tocopherol, tocopherol, oat, beta-sitosterol, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Honeybee Gardens Eye Shadow Palette Nude Renaissance Refillable -- 1 Kit	Honeybee Gardens	Beauty & Personal Care	chamomile, kaolin, magnesium carbonate, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mad Hippie AHA Exfoliating Peel -- 1.03 fl oz	Mad Hippie	Beauty & Personal Care	vitamin C, biotin, caffeine, ceramide 3, panthenol, glycerin, glycolic acid, lactic acid, melatonin, methyl cellulose, niacinamide, vitamin B5, phenoxyethanol, potassium hydroxide, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Mad Hippie Cream Cleanser Normal to Dry Skin -- 118 mL	Mad Hippie	Beauty & Personal Care	caprylyl glycol, vitamin E, vitamin E, retinyl palmitate, vitamin A, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
NutriBiotic Face Creme -- 2 fl oz	NutriBiotic	Beauty & Personal Care	allantoin, vitamin C, benzyl alcohol, vitamin D3, tocopherol, dimethylaminoethanol, panthenol, ethylhexylglycerin, farnesol, tocopherol, vitamin E, glyceryl stearate, glycerin, glycerol monolaurate, phenoxyethanol, retinyl palmitate, squalene, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, alpha lipoic acid, tocotrienol, tromethamine	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Sante Active PuraSun™ -- 120 Softgels	Sante Active	Vitamins & Supplements	coenzyme Q10, betasitosterol, squalene, stigmasterol	2024-11-29 10:47:42
SheaMoisture Paraben-Free Cannabis Sativa Face Oil Serum for Sensitive Skin -- 1 fl oz	SheaMoisture	Beauty & Personal Care	basil, hemp, squalene	2024-11-29 10:47:42
Source Naturals Progesterone Cream -- 2 oz	Source Naturals	Vitamins & Supplements	benzyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, glycerin, phenoxyethanol, sorbic acid, squalene, stearic acid	2024-11-29 10:47:42

Role	Description
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
plant metabolite	Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite	Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
mouse metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
triterpene	A C30 terpene.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Metabolism of lipids	500	463
Metabolism of steroids	111	135
Cholesterol biosynthesis	22	49
Steroids metabolism ( Steroids metabolism )	16	27
2 Farnesyl diphosphate + NADPH => NADP+ + Squalene + 2 Pyrophosphate ( Steroids metabolism )	1	6
Cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in hepatocytes	11	37
8p23.1 copy number variation syndrome	0	13
epoxysqualene biosynthesis	9	12
superpathway of ergosterol biosynthesis II	1	35
superpathway of ergosterol biosynthesis I	21	56
cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol)	9	37
cholesterol biosynthesis I	9	44
cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol)	9	39
superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis	21	78
hopanoid biosynthesis (bacteria)	8	30
plant sterol biosynthesis	16	52
diploterol and cycloartenol biosynthesis	2	7
botryococcenes and methylated squalene biosynthesis	7	15
dammara-20,24-diene biosynthesis	1	2
superpathway of ergosterol biosynthesis	22	56
superpathway of sterol biosynthesis	0	50
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Statin inhibition of cholesterol production	0	4
Ferroptosis	1	33
Sterol biosynthesis	5	25
Cholesterol biosynthesis I	1	18
Cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol)	1	17
Cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol)	1	18

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.4852	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069
G	Vesicular stomatitis virus	Potency	13.4504	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.0103	23.8567	63.0957	AID2662
Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.4504	0.0033	9.1582	39.8107	AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.4504	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.4978	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.4504	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.4504	0.0123	8.9648	39.8107	AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Squalene monooxygenase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Km	3.8000	3.8000	3.8000	3.8000	AID357309
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagy	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-beta	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replication	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virus	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNA	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiation	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
humoral immune response	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergy	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
defense response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacterium	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 production	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 production	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytokine activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activity	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
TAP binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
TAP binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular space	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Interferon beta	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complex	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar center	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1776945	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
AID502769	Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H460 cells after 72 hrs by MTS reduction assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9	Cytotoxic flavonoids from the leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis.
AID422002	Antiinflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of fMet-Leu-Phe/Cytochalasin B-induced elastase release treated 5 mins before fMet-Leu-Phe/Cytochalasin B challenge	2009	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 72, Issue:2	Benzophenone derivatives from the fruits of Garcinia multiflora and their anti-inflammatory activity.
AID422404	Antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after 2 weeks	2009	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 72, Issue:2	seco-Abietane diterpenoids, a phenylethanoid derivative, and antitubercular constituents from Callicarpa pilosissima.
AID502768	Cytotoxicity against human MCF7 cells after 72 hrs by MTS reduction assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9	Cytotoxic flavonoids from the leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis.
AID502770	Cytotoxicity against human SF268 cells after 72 hrs by MTS reduction assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Sep-24, Volume: 73, Issue:9	Cytotoxic flavonoids from the leaves of Cryptocarya chinensis.
AID1776949	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus JCSC3063 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by microbroth dilution method	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
AID357309	Activity of C-terminal hexahistidine-tagged rat recombinant squalene epoxidase without N-terminal putative membrane domain expressed in Escherichia coli	2001	Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 64, Issue:8	Ellagitannins and hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters as inhibitors of vertebrate squalene epoxidase.
AID362656	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 100 ug/ml after 4 days by MTT assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9	Tetrahdroxysqualene from Rhus taitensis shows antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID362657	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra at 200 ug/ml after 4 days by MTT assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9	Tetrahdroxysqualene from Rhus taitensis shows antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1776948	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus CMCC26003 assessed as bacterial growth inhibition by microbroth dilution method	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
AID362655	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv by MTT assay after 4 days by MTT assay	2008	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9	Tetrahdroxysqualene from Rhus taitensis shows antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1776944	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey MARC145 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
AID713902	Antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 90-221387	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 49	Recent advances in antitubercular natural products.
AID422001	Antiinflammatory activity in human neutrophils assessed as inhibition of fMet-Leu-Phe/Cytochalasin B-induced superoxide anion generation treated 5 mins before fMet-Leu-Phe/Cytochalasin B challenge by spectrophotometry	2009	Journal of natural products, Feb-27, Volume: 72, Issue:2	Benzophenone derivatives from the fruits of Garcinia multiflora and their anti-inflammatory activity.
AID1776947	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
AID1776946	Antiproliferative activity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell growth inhibition measured after 48 hrs by MTT assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 06-25, Volume: 84, Issue:6	Sesquiterpenes and Steroids from an Endophytic
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	780 (31.38)	18.7374
1990's	208 (8.37)	18.2507
2000's	436 (17.54)	29.6817
2010's	787 (31.66)	24.3611
2020's	275 (11.06)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	194 (7.58%)	5.53%
Reviews	188 (7.34%)	6.00%
Case Studies	8 (0.31%)	4.05%
Observational	2 (0.08%)	0.25%
Other	2,169 (84.69%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.4	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	3.49	8	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	1.97	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.22	6	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	6.8	5	4	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.88	4	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.34	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	4.22	5	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.35	2	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	7.9	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.39	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.21	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.87	8	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	3.1	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.41	2	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.03	7	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.65	3	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.36	2	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	2.35	2	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	6.18	10	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.06	14	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	9.33	6	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.48	8	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	1.92	1	0	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	1.94	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	3.51	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	3.39	1	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.64	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	1.95	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.07	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	3.72	10	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.86	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.41	1	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	1.94	1	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.05	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.21	1	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.17	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	1.95	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	1.95	1	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.38	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	4.89	4	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.48	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.05	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
isopentenyl pyrophosphate isopentenyl pyrophosphate: substrate for isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; a nonpeptide mycobacterial antigen that stimulates gamma delta T cells. isopentenyl diphosphate : A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.	8.21	6	0	prenol phosphate	antigen; antioxidant; epitope; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; phosphoantigen
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.11	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.41	1	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.63	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.95	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	3.05	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	7.4	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
ro 48-8071 Ro 48-8071: a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor; structure in first source. Ro 48-8071 : An aromatic ketone that is 2-fluoro-4'-bromobenzophenone in which the hydrogen at position 4 (meta to the fluoro group) is replaced by a 6-[methyl(prop-2-en-1-yl)amino]hexyl}oxy group. An inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.	3.4	7	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; bromobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; olefinic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.4.99.7 (lanosterol synthase) inhibitor
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	1.98	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	2.6	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.38	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	1.95	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.	7.6	1	0	naphthalenes; tertiary amine	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.39	1	1	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
celecoxib [no description available]	2.49	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	7.21	1	0	pyridinium ion
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	7.36	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	7.37	2	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	1.94	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.39	2	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.04	1	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.05	1	0	organic cation
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	1.98	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.04	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.1	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	1.94	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2	1	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	2.74	3	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	1.95	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.41	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	3.37	1	1	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.25	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.1	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	6.8	5	4	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	1.93	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifosfamide [no description available]	3.39	1	1	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.21	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
iodoacetamide [no description available]	1.95	1	0
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	7.43	2	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	1.99	1	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.23	6	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.04	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
liranaftate piritetrate: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	tetralins
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.39	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2.11	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.9	2	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.8	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.4	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	2.35	2	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.39	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	3.8	3	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.08	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
penfluzide penfluzide: structure	1.96	1	0
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	1.95	1	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.05	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.35	2	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.35	2	0	diarylmethane
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.93	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	2.1	1	0	pyridines
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	3.26	6	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.34	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.66	3	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	1.95	1	0	amine
tyramine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.39	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	1.94	1	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	1.94	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	1.95	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.35	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	3.48	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	3.2	6	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	1.94	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	1.94	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.02	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.92	4	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	1.95	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	6.99	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.39	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.35	2	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.91	4	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.96	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	7.7	3	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.71	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	4.53	7	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	3.1	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	1.97	1	0
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	1.95	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.64	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.64	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	7.59	2	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.2	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.05	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.98	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
n-hexanal [no description available]	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty aldehyde; n-alkanal; saturated fatty aldehyde	human urinary metabolite
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.36	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.4	2	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.95	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
mannitol [no description available]	2.54	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.98	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	1.95	1	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.6	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.38	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.59	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	2.06	1	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.06	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.03	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.52	2	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.13	1	0
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.44	8	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	7.68	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.41	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.21	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	2.17	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
cumene hydroperoxide cumene hydroperoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd. cumene hydroperoxide : A peroxol that is cumene in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroperoxy group.	1.97	1	0	peroxol	environmental contaminant; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; oxidising agent
alpha-pinene [no description available]	3.05	4	0	pinene	plant metabolite
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.25	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
skatole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	methylindole	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	1.94	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	7.31	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
decalin decalin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; don't confuse with decaline which has a nitrogen at the juncture of the two rings;. trans-decalin : The trans-stereoisomer of decalin.. decalin : An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is the decahydro- derivative of naphthalene.	1.96	1	0	ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon	solvent
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	3.76	3	0	carbonyl compound
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.71	3	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citronellal citronellal: aldehyde of citronellol; found in citronella oil. citronellal : A monoterpenoid, the main component of citronella oil which gives it its distinctive lemon aroma.	2.11	1	0	aldehyde; monoterpenoid	antifungal agent; metabolite
acrolein [no description available]	1.97	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allylamine Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation.	2.89	4	0	alkylamine
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.72	3	0	alkane
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.4	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	4.32	4	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.06	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	8.38	7	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.15	1	0	fatty acid ester
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.04	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
squalane [no description available]	10.5	91	2
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.48	2	0	alkane	plant metabolite
behenic acid behenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. docosanoic acid : A straight-chain, C22, long-chain saturated fatty acid.	2.03	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.34	2	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.02	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.36	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
2-ethylhexyl salicylate 2-ethylhexyl salicylate: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	3.75	3	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.35	2	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.26	6	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
pregnenolone [no description available]	4.14	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
aziridine [no description available]	7.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	7.48	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
coronene coronene: structure. coronene : A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.	2.06	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	1.98	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.11	1	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.05	13	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	1.99	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.7	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.36	1	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.94	1	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	1.95	1	0
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.01	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	1.97	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
liriodenine liriodenine: structure given in first source. liriodenine : An oxoaporphine alkaloid that is 4,5,6,6a-tetradehydronoraporphin-7-one substituted by a methylenedioxy group across positions 1 and 2. It is isolated from Annona glabra and has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.	3.17	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; cyclic ketone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxacycle; oxoaporphine alkaloid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.73	3	0
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.13	1	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.96	4	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
isophytol isophytol: structure in first source	6.94	1	0
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.02	1	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	5.75	25	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	7.11	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	7.1	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.65	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
perillyl alcohol perillyl alcohol: inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase; structure in first source. perillyl alcohol : A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.	1.98	1	0	limonene monoterpenoid	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tricaprylin tricaprylin: 13C-labeled trioctanoin used in breath tests to detect fat malabsorption. trioctanoin : A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.	2.08	1	0	octanoate ester; triglyceride	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.	7.04	1	0	carbodiimide	ATP synthase inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; peptide coupling reagent
cetyl palmitate palmityl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with palmityl alcohol. It is used as a thickener and emollient in cosmetics.	2.07	1	0	hexadecanoate ester	metabolite
decamethylcyclopentasiloxane [no description available]	2.15	1	0	organosilicon compound
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.38	7	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.1	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
n-hexadecane n-hexadecane: structure. hexadecane : A straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper.	4.6	8	0	long-chain alkane	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
tristearin tristearoylglycerol : A triglyceride that is glycerol in which all three hydroxy groups have been formally esterified with stearic acid.	2.41	2	0	triacylglycerol 54:0	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
tripalmitin tripalmitin: structure. tripalmitin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.	2.03	1	0	triglyceride
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	1.98	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dimethyl disulfide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	organic disulfide	xenobiotic metabolite
n-tetradecane tetradecane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.	1.97	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
docosane docosane : A straight-chain alkane with 22 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
octacosane octacosane : A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.	2.08	1	0	long-chain alkane	plant metabolite
phytane [no description available]	6.95	1	0	diterpene
nitrosoguanidines Nitrosoguanidines: Nitrosylated derivatives of guanidine. They are used as MUTAGENS in MOLECULAR BIOLOGY research.	1.95	1	0
n-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-n'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine: antiozonant	2.02	1	0
ethyl gallate ethyl gallate: used with osmium in procedure for mapping neuronal pathways. ethyl gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with ethanol.	2.41	2	0	gallate ester	plant metabolite
deoxycytidine [no description available]	6.45	31	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rhodamine 6g rhodamine 6G: RN given refers to HCl	2.48	2	0
pentadecanoic acid pentadecanoic acid: in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat. pentadecanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing fifteen-carbon atoms.	2.1	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	3.56	2	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tri-n-octylamine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
lauryl gallate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	gallate ester
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.11	1	0	zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	19.09	144	51	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	9.18	27	2
decane decane : A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.	2.43	2	0	alkane
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.1	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
pristane pristane: structure. pristane : A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.	4.02	4	0	long-chain alkane; norterpene	biomarker; immunological adjuvant
amo-1618 AMO-1618: RN given refers to chloride with piperidinyl group in position 1; structure	2.37	2	0
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.1	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentadecanal pentadecanal : A long-chain fatty aldehyde that is pentadecane carrying an oxo substituent at position 1. It is a component of essential oils from plants like Solanum erianthum and Cassia siamea.	2.1	1	0	2,3-saturated fatty aldehyde; long-chain fatty aldehyde	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
didodecyldimethylammonium didodecyldimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.21	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	2.08	1	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
ecdysone [no description available]	3.04	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.06	1	0	carbon oxoanion
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	1.95	1	0	dioxolane
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	4.01	3	0	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
sodium metasilicate sodium metasilicate: RN given refers to silicic acid, di-Na salt. sodium silicate : An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.48	8	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.13	1	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	2.06	1	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	7.41	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.15	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	7.08	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.03	1	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.13	1	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	7.67	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.03	1	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.1	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.87	3	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
selenium disulfide [no description available]	2.6	1	0	sulfide salt
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.21	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	7.1	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous: molecular formula CaHPO(4), DCPA=dicalcium phosphate anhydrous; don't confuse with dichloropropionanilide which also is called DCPA; MW=136.06; has greater surface area and lower pH than DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate); occurs in nature as monetite; an intermediate in preparing hydroxyapatite	2	1	0	calcium phosphate
calcium phosphate, monobasic, anhydrous calcium phosphate, monobasic: MW 234.05	2	1	0	calcium phosphate	fertilizer
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.95	4	0	calcium phosphate
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	7.6	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	1.95	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	7.89	14	1	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	4.01	4	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.38	2	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.96	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	2.02	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.97	4	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	4	4	0	epoxide
hexamethyldisiloxane dimethicone: a linear silicone; an ingredient of SIMETHICONE; lotion of dimeticone in a volatile silicone base has been used to treat LICE	2.31	1	0	organosiloxane
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	6.17	23	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	9.3	33	1	aluminium sulfate
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
tellurous acid tellurous acid: tellurite anion inhibits oxidation of NAD-linked substrates in kidney & liver mitochondria; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	tellurium oxoacid
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.1	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.58	9	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	1.99	1	0	aralkylamine
phytanic acid Phytanic Acid: A 20-carbon branched chain fatty acid. In phytanic acid storage disease (REFSUM DISEASE) this lipid may comprise as much as 30% of the total fatty acids of the plasma. This is due to a phytanic acid alpha-hydroxylase deficiency.. phytanic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.	1.95	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid
7-methyljuglone 7-methyljuglone: antineoplastic from roots of Euclea natalensis and Drosera aliciae; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.4	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	8.22	116	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.13	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	2.04	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.15	1	0	chloroolefin
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	7.66	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tridemorph tridemorph: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tridemorph : A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.. 2,6-dimethyl-4-tridecylmorpholine : A member of the class of morpholines that is 2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a tridecyl group. The configuration at positions 2 and 6 is unknown or unspecified.	1.96	1	0	morpholines; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	1.95	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	4.69	30	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	1.99	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.37	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.92	4	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	1.99	1	0
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	2.25	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.33	6	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.39	1	1	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	2.21	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl [no description available]	1.96	1	0	hexachlorobiphenyl
avridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	amino alcohol
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	3.48	1	1	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	1.96	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran: structure given in first source	8.47	2	0	polychlorinated dibenzofuran
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	1.99	1	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.89	4	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
avobenzone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	dihydrochalcones
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	10.4	23	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	10.74	11	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	11.48	9	2	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
gusperimus gusperimus: synthesized by chemical modification of spergualin; in combination with cyclosporin A prevents diabetes in predisposed NOD mice; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (-)-isomer trihydrochloride	3.01	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.53	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	6.4	29	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.09	3	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	3.55	7	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
octyl gallate [no description available]	2.41	2	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
lead selenide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	1.95	1	0
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.38	2	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
aluminum phosphate aluminum phosphate: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt	2.7	3	0
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.9	7	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.4	2	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
simvastatin acid simvastatin acid: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	carbonyl compound
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.42	2	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	4.11	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
diphenylcyclopropenone diphenylcyclopropenone: strong contact sensitizer; a photosensitizing agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. diphenylcyclopropenone : A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.	2.08	1	0	cyclopropenone	drug allergen; hapten; photosensitizing agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	2.46	2	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cholesteryl sulfate cholesteryl sulfate: component of human seminal plasma & spermatozoa; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesterol sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is cholesterol substituted by a sulfoxy group at position 3.	2.72	3	0	steroid sulfate	human metabolite
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.38	2	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
1,2-distearoyllecithin [no description available]	2.06	1	0
nile red nile red : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one substituted at position 9 by a diethylamino group.	7.17	1	0	aromatic amine; cyclic ketone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	1.94	1	0	iodine oxoacid
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
trioctyl phosphine oxide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
lathosterol lathosterol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-cholest-7-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	8.74	18	5	3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid; Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	6.93	1	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.06	1	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.24	6	0	1,2,3-triazole
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	3.17	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	5.51	13	0	anthocyanidin chloride
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.04	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.11	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.06	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	1.96	1	0
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.48	2	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
bathophenanthroline 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline : A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.	2.06	1	0	benzenes; phenanthrolines	chelator
beta-amyrin beta-amyrin: alpha-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from oleanane that differs from alpha-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 20 position; RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer. beta-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.	4.15	15	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-amyrin alpha-amyrin: beta-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from taraxasterol that differs from beta-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 19 position. alpha-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.25	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol
pinostrobin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monohydroxyflavanone; monomethoxyflavanone	antidote; plant metabolite
corilagin corilagin: isolated from Geranii herba. corilagin : An ellagitannin with a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group bridging over the 3-O and 6-O of the glucose core.	2	1	0	ellagitannin; gallate ester	antihypertensive agent; antioxidant; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
casuarictin sanguiin H 11: regulates chemotaxis of neutrophil; from plant, Sanguisorba officinalis; structure in first source	2	1	0	tannin
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	1.93	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
1-dodecylimidazole [no description available]	6.94	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.11	1	0
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	4.08	4	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid: metabolite of L-dopa; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid : A catechol that is the 3,4-dihydroxy derivative of mandelic acid; a metabolite of L-dopa.	2.01	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols	antioxidant; drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
coenzyme a [no description available]	4.76	10	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	3.68	2	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.49	2	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.52	2	0	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	1.96	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
inermin inermin: phytoalexin produced in plants after injection with fungi; RN given refers to (cis-(+-))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (-)-maackiain : The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.	3.17	1	0	maackiain
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	8.35	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
delta-tocopherol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food antioxidant; plant metabolite
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.41	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
cycloartenol [no description available]	4.22	5	0	3beta-sterol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; phytosterols	plant metabolite
24-methylenecholesterol 24-methylenecholesterol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. 24-methylenecholesterol : A 3beta-sterol having the structure of cholesterol with a methylene group at C-24.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol	mouse metabolite
elemol elemol: monocyclic sespuiterpenoid tertiary alcohol; RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,3alpha,4beta))-isomer; structure in first source. elemol : A sesquiterpenoid that is isopropanol which is substituted at position 2 by a (3S,4S)-3-isopropenyl-4-methyl-4-vinylcyclohexyl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	fragrance; plant metabolite
diploptene diploptene: biosynthesized in a cell-free system from Acetobacter pasteurianum in the presence of squalene. hop-22(29)-ene : A triterpene consisting of hopane having a C=C double bond at the 22(29)-position.	6.71	23	0	triterpene
2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid: inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	1.98	1	0
gamma-tocopherol gamma-Tocopherol: A natural tocopherol with less antioxidant activity than ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. As in BETA-TOCOPHEROL, it also has three methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus but at different sites.. gamma-tocopherol : A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.	2.05	1	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	algal metabolite; food antioxidant; plant metabolite
zymosterol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	3beta-sterol; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taraxerone taraxerone: structure	2.1	1	0	scalarane sesterterpenoid	metabolite
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	3.07	5	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	2.42	2	0	alkylbenzene
bnps-skatole BNPS-skatole : A bromoindole that is 3H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by an (o-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl group and in which the hydrogens at position 3 have been replaced by a bromine and a methyl group. It is used particularly for the selective cleavage of tryptophanyl peptide bonds (cleavage occurs at peptide bonds after amino acids with available C(gamma)=C(delta) double bonds such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine).	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; bromoindole; C-nitro compound	reagent
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	7.11	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
diffractaic acid difractaic acid: from Lichen, Usnea steineri; active against Gram-positive, multidrug-resistant bacteria; structure in first source	3.17	1	0	carbonyl compound
canthin-6-one canthin-6-one: from Zanthoxylum usambarense; structure in first source. canthin-6-one : An indole alkaloid that is 6H-indolo[3,2,1-de][1,5]naphthyridine substituted by an oxo group at position 6.	2.1	1	0	enone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimycobacterial drug; metabolite
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	2.03	1	0
cyclolaudenol cyclolaudenol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is (24S)-methyl-9beta,19-cyclolanost-25-ene which carries a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is isolated from several plant species inclduing Turraeanthus and Tillandsia.	1.97	1	0	3beta-hydroxy steroid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
zymostenol zymostenol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/88. 5alpha-cholest-8-en-3beta-ol : A cholestanoid that is 5alpha-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	5.83	2	2	3beta-sterol; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
homopterocarpin homopterocarpin: an insect antifeedant isolated from Pterocarpus marcocarpus; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	pterocarpans
ambrox ambrox: structure in first source	2.25	1	0	naphthofuran
asiaticoside [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.13	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
precirol precirol: octadecanoic acid esters; 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester mixed with 3-hydroxy-2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)propyl octadienoate & 2-((1-oxohexadecyl)oxy)-1,3-propanediol; auxiliary in tableting; alpha glycerol palmitostearate	2.05	1	0
trichodiene trichodiene: precursor of trichothecin; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer; structure	2.52	2	0	sesquiterpene
brassinolide brassinolide: plant growth promoting steroidal lactone from rape pollen; RN given refers to (2alpha,3alpha,5alpha,22R,23R,24S)-isomer; structure in first source	9.33	3	0	22-hydroxy steroid; 23-hydroxy steroid; 2alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; brassinosteroid	plant growth stimulator; plant hormone
cynaropicrin cynaropicrin: structure given in first source; RN given for ((3aR-(3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha,8beta,9aalpha,9bbeta)))-isomer	2.41	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.38	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-succinimidyl propionate [no description available]	1.95	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
3-hydroxydiploptene 3-hydroxydiploptene: biosynthesized from squalene or epoxy dihydrosqualene in cell-free system from Methylococcus capsulatus; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.39	2	0
dammarenediol dammarenediol: RN refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.52	2	0
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	4.54	5	1	fullerene	geroprotector
procyanidin b2-3,3'-di-o-gallate procyanidin B2-3,3'-di-O-gallate: structure in first source	2	1	0	flavonoid oligomer
3-c-methylerythritol 3-C-methylerythritol: structure given in first source. 2-methylerythritol : A tetritol that is erythritol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2	1	0	tetritol	human metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	1.95	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
phytol [no description available]	3.06	5	0
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.13	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.73	3	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
methyl 5-aminolevulinate methyl 5-aminolevulinate: esterified form of aminolevulinic acid used as PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY. methyl 5-aminolevulinate : The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.	2.06	1	0	delta-amino acid ester	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; prodrug
resiquimod S 28463: structure given in first source	7.41	1	0	imidazoquinoline
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	3.25	6	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
pyropheophorbide a pyropheophorbide a: RN given refers to (3S-trans)-isomer	2.21	1	0
capsidiol capsidiol: isolated from cultured cells of Nicotiana silvestris; structure given in first source. capsidiol : An eremophilane sesquiterpenoid that is (+)-5-epi-aristolochene bearing additional 1beta- and 3alpha-hydroxy substituents. It is a phytoalexin produced in Nicotiana and Capsicum plant species in response to pathogen attack.	2.1	1	0	eremophilane sesquiterpenoid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpene phytoalexin	antifungal agent; plant metabolite
4-oxopentanal 4-oxopentanal: an indoor pollutant; structure in first source. 4-oxopentanal : A ketoaldehyde that is pentanal substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	ketoaldehyde	metabolite
calcium pyrophosphate [no description available]	2	1	0
diplopterol diplopterol: biosyntheside from squalene in a cell-free system for Acetobacter pasteurianum; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.37	2	0	hopanoid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-(8,24)-dien-3-beta-ol: RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. 14-demethyllanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed formally by loss of a methyl group from the 14-position of lanosterol.	1.97	1	0	3beta-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinonyl-mdp-66 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
tetrahymanol tetrahymanol: minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRITERPENES (75-82). tetrahymanol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid having a 3beta- (21alpha-) hydroxy-substituted gammacerane structure.	7.35	2	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid
maytenonic acid maytenonic acid: triterpene from Maytenus senegalensis	2.41	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
campesterol campesterol: RN refers to (3beta,24R)-isomer; structure	8.59	18	3	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C28-steroid; phytosterols	mouse metabolite
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.31	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
eurylene eurylene: structure in first source	3.6	2	0
teurilene teurilene: a highly symmetric squalene-derived cytotoxic polyether; structure in first source	4.07	4	0
botrydial botrydial: is produced in plant tissues infected by Botrytis cinerea; structure in first source. botrydial : A cytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from plant tissues infected by phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea.	2.13	1	0	dialdehyde	mycotoxin
24,25-oxidolanosterol 24,25-oxidolanosterol: OLAN is 24(S),25-oxidolanosterol	6.95	1	0
ascididemin ascididemin: can be viewed as a fused phenanthroline with quinoline; from the Mediterranean ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
harzianum a harzianum A: harzianum B is the (E,Z,E)-isomer; isolated from Trichoderma harzianum; structure in first source	2.8	3	0
pimaric acid pimaric acid: RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	3.17	1	0	diterpenoid
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.31	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	7.76	3	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	7.64	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	1.96	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
stigmastanol stigmastanol: saturated analog of beta-sitosterol; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer. stigmastanol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5alpha-stigmastane which is substituted at the 3beta position by a hydroxy group.	3.43	1	1	3-hydroxy steroid; phytosterols	anticholesteremic drug; plant metabolite
lanosterol [no description available]	9.01	120	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.17	5	0
lupeol [no description available]	2.97	4	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
malabaricone a malabaricone A: from Myristica malabarica (rampatri), has antipromastigote activity; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.1	1	0
gitoxigenin gitoxigenin: structure	2.05	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 16beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	1.96	1	0
carboplatin [no description available]	7.04	1	0
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	11.4	252	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.52	2	0
diaminopimelic acid Diaminopimelic Acid: A diamino derivative of heptanedioic acid with amino groups at C-2 and C-6 and the general formula (COOH)CH(NH2)CH2CH2CH2CH(NH2)(COOH).. LL-2,6-diaminopimelic acid : A 2,6-diaminopimelic acid in which both chiral centres have S configuration. It is a component of bacterial cell wall.	2.03	1	0	2,6-diaminopimelic acid; amino acid zwitterion	Escherichia coli metabolite
laminaran beta-1,3-glucan: component of fungal cell walls; also used as antitumor polysaccharide; unspecified D usually means BETA-GLUCANS; beta-1,3-D-glucan is also available; glucan phosphate is also available; biosynthesis is inhibited by echinocandins (cyclic hexapeptides). laminarin : A polysaccharide composed of beta-(1->3)-linked glucose residues containing sporadic beta-(1->6)-linkages as branch points or inter-residue linkages and 2-3% D-mannitol at some reducing termini.	2.05	1	0
pantetheine Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.. pantetheine : An amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of pantothenic acid and the amino group of cysteamine.	1.96	1	0	pantetheines; thiol	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2.66	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
desmosterol Desmosterol: An intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol.. desmosterol : A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.	8.09	29	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C27-steroid; cholestanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2,6-tri-o-galloyl-beta-d-glucopyranose 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose: from Terminalia chebula fruits, effective against multidrug-resistant uropathogens; structure in first source. 1,2,6-tris-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having the galloyl groups in the 1-, 2- and 6-positions.	2	1	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose
24,25-dihydrolanosterol lanostenol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. 24,25-dihydrolanosterol : A 3beta-sterol formed from lanosterol by reduction across the C-24-C-25 double bond.	1.96	1	0	3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	1.98	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.97	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.1	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	1.93	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
euphol euphol: from Euphorbia acaulis Roxb.; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	triterpenoid
patchouli alcohol patchouli alcohol: major component of the essential oil of patchouli; perfumery raw material. patchouli alcohol : A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).	2.72	2	0
altholactone altholactone: structure in first source	3.17	1	0	furopyran
theasinensin a theasinensin A: a tea polyphenol formed from (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, suppresses antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. theasinensin A : A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea.	2	1	0	biflavonoid; gallate ester; proanthocyanidin	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; melanin synthesis inhibitor; plant metabolite
Chebulagic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	tannin
eugeniin eugeniin: structure in first source. eugeniin : An ellagitannin isolated from the dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllata. It exhibits alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antiviral activity against acyclovir and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA)-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as well as the wild-type HSV-1.	2	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ellagitannin; gallate ester; lactone	anti-HSV-1 agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
Pedunculagin pedunculagin: from the walnut (Juglans regia) pellicle	2	1	0	tannin
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	8.55	2	0
2-c-methylerythritol 4-phosphate 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate: structure in first source	2.79	3	0	tetritol phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	4.79	10	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	7.32	58	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.55	5	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	12.26	53	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : An alpha,omega dicarboxyacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.. (3S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA : A 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA where the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl component has (S)-configuration.	4.5	7	0	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.02	1	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	7.4	22	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	5.71	26	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
farnesyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate: a sesquiterpene that dimerizes to SQUALENE; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate : The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.	5.97	35	0	farnesyl diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.59	2	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.01	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
lycopene [no description available]	4.03	4	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	3.42	7	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	1.95	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	7.1	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
pantethine pantethine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. pantethine : An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.	1.96	1	0	organic disulfide	coenzyme; nutraceutical
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.71	3	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2.05	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	9.01	29	4	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	2.41	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.21	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
posaconazole [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone mosloflavone: from Ranunculus japonicus; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	ether; flavonoids
triacetoneamine-n-oxyl Triacetoneamine-N-Oxyl: Cyclic N-oxide radical functioning as a spin label and radiation-sensitizing agent.. 4-oxo-TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an oxo group at position 4.	2.49	2	0	aminoxyls; piperidones	radical scavenger
spathulenol spathulenol: sesquiterpene alcohol isolated from essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. & Artemisia dracunculus L.. spathulenol : A tricyclic sesquiterpenoid that is 4-methylidenedecahydro-1H-cyclopropa[e]azulene carrying three methyl substituents at positions 1, 1 and 7 as well as a hydroxy substituent at position 7.	2.05	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.05	5	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
artemisin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.59	2	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
geraniol [no description available]	2.89	4	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	3.05	5	0
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	5.14	15	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	1.96	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.75	3	0	stilbene
ricinoleic acid ricinoleic acid: RN given refers to (R-(Z))-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8005. ricinoleic acid : A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..	1.93	1	0	(9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	3.06	5	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	2.36	2	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	6.47	36	0	diphosphate ion
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	1.97	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	1.99	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	6.71	44	0
3,7-dimethoxyflavone 3,7-dimethoxyflavone: structure given in first source	3.17	1	0	ether; flavonoids
(2S)-7-hydroxyflavanone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	7-hydroxyflavanone
methyl caffeate methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.	3.17	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; methyl ester
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.25	1	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
terbinafine [no description available]	4.29	18	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
geranylacetone geranyl acetone : A monoterpene ketone in which an (E)-geranyl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone. It is a component of essential oils from various plants including Nelumbo nucifera.	1.95	1	0	monoterpene ketone	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	1.94	1	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.17	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tocopherylquinone tocopherylquinone: RN refers to (3R-(3R,7R,11R*))-isomer; structure	3.57	2	0
nadp [no description available]	4.97	40	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.41	2	0
6,7-dehydroroyleanone 6,7-dehydroroyleanone: diterpene abietane quinone isolated from Salvia moorcraftiana or Lepechinia bullata (both Lamiaceae); Rn given from CA Index Guide; RN not in Chemline 12/84; structure given in first source	3.17	1	0
horminone horminone: RN refers to (4bS-(4balpha,8abeta,10beta))-isomer; from root of Salvia officinalis; structure given in second source. horminone : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,12-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 12 and oxo groups at positions 11 and 14 (the 7alpha stereoisomer) .	3.17	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	3.17	1	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.45	8	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
Geraniin [no description available]	2	1	0	tannin
helvolic acid helvolic acid: structure. helvolic acid : A steroid C-21 acid having a 29-nordammarane skeleton substituted with an acetoxy group at C-16 and oxo groups at C-3 and -7, with double bonds at C-1, -17(20) and -24.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid; acetate ester; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid	antibacterial agent; fungal metabolite; mycotoxin
zinc oxide Diaper Rash: A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.94	1	0
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.41	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.87	4	0	alkali metal atom
cystine [no description available]	3.1	1	0
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2.11	1	0
6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	coumarins
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	10.96	41	7
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.53	2	0
24,25-epoxycholesterol 24,25-epoxycholesterol: Rn given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer; structure given in first source. 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is desmosterol in which the double bond at position 24-25 has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the 24S diastereoisomer). It is an oxysterol agonist of the liver X receptor.	2.92	4	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; cholestanoid; epoxy steroid	liver X receptor agonist
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	8.56	8	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.05	3	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	7	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2.64	3	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.94	1	0
alpha-carotene alpha-carotene: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer; see also related record beta-carotene. alpha-carotene : A cyclic carotene with a beta- and an epsilon-ring at opposite ends respectively.	1.99	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	plant metabolite; provitamin A
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sq 109 N-geranyl-N'-(2-adamantyl)ethane-1,2-diamine: has antitubercular activity	2.11	1	0
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.75	3	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
trans-phytol trans-phytol: structure in first source	3.17	1	0	diterpenoid; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	algal metabolite; plant metabolite; schistosomicide drug
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.2	17	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	3.17	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
ubiquinone 9 ubiquinone 9: a form of coenzyme Q found in many foods; RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.1	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; human metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	4.66	9	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	6.46	13	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	2.01	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
retinol palmitate retinol palmitate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. retinyl palmitate : A palmitate ester of retinol with undefined geometry about the C=C bonds.. all-trans-retinyl palmitate : An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.	4.3	4	1	all-trans-retinyl ester; retinyl palmitate	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
(all-e) phytoene (all-E) phytoene: C40 carotenoid biosynthesized in bacteria; minor descriptor (75-84); EP to CAROTENOIDS (85); on-line & Index Medicus search CAROTENOIDS (75-85); RN given refers to (all-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation. all-trans-phytoene : The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.	2.31	1	0	phytoene	plant metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	2.85	4	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	4.91	11	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.38	2	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	7.03	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
zeaxanthin Zeaxanthins: Carotenoids found in fruits and vegetables. Zeaxanthin accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.	2.41	1	0	carotenol	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; cofactor
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	7.46	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.71	3	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	6.96	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
jasmonic acid jasmonic acid: a derivative of alpha-linolenic acid that has a role in plant response to herbivory analogous to the role of prostanoids in inflammation in mammals;. jasmonic acid : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that is (3-oxocyclopentyl)acetic acid substituted by a (2Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl group at position 2 of the cyclopentane ring.	2.58	2	0	oxo monocarboxylic acid	jasmonates; plant metabolite
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	4.16	4	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
canthaxanthin Canthaxanthin: A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.. canthaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.	2.17	1	0	carotenone	biological pigment; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fungal metabolite
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	4.14	5	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
isobavachalcone isobavachalcone: RN given for (E)-isomer; structure in first source. isobavachalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	3.17	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antibacterial agent; metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
brassicasterol brassicasterol : An 3beta-sterol that is (22E)-ergosta-5,22-diene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is a phytosterol found in marine algae, fish, and rapeseed oil.	2.21	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	algal metabolite; animal metabolite; biomarker; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; marine metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	10.65	9	0	geranylgeraniol
alpha-farnesene alpha-farnesene: structure given in first source. alpha-farnesene : A farnesene that is 1,3,6,10-tetraene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 respectively.. farnesene : A sesquiterpene that is any of the four possible isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene (alpha-farnesene) or of the two possible isomers of 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.	3.41	1	0	alpha-farnesene
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	2.41	1	0	alpha-humulene
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	1.99	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	3.17	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate ethyl 4-methoxycinnamate: an antifungal agent isolated from Curcumba zedoaria	3.17	1	0
acteoside acteoside: a protein kinase C inhibitor with hepatoprotective, anti-asthmatic, and analgesic activities; a phenylethanoid glycoside related to isoacteoside; from leaves of Lippia multiflora (Verbenaceae). acteoside : A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.	2.08	1	0	catechols; cinnamate ester; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antileishmanial agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	10.27	9	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.04	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
tocotrienol, delta delta-tocotrienol : A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.	2.47	2	0	tocotrienol; vitamin E	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.75	2	1	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
fondaparinux Fondaparinux: Synthetic pentasaccharide that mediates the interaction of HEPARIN with ANTITHROMBINS and inhibits FACTOR Xa; it is used for prevention of VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM after surgery.. fondaparinux : A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.	2.1	1	0	amino sugar; oligosaccharide sulfate; pentasaccharide derivative	anticoagulant
18-methyleicosanoic acid 18-methyleicosanoic acid: structure in first source. 18-methylicosanoic acid : A methyl-branched fatty acid that is arachidic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 18.	2.02	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid	mammalian metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.41	2	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	3.35	7	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	2.39	2	0
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	2.43	2	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.06	1	0	hydrochloride
oleyl alcohol oleyl alcohol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	fatty alcohol 18:1; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; nonionic surfactant
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	1.94	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	3.78	3	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
brefeldin a [no description available]	1.98	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.87	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	3.36	1	1	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.39	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	2.21	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	1.99	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	2.43	2	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
beta-farnesene beta-farnesene: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	beta-farnesene
pellitorine pellitorine: consists of piper sylvaticum Roxb.; structure	3.17	1	0	fatty amide	metabolite
artemetin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ether; flavonoids
5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone: from Microliabum polymnioides; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
caryophyllene caryophyllene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	2.49	2	0
22,23-dihydroergosterol 22,23-dihydroergosterol: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. ergosta-5,7-dien-3beta-ol : A phytosterol consiting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 7,8-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.	2.17	1	0	3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols
fosbretabulin fosbretabulin: a microtubule destabilizing agent isolated from Combretum caffrum; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
ergosterol-5,8-peroxide ergosterol-5,8-peroxide: also inhibits sulfatase; isolated from fungus Cercospora kikuchii; structure given in first source. ergosterol peroxide : An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.	3.17	1	0	3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; organic peroxide; phytosterols	antimycobacterial drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; trypanocidal drug
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.06	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
furanoheliangolide furanoheliangolide: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.35	7	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	1.95	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.34	2	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	7.89	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.11	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
methyl oleate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester
2,3-oxidosqualene 2,3-oxidosqualene: an oxidized derivative of SQUALENE that can fold in several ways: chair-boat-chair-boat to LANOSTEROL; chair-chair-chair-boat to dammarane; or all chair to hopane and on to cycloartenol; RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer. 2,3-epoxysqualene : A squalene triterpenoid obtained by formal epoxidation across the 2,3 C=C bond of squalene.	9.19	94	0	epoxide; squalene triterpenoid
3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol: a fragrance ingredient; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
germacrene d germacrene D: RN in 9th CI Form Index for unspecified stereoisomer: 37839-63-7	2.06	1	0
vitamin mk 8 vitamin MK 8: isoprenoid acetone-soluble lipid. menaquinone-8 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 8 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	1.95	1	0	menaquinone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
eleostearic acid eleostearic acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	octadecatrienoic acid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.45	7	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
2,3-oxidosqualene oxidosqualene: structure in first source. (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene : A 2,3-epoxysqualene in which the chiral centre has S configuration. It is converted into lanosterol by lanosterol synthase (EC 5.4.99.7) in a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of chloesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.	6.83	31	0	2,3-epoxysqualene	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.41	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.38	2	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	1.94	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
solanesol solanesol : A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).	2.17	1	0	nonaprenol; primary alcohol	plant metabolite
24-ethyl-4-cholesten-3-one stigmast-4-en-3-one: from the bark of Anacardium occidentale (cashew); structure in first source	2.08	1	0	C29-steroid; steroid	metabolite
4-heptadecylumbelliferone 4-heptadecylumbelliferone: fluorescence pH indicator	1.96	1	0
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.76	11	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
abscisic acid Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits.. (S)-2-trans-abscisic acid : A 2-trans-abscisic acid with (S)-configuration at the chiral centre.. (+)-abscisic acid : The naturally occurring (1'S)-(+) enantiomer of abscisic acid. It is an important sesquiterpenoid plant hormone which acts as a regulator of plant responses to environmental stresses such as drought and cold.	7.98	3	0	2-trans-abscisic acid
3,7-dimethylgalangin 3,7-dimethylgalangin: from the resinous exudate of Heliotropium huascoense; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.64	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	2.42	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	8.24	6	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	2.68	3	0	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
mevalonolactone mevalonolactone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation; structure. mevalonolactone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-mevalonolactone and (S)-mevalonolactone.	3.08	5	0	4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
2,6-nonadienal, (e,z)-isomer 2,4-nonadienal: RN given for (trans,trans)-isomer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde
cholestanol Cholestanol: A cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.	10.96	14	2	cholestanoid
dolichols Dolichols: A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule.	3.23	6	0	polyterpene
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	3.35	1	1
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.72	3	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	1.99	1	0
12-o-tetradeca-2,4,6,8-tetranoylphorbol-13-acetate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	3.3	6	0
bm 15766 BM 15766: 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase antagonist	1.98	1	0
plastochromanol 8 plastochromanol 8: has antiproliferative activity against 3T3-L1 cells and anti-adipogenic activity; structure; plastochromanol 3 is gamma-tocotrienol	2.05	1	0
squalestatin 1 squalestatin 1: structure given in first source; inhibits both mammalian and fungal squalene synthetase; from fungus Phoma sp (Coelomycetes). zaragozic acid A : A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.	3.39	7	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; oxabicycloalkane; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tricarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.21 (squalene synthase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases	1.98	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
2-aza-2-dihydrosqualene 2-aza-2-dihydrosqualene: 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor	3.06	5	0
2,3,22,23-dioxidosqualene [no description available]	3.59	9	0
ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one: antineoplastic, non-toxic fungal steroid. ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one : An ergostanoid that is (22E)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis.	2.31	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; ergostanoid	fungal metabolite
bacterioruberin bacterioruberin: C(50) carotenoid pigment; structure. bacterioruberin : A C50 carotenoid that is a red-coloured pigment found in several Halobacterium and Haloarcula species.	1.95	1	0	C50 carotenoid; tertiary alcohol; tetrol	bacterial metabolite; biological pigment
nb 598 NB 598: decreases serum total & LDL-cholesterol levels; structure given in first source; inhibits squalene epoxidase	3.24	6	0
4,4'-diaponeurosporene 4,4'-diaponeurosporene: a yellow carotenoid pigment of Staphylococcus aureus. 4,4'-diaponeurosporene : An apo carotenoid triterpenoid that is tetracosane which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, and 23, and contains double bonds at the 2-3 and 22-23 positions, and E-double bonds at the 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 16-17, and 18-19 positions. It is a yellow carotenoid pigment of Staphylococcus aureus.	1.98	1	0	apo carotenoid triterpenoid; polyene; triterpene
presqualene pyrophosphate [no description available]	8.8	11	0
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	1.95	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
beta-escin [no description available]	7.21	26	0
androst-16-en-3-one androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.	7.37	2	0	3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mammalian metabolite; pheromone
beta-tocopherol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tocopherol; vitamin E	food component; plant metabolite
clavaric acid clavaric acid: inhibits farnesyl-protein transferase; isolated from Clavariadelphus truncatus; structure in first source	7.05	1	0
oleanane oleanane: from the aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa; structure in first source	3.27	1	0	terpenoid fundamental parent; triterpene
beta-sitosterone beta-sitosterone: from Torreya jackii	4.07	4	0
sitosterol palmitate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	9.22	14	3	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
sorbitan monooleate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	fatty acid ester
tocotrienols tocotrienol : A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.	9.18	4	0	diterpenoid
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.66	3	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	1.99	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
bms 187745 BMS 187745: structure given in first source	2.91	1	0
azacosterol Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.	1.96	1	0
ici 195739 ICI 195739: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2-methoxyjuglone 2-methoxyjuglone: from Juglan; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.05	1	0
furosin furosin: an ellagitannin from extract of leaves & stems of Phyllanthus sellowianus; structure given in first source	2	1	0
artemisic acid artemisic acid: isolated from Artemisia annua; MF: C28-H58-O; RN from Toxline. (+)-artemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.	2.06	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	metabolite
thyrsiferol thyrsiferol: RN given for (2R-(2alpha(S(S(2R,5R))),4abeta,(alpha(2S,5R),8aalpha)-isomer; a marine algae metabolite; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
dihydroartemisinic acid dihydroartemisinic acid: structure in first source. dihydroartemisinic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid substituted at position 2 by a (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.	2.06	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; octahydronaphthalenes; sesquiterpenoid	plant metabolite
4,4,10-trimethyl-trans-decal-3-ol 4,4,10-trimethyl-trans-decal-3-ol: specific 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase inhibitor; RN given refers to (2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta)-isomer	2.37	2	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	2.35	2	0	nystatins
dehydrothyrsiferol dehydrothyrsiferol: structure in first source	2.52	2	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.41	1	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	14.09	94	8
azadiradione azadiradione: structure in first source. azadiradione : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 4,4,8-trimethylandrosta-1,14-diene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 16, an acetoxy group at position 7 and a furan-3-yl group at position 17. Isolated from Azadirachta indica, it exhibits antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.	3.17	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; furans; limonoid; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antimycobacterial drug; plant metabolite
tirucallane tirucallane: from Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae); structure in first source. tirucallane : A triterpene that is (13alpha,14beta,17alpha,20S)-lanostane.	2.15	1	0	triterpene
parkeol parkeol: the triterpene precursor of saponins in sea cucmbers; structure given in first source. parkeol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid comprised of a lanostane skeleton which is 3beta-hydroxylated and has double bonds at the 9(11)- and 24-positions.	2.21	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	metabolite
santalol santalol: combination of alpha and beta isomers	2.07	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	1.94	1	0
murabutide murabutide: adjuvant devoid of pyrogenicity	2.21	1	0
alisol b monoacetate alisol B 23-acetate: from Alisma orientale rhizome; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	triterpenoid
astragaloside vii astragaloside VII: from Astragalus trojanus Stev.; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
friedelane friedelane: from leaves of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae); structure in first source. friedelane : A triterpene that is docosahydropicene substituted by 8 methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 4a, 6a, 8a, 9, 12b and 14a.	3.27	1	0	triterpene	metabolite
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.19	16	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycoprotein e2, hepatitis c virus glycoprotein E2, Hepatitis C virus: RN refers to quasispecies 4E; amino acid sequence known; caution: HCV also stands for hog cholera virus	4.91	4	2
gala peptide GALA peptide: synthetic 30 amino acid peptide; its association with membrane vesicles has been studied; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.1	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.91	4	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	7.47	2	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.51	2	0
anticodon Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.	3.05	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.38	2	0	glycoside
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.62	27	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	3.1	5	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
thuggacin a thuggacin A: structure in first source	3.17	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	6.96	32	0
(1S,3aR,4S,6S,6aS,9aS,9bS)-9a-isocyano-6-(2-isocyano-2-methylpropyl)-1,4-dimethyl-7-methylidene-2,3,3a,4,5,6,6a,8,9,9b-decahydro-1H-phenalene [no description available]	3.17	1	0	diterpenoid	metabolite
chitosan [no description available]	4.62	7	0
osteum [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	2.1	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	3.92	11	0
madecassoside [no description available]	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; pentacyclic triterpenoid; trisaccharide derivative; triterpenoid saponin	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; antirheumatic drug; plant metabolite; vulnerary
sorbitan monopalmitate sorbitan monopalmitate: pharmaceutic aid (surfactant)	1.98	1	0
dolichol monophosphate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
chaetoviridin E chaetoviridin E : An azaphilone that is 6H-furo[2,3-h]isochromene-6,8(6aH)-dione substituted by a chloro group at position 5, a methyl group at position 6a, a 2-methylbut-2-enoyl group at position 9 and a 3-methylpent-1-en-1-yl group at position 3. It has been isolated from Chaetomium globosum.	3.17	1	0	azaphilone; enone; gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; organochlorine compound	Chaetomium metabolite
mannans [no description available]	2	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	5.15	15	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.37	2	0
centratherin centratherin: from Eremanthus eriopus (Asteraceae); structure in first source	3.17	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.17	1	0
epoxyazadiradione epoxyazadiradione: limonoid from neem tree Azadirachta indica; RN given for (5alpha,7alpha,13alpha,14beta,15beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. epoxyazadiradione : A limonoid that is azadiradione with an epoxy group across positions 14 and 15. Isolated from Azadirachta indica it exhibits insecticidal activitry against mosquitoes.	3.17	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic terpene ketone; epoxide; furans; limonoid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; insecticide; plant metabolite
4-methylcholest-7-en-3-ol 4-methylcholest-7-en-3-ol: RN given refers to (3beta,4alpha,5alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.01	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
gorgosterol gorgosterol: structure	6.96	1	0	steroid
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	7.67	3	0
pgp-me PGP-Me: a phospholipid from the membrane of Halobacterium salinarum; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.35	6	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	3.74	3	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.71	3	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.8	3	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
sch 419560 Sch 419560: isolated from Pseudomonas fluorescens; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
quil a Quil A: produces antibodies to bovine ephemeral fever virus	2	1	0
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.11	1	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.51	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.01	1	0	ketal
sansanmycin sansanmycin: isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	3.17	1	0
cucurbitane cucurbitane: structure in first source. cucurbitane : A triterpene that is an isomer of lanostane obtained by migration of the methyl group from 10 to the 9beta position.	2.13	1	0	triterpene
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	7.31	1	0
laponite laponite: a synthesized hectorite; chemical formula in first source	2.08	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.13	1	0
ganoderic acid ganoderic acid: from the fruiting body of Ganoderma; structure in first source	2.83	3	0
qs 21 [no description available]	3.85	3	0
saf-m [no description available]	1.97	1	0
ellagitannin ellagitannin: structure; precoxin A/ praecoxin A is a purified ellagitannin. ellagitannin : A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.	7	1	0
ambrein ambrein: a degraded triterpene; ambrein, cholesterol and benzoic acid are major components of ambergris; from intestinal secretion of sperm blue whale (Pyseter carodon). ambrein : A triterpenoid alcohol that is a constituent of ambergris, an intestinal secretion of the sperm whale Physeter catodon.	7.87	3	0	tertiary alcohol; triterpenoid	hypoglycemic agent; mammalian metabolite
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	1.94	1	0
indolicidin [no description available]	2.52	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.01	1	0
carbopol 941 Carbopol 981: high molecular mucoadhesive polymer substance	2.52	2	0
ganoderic acid a ganoderic acid A: isolated from Ganoderma lucidum; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.39	2	0
trichodermin Trichodermin: Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry.. trichodermin : A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.	2.11	1	0
nonactin nonactin: macrolide tetrolide antibiotic isolated from cycloheximide-producing species of Streptomyces; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ANTIBIOTICS (75-86)	1.96	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.35	1	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.88	4	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	1.95	1	0
cord factors Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.	4.31	6	0
lupane lupane: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	7.75	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	3.58	2	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
myxopyronin a myxopyronin A: from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source	3.17	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	6.46	14	1
eye [no description available]	2.42	2	0
quillaja saponins Quillaja Saponins: Natural detergents made up of a heterogeneous mixture of molecules having a triterpenoid core structure. They vary in aglycone (sapogenin) and sugar moieties, including glucose.	2.44	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides [no description available]	2.08	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.41	2	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.78	3	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.35	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Koch's Disease [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	8.38	2	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.69	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	2	0
Haemorrhagic Septicaemia, Viral [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.86	3	0
Bacteremia, Hemorrhagic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Grippe [description not available]	23.34	344	195
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	23.34	344	195
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	6.13	27	1
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	6.13	27	1
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.41	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.41	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	8.26	20	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	13.54	58	13
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	2.8	3	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	2.8	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	9	42	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	3.9	4	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	8.2	39	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	8.2	39	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	13.6	42	24
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	13.6	42	24
Avian Flu [description not available]	6.01	5	2
Influenza in Birds Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other BIRDS with INFLUENZA A VIRUS. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic POULTRY.	6.01	5	2
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	7.98	19	5
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	4.88	8	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	6.13	12	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	12.98	19	5
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	4.88	8	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	6.13	12	1
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	2.66	2	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	4.71	6	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	4.71	6	1
Acne [description not available]	7.79	30	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.46	11	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	12.79	30	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	11.46	11	0
Entomophthoramycosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Zygomycosis Infection in humans and animals caused by fungi in the class Zygomycetes. It includes MUCORMYCOSIS and entomophthoramycosis. The latter is a tropical infection of subcutaneous tissue or paranasal sinuses caused by fungi in the order Entomophthorales. Phycomycosis, closely related to zygomycosis, describes infection with members of Phycomycetes, an obsolete classification.	2.41	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	5.18	13	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	5.18	13	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	2.61	2	0
Vaccine Preventable Diseases [description not available]	3.52	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	5.1	5	2
Scurf [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Dandruff Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.	7.63	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.54	8	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.54	8	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.92	4	0
Dermatitis, Contact, Phototoxic [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	12.66	27	18
Viremia The presence of viruses in the blood.	10.13	13	10
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	12.66	27	18
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	11.55	25	16
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.4	7	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	3.78	11	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	5.48	6	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	5.08	10	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	5.08	10	0
Bovine Virus Diarrhea Mucosal Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.47	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.25	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.31	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.81	3	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.25	1	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.25	1	0
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	6.02	9	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	6.02	9	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	13.55	25	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	10.41	15	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.17	1	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.25	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.25	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.45	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.31	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Black Fever [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Visceral A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.	2.31	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	2.31	1	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.31	1	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.28	6	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Erythema Infectiosum Contagious infection with human B19 Parvovirus most commonly seen in school age children and characterized by fever, headache, and rashes of the face, trunk, and extremities. It is often confused with RUBELLA.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Respirovirus [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.72	3	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	6.74	13	1
Flavobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE.	2.21	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.75	3	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mastitis, Bovine INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.	2.15	1	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.17	1	0
Birnaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BIRNAVIRIDAE.	2.17	1	0
Infections, Mycobacterium [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mycobacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.17	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.09	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	3.74	3	0
Plasmodium vivax Malaria [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Malaria, Vivax Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.	2.17	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	7.72	5	4
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	13.59	15	4
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	7.72	5	4
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.21	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	2.4	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	4.74	2	1
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	4.74	2	1
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.57	2	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.55	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	4.13	3	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	4.13	3	0
Bed Sores [description not available]	4.72	2	1
Pressure Ulcer An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.	4.72	2	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	3.42	2	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	2.77	3	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.13	1	0
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Aura [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.37	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.21	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.21	1	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.21	1	0
Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic A systemic, large-cell, non-Hodgkin, malignant lymphoma characterized by cells with pleomorphic appearance and expressing the CD30 ANTIGEN. These so-called hallmark cells have lobulated and indented nuclei. This lymphoma is often mistaken for metastatic carcinoma and MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS.	2.21	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.21	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Pneumonia, Lipid Pneumonia due to aspiration or inhalation of various oily or fatty substances.	3.12	5	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.93	4	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.21	1	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.21	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.21	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	12.59	32	22
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	12.59	32	22
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.21	1	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	5.6	6	3
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	3	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	3.83	2	0
Gulf War Syndrome [description not available]	6.41	9	1
Fasciitis Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1, Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orange-peel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2, Necrotizing fasciitis (FASCIITIS, NECROTIZING), a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3, Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous /Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma.	3	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	3	1	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	3	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	3.83	2	0
Persian Gulf Syndrome Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)	6.41	9	1
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	9.44	12	8
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.37	4	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.37	4	0
Infections, Parvoviridae [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	4.3	4	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.78	3	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.78	3	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.78	3	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.1	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.9	4	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	8.9	4	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.83	4	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	3.48	1	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	3.48	1	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.61	3	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	5.29	4	3
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3.88	4	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.1	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	5.83	4	2
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	5.83	4	2
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	2.1	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.66	19	1
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	7.65	5	4
Fetal Macrosomia A condition of fetal overgrowth leading to a large-for-gestational-age FETUS. It is defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams or above the 90th percentile for population and sex-specific growth curves. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.	7.52	4	4
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.89	4	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	7.11	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.36	4	1
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.36	4	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	11.65	21	17
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	11.65	21	17
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.7	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	4.83	2	1
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	4.83	2	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.78	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.11	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	2.44	2	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	2.11	1	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.13	1	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.53	2	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	2.11	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	3.03	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	3.03	1	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.11	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	2.11	1	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.11	1	0
Microbial Superinvasion [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	3.51	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.9	4	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	2.38	2	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.51	1	1
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	3.06	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	3.06	1	0
Entamoeba histolytica Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	3.57	3	0
EBV Infections [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).	2.15	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	3.53	1	1
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Steatorrhea A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.	3.43	1	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	3.43	1	1
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.05	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.05	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	7.05	1	0
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.05	1	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis, Genital [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal Infection of the VULVA and VAGINA with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA.	2.05	1	0
Ache [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.44	2	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.45	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.45	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.05	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.05	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	8.1	5	0
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.05	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	3.44	1	1
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	3.44	1	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	3.82	2	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.3	4	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.3	4	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.06	1	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	4.12	3	1
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.	2.06	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	2.06	1	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.06	1	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	4.12	3	1
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	2.06	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	2.06	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	3.82	2	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.82	2	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	3.82	2	1
Lymphatic Abnormalities Congenital or acquired structural abnormalities of the lymphatic system (LYMPHOID TISSUE) including the lymph vessels.	2.06	1	0
Cyst, Lymphatic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	8.58	9	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Brachmann-De Lange Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
De Lange Syndrome A syndrome characterized by growth retardation, severe MENTAL RETARDATION, short stature, a low-pitched growling cry, brachycephaly, low-set ears, webbed neck, carp mouth, depressed nasal bridge, bushy eyebrows meeting at the midline, hirsutism, and malformations of the hands. The condition may occur sporadically or be associated with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance or duplication of the long arm of chromosome 3. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p231)	2.06	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.06	1	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.07	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Vaginal Diseases Pathological processes of the VAGINA.	2.42	2	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	2.4	2	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	7.08	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.08	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	3.39	1	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.39	1	1
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.01	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.38	2	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	2.01	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.68	3	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	8.7	11	3
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	8.7	11	3
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	3.62	3	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	3.56	9	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	1.93	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	2.36	2	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	2.36	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bone Marrow Diseases Diseases involving the BONE MARROW.	2.01	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	2.02	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	2.01	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.01	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.69	3	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.43	2	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	2.42	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	2.69	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.02	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.02	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	3.4	1	1
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.67	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.9	4	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.9	4	0
Carcinoma, Large Cell A tumor of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.02	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.03	1	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	2.03	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	2.43	2	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.43	2	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	2.03	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	2.94	1	0
Carbohydrate Inducible Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.	2.03	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.03	1	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.04	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	3.3	2	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	2.68	3	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.04	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	7.34	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	1.94	1	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.64	3	0
Lipodystrophy, Intestinal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	1.96	1	0
Fibroma, Shope [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Sunburn An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.	6.96	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.38	2	0
Hairy Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Hairy Cell A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of hairy or flagellated cells in the blood and bone marrow.	1.96	1	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	1.96	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	1.96	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Xanthoma [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	6.96	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	1.96	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	1.96	1	0
Broad Beta Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.	2.39	2	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	1.98	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	1.98	1	0
Genital Herpes [description not available]	3.77	2	1
Herpes Genitalis Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.	3.77	2	1
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.37	1	1
AIDS, Simian [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Malassezia furfur Infection [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Tinea Versicolor A common chronic, noninflammatory and usually symptomless disorder, characterized by the occurrence of multiple macular patches of all sizes and shapes, and varying in pigmentation from fawn-colored to brown. It is seen most frequently in hot, humid, tropical regions and is mostly caused by MALASSEZIA FURFUR (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare).	2.38	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	3.78	2	1
Adrenoleukodystrophy, Autosomal Neonatal Form [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Peroxisomal Disorders A heterogeneous group of inherited metabolic disorders marked by absent or dysfunctional PEROXISOMES. Peroxisomal enzymatic abnormalities may be single or multiple. Biosynthetic peroxisomal pathways are compromised, including the ability to synthesize ether lipids and to oxidize long-chain fatty acid precursors. Diseases in this category include ZELLWEGER SYNDROME; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; rhizomelic chondrodysplasia (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC); hyperpipecolic acidemia; neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy; and ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY (X-linked). Neurologic dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders.	2.9	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.57	3	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	1.99	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	1.99	1	0
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	2.68	3	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.91	1	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	1.99	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.65	3	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	1.99	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.4	2	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.37	2	0
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	4.4	3	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	9.4	3	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2	1	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.	3.8	2	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	3.3	2	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2	1	0
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	3.39	1	1
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	2	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	2	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	3.39	1	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.01	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.92	1	0
Bessel-Hagen Disease [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Cyst, Pulmonary Hydatid [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infectious Skin Diseases [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Verruca [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Candidiasis, Cutaneous Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.35	2	0
Impetigo Contagiosa [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Impetigo A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.	1.95	1	0
Skin Diseases, Infectious Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.	2.35	2	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	2.35	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.95	1	0
Mast-Cell Sarcoma A unifocal malignant tumor that consists of atypical pathological MAST CELLS without systemic involvement. It causes local destructive growth in organs other than in skin or bone marrow.	1.95	1	0
Acne Rosacea [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Rosacea A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).	1.95	1	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	1.95	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	1.95	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	1.95	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	2.36	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.36	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.36	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	2.37	2	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.66	3	0
Pellagra A disease due to deficiency of NIACIN, a B-complex vitamin, or its precursor TRYPTOPHAN. It is characterized by scaly DERMATITIS which is often associated with DIARRHEA and DEMENTIA (the three D's).	1.95	1	0
Dermatophytoses [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intertrigo A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.	1.95	1	0
Tinea Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.	1.95	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.98	1	0
ATLL [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell Aggressive T-Cell malignancy with adult onset, caused by HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1. It is endemic in Japan, the Caribbean basin, Southeastern United States, Hawaii, and parts of Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa.	1.98	1	0
Pancreatic Insufficiency [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.	1.98	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.36	2	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	4.12	6	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.97	1	0
Pityriasis A name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.96	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	1.96	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.37	2	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.96	1	0
Xeroderma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ichthyosis Any of several generalized skin disorders characterized by dryness, roughness, and scaliness, due to hypertrophy of the stratum corneum epidermis. Most are genetic, but some are acquired, developing in association with other systemic disease or genetic syndrome.	1.96	1	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	1.96	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	1.96	1	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	1.96	1	0
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	1.94	1	0
Diaper Rashes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Diaper Rash A type of irritant dermatitis localized to the area in contact with a diaper and occurring most often as a reaction to prolonged contact with urine, feces, or retained soap or detergent.	1.94	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	2.86	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.86	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.94	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.95	1	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	1.95	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.35	2	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.94	1	0
Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	1.94	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.94	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	1.94	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	1.94	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.94	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	2.41	1	0

squalene

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squalene

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (82)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Occurs in Manufacturing (15 Product(s))

Product Categories

Products

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (26)

Protein Targets (9)

Potency Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (168)

Molecular Functions (50)

Ceullar Components (36)

Bioassays (22)

Research

Studies (2,486)

Study Types

Related Drugs (817)

Related Conditions (585)